gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Information visualization for collaborative computing (1998)

Information technology continues to generate increasing amounts of data, most of which is useless without scalable methods to collect, analyze, process, and understand it. Visualization is a promising approach to such systemization because it lets users see underlying processes and guide process simulations interactively. However, visualization must be combined with some way to make repositories of text documents more manageable, providing users with a flexible, interactive environment in which to access them. The article describes a prototype tool that addresses these problems for GroupSystems, an electronic meeting system developed at the University of Arizona and installed at more than 1,500 business, government, and university settings. The tool automatically categorizes information, statistically clusters similar documents, and displays the organized document set graphically, providing more at-a-glance information than a typical text based display. Users can thus more easily browse document collections. The tool uses text analysis techniques that aim to identify descriptors and develop an unambiguous internal representation of a document.
Furocoumarins in Medicinal Chemistry. Synthesis, Natural Occurrence and Biological Activity (2004)

The scope of this review encompasses the importance of furocoumarins and the most important developments in this field that have been made in recent years, with particular emphasis placed on the aspects related to medicinal chemistry. A concise and exhaustive overview is given regarding the methods used for the synthesis of these compounds, new furocoumarins isolated from natural sources, and the most significant biological properties associated with these molecules. The section describing the synthetic methods is organized on the basis of the key step used for the formation of the two different oxygenated rings. In this respect there are three possibilities: (i) formation of the furan ring onto the coumarin, (ii) formation of the pyrone ring onto the benzofuran and (iii) the simultaneous formation of both oxygenated rings onto a benzene unit. The most recent preparative approaches are discussed along with modifications or improvements to methods that, though not particularly new, are still commonly used. The recently discovered natural furocoumarins are focused and presented in tables that provide information about its structure and source. The discussion of the biological importance of furocoumarins mainly focuses on their more relevant applications in photochemotherapy, but also provides examples of their versatility in a range of applications in the fields of biology and pharmacology.
Pulsed‐field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool for studying translational diffusion: Part II. Experimental aspects (1998)

In Part 1 of this series, we considered the theoretical basis behind the pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance method for measuring diffusion. In this article the experimental and practical aspects of conducting such experiments are considered, including technical problems involved in gradient production such as eddy currents, gradient calibration, internal gradients in heterogeneous samples, and temperature control. Furthermore, the means for recognizing and preventing or at least minimizing these problems are discussed. A number of representative pulse sequences are also reviewed. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 10: 197–237, 1998
The role of medication in the treatment of pathological gambling: Bridging the gap between research and practice (2004)

After reviewing the literature on the pharmacotherapy of pathological gambling, the author discusses treatment strategies and areas for future research. The clearest indication for medicating the pathological gambler is for the treatment of comorbid disorders, primarily depression, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, there are difficulties in diagnosing the dually disordered gambler. Other current pharmacological approaches involve the use of medication to treat specific symptoms, traits, or symptom clusters; to make negative affects more tolerable; and to reduce cravings. Future approaches will be directed at subgroups of gamblers. This may include genetic profiling, paired with recognition of neurotransmitter deficits, and the identification of clinical syndromes and subtypes. The author also discusses the kindling hypothesis as it may pertain to pathological gambling. The presence of kindling would make a strong case for earlier and more aggressive use of medication and for long-term maintenance to prevent relapse.
Effect of interfacial species mixing on phonon transport in semiconductor superlattices (2009)

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the effect of interfacial species mixing on the thermal conductivity of Stillinger-Weber $\text{Si}/{\text{Si}}_{0.7}{\text{Ge}}_{0.3}$ and Si/Ge superlattices at a temperature of 500 K. The thermal conductivity of $\text{Si}/{\text{Si}}_{0.7}{\text{Ge}}_{0.3}$ superlattices is predicted to not depend on the interfacial species mixing and to increase with increasing period length. This period length dependence is indicative of incoherent phonon transport and related to decreasing interface density. The thermal conductivity of Si/Ge superlattices is predicted to depend strongly on the interface quality. For Si/Ge superlattices with perfect interfaces, the predicted thermal conductivity decreases with increasing period length before reaching a constant value, a trend indicative of coherent phonon transport. When interfacial species mixing is added to the model, however, the thermal conductivity is predicted to increase with increasing period length, indicating incoherent phonon transport. These results suggest that the assumption of coherent phonon transport made in lattice dynamics--based models may not be justified.
Net production of cerebrospinal fluid is decreased by SCH‐23390 (1990)

A high density of binding sites for the ligands 3H-SCH-23390 and 3H-SKF-83566 has been found in the choroid plexus. Although these sites have similar pharmacology to D1 dopamine receptors, the high-affinity component of 3H-SCH-23390 binding in the choroid plexus has been identified as the 5-HT1c subtype of serotonin receptor. We investigated the possible role of these receptors in modulating the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in rats. (R) SCH-23390 produced up to a 50% decrease in net CSF production, compared to saline. This compound is a partial agonist at 5-HT1c serotonin receptors, and an antagonist at D1 dopamine receptors. The (S) enantiomer of SCH-23390 (SCH-23388) was ineffective. Drugs interacting with receptors for neurotransmitters in the choroid plexus may hold promise for the treatment of patients with increased intracranial pressure, including those with mass lesions, head trauma, acute or chronic hydrocephalus, or pseudotumor cerebri.
MMICs in the millimeter-wave regime (2009)

On the basis of the current status of silicon based MMICs, it is possible to implement millimeter-wave SOC in silicon-based technologies that include the antenna, a medium-power amplifier, a transceiver, an LO (frequency synthesizer), and baseband circuits in a single chip. With certain interconnection schemes, such as flip-chip, to connect the chip to the substrate, it is also possible to integrate the best possible chips for a millimeter-wave communication system. Currently, CMOS is the best choice for the baseband circuits, while GaAs and InP MMICs can provide the best noise/power performance in the transceiver. High-efficiency antennas can be implemented directly on the packaging substrate. The SIP approach has the optimal combinations of the components for the best performance in a particular system. For example, a system in a package including CMOS baseband circuits, GaAs/InP-based transceiver, high-efficiency antenna, and high-power amplifier can achieve the best system characteristics. As we have discussed, the scope of SOC can be expanded along with more advanced MMIC fabrication technology and design techniques.
Studies on the molecular mechanism of cholesterol reduction by Fraxinus angustifolia, Peumus boldus, Cynara cardunculus and Pterospartum tridentatum infusions (2014)

Infusions of Peumus boldus Molina, Cynara cardunculus L., Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl and Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk are recommended in Portugal to reduce serum cholesterol levels, among other effects. Volunteers drinking these infusions showed plasma total cholesterol reductions of 14% with Pterospartum boldus and 22% with P. tridentatum. C. cardunculus mixed with F. angustifolia or P. tridentatum resulted in 13% reduction. Knowing that these infusions were able to cause a small reduction in the hypercholesterolemia values, the aim of this study was to determine whether this effect was due to the inhibition of the dietary cholesterol absorption and/or to the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, this last hypothesis means that the infusions could act as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. The intestinal permeability of cholesterol was studied in Caco-2 cell monolayers and 50 to 60% inhibition was obtained with P. boldus and P. tridentatus. The use of C. cardunculus and F. angustifolia could be explained, mainly by the inhibition of the cholesterol biosynthesis. Both ways of reducing cholesterol could be explained by the presence of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives present in these infusions.   Key words: Serum cholesterol, plant infusions, Caco-2 permeability, HMG-CoA reductase, boldine, chlorogenic acid, C-glycosilated flavonoids.
Growth, structural and optical properties of GaN/AlN and GaN/GaInN nanowire heterostructures (2012)

After discussing the GaN NW nucleation issue, we will present the structural properties of axial and radial (i.e. core/shell) GaN/AlN NW heterostructures and adress the issue of critical thickness during the growth of such heterostructures. Next, we will present the growth of InGaN NWs on a GaN NW base. It will be shown that the morphology and structural properties of the InGaN NW sections depend on the In content: for high In content a flat top is observed and plastic relaxation is occuring, with mismatch dislocations formed at the InGaN/GaN interface. By contrast, for In content below 25% InGaN NWs exhibit a pencil-like shape assigned to a purely elastic strain relaxation process, without formation of dislocations. Such a strain relaxation process was found to be associated with the spontaneous formation of an InGaN/GaN core-shell heterostructure. As concerns optical properties, it will be shown that the purely elastic relaxation process is associated with a marked In clustering. As a consequence, for samples with a 17% nominal In content, data were found to exhibit a S-shape characteristic of localization, with a minimum around 110K. By contrast, for a 40% In content PL data suggest that localization is much weaker. Finally, a growth model of InGaN/GaN heterostructures will be proposed.
Intracellular Acid-Fast Organisms Isolated from Malignant Tissues (1965)

Pleomorphic, variably acid-fast organisms have been isolated by several investigators (l'tsperance, 1931; Mazet, 1941; Wuerthele-Caspe et al., 1948, 1949, 1950; Diller 1962a) from various mammalian neoplasms and from blood of tumor-bearing hosts. Serological studies of our cultures indicated cross-reactivity with the human tubercle bacillus, with BCG, and with several atypical acidfast strains from human sources (Diller, 1962a). When tumor tissues or blood of the hosts were inoculated into appropriate media, acid-fast intracellular forms were demonstrable by Ziehl-Neelsen or other acid-fast techniques in cells of the original inoculum after three to four weeks' incubation (Diller, 1952). The organisms isolated in this laboratory were pathogenic to mice under experimental conditions (Diller, 1962). Intracellular forms of the organisms frequently appeared in the tissues of the infected hosts (Diller, 1962b) but details of intracellular parasitism have not heretofore been presented.
A multiple rate low rate voice codec (2005)

Algorithms for a multiple rate (2400, 800, and 400 bps) CODEC are described. The U.S. Government standard LPC-10 algorithm is used for the 2400 bps rate. Lower rates are obtained by applying the source coding techniques of vector quantization and trellis coding to the LPC analysis output. In this paper, the algorithms used are described, along with data rate control and formatting techniques for use with a fixed rate modem. Simulation test results for different vector quantizer codebook sizes and structures are presented, along with DRT test results showing the voice quality achieved at each rate. Fortran simulations of the algorithms have been performed. Real time implementation of the CODEC is in progress, with completion expected by the end of 1985.
Designing and managing the supply chain : concepts, strategies, and case studies (2000)

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling Chapter 3: Network planning Chapter 4: Supply contracts Chapter 5: The Value of information Chapter 6: Supply Chain integration Chapter 7: Distribution strategies Chapter 8: Strategic alliances Chapter 9: Procurement and Outsourcing Strategies Chapter 10: Global Logistics and Risk Management Chapter 11: Coordinated product and supply chain design Chapter 12: Customer Value Chapter 13: Smart Pricing Chapter 14: Information Technology and Business Processes Chapter 15: Technology standards Appendix A: Computerized Beer Game Appendix B: Risk Pool Game Appendix C: Supply Contract Spreadsheet Appendix D: Bidding Game
Trans Fatty Acid Contents in Selected Dietary Fats in the Estonian Market (2012)

Present paper is directed toward public health related institutions and food industries producing foods with potentially high contents of trans fatty acids (TFA). According to the public concern TFA content in domestic blended spreads has declined significantly over the past 3 y in Estonia. The reduction in the TFA content was achieved by replacing TFA with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (C12:0-C16:0). To shift food composition toward healthier product formulations, mandatory labeling of the sum of IP-TFA and SFA (C12:0-C16:0) was recommended.
Correction of ECG baseline wander application to the Pan &amp; Tompkins QRS detection algorithm (2010)

The ECG signal is pseudo-periodic, since the amplitude of every wave varies from a cycle to the other one during the same recording. The variation of the amplitude is related to physiological and pathological conditions of the patient. But when recording, the ECG signal is contaminated by various kinds of noise such as the patient's contraction muscles, respiration, 60 Hz interference, place of recording (ambulatory recording), which can change the positions of electrodes which record the signal. All these factors affect the signal and disrupt it, this gives a signal whose baseline is wandering. In order to obtain the best extraction of the QRS complex of an ECG signal, we will need to correct this baseline and to make it horizontal. In this paper, we will use this correction in order to use a fixed thresholding in the application of the Pan & Tompkins algorithm instead of using an adaptatif thresholding, this method reduces the processing time and complexity for the concerned algorithm.
Megawatt GTO-inverter with three-level PWM control and regenerative snubber circuits (2003)

Regenerative turn-on and turn-of snubbers for a three-level PWM inverter using gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs) are analyzed and discussed. Problems encountered in high-power GTO inverters, namely, trapped energy in the snubbers and switching losses, are discussed. The circuit configuration and operation are described and a comparison with a two-level inverter is made. Experimental results from the operation at reduced voltage of a 4 MVA phase-leg circuit are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stimulation of Gas Shales: They're All the Same—Right? (2007)

Abstract In recent years, the upswing in drilling activity and the higher price of natural gas has caused the industry to focus more on non-conventional gas reservoirs. Heading up this list are gas shales. This peaked interest was brought on not only by an increase in natural gas prices, but also the apparent abundance of potential gas shales present in the continental United States and the well publicized success of the Barnett Shale of North Texas. In order to obtain commercial production from these low permeability shale reservoirs, fracture stimulation is required. Numerous technical papers have been published on the merits and success of stimulation in this well documented reservoir. While slickwater treatments have become the stimulation method of choice, it is important to note that several other stimulation and completion techniques have been employed that have resulted in economic and commercially viable Barnett Shale producers over the last 20 years. Although there has been tremendous success with slickwater fracture treatments, many believe this technology can be universally applied to all gas shale reservoirs. While this may be the case in the Barnett Shale it is not necessarily true for other prospective shale basins being explored. This paper will include a brief history of Barnett Shale stimulation practices and go on to address shale reservoirs and characteristics that make each one unique from a stimulation perspective. It is not the attempt of the authors to provide a stimulation checklist, but to identify a number of shale reservoir characteristics and their effect on the process of stimulation optimization. Case histories in the Ft. Worth Barnett and Permian Basin Barnett and Woodford Shales will be used to infer key differences in reservoir attributes and how these differences influence stimulation decisions.
The Churchill industry (1994)

Of all the varieties in which history is written, biography is among the most limited. There are various reasons for this. Biographers, perforce, must keep their subject at the centre of the historical stage to the exclusion of much else that might be more significant. And biography often distorts history by ignoring the social, political and economic forces which often shape events independently of particular personalities.
A subspace projection method for blind identification using shifted correlation matrices (SPAWC-2004) (2005)

We present a subspace projection method for blind MIMO FIR channel identification by using the shifted correlation matrices. It is shown that the shifted second order correlation matrices can render us the partial column space of the channel convolution matrix. Subsequently, by employing an orthogonal projector constructed by the estimated partial column space of the channel convolution matrix, we developed an algorithm for blind system identification. Computer simulation results are included to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Insulin action enhancers for the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (2000)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that has become a major public health problem because of the long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with it. Tight glycaemic control has been shown to prevent complications, but a number of studies have shown that many patients with Type 2 diabetes have sub-optimal control. Insulin resistance is a fundamental abnormality in Type 2 diabetes but there have not been drugs that are able to reverse this defect. Thiazolidinediones (TZD) may, therefore, represent a breakthrough in the management of Type 2 diabetes as it is the first class of oral agents for diabetes that act as an insulin action enhancer to reduce insulin resistance. This review will examine available data on the currently available TZDs and consider its place in the management of Type 2 diabetes.
Thermodynamic Studies On The Synthesis Of Nitrides And Epitaxial Growth Of Ingan (2007)

Nitride semiconductor materials have been used in a variety of applications, such as LEDs, lasers, photovoltaic cells and medical applications. If incandescent bulbs could be replaced by white GaN LEDs, they would not only provide compactness and longer lifetime, but this would also result in huge energy savings. A renewed interest in InGaN emerged recently after it was discovered that the band gap for InN is 0.7eV, instead of the previously published value of 1.9eV. Thus InGaN solid solutions cover almost the whole visible spectrum, from a band gap of 3.34eV for GaN and 0.7eV for InN. Hence, InGaN can have excellent applications for photovoltaic cells. The objective of this work was to investigate and search for new ways of synthesis of nitrides. We studied the thermodynamics and evaluated chemical compatibilities for the growth of AlN, GaN, InN and their solid solutions from metallic solvents. The compatibility between potential substrate, crucible and solvent materials and various growth atmospheres was evaluated from Gibbs free energy calculations. Most of the nitride synthesis experiments performed by other groups were at higher temperatures (around 2,000C) and pressures up to 1GPa using different growth methods. Therefore, their results could not be extrapolated to our growth system, as their growth conditions were significantly different from ours Moreover, to the best of our knowledge; no-one has ever evaluated such compatibilities by thermodynamic calculations. We used those calculations to design our experiments for further studies on nitrides. Experimentally, we encountered fewer issues such as corrosion problems than others observed with their growth procedures, because near-atmospheric pressures and temperatures not exceeding 1,000C could be used. Preliminary experiments were performed to confirm the thermodynamic computations and test the behavior of the chosen system. A suitable configuration was found that allowed to nucleate films of InGaN on the templates. Nitride templates or 'Buffer layers' were used to saturate the solution and grow the films. A relatively simpler configuration, to create a temperature gradient in the solution was used. Two templates were placed in the crucible, one at the top and the other one at the bottom. The temperature was raised to 950C and they were soaked there for 15-20hrs. After the growth the surface morphology was analyzed using an optical microscope and it was found to be entirely different for both the templates. The atoms from the top template dissolved and attached at the bottom template. This can be explained by the thermal gradient between the two templates: one at the bottom was at lower temperature than the top template, so there was diffusion from the top substrate towards the bottom one. AFM studies were carried out on the film to study the surface morphology of the top and the bottom templates. Growth hillocks having step height typically between 15 and 50 nm were observed. Such hillocks were not present on the templates before the experiment.
Using Desmoglein 1 and 3 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay as an Adjunct Diagnostic Tool for Pemphigus (2007)

Dsg1 and Dsg3 ELISAs provide a simple, highly sensitive and specific method that can serve as a useful adjunct tool for the initial diagnosis of pemphigus.