gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supercooled liquids, glass transition and bulk metallic glasses (2003)

There has been a renaissance in glass science brought about by the development of concepts such as fragility index and the energy landscape with megabasins. Research on bulk metallic glasses has been explosive since their advent when MRS offered its first book on the topic. In 2000, a second book broadened the scope to include supercooled liquid, bulk glassy and nanocrystalline states. This book enhances the scope to include glass transition in diverse materials such as water, silicate and polymeric melts. Bringing these threads together in an interdisciplinary manner was fruitful and offers proof that while there is much common ground, gaps between various approaches to the glassy state remain to be bridged. Subjects include: the supercooled liquid; glass formability; structural relaxation and dynamics; structure determination and modeling; processing and applications of bulk metallic glasses; mechanical properties; mechanical properties - composites; crystallization; electronic and magnetic structure and properties; and nanoparticles and nonmetallic glasses.
Synthesis of <i>gem‐</i>Difluorinated Cyclopropanes and Cyclopropenes: Trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane as a Difluorocarbene Source (2011)

Highly versatile: The Ruppert–Prakash reagent (Me3SiCF3) can be an efficient source of difluorocarbene. By varying the nonmetallic initiator that is used (F− at lower temperatures and I− at higher temperatures), a range of structurally diverse alkenes and alkynes can be converted into the corresponding gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes and cyclopropenes in good yields (see scheme). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Interaction of HIV Tat and matrix metalloproteinase in HIV neuropathogenesis: a new host defense mechanism (2006)

Tat, the HIV transactivating protein, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) endopeptidases, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia. However, the possibility that MMPs interact with viral proteins has remained unexplored. We therefore treated mixed human fetal neuronal cultures with recombinant Tat and select MMPs. Neurotoxicity was determined by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential and neuronal cell death. Previous studies have shown that Tat and MMP independently cause neurotoxicity. Surprisingly, we found the combination of Tat and MMP produced significant attenuation of neurotoxicity. To determine whether there was a physical interaction between Tat and MMP, we used protein electrophoresis and Western blot techniques, and found that MMP-1 can degrade Tat. This effect was blocked by MMP inhibitors. Furthermore, MMP-1 decreased Tat-mediated transactivation of the HIV long terminal repeat region, and this functionality was restored when MMP-1 activity was inhibited. These results suggest that the decrease in Tat-induced neurotoxicity and HIV transactivation is due to Tat's enzymatic cleavage by MMP-1. The direct interaction of human MMPs with viral proteins has now been demonstrated, with resultant modulation of Tat-mediated neurotoxicity and transactivation. This study elucidates a unique viral-host interaction that may serve as an innate host defense mechanism.
Hyponatremia Associated with Escitalopram (2007)

These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ARICEPT safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for ARICEPT. ARICEPT (donepezil hydrochloride) tablets, for oral use ARICEPT ODT (donepezil hydrochloride) orally disintegrating tablets Initial U.S.
THERMODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF THE ENDPOINT CHARACTERISTICS IN A CIGS DEPOSITION PROCESS (2004)

The purpose of this investigation was to model the thermodynamic behavior of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 sample during the growth process and especially during the conversion from copper-rich to copper-poor material in a two-step process. Starting from a very simple model of a directly heated substrate the model was refined until it qualitatively and quantitatively explained the features observed in the real experiment. The results can be used todetermine more accurate criteria for the endpoint detection in a real-world evaporation system.
Mucosal and systemic responses to an oral liposome-Streptococcus mutans carbohydrate vaccine in humans. (1992)

Purified polysaccharide antigens are often poorly immunogenic, especially when given by the oral route. However, it has been shown in experimental animals that liposomes can greatly increase the immunogenicity of certain polysaccharide antigens. Here we report the induction of immune responses in humans to an oral vaccine consisting of liposomes containing purified serotype carbohydrate antigen of Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of dental caries. Four volunteer subjects swallowed enteric coated gelatin capsules containing liposomal-antigen for seven consecutive days. Pre- and post-immunization samples of saliva and plasma were analyzed for antibody activity to S. mutans carbohydrate by ELISA. Salivary anticarbohydrate IgA responses were detected in all four subjects between day 21 and day 32. Upon second and third immunizations, subjects experienced salivary responses earlier than following the first immunization. Early (day 4-7) plasma IgA responses to the carbohydrate were found in three subjects which consisted of both polymeric and monomeric forms. Variable levels of plasma IgG anti-carbohydrate antibody activity were seen in three individuals. These results show that orally administered liposomal-S. mutans serotype carbohydrate antigen induces a salivary IgA response in humans and provides evidence for the efficacy of liposomal antigen delivery system in the induction of a protective mucosal immune response against microbial pathogens.
Genetic variability of HIV-1 (1996)

From the HIV Laboratory Investigations Branch, Division of AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Tuberculosis Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Online estimation of EMG signals model based on a renewal process (2013)

The paper presents an online estimation of parameters of a multi-input renewal Markov process. The underlying model is derived from the physiological generation of intramuscular electromyographic (iEMG) signals, which are recorded by wire electrodes. The iEMG is the sum of several sparse spikes trains and noise. An hidden Markov model, whose parameters express the muscular activity, is developed. The time duration between spikes is modeled with a discrete Weibull distribution, helping us to reduce the complexity of the estimation done with the help of a Bayes filter.
A model for unimolecular reaction of sulfur hexafluoride (1977)

The thermal dissociation data for SF6 has been re-evaluated using RRKM unimolecular reaction rate theory and was found to be consistent with a higher value for the sulfur–fluorine bond strength (92 kcal/mole). A model based on a rate equation formalism has been developed that includes unimolecular dissociation, collisional energy transfer (V–T processes), and absorption and emission of laser radiation. The model was designed to test theories of absorption of laser radiation for laser-induced chemical reaction in SF6 that are amenable to a rate equation formalism. It was found that the thermal reaction and vibrational relaxation data could be adequately reproduced. Sample calculations of laser-induced chemical reactions are performed.
Product Scope and Entry Deterrence in Technology Markets (2002)

We model an oligopolistic technology market in which firms endogenously choose product scope, fixed costs are affected by exogenous technological progress, and there may be threat of entry. Our analysis shows that equilibrium outcomes involve substantial overinvestment in product scope, which benefit consumers and hurt firms, relative to the social optimum. Technological progress generally increases consumer surplus and lowers firm profits. If entry is threatened bilaterally across two converging markets, both either accommodate entrants from the rival market, or both deter entry; continuous progress in technology can cause equilibria shifts, leading to discontinuous and radical redistribution of surplus across markets. JEL Classification: D43, L11, L13, L49 1 Overview and motivation This paper presents a model of a technology market with horizontally differentiated products, in which firms make costly endogenous choices of product scope, the costs of which are influenced by an exogenous state of technological progress. We analyze two market structures- symmetric oligopoly with and without the threat of entry. We then apply these results to a model in which there is a bilateral threat of entry between two converging technology markets. In the process, we
Warranty Model (WARM) User's Guide. Revision. (1987)

Abstract : Prior to acquisition of a warranty, a cost effectiveness analysis is required to determine the value of the potential benefits received in comparison to the contract cost of the warranty plus Army cost of administration. This computerized warranty model (WARM) is to provide the user (project manager, contracting officer) with an analytical approach for the quantifiable cost effectiveness analysis of warranties on weapon systems procurements. The model helps to prepare the Army should cost position for contract negotiations, to study cost effectiveness of a proposed warranty and to assess risk to the government of not purchasing a warranty. Keywords: Input; Output; Instructions.
Modulation transfer function of layered inhomogeneous random media using the small-angle approximation (1986)

Many random media such as clouds and fog are often inhomogeneously distributed and often have a layered structure. This paper presents the effects of such inhomogeneities on the image transmission in terms of the modulation transfer function (MTF). We derive an expression of the MTF for a layered inhomogeneous medium using the small-angle approximation which is valid for size parameters of >10 and optical distances of <5. We obtain numerical results and compare them with experimental data for different particle sizes and concentrations showing good agreement. We also explain the shower curtain effect using the expression for the MTF.
Scale Effects in Generalized Newtonian Elastohydrodynamic Films (2008)

Abstract The estimation or prediction of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) film thickness requires knowledge of the lubricant properties. Today, in many instances, the lubricant properties have been obtained from a measurement of the central film thickness and the assumption of a classical Newtonian film-thickness formula. This technique has the practical advantage of using an effective pressure-viscosity coefficient, which compensates for shear-thinning. We have shown by a perturbation analysis of limiting cases for fluid with Carreau rheology (represented by Newtonian and power fluid) and by a full EHL numerical solution for Carreau fluid that the practice of extrapolating from a laboratory scale measurement of film thickness to the film thickness of an operating contact may substantially overestimate the film thickness in the real machine if the machine scale is smaller and the lubricant is shear-thinning within the inlet zone. The intention here is to show that errors result from extrapolation of Newtonian formulas to different scale and not to provide advice regarding quantitative engineering calculations.
Maximum-likelihood dimensionality reduction in gaussian mixture models with an application to object classification (2008)

Accurate classification of objects of interest for video surveillance is difficult due to occlusions, deformations and variable views/illumination. The adopted feature sets tend to overcome these issues by including many and complementary features; however, their large dimensionality poses an intrinsic challenge to the classification task. In this paper, we present a novel technique providing maximum-likelihood dimensionality reduction in Gaussian mixture models for classification. The technique, called hereafter mixture of maximum-likelihood normalized projections (mixture of ML-NP), was used in this work to classify a 44-dimensional data set into 4 classes (bag, trolley, single person, group of people). The accuracy achieved on an independent test set is 98% vs. 80% of the runner-up (MultiBoost/AdaBoost).
Electron Microscope and Autoradiographic Study of Ultrastructural Aspects of Competence and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Absorption in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> : Ultrastructure of Competent and Noncompetent Cells and Cellular Changes During Development of Competence (1974)

By means of electron microscope autoradiography of component cultures of Bacillus subtilis exposed to [(3)H]thymidine-labeled transforming deoxyribonucleic acid competent and noncompetent cells can be distinguished. Competence is not limited to a specific phase of the cell division cycle. With serial section electron microscopy of competent and noncompetent cells, two types of mesosomal structures are observed: mesosomes connected to the plasma membrane only (plasma membrane mesosomes) and mesosomes which are additionally connected to the nuclear bodies (nuclear mesosomes). The two types show different cellular distributions. Especially the number of nuclear mesosomes is higher in competent than in noncompetent cells. This, and the observation that the increase and decrease of competence is correlated with both the number of cells carrying nuclear mesosomes and the number of nuclear mesosomes per cell, suggests that mesosomes are involved in the acquisition of competence.
Characterization of a gene, glnL, the product of which is involved in the regulation of nitrogen utilization in Escherichia coli (1982)

DNA was prepared from a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a mutation which confers the GlnC phenotype (inability to reduce the expression of glnA and other nitrogen-regulated operons in response to ammonia in the growth medium). A fragment of this DNA carrying glnA, the structural gene for glutamine synthetase, was cloned on plasmid pBR322. By using recombination in vitro, we mapped the GlnC mutation to a region between glnA and glnG. This region defines a gene, glnL, which codes for a trans-acting product; the GlnC mutant produces an altered product. The glnL product plays a key role in the communication of information concerning the quality and abundance of the nitrogen source in the growth medium to a destination responsible for the regulation of glnA and other genes for enzymes responsible for nitrogen utilization.
ChemInform Abstract: Sustainable Practices in Medicinal Chemistry: Current State and Future Directions (2013)

Abstract Review: 72 refs.
Molecular and thermodynamic basis for EGCG‐Keratin interaction‐part I: Molecular dynamics simulations (2013)

Nonspecific binding of small molecules to proteins influences transdermal permeation and intestinal absorption, yet understanding of the molecular and thermodynamic basis is still limited. In this study, we report all‐atom, fully solvated molecular dynamics simulations of the thermodynamic characteristics of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) binding keratin. Experimental validation is reported in Part II. Herein, 18 µs of simulation sampling was calculated. We show that the binding process is a combination of hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and aromatic interaction. The umbrella sampling technique was used to calculate the binding free energy of EGCG with keratin segments. By extracting EGCG from the keratin‐EGCG complex using steered molecular dynamics, the rupture force was observed to be linearly related to the binding free energy. Multilayer binding of EGCG clusters to keratin has been shown. The binding free energy of −6.2 kcal mol −1 obtained from the simulations was in excellent agreement with the experimental Part II. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 59: 4816–4823, 2013
Effect of service modeling on medium access control performance (2002)

Due to the tractability in analytical methods exponential burst distributions are more common in service modeling literature. However, previous traffic measurements findings argue heavy tailed distributions such as Pareto represents burst sizes in WWW browsing and Cauchy distributed burst sizes in e-mail sessions. The effect of long range dependence (LRD) introduced by these heavy tailed distributions results in self similarity in the aggregate traffic. The impact of self similarity is significant in the area of queue delay performance characteristics. This work addresses the issues of service modeling in medium access control (MAC) performance compared to traditional exponential session distributions against the above mentioned distributions in WWW browsing and e-mail sessions applied to an example GPRS MAC system. The results conclude high delay in Cauchy e-mail connection sizes and Pareto WWW burst sessions compared to exponential connections/bursts. Also, once looking in to the matter it can be seen that this delay is mainly due to the congestion caused by different types of bursts/connection distributions. Therefore the bursty traffic such as WWW browsing which demonstrates self similarity at the aggregate level influence the MAC protocol performance greater than in traditional traffic models.
Pharmacogenetic analysis of human steroid 5α reductase type II: comparison of finasteride and dutasteride (2005)

Human steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II is a prostate-specific, membrane-associated enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, the most potent androgen in the prostate gland. Genetic variants of this enzyme have been associated with both the development and the progression of prostate cancer. Both finasteride and dutasteride are competitive inhibitors of the type II steroid 5 alpha-reductase that have been effectively used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Finasteride has also been successfully utilized for prostate cancer chemoprevention. We here investigate 5 alpha-reductase inhibition assays in vitro to measure the effect of incubation time on the apparent inhibition constant (Ki) for both constitutional and somatic (prostate cancer) enzyme variants. Our systematic pharmacogenetic analysis shows that both finasteride and dutasteride are slow, time-dependent inhibitors of steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II, and that the inhibition kinetics depend on the 5 alpha-reductase genotype. We also show that, overall, dutasteride is a more efficient steroid 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor than finasteride. Based on our data, we are able to map areas of the enzyme that are responsible for this time-dependent inhibition for either (or both) enzyme inhibitor(s). This comprehensive pharmacogenetic analysis of steroid 5 alpha-reductase variants unveiled significant pharmacogenetic variation for both finasteride and dutasteride and thus should be taken into account when designing protocols for treatment and/or chemoprevention of prostatic diseases with either one of these 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors since there is considerable pharmacogenetic variation for both drugs.
Comparative Evaluation of Two Red-Green Color Vision Screening Tests (1990)

Approximately ten percent of males in the United States and one half of one percent of females have a congenital red-green color vision defect. Detection of this defect early in life is important because school children with color vision defects can be as much as one year behind in learning ability when compared to their color-normal peers. 2 Although the pseudoisochromatic plate tests ( e.g. the Ishihara test) are quite sensitive when administered properly, many vision testers administer them under improper lighting conditions, leading to somewhat less reliable results. In addition, pseudoisochromatic plate tests are subject to fading from exposure to light and from repeated handling. We have evaluated two color vision screening tests which are suitable for use in large scale screening programs.
Synthesis of Cancer Peptide Antigen-Lipid A Analog Conjugates for Synthetic Vaccines. (1999)

Conjugates 6 and 7 of cancer peptide antigen with N-tetradecanoyl L-serine-beta-alanine-containing D-glucosamine derivative structurally related to lipid A as an immunoadjuvant were synthesized for the development of totally synthetic vaccines against cancers. The mitogenic activities of compounds 6 and 7 were stronger than that of lipid A analog 3.
Direct analysis of mixtures by mass spectrometry (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect Analysis of Mixtures by Mass SpectrometryR. W. Kondrat and R. G. CooksCite this: Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 1, 81A–92APublication Date (Print):January 1, 1978Publication History Published online31 May 2012Published inissue 1 January 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50023a781https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50023a781research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views281Altmetric-Citations134LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Progressive Increase of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease (2012)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached epidemic levels. It is a multisystem disease associated with elevated systemic inflammatory and hypercoagulable states. Most concerning are the cardiovascular risks associated with all stages of kidney disease. It is difficult to assess kidney disease stage progression and cardiovascular risk with current indicators such as estimated glomerular filtration rate and conventional cardiovascular risk factors. However, the use of biomarkers to assess the underlying pathological disease state may bridge the gap. This study evaluated biomarkers of inflammation including C-reactive protein, d-dimer, neuron-specific enolase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, tumor necrosis factor receptor I, and thrombomodulin in 3 groups of patients: CKD stages 2-4, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and age-matched controls. The study demonstrated a statistically significant progressive upregulation in mean concentration of all markers when comparing controls to CKD and ESRD. Therefore, biomarkers may be able to evaluate the inflammatory state in kidney disease and potentially predict the cardiovascular risk.