gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Effectiveness of Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networks (2018)

Unsupervised learning with generative adversarial networks (GANs) has proven to be hugely successful. Regular GANs hypothesize the discriminator as a classifier with the sigmoid cross entropy loss function. However, we found that this loss function may lead to the vanishing gradients problem during the learning process. To overcome such a problem, we propose in this paper the Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networks (LSGANs) which adopt the least squares loss for both the discriminator and the generator. We show that minimizing the objective function of LSGAN yields minimizing the Pearson χ<sup>2</sup> divergence. We also show that the derived objective function that yields minimizing the Pearson χ<sup>2</sup> divergence performs better than the classical one of using least squares for classification. There are two benefits of LSGANs over regular GANs. First, LSGANs are able to generate higher quality images than regular GANs. Second, LSGANs perform more stably during the learning process. For evaluating the image quality, we conduct both qualitative and quantitative experiments, and the experimental results show that LSGANs can generate higher quality images than regular GANs. Furthermore, we evaluate the stability of LSGANs in two groups. One is to compare between LSGANs and regular GANs without gradient penalty. We conduct three experiments, including Gaussian mixture distribution, difficult architectures, and a newly proposed method - datasets with small variability, to illustrate the stability of LSGANs. The other one is to compare between LSGANs with gradient penalty (LSGANs-GP) and WGANs with gradient penalty (WGANs-GP). The experimental results show that LSGANs-GP succeed in training for all the difficult architectures used in WGANs-GP, including 101-layer ResNet.
Offlinetags (2014)

In this paper, we describe a novel approach to the privacy problem that photos showing persons are often "meddle-shared" by others online. We introduce a set of four elementary privacy preferences a photo subject can have. These preferences are represented by corresponding symbols -- "Offlinetags" -- which can be worn in the form of stickers or badges and which are designed to be easily recognizable by humans and algorithms. Especially for the context of public events, these Offlinetags can serve as a basis for novel practices of photo sharing that respect the photo subjects' privacy preferences.
Effiziente Synthese von 1-Aryl-4-oxoazetidin- 2-carbonsäureethylester / Efficient Synthesis of 1 -Aryl-4-oxo-azetidine-2-carboxylicacidethylesters (1982)

The dehalogenation of the 1-aryl-3-chloro-4-oxo-azetidine-2-carboxylicacid-ester (3a-d) and (4a-d), which may be obtained by the addition of chloroketene to the aniles (2 a-d) leads to the title compounds in good yield.
Administration of an RBAC system (2004)

Recently RBAC (role-based access controls) was found to be among the most attractive solutions for providing access control in Web-based e-commerce and e-government applications. Usually, such systems involve a huge number of heterogeneous users working with the systems under different rights and obligations. In an RBAC authorization and access control system the users are assigned to roles which are derived from the organizational structure. Because of the huge amount of users and the diversity of their requirements the administration of a RBAC system becomes crucial. Our group is involved in the European funded Webocracy project in which we have designed and implemented an RBAC system based on the core RBAC model as defined in a proposed NIST standard. Based on the functional specification of the proposed NIST standard we specified administration requirements for managing roles, users and permissions we specified. In this paper, we will present an administration console, which we designed to implement this requirements.
Multifunctional Wearable Electronic Textiles Using Cotton Fibers with Polypyrrole and Carbon Nanotubes (2018)

Multifunctional wearable electronic textiles based on interfacial polymerization of polypyrrole on carbon nanotubes/cotton fibers offer advantages of simple and low-cost materials that incorporate bactericidal, good electrochemical performance, and electrical heating properties. The high conductivity of doped polypyrrole/CNT composite provides textiles that reaches temperature on order of 70 °C with field of 5 V/cm, superior electrochemical performance applied as electrodes of supercapacitor prototypes, reaching capacitance in order of 30 F g<sup>-1</sup> and strong bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The combination of these properties can be explored in smart devices for heat and microbial treatment on different parts of body, with incorporated storage of energy on textiles.
CD154 Plays a Central Role in Regulating Dendritic Cell Activation During Infections That Induce Th1 or Th2 Responses (2003)

We compared splenic DC activation during infection with either the Th2 response-inducing parasite Schistosoma mansoni or with the Th1 response-inducing parasite Toxoplasma gondii. CD8alpha(+) DC from schistosome-infected mice exhibited a 2- to 3-fold increase in the expression of MHC class II, CD80, and CD40 (but not CD86) compared with DC from uninfected control animals, while CD8alpha(-) DC exhibited a 2- to 3-fold increase in the expression of MHC class II and CD80 and no alteration, compared with DC from uninfected mice, in the expression of CD86 or CD40. Intracellular staining revealed that DC did not produce IL-12 during infection with S. mansoni. In contrast, infection with T. gondii resulted in a more pronounced increase in the expression of activation-associated molecules (MHC class II, CD80, CD86, and CD40) on both CD8alpha(-) and CD8alpha(+) splenic DC and promoted elevated IL-12 production by DC. Analysis of MHC class I and of additional costimulatory molecules (ICOSL, ICAM-1, OX40L, 4-1BBL, and B7-DC) revealed a generally similar pattern, with greater indication of activation in T. gondii-infected mice compared with S. mansoni-infected animals. Strikingly, the activation of DC observed during infection with either parasite was not apparent in DC from infected CD154(-/-) mice, indicating that CD40/CD154 interactions are essential for maintaining DC activation during infection regardless of whether the outcome is a Th1 or a Th2 response. However, the ability of this activation pathway to induce IL-12 production by DC is restrained in S. mansoni-infected, but not T. gondii-infected, mice by Ag-responsive CD11c(-) cells.
Virtual Reality Interaction Using Mobile Devices (2013)

With the use of an immersive display system such as CAVE system, the user is able to realize a 3D immersive virtual environment realistically. However, interacting with virtual worlds in CAVE systems using traditional input devices to perform easy operations such as manipulation, object selection, and navigation is often difficult. This difficulty could diminish the immersion and sense of presence when it comes to 3D virtual environment tasks. Our research aims to implement and evaluate alternative approaches of interaction with immersive virtual environments on mobile devices for manipulation and object selection tasks. As many researchers have noted, using a mobile device as an interaction device has a number of advantages, including built-in display, built-in control, and touch screen facility. These advantages facilitate simple tasks within immersive virtual environments. This research proposes new methods using mobile devices like Smart-phones to perform di↵erent kinds of interactions both as an input device, (e.g. performing selection and manipulation of objects) and as an output device (e.g. utilizing the screen as an extra view for a virtual camera or information display). Moreover, we developed a prototype system to demonstrate and informally evaluate these methods. The research conclusion suggests using mobile devices as a 3D-controller. This will be a more intuitive approach to interact within the virtual environment.
Conversion of ammonia or urea into essential amino acids, L‐leucine, L‐valine, and L‐isoleucine, using artificial cells containing an immobilized multienzyme system and dextran‐NAD+. 2. Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase for coenzyme recycling (1990)

Semipermeable nylon-polyethylenimine artificial cells containing leucine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.9), alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1), urease (EC 3.5.1.5), and dextran-NAD+ were prepared. Artificial cells could convert ammonia or urea into L-leucine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine. For batch conversion in 20.0 mM of ammonium acetate substrate solutions, in 2 h 0.2 ml of artificial cells could produce 4.48 mumol of L-leucine, 9.98 mumol of L-valine, or 5.96 mumol of L-isoleucine. The corresponding conversion ratios were 22.4, 49.9, and 29.8%. In 20.0 mM of urea substrate solutions, 13.71 mumol of L-leucine, 16.12 mumol of L-valine, or 13.44 mumol of L-isoleucine was produced and the conversion ratios were 68.6, 80.6, and 67.2%. The substrate specificity of leucine dehydrogenase for the reductive amination was determined. Of the three branched-chain amino acids produced, the production rates of L-valine were the highest. The apparent Km values were as follows: 0.32 mM for alpha-ketoisocaproate, 1.63 mM for alpha-ketoisovalerate, and 0.73 mM for Dl-alpha-keto-beta-methyl-n-valerate. The leucine dehydrogenase multienzyme system had a good storage stability. It retained 72.0% of the original activity with artificial cells were stored at 4 degrees C for 6 weeks. The optimum conversion pH and temperature were 8.5-9.0 and 35-40 degrees C. The effects of urea and ammonium salts on conversion rate were also studied. The relative activities in ammonium salts solutions were 45.1-75.9% of those in urea solutions.
CORROSION INHIBITION BY AMINO ACIDS - AN OVER REVIEW (2012)

Amino acids have the ability to control corrosion of various metals such as carbon steel, zinc, tin and copper. It behaves as an inhibitor in acid medium, neutral medium and in desecrated carbonate solution. Various techniques like weight loss method, polarization study and AC impedance spectra have been used to evaluate the corrosion inhibition efficiency of amino acids. The protective film has been analyzed by IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and auger electron spectroscopy. Adsorption of amino acid on metal surface obeys Langmuir, Flory-Huggins or Temkin isotherm, depending on nature of metal and corrosive environment. Polarization study reveals that amino acids can function as anodic or cathodic or mixed type of inhibitor depending on nature of metal and corrosive environment.
Alpha subunit of Go localizes in the dendritic tips of ON bipolar cells (1998)

The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR6), expressed by rod bipolar cells and ON cone bipolar cells, activates a trimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein) that ultimately closes a cation channel. The G-protein remains unidentified, but the alpha subunit of Go (Go(alpha)) has been suggested as a candidate because it is present in rod bipolar cells. However, the precise subcellular distribution of Go within the rod bipolar cell, and its distribution among cone bipolar cells was not determined. This information is important in assessing the hypothesis that Go couple mGluR6 to its effector. Here I report the distribution of Go (alpha subunit) by immunostaining in several mammalian retinas. The overall distribution is conserved across mammalian species: strongest in the dendrites of ON bipolar cells, moderate in their somas, weak in their axons, and absent from their terminals. Go(alpha) is also present in some amacrine somas and processes. In monkey fovea, where rods and rod bipolar cells are absent, Go(alpha) is present in about half of the bipolar somas which occupy the upper tiers of the bipolar layer, and are therefore identified as ON cone bipolar cells. Ultrastructurally, in monkey and cat, Go(alpha) is present in the dendritic tips of rod bipolar cells and ON cone bipolar cells, which are identified by their invaginating contacts. It is absent from OFF cone bipolar dendrites, which are identified by their flat contacts. It is also absent from axons entering the inner plexiform layer, and their terminals. In the primary dendrites, stain for Go(alpha) mainly associates with the plasma membrane, but in the dendritic tips it is also present in the cytosol. Apparently, Go(alpha) is expressed by the same bipolar cells that also express mGluR6, and is concentrated at the same subcellular location. Thus, Go(alpha) could serve to couple mGluR6 to later stages of its signaling cascade.
Dependence of  WO 3 Electrochromic Absorption on Crystallinity (1977)

The optical absorption of amorphous electrochromic display layers is explained as small polaron absorption. The necessary W5+ 5d‐electron localization is favored by the lattice disorder. This is concluded from the change of the optical properties to free‐electron‐like behavior upon crystallization of the layers. The increased electrocoloration stability of amorphous layers and the blue shift of the absorption peak in Mo‐doped films can also be explained within the model given.
The Representation of Direction in Language and Space (2003)

Abstract This book explores how direction is represented in language, and how direction is represented in spatial terms for the purpose of language. Two issues are addressed in particular. The first issue concerns the constituents of language encoding direction: which linguistic constituents encode direction, and how they do it. The second issue concerns the possible vehicle for representing a direction such as in front of the car: the spatial distinctions underlying such linguistic expressions. This book covers topics ranging from axes and direction in spatial language and spatial cognition, to vectors across spatial domains, impact of direction changes on the linguistic segmentation of motion events, reconciling axis and vector representations, ontological problems for the semantics of spatial expressions in natural language, change of orientation, how Finnish postpositions see the axis system, and how spatial features determine reference axis categorisation.
Characterization of the Effect of <i>Epilobium</i> Extracts on Human Cell Proliferation (2003)

We have previously shown that extracts of different Epilobium species, a phytotherapeutic agent used in folk medicine as a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia, inhibit proliferation of human prostate cells. The selectivity of this effect was evaluated in four different human cell lines (PZ-HPV-7, normal prostate cells; LNCaP, transformed prostate cells; HMEC, mammary cells, and 1321N1, astrocytoma cells). Different extracts of Epilobium species (E. rosmarinifolium, E. spicatum, and E. tetragonum) had similar growth-inhibitory effects in all cell lines tested, indicating a lack of specificity for prostate cells. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was mostly due to the nonpolar fraction of the extracts which is expected to contain flavonoids and sterols. Polar fractions were devoid of activity with the exception of that from E. rosmarinifolium. This species is the most potent in the antiproliferative effect and contains the highest concentration of oenothein B, a hydrolyzable ellagitannin. Oenothein B inhibited DNA synthesis in all four cell lines tested. Extracts of E. angustifolium (the Linné denomination of E. spicatum) and of E. spicatum from different sources were compared for their ability to inhibit DNA synthesis and for their oenothein B content. The E. angustifolium extract contained an amount of oenothein B 40-fold higher than the other extract of the same species and was ten times more potent in inhibiting DNA synthesis in a human prostate cell line. These results indicate that Epilobium extracts inhibit proliferation of prostate cells in a nonspecific manner. Oenothein B may play a role in this effect, but other active compounds are also present. The difference observed between extracts from the same species underscores the importance of determination and standardization of active ingredients in phytotherapeutic agents.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐SrNCN:Eu<sup>2+</sup> — A Novel Efficient Orange‐Emitting Phosphor. (2011)

Abstract The title phosphor is synthesized from a mixture of SrI 2 , EuI 2 , CsN 3 , and CsCN (Ta ampules, 1073 K, 1 d) and characterized by powder XRD and IR spectroscopy.
Lead-Free Chip Scale Packages: Assembly and Drop Test Reliability (2006)

Three underfill options compatible with lead-free assembly have been evaluated: capillary underfill, fluxing underfill, and corner bond underfill. Chip scale packages (CSPs) with eutectic Sn/Pb solder were used for control samples. Without underfill, lead-free and Sn/Pb eutectic drop test results were comparable. Capillary flow underfills, dispensed and cured after reflow, are commonly used in CSP assembly with eutectic Sn/Pb solder. With capillary flow underfill, the drop test results were significantly better with lead-free solder assembly than with Sn/Pb eutectic. Fluxing underfill is dispensed at the CSP site prior to CSP placement. No solder paste is printed at the site. The CSP is placed and reflowed in a standard reflow cycle. A new fluxing underfill developed for compatibility with the higher lead-free solder reflow profiles was investigated. The fluxing underfill with lead-free solder yielded the best drop test results. Corner bond underfill is dispensed as four dots corresponding to the four corners of the CSP after solder paste print, but before CSP placement. The corner bond material cures during the reflow cycle. It is a simpler process compared to capillary or fluxing underfill. The drop test results with corner bond were intermediate between no underfill and capillary underfill and similar for both lead-free and Sn/Pb eutectic solder assembly. The effect of aging on the drop test results with lead-free solder and either no underfill or corner bond underfill was studied. Tin/lead solder with no underfill was used for control. This test was to simulate drop performance after the product has been placed in service for some period of time. There was degradation in the drop test results in all cases after 100 and 250 h of storage at 125/spl deg/C prior to the drop test. The worst degradation occurred with the lead-free solder with no underfill.
Use of complex frequency plane to design broadband and sub-wavelength absorbers (2016)

The reflection of sound of frequency below 1 kHz, by a rigid-backed structure that contains sub-wavelength resonators is studied in this work. In particular, only single mode reflected waves are considered, an approximation which is accurate in this low frequency regime. A method of analysis of absorption that uses the structure of the reflection coefficient in the complex frequency plane is proposed. In the absence of losses, the reflection coefficient supports pairs of poles and zeros that are complex conjugate and which have imaginary parts linked to the energy leakage by radiation. When losses are introduced and balanced to the leakage, the critical coupling condition is satisfied and total absorption is obtained. Examples of a slot resonator and of multiple Helmholtz resonators are analyzed to obtain both narrow and broadband total absorption.
Analysis of reader interest in transactions (1953)

Ten percent of the PGA questionnaire cards returned contained comments and suggestions concerning TRANSACTIONS of the IRE-PGA. These specific, helpful responses from our readers are reviewed and analized.
Anti‐fungal and anti‐bacterial activities of some pyrrole, furan‐and thiophen‐sulphonamides and sulphonanilides (1975)

Abstract The anti‐fungal and anti‐bacterial activities and phytotoxicity of pyrrole‐ and 5‐nitropyrrole‐2‐sulphonamides are compared with furan and thiophen analogues. Certain compounds of the group have appreciable anti‐bacterial activity consistent with structure‐activity investigations of other anti‐bacterials derived from these heterocycles.
Design of Brushless DC Motor Controller Based on A3932 (2006)

An integrated design of the controller of brushless DC motor for electric bicycle is presented.The chip A3932 is used as the logic controller. The drive circuit of power MOSFETs is simplified and the stabilization of the controller is enhanced attributed to the drive capability of this chip. Also protect circuits against loss of hall signal, low battery voltage, over current are included. The design is practical as its stabilization and its low cost.
Electromagnetic fields of a small loop buried in a stratified Earth (1971)

The field structure of a buried vertical oscillating magnetic dipole is examined. The earth is represented as a two-layer half-space, and the source is located in the bottom semi-infinite region. Using numerical integration, the magnitude of the ratio of the horizontal to the vertical magnetic field is examined for an observer on the earth's surface. It is shown that at sufficiently low frequencies, the field ratio is not appreciably modified by the finite conductivity and the geometry of the layers.
Factors Affecting the Antimicrobial Activity of Vitamin K <sub>5</sub> (1965)

Pure cultures of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were used in this investigation. The bactericidal concentrations of vitamin K(5) required for E. coli, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, and P. fluorescens; the effect of an absence of oxygen; the effect of contact time with E. coli and S. aureus; and the effect of initial counts per milliliter of E. coli were studied. The bactericidal concentrations ranged from 60 ppm of K(5) for S. aureus to 220 ppm for E. coli, with an initial count of 160,000 to 200,000 cells per milliliter and a contact time of 12 hr in nutrient broth. The gram-positive bacteria tested were more susceptible to the antimicrobial activity of vitamin K(5) than the gram-negative bacteria. In the studies conducted under nitrogen atmosphere, the per cent inhibition showed an inverse relationship to the bactericidal concentrations required for complete inhibition in studies conducted under air atmosphere. This finding suggested that there might be different factors responsible for inhibition depending on the species of bacteria being tested, and it also might help explain the difference in concentrations necessary for inhibition. Cells of E. coli and S. aureus were not inhibited immediately on coming into contact with vitamin K(5); 50% inhibition occurred after 25 and 32 min, respectively. A rapid inhibition rate was maintained until approximately 90% inhibition occurred, after whch a rapid decrease in the rate was noted.
India's 'Fish-out-of-groundwater (2008)

India's saline-affected crop plots are being transformed into small inland seas to create new aquaculture opportunities for local farmers.
Effect of Nixtamalization (Alkaline Cooking) on Fumonisin-Contaminated Corn for Production of Masa and Tortillas (2000)

Studies were undertaken to determine the fate of the mycotoxins, fumonisins, during the process of alkaline cooking (nixtamalization), using normal-appearing corn that was naturally contaminated with fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) at 8.79 ppm. Corn was processed into tortillas, starting with raw corn that was cooked with lime and allowed to steep overnight; the steeped corn (nixtamal) was washed and ground into masa, which was used to make tortillas. Calculations to determine how much of the original fumonisin remained in the finished products took into consideration that FB(1) will be converted to hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) (HFB(1)) by the process of alkaline cooking. All fractions, including steeping and washing water, were weighed, and percent moisture and fumonisin content were determined. Tortillas contained approximately 0.50 ppm of FB(1), plus 0.36 ppm of HFB(1), which represented 18.5% of the initial FB(1) concentration. Three-fourths of the original amount of fumonisin was present in the liquid fractions, primarily as HFB(1). Nixtamalization significantly reduced the amount of fumonisin in maize.