gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Antitumor Antibiotic, Fredericamycin A. (1998)

This account highlights our very recent approaches towards asymmetric total synthesis of the potent antitumor antibiotic, fredericamycin A. Due to its quite unique structure, effective methodology for its asymmetric synthesis has rarely been presented, and the absolute configuration still remains unknown. The key feature of our approaches involves the protocols for the construction of its peri-hydroxy polyaromatic skeleton bearing the chirality at the spiro carbon via (i) intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of silylene-protected dihydroxystyrene derivatives, (ii) aromatic Pummerer-type reaction, and (iii) intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of homophthalic anhydrides. Particular attention has been given to the novel syntheses of the optically active spiro carbon center by (i) enzymatic asymmetrization of 2, 2-disubstituted 1, 3-diols and (ii) stereospecific rearrangement of optically active epoxy acylates.
<title>Narrow-band holographic optical filter using thick efficient holographic gratings</title> (2002)

RL Associates in conjunction with Hybrid Technologies is developing a narrow linewidth optical filter employing extremely thick volume holographic diffraction gratings. The gratings are written in MEMPLEX, a new holographic materia invented by Laser Photonics Technology, Inc. and licensed to Hybrid Technologies. MEMPLEX has the following characteristics: (1) Excellent optical clarity, (2) Preparable at any thickness up to 10 mm, (3) Large dynamic range for plane wave holograms, (4) Hard, freestanding, stable, polishable and coatable. We have written and characterized numerous gratings in 1.8 mm thick samples to study the effect of writing geometry on the spectral linewidth and field-of-view of a single grating in the reflection geometry. We have succeeded in writing some very efficient gratings at 15 degrees internal write angles with external slant angles of 5 degrees. These gratings exhibit linewidths of < 0.2 nm and diffraction efficiencies of better than 70 percent. The measured angular acceptance of these gratings ranges from 0.1 to 0.24 degrees. We have also written some initial angle multiplexed gratings which include 3 efficient gratings in the same volume in an attempt to increase the angular acceptance. In this manner we hope to achieve a highly efficient optical filter with extremely narrow spectral linewidth and wide angular acceptance. Filters based on thick volume holograms show great promise in Lidar applications and should result in superior S/N ratios.
The Solubility of Unmodified Cellulose: A Critique of the Literature (1980)

Abstract Petrochemical, shortages have stirred renewed interest in cellulose because it is the single replaceable raw material, and exists in great abundance. This literature survey reviews the cellulose solvent systems that do not in general rely on stable cellulose derivatives that can be isolated. This review is arranged in a manner suggested by Turbak [1] that classifies all cellulose solvents by the nature of their interaction with cellulose. An alternate classification, presented in Section VI, mainly for the benefit of the pragmatist, reappraises the various solvents in terms of aqueous or nonaqueous systems. When available, the minimum information on the properties of regenerated and coagulated cellulose is provided to further assist in assessing the overall potential of the many different systems capable of dissolving cellulose.
The Synthesis and Properties of 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane<sup>1</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis and Properties of 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane1Robert G. Kelso, Kenneth W. Greenlee, John M. Derfer, and Cecil E. BoordCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2, 287–292Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01122a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01122a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effects of Verapamil and Bay K 8644 on Defibrillation Energy Requirements in Dogs (1992)

Antiarrhythmic drugs are often required in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator devices. Prior evidence suggests that drugs modulate defibrillation energy requirements by altering ion channel activity. To evaluate the effects of calcium ion channel activity on internal defibrillation energy requirements, the calcium antagonist verapamil and Bay K 8644, a calcium channel activator, were investigated in 30 open-chest, pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Defibrillation energies were applied across two epicardial patch electrodes. The likelihood of successful defibrillation was determined at various shock energy levels, and the 50 and 90% effective energy doses were calculated using nonlinear regression. In saline control experiments (n = 10), the stability of the preparation throughout the 6-h duration of the experiments could be demonstrated. Verapamil administration (n = 10) infused to a mean plasma concentration of 69 ng/ml increased the 50 and 90% effective defibrillation energies by 41 and 43% (p less than 0.05), respectively, and to a mean plasma verapamil concentration of 170 ng/ml by 95 and 75% (p less than 0.01), respectively. The mean cycle length during ventricular fibrillation decreased with verapamil and was inversely related to the change in defibrillation energy requirement. Administration of Bay K 8644 (n = 10) produced a slight increase in the 50% effective defibrillation energy (25%; p less than 0.05) and 90% effective defibrillation energy (17%; n.s.). The electrophysiologic effects of verapamil were neither prevented nor reversed by Bay K 8644. In conclusion, intravenous verapamil administration caused an increase in defibrillation energy requirements, but the mechanism by which verapamil exerted this effect remains unclear. These experimental data suggest that verapamil should be used in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator devices only after individual testing.
Solidification/Stabilization of Contaminated Soil and Concrete Debris with Thermal-Treated BTM (1994)

Contaminated black tarry materials was treated thermally and converted to a material with properties similar to petroleum-based asphalt. This property-improved material was then used as a binder to enclose contaminated concrete debris and soil in the solidification/stabilization process. The final product can be used for medium traffic pavement.
GALNT2 Expression Is Reduced in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Possible Role of Hyperglycemia (2013)

Impaired insulin action plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder which imposes a tremendous burden to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance would improve setting up preventive and treatment strategies of type 2 diabetes. Down-regulation of GALNT2, an UDPN-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine polypeptideN-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-2 (ppGalNAc-T2), causes impaired insulin signaling and action in cultured human liver cells. In addition, GALNT2 mRNA levels are down-regulated in liver of spontaneously insulin resistant, diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. To investigate the role of GALNT2 in human hyperglycemia, we measured GALNT2 mRNA expression levels in peripheral whole blood cells of 84 non-obese and 46 obese non-diabetic individuals as well as of 98 obese patients with type 2 diabetes. We also measured GALNT2 mRNA expression in human U937 cells cultured under different glucose concentrations. In vivo studies indicated that GALNT2 mRNA levels were significantly reduced from non obese control to obese non diabetic and to obese diabetic individuals (p<0.001). In vitro studies showed that GALNT2 mRNA levels was reduced in U937 cells exposed to high glucose concentrations (i.e. 25 mmol/l glucose) as compared to cells exposed to low glucose concentration (i.e. 5.5 mmol/l glucose +19.5 mmol/l mannitol). In conclusion, our data indicate that GALNT2 is down-regulated in patients with type 2 diabetes and suggest that this association is, at least partly, secondary to hyperglycemia. Further studies are needed to understand whether GALNT2 down-regulation plays a pathogenic role in maintaining and/or aggravating the metabolic abnormalities of diabetic milieu.
Pumpellyite in Snowdonian soils and rocks (1964)

Summary Detrital grains, noted during the mineralogical examination of certain Snowdonian soils, have been identified as varieties of the mineral pumpellyite : the source of one variety has been located in dolerites exposed in the area, and the identity of this variety confirmed by X-ray analysis.
Selective and Sensitive Method for PCR Amplification of <i>Escherichia coli</i> 16S rRNA Genes in Soil (2000)

A set of PCR primers targeting 16S rRNA gene sequences was designed, and PCR parameters were optimized to develop a robust and reliable protocol for selective amplification of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA genes. The method was capable of discriminating E. coli from other enteric bacteria, including its closest relative, Shigella. Selective amplification of E. coli occurred only when the annealing temperature in the PCR was elevated to 72 degrees C, which is 10 degrees C higher than the optimum for the primers. Sensitivity was retained by modifying the length of steps in the PCR, by increasing the number of cycles, and most importantly by optimizing the MgCl(2) concentration. The PCR protocol developed can be completed in less then 2 h and, by using Southern hybridization, has a detection limit of ca. 10 genomic equivalents per reaction. The method was demonstrated to be effective for detecting E. coli DNA in heterogeneous DNA samples, such as those extracted from soil.
Characterization and Evolution of Anthranilate 1,2-Dioxygenase from <i>Acinetobacter</i> sp. Strain ADP1 (2001)

The two-component anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase of the bacterium Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. This enzyme converts anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate) to catechol with insertion of both atoms of O(2) and consumption of one NADH. The terminal oxygenase component formed an alpha(3)beta(3) hexamer of 54- and 19-kDa subunits. Biochemical analyses demonstrated one Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] center and one mononuclear nonheme iron center in each large oxygenase subunit. The reductase component, which transfers electrons from NADH to the oxygenase component, was found to contain approximately one flavin adenine dinucleotide and one ferredoxin-type [2Fe-2S] center per 39-kDa monomer. Activities of the combined components were measured as rates and quantities of NADH oxidation, substrate disappearance, product appearance, and O(2) consumption. Anthranilate conversion to catechol was stoichiometrically coupled to NADH oxidation and O(2) consumption. The substrate analog benzoate was converted to a nonaromatic benzoate 1,2-diol with similarly tight coupling. This latter activity is identical to that of the related benzoate 1, 2-dioxygenase. A variant anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase, previously found to convey temperature sensitivity in vivo because of a methionine-to-lysine change in the large oxygenase subunit, was purified and characterized. The purified M43K variant, however, did not hydroxylate anthranilate or benzoate at either the permissive (23 degrees C) or nonpermissive (39 degrees C) growth temperatures. The wild-type anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase did not efficiently hydroxylate methylated or halogenated benzoates, despite its sequence similarity to broad-substrate specific dioxygenases that do. Phylogenetic trees of the alpha and beta subunits of these terminal dioxygenases that act on natural and xenobiotic substrates indicated that the subunits of each terminal oxygenase evolved from a common ancestral two-subunit component.
Drought Analysis Using Trivariate Copulas Conditional on Climatic States (2009)

Droughts are an inevitable consequence of meteorological variability, and the design of water resource infrastructure and management strategies to mitigate their effects requires assessment of the risk. Crucial characteristics of droughts are related to their peak intensities, durations, and severities. These variables are typically correlated and copulas provide a versatile means to model their dependence structure. In Australia, for example, drought severity is associated with the El-Niño Southern Oscillation. Data from two rainfall districts in New South Wales, one on the east and the other on the west of the Great Dividing Range, are considered. These rainfall data are categorized into three states, El-Niño, Neutral, and La-Niña, according to the prevailing Southern Oscillation Index. Gumbel-Hougaard copulas and t-copulas are fitted to the droughts in the three states. The copula parameters are estimated separately for each state, and the differences are analyzed. The goodness-of-fit of the Gumbel-Hougaard and t-copulas are compared, and the limitations of the two copula models are discussed. The times between drought events are also analyzed according to the El-Niño Southern Oscillation state they occur in. The fitted copulas are used to estimate annual recurrence intervals of at least one of the three variables, and of all three variables, exceeding critical values taking into account of the mixture of states.
A Fixed-Point Iteration for Steady-State Analysis of Water Distribution\n Networks (2018)

This paper develops a fixed-point iteration to solve the steady-state water\nflow equations in an urban water distribution network. The fixed-point\niteration is derived upon the assumption of turbulent flow solutions and the\nvalidity of the Hazen-Williams head loss formula for water flow. Local\nconvergence is ensured if the spectral radius of the Jacobian at the solution\nis smaller than one. The implication is that the solution is at least locally\nunique and that the spectral radius of the Jacobian provides an estimate of the\nconvergence speed. A sample water network is provided to assert the application\nof the proposed method.\n
Predictors of Mortality in Patients With Interstitial Lung Disease Treated With Corticosteroids (2014)

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) has a heterogeneous clinical presentation and establishing prognosis for these patients is challenging. We investigated the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) and patients with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). We conducted a multicenter prospective study on 104 patients diagnosed with IIPs and 29 patients diagnosed with CTD-ILD, which were newly diagnosed and treated with corticosteroids initially. We compared the clinical characteristics, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) imaging date, and outcomes. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to identify variables with increased risk of death. Survival was analyzed according to the Kaplan-Meier method and was assessed with the log-rank test. Of 133 patients with IIPs (n = 104) or CTD-ILD (n = 29), 44 patients died during the follow-up period (mean: 1.6 ± 0.78 years). Patients with IIPs seemed to be associated with worse survival compared with those with CTD-ILD; however, this difference was not significant (log-rank test, P = 0.084). Significant predictors for mortality in patients with IIPs at baseline were lower for performance status and definite usual interstitial pattern (UIP) on HRCT. Patients with UIP experienced worse survival than those with non-UIP. A definite UIP on HRCT and lower baseline performance status have important prognostic implications in patients with IIPs.
Highly Strained Heterometallacycles of Group 4 Metallocenes with Bis(diphenylphosphino)methanide Ligands (2013)

Abstract A study of the coordination chemistry of different bis(diphenylphosphino)methanide ligands [Ph 2 PC(X)PPh 2 ] (X=H, SiMe 3 ) with Group 4 metallocenes is presented. The paramagnetic complexes [Cp 2 Ti{κ 2 ‐ P , P ‐Ph 2 PC(X)PPh 2 }] (X=H ( 3 a ), X=SiMe 3 ( 3 b )) have been prepared by the reactions of [(Cp 2 TiCl) 2 ] with [Li{C(X)PPh 2 } 2 (thf) 3 ]. Complex 3 b could also be synthesized by reaction of the known titanocene alkyne complex [Cp 2 Ti(η 2 ‐Me 3 SiC 2 SiMe 3 )] with Ph 2 PC(H)(SiMe 3 )PPh 2 ( 2 b ). The heterometallacyclic complex [Cp 2 Zr(H){κ 2 ‐ P , P ‐Ph 2 PC(H)PPh 2 }] ( 4 aH ) has been prepared by reaction of the Schwartz reagent with [Li{C(H)PPh 2 } 2 (thf) 3 ]. Reactions of [Cp 2 HfCl 2 ] with [Li{C(X)PPh 2 } 2 (thf) 3 ] gave the highly strained corresponding metallacycles [Cp 2 M(Cl){κ 2 ‐ P , P ‐Ph 2 PC(X)PPh 2 }] ( 5 aCl and 5 bCl ) in very good yields. Complexes 3 a , 4 aH , and 5 aCl have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Complex 3 a has also been characterized by EPR spectroscopy. The structure and bonding of the complexes has been investigated by DFT analysis. Reactions of complexes 4 aH , 5 aCl , and 5 bCl did not give the corresponding more unsaturated heterometallacyclobuta‐2,3‐dienes.
La filosofía moral de Confucio, por Michele Ruggieri, SJ: La primera traducción de las obras de Confucio al español en 1590 (2018)

En la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, tras las fracasadas experiencias evangelizadoras en China, la Monarquia Catolica de Felipe II, el Papado y la propia Compania de Jesus debatian con fiereza sobre las actuaciones futuras de la evangelizacion en Asia: ?mano dura o entendimiento cultural? 

Asi, varios destacados misioneros jesuitas en Asia, con el apoyo de sus superiores, se esforzaron por convencer a la Corona y a la Iglesia de las bondades del acercamiento politico y cultural con el Imperio Ming como paso previo a la evangelizacion. 

En este contexto, el jesuita Michele Ruggieri, gran conocedor de la lengua china, realizo la primera traduccion al espanol de las obras de Confucio por encargo del propio Felipe II, dando como resultado una obra que tendio nuevos puentes filosoficos y culturales entre Occidente y Oriente.
Using magnetic disturbances to improve IMU-based position estimation (2007)

We address the problem of position estimation for a rigid body using an inertial measurement unit (IMU). In this paper, we present a Kalman filtering technique which takes advantage of the magnetic disturbances usually observed indoors. This is an important topic for military operations in urban areas where GPS is often unavailable. This approach yields significant improvements in estimation accuracy. We illustrate our technique with several experimental results obtained with a low cost IMU.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 7: From Synaptic Function to Therapeutic Implications (2016)

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) is localized presynaptically at the active zone of neurotransmitter release. Unlike mGluR4 and mGluR8, which share mGluR7’s presynaptic location, mGluR7 shows low affinity for glutamate and is activated only by high glutamate concentrations. Its wide distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and evolutionary conservation across species suggest that mGluR7 plays a primary role in controlling excitatory synapse function. High mGluR7 expression has been observed in several brain regions that are critical for CNS functioning and are involved in neurological and psychiatric disorder development. Until the recent discovery of selective ligands for mGluR7, techniques to elucidate its role in neural function were limited to the use of knockout mice and gene silencing. Studies using these two techniques have revealed that mGluR7 modulates emotionality, stress and fear responses. N,N'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (AMN082) was reported as the first selective mGluR7 allosteric agonist. Pharmacological effects of AMN082 have not completely confirmed the mGluR7-knockout mouse phenotype; this has been attributed to rapid receptor internalization after drug treatment and to the drug’s apparent lack of in vivo selectivity. Therefore, the more recently developed mGluR7 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) are crucial for understanding mGluR7 function and for exploiting its potential as a target for therapeutic interventions. This review presents the main findings regarding mGluR7’s effect on modulation of synaptic function and its role in normal CNS function and in models of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Keywords: Affective and cognitive behavior, mGluR7 knockout mice phenotype, mGluR7, pain, selective mGluR7 allosteric modulators, stress response.
Selective Removal of Benzyl Carbonate Used as a Protecting Group in Carbohydrate Chemistry. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Toxicogenomic Analysis Provides New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of the Sublethal Toxicity of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Eisenia fetida (2007)

Xenobiotics such as explosives and pesticides released into the environment can have lethal and sublethal impacts on soil organisms such as earthworms with potential subsequent impacts at highertrophic levels. To better understand the molecular toxicological mechanisms of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a commonly used explosive, in Eisenia fetida, earthworms were exposed to a gradient of TNT-spiked soils for 28 days and impacts on gene expression were examined using a 4032 cDNA microarray. Reproduction was increased at low doses of TNT, whereas high doses of TNT reduced juvenile production. On the basis of reproduction responses to TNT, four treatments, that is, control, 2, 10.6, and 38.7 mg/kg, were selected for gene expression studies in a balanced interwoven loop design microarray experiment in which the expression of 311 transcripts was significantly affected. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR) data on 68 selected differentially and nondifferentially expressed transcripts showed a significant correlation with microarray results. The expression of genes involved in multiple biological processes was altered, including muscle contraction, neuronal signaling and growth, ubiquitinylation, fibrinolysis and coagulation, iron and calcium homeostasis, oxygen transport, and immunity. Chitinase activity assays confirmed down-regulation of chitinase genes as indicated by array and RT-QPCR data. An acute toxicity test provided evidence that dermal contact with TNT can cause bleeding, inflammation, and constriction, which may be explained by gene expression results. Sublethal doses of TNT affected the nervous system, caused blood disorders similar to methemoglobinemia, and weakened immunity in E. fetida.