gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthese und Eigenschaften von Makrocyclen aus Resorcinen sowie von entsprechenden Derivaten und Wirt‐Gast‐Komplexen (1994)

Synthesis and Properties of Macrocycles from Resorcinol, Corresponding Derivatives and Host‐Guest Complexes Structural variations of the metacyclophanes obtained from the condensation of resorcinol with aldehydes RCHO are described, mostly based on the stereoisomer with all R in cis configuration. The basic tetraphenolate (with R = CH 3 , 1a ) shows a cone‐conformation as evident e.g. from vicinal 13 C–C–C– 1 H coupling constants. Substituents R′ in the 2‐position of the phenyl rings at the upper rim of the macro‐cycle are either introduced with the resorcinol derivative used (R′ = CH 3 , COOH), or by Mannich reactions after cyclization (R′ = CH 2 NR″ 2 ), which partially lead to intermediate oxacine formation. Acid‐base properties are evaluated with potentiometric and NMR‐shift titrations. Mannich products from amino acids such as proline, which are formed without racemization, show no p K differences for the groups at the four equivalent phenyl rings, but three distinct p K values for the deprotonation of OH, COOH, and + NH 3 substituents; the p K of the latter is two units lower than in proline itself as it is involved in hydrogen bridging. Complexation constants K of such derivatives with Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ , and Zn 2+ show the expected increase with metal ion acidity; they are increased by a power of 5 in comparison to proline. Complexation constants and complexation‐induced NMR shifts (CIS values) are determined for 51 complexes, with positively charged organic guest molecules for the basic tetraphenolate skeleton as well as for the aminomethylation derivatives. A temperature dependence study shows that the corresponding equilibrium is driven by Δ H with negligible Δ S contributions. No chiral discrimation is observed upon complexation of e.g. carnitine with the optically active amino acid derivatives. This is in line with CIS and K values obtained with several complexes showing an orientation of the NR″ 2 groups away from the cavity. The COOH substituents R′ form strong hydrogen bonds with the adjacent phenolic groups, leading to alternating pseudo‐eq and ‐ax positions of the phenyl rings. Their interconversion barrier, determined by NMR spectroscopy, is 72 kJ mol ‐1 ; they bind mono‐ and bis‐ammonium ions as function of distance matching. The presence of lipophilic substituents (R = phenyl, benzyl, biphenyl, n ‐hexyl, n ‐undecyl) at the bottom of the macrocycle furnishes a second binding center which allows to complex e.g. diethyl ether in water. Coordination of zinc to the proline derivative still allows co‐complexation of choline acetate, the hydrolysis of which is not inhibited anymore as it is by the zinc‐free macrocycle.
Cylindrical fabric-confined soil structures (1992)

Using the local soil as a structural material can greatly reduce the transport requirements for constructing Lunar and Martian surface structures. A fabric-soil structural concept which provides many advantages is proposed.
Localization of Upstream Elements Involved in Transcriptional Regulation of the Rat Testis-Specific Histone H1t Gene in Somatic Cells1 (1999)

The testis-specific histone H1t is synthesized exclusively in late pachytene primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. The mechanisms involved in transcriptional repression of the H1t gene during development before the spermatocyte stage and in later stages of germinal cell maturation and in nonexpressing somatic tissues are unknown. To assess the contribution of the upstream DNA sequence to H1t transcriptional silencing in nonexpressing cells, a set of histone H1t-promoted reporter vectors was constructed. Transient transfection of mouse C127I cells with these reporter vectors allowed us to identify a transcriptional silencer located between 948 base pairs (bp) and 780 bp upstream from the H1t transcriptional initiation site. Histone H1t-promoted luciferase activity increased 4-fold when the region between 948 bp and 875 bp upstream from the transcriptional initiation site was eliminated. Addition of a 73-bp rat H1t promoter fragment (-948 to -875, containing the 5' portion of the silencer region) to a site immediately upstream from the histone H1d proximal promoter led to significantly reduced luciferase expression upon transient transfection (56% in C127I cells and 44% in HeLa cells). Nuclear proteins were found to bind to DNA within the H1t silencer region when assayed by in vitro deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I footprinting. Thus, our data suggest that an active transcriptional silencer mechanism involving a specific and autonomous H1t promoter element (nucleotides -948/-875) may be operative to minimize expression of the H1t gene in nontesticular cells.
Identifiying Human MHC Supertypes Using Bioinformatic Methods (2004)

Classification of MHC molecules into supertypes in terms of peptide-binding specificities is an important issue, with direct implications for the development of epitope-based vaccines with wide population coverage. In view of extremely high MHC polymorphism (948 class I and 633 class II HLA alleles) the experimental solution of this task is presently impossible. In this study, we describe a bioinformatics strategy for classifying MHC molecules into supertypes using information drawn solely from three-dimensional protein structure. Two chemometric techniques-hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis-were used independently on a set of 783 HLA class I molecules to identify supertypes based on structural similarities and molecular interaction fields calculated for the peptide binding site. Eight supertypes were defined: A2, A3, A24, B7, B27, B44, C1, and C4. The two techniques gave 77% consensus, i.e., 605 HLA class I alleles were classified in the same supertype by both methods. The proposed strategy allowed "supertype fingerprints" to be identified. Thus, the A2 supertype fingerprint is Tyr(9)/Phe(9), Arg(97), and His(114) or Tyr(116); the A3-Tyr(9)/Phe(9)/Ser(9), Ile(97)/Met(97) and Glu(114) or Asp(116); the A24-Ser(9) and Met(97); the B7-Asn(63) and Leu(81); the B27-Glu(63) and Leu(81); for B44-Ala(81); the C1-Ser(77); and the C4-Asn(77).
Adult Clinical Neuropsychology: Lessons from Studies of the Frontal Lobes (2002)

Clinical neuropsychologists have adopted numerous (and sometimes conflicting) approaches to the assessment of brain-behavior relationships. We review the historical development of these approaches and we advocate an approach to clinical neuropsychology that is informed by recent findings from cognitive neuroscience. Clinical assessment of executive and emotional processes associated with the frontal lobes of the human brain has yet to incorporate the numerous experimental neuroscience findings on this topic. We review both standard and newer techniques for assessment of frontal lobe functions, including control operations involved in language, memory, attention, emotions, self-regulation, and social functioning. Clinical and experimental research has converged to indicate the fractionation of frontal subprocesses and the initial mapping of these subprocesses to discrete frontal regions. One anatomical distinction consistent in the literature is that between dorsal and ventral functions, which can be considered cognitive and affective, respectively. The frontal lobes, in particular the frontal poles, are involved in uniquely human capacities, including self-awareness and mental time travel.
PASSIVE MODE LOCKING OF A CO2 LASER (1968)

Self-locking of longitudinal cavity modes has been observed in a CO2–N2–He laser with an SF6 absorber inside the cavity. Pulses as short as 20 nsec, with peak power in the range 104–105W, have been obtained. Pulse trains longer than 100 μsec have been observed. Operation is repetitive at millisecond intervals.
Baseband integrated acousto-optic frequency shifter (1992)

A novel baseband integrated acousto-optic frequency shifter with a −3 dB tunable bandwidth of 121 MHz (from −61 to 60 MHz) at the optical wavelength of 0.6328 μm has been constructed in a Y-cut LiNbO3 waveguide, 0.2×1.0×2.0 cm3 in size. Suppression of the various unwanted components by as much as 50 dB has been accomplished. Since the frequency-shifted light propagates in a fixed direction, irrespective of the magnitude of frequency shift, this baseband acousto-optic frequency shifter can be readily used in fiber-optic systems.
DICOM application profiler for modelling and checking DICOM datasets (2002)

DICOM is a standard that is being used for exchange and storage of medical images and related information all over the world. In the Netherlands, a DICOM standardisation project has resulted in an application profiler for modelling and validating DICOM datasets on CD-R (CD-recordable) or other storage media. The development of this tool has proven to be extremely useful for increasing the knowledge of the DICOM standard both for technicians and for cardiologists. The validation of DICOM datasets has turned out to be a very critical issue for making sure that DICOM implementations make DICOM's promise of being open really come true.
Single-Walled MoTe<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes (2007)

The structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of single-walled MoTe(2) nanotubes are investigated using density functional theory. All large-diameter MoTe(2) nanotubes are found to be narrow-gap semiconductors, whereas small-diameter nanotubes are found to be less stable compared to large-diameter nanotubes. Notably, the armchair MoTe(2) nanotubes exhibit an indirect band gap, whereas the zigzag nanotubes exhibit a direct band gap. The band gap decreases with decreasing diameter of the tube or if the tube is under compression or elongation in the axial direction. Young's modulus of MoTe(2) nanotubes is calculated and is found to be dependent on the diameter and chirality of the tubes. The armchair nanotubes are stiffer than the zigzag nanotubes with the same diameter. Compared to the homologous MoTe(2) nanotubes, the MoTe(2) nanotubes are softer due to less strain-energy cost in forming the nanotube structures.
Stem cell purging ex vivo. (1996)

Over the last several years there has been significant progress in developing several techniques designed to detect contaminating tumor cells in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC). These techniques include immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization (ISH), flow cytometry, clonogenic tumor assays, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays. These assays have detection capabilities ranging from 1 tumor cell in 100 normal cells (ISH) to 1 tumor cell in a million tumor cells (RT-PCR). These techniques have confirmed that BM and PBPC are frequently contaminated with tumor cells, with most studies suggesting higher tumor contamination in the BM as compared to the PBPC. Comparison of immunocytochemistry with the clonogenic assay has demonstrated good but not perfect correlation of these two techniques. Gene marking studies have confirmed that these tumor cells are viable and capable of contributing to disease relapse. Many of the assays are at least semiquantitative and are effective at monitoring for persistent residual tumor cell contamination after ex vivo processing of autografts including purging strategies and/or positive selection techniques. Preliminary data are conflicting, although some data suggest that patients receiving autografts with residual tumor cell contamination do worse than patients receiving autografts free of detectable tumor cells. Many purging techniques are capable of reducing tumor contamination by 3 to 5 logs; positive selection techniques are probably slightly less effective, reducing tumor contamination by 3 to 4 logs. The clinical benefit of purging remains to be demonstrated in randomized clinical trials.
Analysis of facial bone fractures: An 11-year study of 2,094 patients (2010)

ABSTRACT Purpose: The medical records of these patients were reviewed and analysed to determine the clinical characteristics and treatment of facial bone fractures. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 2,094 patients with facial bone fractures from various accidents that were treated at the Inha University Hospital from 1996 to 2007. Results: The most common age group was the third decade of life (29%). Males were more common than females (3.98:1). The most common aetiology was violent assault or nonviolent traumatic injury (49.4%). The most common isolated fracture site was the nasal bone (37.7%), followed by the mandible (30%), orbital bones (7.6%), zygoma (5.7%), maxilla (1.3%) and the frontal bone (0.3%). The largest group with complex fractures included the inferior region of the orbital floor and zygomaticomaxilla (14%). Closed reduction was performed in 46.3% of the cases while 39.7% of the cases required open reduction. For open reductions, the most commonly used soft-tissue approach was the intraoral approach (32.3%). The complication rate was 6.4% and the most common complication was hypoesthesia (68.4%) followed by diplopia (25.6%). Conclusion: Long-term collection of epidemiological data regarding facial fractures and concomitant injuries is important for the evaluation of existing preventive measures and useful in the development of new methods of injury prevention and treatment.
Arabic Text to Arabic Sign Language Translation System for the Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Community (2011)

This paper describes a machine translation system that offers many deaf and hearing-impaired people the chance to access pub-lished information in Arabic by translating text into their first language, Arabic Sign Lan-guage (ArSL). The system was created under the close guidance of a team that included three deaf native signers and one ArSL in-terpreter. We discuss problems inherent in the design and development of such transla-tion systems and review previous ArSL ma-chine translation systems, which all too often demonstrate a lack of collaboration between engineers and the deaf community. We de-scribe and explain in detail both the adapted translation approach chosen for the proposed system and the ArSL corpus that we collected for this purpose. The corpus has 203 signed sentences (with 710 distinct signs) with con-tent restricted to the domain of instructional language as typically used in deaf education. Evaluation shows that the system produces translated sign sentences outputs with an av-erage word error rate of 46.7 % and an average position error rate of 29.4 % using leave-one-out cross validation. The most frequent source of errors is missing signs in the corpus; this could be addressed in future by collecting more corpus material.
Influence of some metallurgical parameters on stream treated ductile iron (2003)

In this study, a stream treatment process of ductile iron was employed. The influences of metallurgical parameters on the microstructures and mechanical properties of ductile iron have been investigated. The metallurgical parameters include graphite nucleation potential of base iron, Mg-treatment process, inoculation process, and composition designing. It has been shown that the graphite nucleation potential plays an important role on solidification model of cast iron. The cooling curve analysis has been proven to be a useful tool to evaluate the nucleation potential of molten iron. Through controlling the treatment process, inoculation process, the high nodularity and high nodule count can be obtained. By a proper alloying element design, the different grades of ductile iron castings with desire microstructures and mechanical properrties can be obtained from same base iron.
Optimal Pricing Strategy of Keyword Auctions under wGSP (2010)

Keyword auctions were widely used by search engines to sell the advertisement on the result pages. To date, the most widely used auction mechanism is wGSP (weighted and generalized second-price). This paper presents an optimal pricing strategy under wGSP for advertiser to bid keywords for their websites. In brief, the issues we addressed here were: (1) what is the wGSP mechanism, how does it work? (2) what is the optimal pricing strategy, how to select the combination of keywords and their placements?
Low power testing by test vector ordering with vector repetition (2004)

Test vector ordering with vector repetition has been presented as a method to reduce the average as well as the peak power dissipation of a circuit during testing. Based on this method, in this paper we present some techniques that can be used to further reduce the average power dissipation. Experimental results validate that the proposed techniques achieve considerable savings in energy and average power dissipation while reducing the length of the resulting test sequences compared to the original method.
Keywords Recognition of Handwritten Character String on Whiteboard Using Word Dictionary for e-Learning (2006)

We are developing an individual e-learning system using two communication cameras and a pen capture tool on whiteboard for university students. In this research, keywords recognition for the written characters by the lecturer on the whiteboard is important for indexing the scene database. We are considering the handwritten keyword recognition. The whiteboard image captured by the pen capture tool is recognized to character strings and the string corresponds to keywords in a textbook to link to the explanation of the keyword in textbook. One of important problems in our learning system is that the accuracy of handwritten character recognition on whiteboard is not enough for keyword recognition. In this paper, we propose the new matching method of high accuracy keyword recognition using word dictionary and the distance of character recognition. We confirmed the usefulness using word dictionary for handwritten keyword recognition on whiteboard
Toward modelling poor cities : a review of urban economic and planning models (1976)

This paper explores the possibilities of applying current urban modelling techniques to cities in LDCs. Urban models are divided into two classes: analytic models and operational or policy-oriented models. The former attempt to offer basic insights into urban form and should be regarded as conceptual building blocks towards more realistic models. The latter, which require the use of a computer, attempt to distribute activities spatially in a city. These models reproduce current city structures fairly accurately but, given the rapidly changing conditions of LDC cities, have limited usefulness as predictive or planning tools. Three distinct models are presented for urban modelling in LDC cities: the multi-level approach of the Master Planning Commission of Stockholm; the Urban Institute Housing Model; and the Apps' model of housing demand. The major conclusion of this paper is that analytic and operational models for LDC cities must be developed simultaneously, and that operational models should be of small, sketch-planning types while analytic models can be more disaggregated.
Defence Equipment Selection (1988)

This paper outlines the policy framework and issues against which the Department of Defence selects and acquires its equipment and related technology. Focus will also be given to those activities which contribute to the development of the Australia's industrial and technological base, directly or indirectly.
Computational Models of Dialogue (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Challenges of Dialogue Approaches to Dialogue System Design Interaction and Meaning Extensions Conclusions Acknowledgment Notes
Integrated program measurement and documentation tools (1984)

This paper describes an attempt to integrate the collection and the efficient utilisation of measurements in the development and the use of programs. The work presented consists in three parts:- the design of both static and dynamic measurement tools,- examples of data processing on measurements collected on a sample of Pascal programs,- the design of a quantitative documentation of a program, which is automatically built as measurements are collected.The first and third steps have been developed inside an existing programming environment, Mentor, and we shall discuss the advantages we found in integrating the tools in such an environment.
Topology Models for 37 Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMembrane Proteins Based on C-terminal Reporter Fusions and Predictions (2003)

We provide experimentally based topology models for 37 integral membrane proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A C-terminal fusion to a dual Suc2/His4C topology reporter has been used to determine the location of the C terminus of each protein relative to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and this information is used in conjunction with theoretical topology prediction methods to arrive at a final topology model. We propose that this approach may be used to produce reliable topology models on a proteome-wide scale.
Drug‐ and non‐drug‐associated QT interval prolongation (2010)

Sudden cardiac death is among the most common causes of cardiovascular death in developed countries. The majority of sudden cardiac deaths are caused by acute ventricular arrhythmia following repolarization disturbances. An important risk factor for repolarization disturbances is use of QT prolonging drugs, probably partly explained by gene-drug interactions. In this review, we will summarize QT interval physiology, known risk factors for QT prolongation, including drugs and the contribution of pharmacogenetics. The long QT syndrome can be congenital or acquired. The congenital long QT syndrome is caused by mutations in ion channel subunits or regulatory protein coding genes and is a rare monogenic disorder with a mendelian pattern of inheritance. Apart from that, several common genetic variants that are associated with QT interval duration have been identified. Acquired QT prolongation is more prevalent than the congenital form. Several risk factors have been identified with use of QT prolonging drugs as the most frequent cause. Most drugs that prolong the QT interval act by blocking hERG-encoded potassium channels, although some drugs mainly modify sodium channels. Both pharmacodynamic as well as pharmacokinetic mechanisms may be responsible for QT prolongation. Pharmacokinetic interactions often involve drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pharmacodynamic gene-drug interactions are due to genetic variants that potentiate the QT prolonging effect of drugs. QT prolongation, often due to use of QT prolonging drugs, is a major public health issue. Recently, common genetic variants associated with QT prolongation have been identified. Few pharmacogenetic studies have been performed to establish the genetic background of acquired QT prolongation but additional studies in this newly developing field are warranted.
Detection of the circulating antigens CAA and CCA in a group of Dutch travellers with acute schistosomiasis (1997)

Detection of circulating anodic antigen (CAA) and circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in serum and urine is a highly specific and sensitive alternative for the diagnosis of schistosome infections in endemic areas. However, it is not known how soon after the onset of infection these antigens can be detected in humans. Neither has there been much research on the detection of these antigens in individuals normally living in non-endemic areas. We studied the kinetics of CAA and CCA in serum and urine of a group of 28 Dutch tourists, shortly after accidental exposure to a Schistosoma infection during a visit to Mali. Twenty-seven were found to be positive for Schistosoma eggs and/or specific antibodies. From each individual, 1-4 serum samples were tested for circulating antigen level, 4-15 weeks after exposure, and urine samples were also tested from 22 subjects. CAA and CCA levels were quantified by monoclonal antibody-based ELISAs and TRIFMAs. In serum, 23 individuals (85%) were positive at least once for one or both antigens, but titres were generally very low. CAA and CCA could be detected 5 and 6 weeks after exposure, respectively. Urines were all found to be negative. Almost all cases were negative at 7 months' follow-up.