gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Microbial Ecology of Ruminal Methanogens in Cattle with Different Feed Efficiencies (2009)

Cattle with high feed efficiencies (designated "efficient") produce less methane gas than those with low feed efficiencies (designated "inefficient"); however, the role of the methane producers in such difference is unknown. This study investigated whether the structures and populations of methanogens in the rumen were associated with differences in cattle feed efficiencies by using culture-independent methods. Two 16S rRNA libraries were constructed using approximately 800-bp amplicons generated from pooled total DNA isolated from efficient (n = 29) and inefficient (n = 29) animals. Sequence analysis of up to 490 randomly selected clones from each library showed that the methanogenic composition was variable: less species variation (22 operational taxonomic units [OTUs]) was detected in the rumens of efficient animals, compared to 27 OTUs in inefficient animals. The methanogenic communities in inefficient animals were more diverse than those in efficient ones, as revealed by the diversity indices of 0.84 and 0.42, respectively. Differences at the strain and genotype levels were also observed and found to be associated with feed efficiency in the host. No difference was detected in the total population of methanogens, but the prevalences of Methanosphaera stadtmanae and Methanobrevibacter sp. strain AbM4 were 1.92 (P < 0.05) and 2.26 (P < 0.05) times higher in inefficient animals, while Methanobrevibacter sp. strain AbM4 was reported for the first time to occur in the bovine rumen. Our data indicate that the methanogenic ecology at the species, strain, and/or genotype level in the rumen may play important roles in contributing to the difference in methane gas production between cattle with different feed efficiencies.
Neuroprotection: The Emerging Concept of Restorative Neural Stem Cell Biology for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases (2011)

During the past decades Neural Stem Cells have been considered as an alternative source of cells to replace lost neurons and NSC transplantation has been indicated as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. Nevertheless, the current understanding of NSC biology suggests that, far from being mere spare parts for cell replacement therapies, NSCs could play a key role in the pharmacology of neuroprotection and become protagonists of innovative treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review this new emerging concept of NSC biology.
Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of both enantiomers of the anti-anginal drug ranolazine (2005)

Both enantiomers of the potential anti-anginal drug ranolazine have been synthesized from enantiopure (R)- and (S)-3-chloro-1-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-2-ol. These chiral building blocks were produced by kinetic resolution of the corresponding racemic butanoate by hydrolysis catalyzed by immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozym RM IM) or lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435). (R)-3-Chloro-1-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-2-ol was also made from the racemate in high yield and ee in a stereoinversion reaction.
Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as Phosphorescent Nanomaterials and Sensors (2006)

Ligand-capped gold nanoparticles were synthesized by capping monothiol derivatives of 2,2'-dipyridyl onto the surface of Au nanoparticles (Au-BT). The average size of the metal core is around 4 nm, with a shell of approximately 340 bipyridine ligands around the Au nanoparticle. The high local concentration of the chelating ligands ( approximately 5 M) around the Au nanoparticle makes these particles excellent ion sponges, and their complexation with Eu(III)/Tb(III) ions yields phosphorescent nanomaterials. Absorption spectral studies confirm a 1:3 complexation between Eu(III)/Tb(III) ions and bipyridines, functionalized on the surface of Au nanoparticles. The red-emitting Au-BT:Eu(III) complex exhibits a long lifetime of 0.36 ms with six line-like emission peaks, whereas the green-emitting Au-BT:Tb(III) complex exhibits a lifetime of 0.7 ms with four line-like emission peaks. These phosphorescent nanomaterials, designed by linking BT:Eu(III) complexes to Au nanoparticles, were further utilized as sensors for metal cations. A dramatic decrease in the luminescence was observed upon addition of alkaline earth metal ions (Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) and transition metal ions (Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+)), resulting from an isomorphous substitution of Eu(III) ions, whereas the luminescence intensity was not influenced by the addition of Na(+) and K(+) ions. Direct interaction of bipyridine-capped Au nanoparticles with Cu(2+) ions brings the nanohybrid systems closer, leading to the formation of three-dimensional superstructures. Strong interparticle plasmon interactions were observed in these closely spaced Au nanoparticles.
Plasma generation in an organic molecular gas by an ultraviolet laser pulse (1993)

Plasmas are generated in a low ionization potential gas, tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TMAE) vapor through a one-photon ionization process by an ultraviolet laser beam at a 193 nm wavelength. The TMAE plasma characteristics are studied by means of a Langmuir probe and microwave scattering. A new method is used to measure the 193 nm ultraviolet (UV) photon absorption cross section in TMAE. It is determined to be 1.1±0.3×10−17 cm2 from the axial profile of electron density. The temporal evolution of electron temperature is measured. A peak electron density of ne=5×1013/cm3 and peak electron temperature of Te=1 eV are measured at 500 mTorr TMAE pressure. The plasma decay process is studied, and the electron-ion recombination coefficient is measured to be 5.4±0.5×10−6 cm3/s. A theoretical model is derived to describe the photon flux and the one photon ionization process. An application of a TMAE plasma as a mirror for microwave reflections is proposed.
Richard L. Roberts, Warriors, Merchants and Slaves: the state and the economy in the Middle Niger Valley 1700–1914. Stanford, Ca: Stanford University Press, 1987, 293 pp., $39.50. (1989)

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Telomerase: a promising marker of biological immortality of germ, stem, and cancer cells. A review. (1997)

This review will describe the current state of knowledge of telomerase as it relates to human malignancies, focusing primarily on published measurements of this enzymes activity in benign and malignant neoplasms and their normal tissue counterparts. Key questions concerning the potential clinical utility of assaying for telomerase activity will be addressed and the implications of recent findings discussed.
Iridium complexes of new NCP pincer ligands: catalytic alkane dehydrogenation and alkene isomerization (2014)

Iridium complexes of novel NCP pincer ligands containing pyridine and phosphinite arms have been synthesized. One Ir complex shows good catalytic activity for alkane dehydrogenation, and all complexes are highly active for olefin isomerization. A combination of the Ir complex and a (PNN)Fe pincer complex catalyzes the formation of linear alkylboronates selectively from internal olefins via sequential olefin isomerization-hydroboration.
Recent developments in the ecology and methods of control of tsetse flies (<i>Glossina</i> spp.) (Dipt., Glossinidae)—a review (1974)

Abstract The literature published during 1964–72 concerned with the ecology and control of Glossina is reviewed and put into context with previously published information. Thirty species or subspecies of Glossina are recognised. Improved methods of sampling have been developed which catch many more females of the morsitans group than other methods and allow more accurate estimates of population density and structure to be made than has been possible hitherto. New concepts of the activity and behaviour patterns of G. morsitans Westwood have been developed from work carried out both in the field and in the laboratory. Detailed studies on resting sites have been followed by successful control campaigns based on the selective use of insecticides. Most large-scale control campaigns during the period under review were based on applications of insecticides from the ground; other control methods used were aerial applications of insecticides, mechanical clearing of vegetation, selective game destruction and a small-scale project using the sterile insect release method. Techniques for identifying and assessing trypanosome infections in Glossina are described and a Table is given of infection rates in various species of tsetse. Differences in observed infection rates can result according to the time and method of sampling but actual infection rates are affected by a variety of factors including the maintenance temperature of puparia and adults, the age of the fly at the time of the infective feed, the age structure of the tsetse population and the hosts on which it feeds. Genetic differences in infectibility may occur between different individuals of a single species and certainly occur between different species.
Hydrostatic versus Nonhydrostatic Euler-Equation Modeling of Nonlinear Internal Waves (2009)

Basin-scale internal waves are inherently nonhydrostatic; however, they are frequently resolved features in three-dimensional hydrostatic lake and coastal ocean models. Comparison of hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic formulations of the Centre for Water Research Estuary and Lake Computer Model provides insight into the similarities and differences between these representations of internal waves. Comparisons to prior laboratory experiments are used to demonstrate the expected wave evolution. The hydrostatic model cannot replicate basin-scale wave degeneration into a solitary wave train, whereas a nonhydrostatic model does represent the downscaling of energy. However, the hydrostatic model produces a nonlinear traveling borelike feature that has similarities to the mean evolution of the nonhydrostatic wave.
Homogeneous catalytic activation of molecular hydrogen by lanthanoid metal complexes (1979)

W. J. Evans, S. C. Engerer, P. A. Piliero and A. L. Wayda, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1979, 1007 DOI: 10.1039/C39790001007
Arsenic(V) Removal from Groundwater Using Nano Scale Zero-Valent Iron as a Colloidal Reactive Barrier Material (2006)

The removal of As(V), one of the most poisonous groundwater pollutants, by synthetic nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) was studied. Batch experiments were performed to investigate the influence of pH, adsorption kinetics, sorption mechanism, and anionic effects. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Mossbauer spectroscopy were used to characterize the particle size, surface morphology, and corrosion layer formation on pristine NZVI and As(V)-treated NZVI. The HR-TEM study of pristine NZVI showed a core-shell-like structure, where more than 90% of the nanoparticles were under 30 nm in diameter. Mössbauer spectroscopy further confirmed its structure in which 19% were in zero-valent state with a coat of 81% iron oxides. The XRD results showed that As(V)-treated NZVI was gradually converted into magnetite/maghemite corrosion products over 90 days. The XPS study confirmed that 25% As(V) was reduced to As(III) by NZVI after 90 days. As(V) adsorption kinetics were rapid and occurred within minutes following a pseudo-first-order rate expression with observed reaction rate constants (Kobs) of 0.02-0.71 min(-1) at various NZVI concentrations. Laser light scattering analysis confirmed that NZVI-As(V) forms an inner-sphere surface complexation. The effects of competing anions revealed that HCO3-, H4SiO4(0), and H2PO4(2-) are potential interfering agents in the As(V) adsorption reaction. Our results suggest that NZVI is a suitable candidate for As(V) remediation.
High Dimensional Change Point Estimation via Sparse Projection (2017)

Summary Change points are a very common feature of ‘big data’ that arrive in the form of a data stream. We study high dimensional time series in which, at certain time points, the mean structure changes in a sparse subset of the co-ordinates. The challenge is to borrow strength across the co-ordinates to detect smaller changes than could be observed in any individual component series. We propose a two-stage procedure called inspect for estimation of the change points: first, we argue that a good projection direction can be obtained as the leading left singular vector of the matrix that solves a convex optimization problem derived from the cumulative sum transformation of the time series. We then apply an existing univariate change point estimation algorithm to the projected series. Our theory provides strong guarantees on both the number of estimated change points and the rates of convergence of their locations, and our numerical studies validate its highly competitive empirical performance for a wide range of data-generating mechanisms. Software implementing the methodology is available in the R package InspectChangepoint.
Pharmacological control of opioid-induced pruritus: a quantitative systematic review of randomized trials (2001)

Naloxone, naltrexone, nalbuphine and droperidol are efficacious in the prevention of opioid-induced pruritus; minimal effective doses remain unknown. There is a lack of valid data on the efficacy of interventions for the treatment of established pruritus.
Research on Eye-gaze Tracking Network Generated by Augmented Reality Application (2009)

Eye gaze control is playing an important role in AR system. However, the physiology mechanism of eye gaze control canpsilat be totally understood for the limitation of biomedicine presently. The research on evolving networks has been widely studied recently and the degree distributions of these networks are of a power-law form. To enhance the calibration accuracy and improve the judgment effects of gazing objects, in this paper, the property of eye gaze tracking network is studied according to those methods used in complex network. The eye gaze tracking network model inserted position information and achievement probability was established and the degree distribution was discussed. Simulation results show that the degree distribution of eye gaze tracking network is scale-free.
UVA and UVB in sunlight, optimal utilization of UV rays in sunlight for phototherapy. (2007)

The disadvantages of sunlight as the source of UVA for phototherapy include variation with time, place, season, and atmospheric conditions. In the present study at Coimbatore, India we measured the UVa and UVB irradiance for one year using PMA 2100 meter. UVB irradiance was maximum between 12.00 noon-1.00 p.m (19.50 microw/cm2 to 40.2 microw/cm2) and UVA between 12 noon-1.15 p.m. (4.70 mw/cm2 tp 6.59 mw/cm2). The ratio of UVA was 1:500 to 1:600 during early hours and late evening and 1:200 during mid-day. At peak time (11.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m.), the exposure time for 1 June of UVA was 2 min. 32 sec. to 4 min. 31 sec and for 10 mj of UVB it was from 4 min. 55 sec. to 11 min. 22 sec. We recommend the ideal time for UVB phototheraphy between 11.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m. and for PUVASOL between 9.30 a.m. to 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. to 3.30 p.m. when incidental UVB and infrared rays responsible for heat are less.
Acetazolamide Interferes with the Protective Effect of Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub>in the Rat Gastric Mucosa (1981)

Oral prostaglandin E2 protected the gastric mucosa against the damage induced by intraperitoneal indomethacin in the rat. Blocking of the gastric alkaline secretion by subcutaneous acetazolamide potentiated the ulcerogenic action of indomethacin and reduced or abolished the protective effect of a submaximal dose prostaglandin E2. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that stimulation of the alkaline secretion is one of the mechanisms by which prostaglandin E2 protects the gastric mucosa.
Antioxidant actions of plant foods: Use of oxidative DNA damage as a tool for studying antioxidant efficacy (1999)

Plant-food-derived antioxidants and active principles such as flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates (ferulic acid, chlorogenic acids, vanillin etc.), beta-carotene and other carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin C, or rosemary, sage, tea and numerous extracts are increasingly proposed as important dietary antioxidant factors. In this endeavor, assays involving oxidative DNA damage for characterizing the potential antioxidant actions are suggested as in vitro screens of antioxidant efficacy. The critical question is the bioavailability of the plant-derived antioxidants.
Measurements in Film Cooling Flows With Periodic Wakes (2008)

Film cooling flows subject to periodic wakes were studied experimentally. The wakes were generated with a spoked wheel upstream of a flat plate. Cases with a single row of cylindrical film cooling holes inclined at 35deg to the surface were considered at blowing ratios of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 with a steady freestream and with wake Strouhal numbers of 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60. Temperature measurements were made using an infrared camera, thermocouples, and constant current (cold-wire) anemometry. Hot-wire anemometry was used for velocity measurements. The local film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient were determined from the measured temperatures. Phase locked flow temperature fields were determined from cold-wire surveys. Wakes decreased the film cooling effectiveness for blowing ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 when compared to steady freestream cases. In contrast, effectiveness increased with Strouhal number for the 1.0 blowing ratio cases, as the wakes helped mitigate the effects of jet lift-off. Heat transfer coefficients increased with wake passing frequency, with nearly the same percentage increase in cases with and without film cooling. The time resolved flow measurements show the interaction of the wakes with the film cooling jets. Near-wall flow measurements are used to infer the instantaneous film cooling effectiveness as it changes during the wake passing cycle.
FEC Performance of PMD-Impaired Optical Communication System With Multiple-Wavelength Interleaving (2004)

In this letter, a novel wavelength-interleaved forward-error correction scheme to mitigate the polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) impairment in optical transmission system is proposed and analyzed. With double-wavelength interleaving and Reed Solomon (255, 239) coding, this method can extend the PMD tolerance by more than 20% at an output bit-error rate of 10/sup -12/, and about 14%-36% for an outage probability of 10/sup -6/, over a similar system without interleaving. It can also provide a net coding gain of over 6 dB at all tolerable PMD levels, which cannot be achieved by a noninterleaved system. For a four-wavelength interleaving system, the corresponding performance gains are over 26%.
Anti‐mosquito antibodies and their effects on feeding, fecundity and mortality of Aedes aegypti (1988)

Anti-mosquito antibodies, produced in mice inoculated with mosquito homogenates or exposed to mosquito bites, reacted with a variety of mosquito antigens including muscle, gut, fat body and nervous tissue; those in anti-mosquito bite sera reacted solely with salivary glands. Mosquitoes fed on restrained immunized mice showed a significant increase in mortality correlated to both the titre and specificity of the anti-mosquito antibodies ingested. No changes in their fecundity or feeding success were noted. Mosquitoes exposed to unrestrained immunized mice or mosquito-bitten mice, however, showed a significant reduction in feeding success, possibly reflecting enhanced host grooming.
EXPRESSION OF Src FAMILY DURING DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOUSE NERVOUS SYSTEM (1998)

This work provides insight the function of Src proto-oncogene in neurogenesis by immunohistochemically investigating the distribution and time course of development of 8 src-related protein-tyrosine kinases (c-Src, Fyn, Yes, Lyn, Lck, Hck, Fgr, Blk) in vivo in the developing nervous system of a mouse. Experimental results indicate that all members of Src family are expressed early in dividing cells in the neural plate by embryonic day 8 and, then, maintained in the central and peripheral nervous system until late prenatal stages. The immunoreactivity is widely distributed not only in the brain and spinal cord, but also in neural crest-derived structures, including spinal and sympathetic ganglia. Src-positive structures found in the fetal brain are primarily located in the forebrain and diencephalon. In addition, high levels of immunoreactivity can be observed in special sensory organs such as the retina and otic vesicle. Although various members closely resemble each other in terms of the overall pattern of immunoreactivity, implying an overlapping functional aspects of different. members of the family, a slight difference arises in the time course of expression and staining intensity. Moreover, the early appearance, high levels and wide distribution of individual members of the Src family in the mouse's nervous system suggest that these gene products profoundly influence neuronal differentiation and maturation.
Answering why-not questions on spatial keyword top-k queries (2015)

Large volumes of geo-tagged text objects are available on the web. Spatial keyword top-k queries retrieve k such objects with the best score according to a ranking function that takes into account a query location and query keywords. In this setting, users may wonder why some known object is unexpectedly missing from a result; and understanding why may aid users in retrieving better results. While spatial keyword querying has been studied intensively, no proposals exist for how to offer users explanations of why such expected objects are missing from results. We provide techniques that allow the revision of spatial keyword queries such that their results include one or more desired, but missing objects. In doing so, we adopt a query refinement approach to provide a basic algorithm that reduces the problem to a two-dimensional geometrical problem. To improve performance, we propose an index-based ranking estimation algorithm that prunes candidate results early. Extensive experimental results offer insight into design properties of the proposed techniques and suggest that they are efficient in terms of both running time and I/O cost.
Controllable transformation between 3D and 2D perovskites through cation exchange (2018)

A facile post-synthesis cation exchange approach has been employed to controllably tune the optical and structural properties of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals (NCs). These optical changes are attributed to the structural transformation of perovskite NCs from three-dimensional (3D) to two-dimensional (2D) layered crystalline forms and vice versa.
Baffles design for an axial two-mirror telescope (2002)

An optimization method is presented for the design of baffles for an axial two-mirror telescope. According to the specific criterion of baffles and the inequalities relating to baffles dimension and telescope parameters given in this work, the lengths and diameters of the baffles can be determined. The method overcomes the shortcomings of the graphing method, and it can be finished simultaneously with the optical design to obtain the optimization configuration of the telescope.