gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microtraining as a support mechanism for informal learning (2008)

Most companies are confronted with fast changing learning demands and the need of new concepts. Companies very much overestimate and overinvest in formal training programs, while missing out the opportunities to foster more natural and informal learning processes. For informal learning to flourish it is crucial to develop flexible mechanisms which support this kind of learning, while avoiding the drawbacks that coincide with informality. The Microtraining method is being developed as a mechanism to support predominantly informal learning activities.
Microtraining should be understood as a learning arrangement of about 15 minutes for each learning occasion. Each session contains elements like an active start, demo or exercise, feedback or discussion and a shared view on how to proceed. Such an occasion can be face-to-face, online or in mixed modes depending on the circumstances and possibilities. The concept is based on a number of theoretical considerations of which Social Constructivism is an important element, next to the notions of Connectivism and the Levels of Mastery. Microtraining requires an organisational framework to effectively apply this method relative to the learning issue, the skills of the initiator and the employees and their daily working schedule.
In practice, it is shown that this framework helps to collectively develop solutions for workplace related learning with ample opportunities for information transfer. Microtraining supports informal learning close to the workplace, thereby increasing the learning capacity of the company.
The Microtraining1 concept is being developed in the framework of the Leonardo da Vinci program of the European Union
Multi-information integrated trip specific optimal power management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (2009)

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are widely received as a promising means of green mobility by utilizing more battery power. Recently, we have proposed a scheme of two-scale spatial-domain dynamic programming (DP) as a nearly global optimization approach to trip based optimal power management for PHEV through the combination with traffic data and trip modeling. Previously, the segment-wise power demand and SOC change was calculated through numerical integration based on the average speed and acceleration of the segment, and lookup tables were obtained. When more parameters are involved into power management, such as road grade and load change, such process becomes very tedious. In this paper, the spatial-domain DP is improved by calculating the power demand and SOC change in an analytical manner. The power demand is first calculated based on length, initial speed, acceleration, road grade, payload and wind of a road segment. The SOC change is then calculated for different PSR. An adjustable segment scheme used of analytical function is developed in order to improve the computation efficiency of the optimal power management without losing much of fuel economy. Simulation study shows that incorporating additional trip information such as road grade and predictable payload change into the optimization can significantly improve the fuel economy. The computational efficiency is also evaluated. The proposed method can greatly facilitate the development of optimal power management strategy for PHEV with multiple information inputs.
Self-irrigating bipolar diathermy forceps (1972)

✓ A method for providing continuous saline drip in bipolar diathermy is described, which uses stainless steel tubing fixed to one blade of a standard bipolar forceps and connected to the irrigating line.
Annular Beam Shaping And Optical Trepanning (2006)

Percussion drilling and trepanning are two laser drilling methods. Percussion drilling is accomplished by focusing the laser beam to approximately the required diameter of the hole, exposing the material to one or a series of laser pulses at the same spot to melt and vaporize the material. Drilling by trepanning involves cutting a hole by rotating a laser beam with an optical element or an xy galvo-scanner. Optical trepanning is a new laser drilling method using an annular beam. The annular beams allow numerous irradiance profiles to supply laser energy to the workpiece and thus provide more flexibility in affecting the hole quality than a traditional circular laser beam. Heating depth is important for drilling application. Since there are no good ways to measure the temperature inside substrate during the drilling process, an analytical model for optical trepanning has been developed by considering an axisymmetric, transient heat conduction equation, and the evolutions of the melting temperature isotherm, which is referred to as the melt boundary in this study, are calculated to investigate the influences of the laser pulse shapes and intensity profiles on the hole geometry. This mathematical model provides a means of understanding the thermal effect of laser irradiation with different annular beam shapes. To take account of conduction in the solid, vaporization and convection due to the melt flow caused by an assist gas, an analytical two-dimensional model is developed for optical trepanning. The influences of pulse duration, laser pulse length, pulse repetition rate, intensity profiles and beam radius are investigated to examine their effects on the recast layer thickness, hole depth and taper. The ray tracing technique of geometrical optics is employed to design the necessary optics to transform a Gaussian laser beam into an annular beam of different intensity profiles. Such profiles include half Gaussian with maximum intensities at the inner and outer surfaces of the annulus, respectively, and full Gaussian with maximum intensity within the annulus. Two refractive arrangements have been presented in this study. Geometric optics, or ray optics, describes light propagation in terms of rays. However, it is a simplification of optics, and fails to account for many important optical effects such as diffraction and polarization. The diffractive behaviors of this optical trepanning system are stimulated and analyzed based on the Fresnel diffraction integral. Diffraction patterns of the resulting optical system are measured using a laser beam analyzer and compared with the theoretical results. Based on the theoretical and experimental results, the effects of experimental parameters are discussed. We have designed the annular beam shaping optical elements and the gas delivery system to construct an optical trepanning system. Laser drilling experiments are performed on the Stainless Steel-316 (SS 316) plate and the Inconel 718 (IN 718) plate. The geometry of the trepanning holes with different sizes is presented in this study.
Electromigration Induced Damage and Structure Change in Cr-Al/Cu and Al/Cu Interconnection Lines (1984)

The mechanisms of electromigration open failure in quartz passivated Al-Cu interconnection lines were studied by interrupting the stress test at selected intervals and photographically recording the damage. In this way a semicontinuous record of the progressive damage build up to and including open failure has been obtained for a variety of stress conditions, passivation thickness, flat lines and these going over steep topography and interconnection lines with a thin Cr underlay. It is demonstrated that the predominant mechanism that controls open failure and its variation within the confines of the above variables is the dynamic behavior of voids and their interaction with the physical and geometrical structure of the line, which act as obstacles to void motion. It is further shown that during stress the physical structure of the line i.e. precipitate particles and grain size is also coarsening which in turn provides more effective obstacles to void motion. Open failure is caused by mobile void/obstacle interactions. With no passivation on the line, failure times are significantly reduced and dynamic void behavior is no longer present i.e. voids grow in place until an open occurs. Stable underlayers such as Cr, markedly increase the lifetime by temporarily supporting the current enabling both the dynamic healing process to more effectively come into play or supporting the void until it can move downstream into the larger bond pad.
Epidemiology of Infections Associated With Combat-Related Injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan (2008)

Enhanced medical training of front line medical personnel, personal protective equipment, and the presence of far forward surgical assets have improved the survival of casualties in the current wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. As such, casualties are at higher risk of infectious complications of their injuries including sepsis, which was a noted killer of casualties in previous wars. During the current conflicts, military personnel who develop combat-related injuries are at substantial risk of developing infections with multidrug resistant bacteria. Herein, we describe the bacteriology of combat-related injuries in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom that develop infections with particular attention to injuries of the extremities, central nervous system, abdomen and thorax, head and neck, and burns. In addition, the likely sources of combat-related injuries with multidrug resistant bacteria infections are explored.
Studies on the antibacterial action of human saliva. III. Cofactor requirements of Lactobacillus bactericidin. (1963)

Summary The cofactor necessary for the activation of a salivary bactericidin active against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4357 was identified both in vitro and in vivo as thiocyanate. Although iodide in sufficient concentration would also substitute for the cofactor, the amount required was incompatible with the concentration found in saliva.
The London Basin's gravel churches: indications of geology, medieval history and geographical distribution (2001)

ABSTRACT Ferruginously-cemented gravels, sandy-gravels and sands, quarried originally from superficial, fluvial, fluvioglacial and glacial deposits, form an important building constituent of early London Basin churches. Their occurrence in the various churches relates very closely to the recognised geographical distribution of the respective, parent geological bodies. Similarly, clast compositions in the gravels of the different church fabrics reflect the understood geological sedimentary distribution patterns. The evidence suggests that London Basin churches which contain superficially deposited ferruginously-cemented materials in their walls are likely to possess Anglo-Saxon or earliest Norman origins.
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2016)

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), a combination of Raman spectroscopy and apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy using a metallic tip which resonates with the local mode of the surface plasmon, can provide a high-sensitive and high-spatial-resolution optical analytical approach. The basic principle of TERS, common experimental setups, various SPM technologies, and excitation/collection configurations are introduced as well as recent research progress with respect to TERS.
The Role of ras GTPase Activating Protein in Human Tumorigenesis (1995)

Abnormal signal transduction involving activated ras genes plays a major role in the development of a variety of tumors. Ras GTPase-activating protein (rasGAP) is a major contributor to the downregulation of ras by facilitating GTP hydrolysis of activated ras. In addition, GAP participates in the down-stream effector system of the ras signaling pathway. Thus, depending on the precise genetic alteration, its location within the gene and the effects it exerts on protein function, rasGAP can theoretically function as either an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor gene. The putative role that rasGAP plays in human tumorigenesis is further emphasized by two lines of indirect evidence. First, mutations within the C-terminal SH2 region of rasGAP in a subset of basal cell carcinomas were demonstrated. These are presumably activating mutations and therefore confer a direct oncogenic potential to rasGAP. Second, an inverse correlation between rasGAP protein expression and the invasive/malignant potential in human trophoblastic tumors was shown. Thus, in these latter tumors rasGAP functions as an apparent tumor suppressor gene. Employing combined laboratory techniques and approaches to a variety of human tumors will further define the role of rasGAP in tumorigenesis, provide insight into the mode of action of rasGAP and structure-function relationships. Furthermore, it will help in establishing genotype-phenotype correlations and potentially may lead to a pharmacological approach to treating choriocarcinomas.
Mother's willingness to pay for her own and her child's health: a contingent valuation study in Taiwan (2000)

We use the contingent valuation (CV) method to estimate mothers' willingness to pay (WTP) to protect themselves and their children from suffering a minor illness-a cold-in Taiwan. WTP is specified as a hedonic function of the duration and severity of the cold (measured alternatively by symptoms experienced and the Quality of Well-Being (QWB) index) and of respondents' socioeconomic characteristics. The average mother is willing to pay more to protect her child than herself from suffering a cold. Median WTP to avoid the average mother's and child's colds are US$37 and US$57, respectively. Adjusting for the greater duration and severity of the average mother's cold suggests that WTP to prevent comparable illnesses is approximately twice as large for the child as for the mother. We also find that mother's WTP is about 20% greater to prevent a son's than a daughter's illness.
<scp>COVID</scp> ‐19 infection on <scp>IL</scp> ‐23 inhibition (2020)

Dermatologic TherapyVolume 33, Issue 6 e13893 LETTER COVID-19 infection on IL-23 inhibition Catherine J. Wang, Catherine J. Wang orcid.org/0000-0001-8782-6339 Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorAllison K. Truong, Corresponding Author Allison K. Truong [email protected] Cedars Dermatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Group, Los Angeles, California, USA Correspondence Allison K. Truong, Cedars Dermatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Catherine J. Wang, Catherine J. Wang orcid.org/0000-0001-8782-6339 Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorAllison K. Truong, Corresponding Author Allison K. Truong [email protected] Cedars Dermatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Group, Los Angeles, California, USA Correspondence Allison K. Truong, Cedars Dermatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 25 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13893Citations: 8Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume33, Issue6November/December 2020e13893 RelatedInformation
Depolarization and calcium entry in squid giant axons (1971)

1. Changes in ionized calcium in giant axons were followed by recording the light produced by injected aequorin.2. From the effect of injecting calcium buffers the internal concentration of ionized calcium was found to be about the same as in a mixture of 45 Ca EGTA:55 free EGTA, i.e. about 0.3 muM.3. After an axon had been exposed to cyanide for 50-100 min the velocity of the aequorin reaction increased about 500 times. This effect, which could be reversed rapidly by removing cyanide, was probably brought about by release of calcium from an internal store.4. Injecting 30 mumole ATP per litre of axoplasm into a cyanide-poisoned axon caused a transient lowering of light intensity; oligomycin blocked the effect.5. Raising external calcium or replacing external sodium by choline or lithium reversibly increased the light produced by axons injected with aequorin.6. Stimulation at 50-200 impulses/sec in a solution containing 112 mM-Ca caused the light intensity to increase to a new steady level; after stimulation the light intensity returned to its original level with a time constant of 10-30 sec. Similar but smaller effects were seen in solutions containing less external calcium. The recovery after stimulation is probably due to uptake of calcium by the internal store.7. Injecting 3 m-mole EGTA per litre axoplasm lowered the resting glow and abolished the aequorin response to stimulation.8. There was no light response to stimulation immediately after an axial injection of aequorin and the effect increased to a ;steady' level with a half-time of about 5 min. The conclusion is that the rise in calcium concentration resulting from stimulation is confined to the peripheral part of the axon and that the diffusion coefficient of aequorin in axoplasm is about 4 x 10(-7) cm(2)/sec.9. The increment in light per impulse often increased markedly during the course of a long experiment and there was also considerable variation between axons.10. If the light response to stimulation was small it was proportional to the frequency of stimulation; if large to the square of the frequency.11. Voltage-clamp experiments showed that the calcium entry associated with a depolarizing pulse could be divided into an early component which was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX), and a late component which was unaffected by this inhibitor.12. The time relations of the early calcium entry were consistent with its being a leak of calcium ions through the sodium channel; the permeability of the sodium channel to calcium was about 1% of the permeability to sodium.13. The late entry of calcium was little changed by injecting enough tetraethylammonium (TEA) to block the outward potassium current; it was greatly reduced by external concentrations of manganese which had little effect on the maximum potassium conductance.14. The voltage-response curve for the late entry of calcium had a well defined maximum and was similar in shape to the curve relating calcium entry to depolarization at the presynaptic ending (Katz & Miledi, 1969, 1970).
Peripherally Dimethyl Isophthalate-Functionalized Poly(benzyl ether) Dendrons: A New Kind of Unprecedented Highly Efficient Organogelators (2009)

A series of poly(benzyl ether) dendrons, up to the fourth generation, decorated in their periphery with dimethyl esters were divergently synthesized and fully characterized. These dendrons were found to be unprecedented highly efficient organogelators toward various aromatic and polar organic solvents with the critical gelator concentration (CGC) approaching 2.2 mg/mL. The gelation ability was found to be highly dependent on the nature of the peripheral groups, dendron generation, and the dendritic architecture. The large monodisperse dendron G(4) with a globular shape could also form stable gels in several aromatic solvents with relatively high CGCs. A number of experiments (SEM, TEM and AFM imaging, X-ray crystal structure analysis, concentration- and temperature-dependent (1)H NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction) confirmed the self-aggregation of these dendrons, despite the lack of any conventional gelating motifs such as amides, long alkyl side chains, and steroidal groups. The multiple strong pi-pi stacking interactions due to the peripheral dimethyl isophthalate rings and the internal benzyl rings are found to be the key contributor in forming the self-assembled gel.
Practical design problems in transistor d.c./d.c. convertors and d.c./a.c. inverters (1959)

The paper first examines the general principles of the operation of transistor d.c./d.c. convertors and d.c./a.c. inverters, and reviews progress in the circuit design of such equipment. It then outlines the major practical problems encountered in this application of transistors, classifying them into two categories, namely (a) problems (such as the limitation of maximum power dissipation) which are fundamental to the transistor as a device, and which can be met only by improvement in the performance characteristics of the transistor; (b) problems (such as the destructive transients due to transformer leakage inductance) which can be solved or alleviated by careful design of equipment using currently available transistors.The paper then deals with each of these problems. It examines the material factors of each case and discusses the various means which can be adopted to deal with them.
TDMOS-an ultra-low on-resistance power transistor (1988)

The authors report a trench sidewall channel double-diffused MOS transistor (TDMOS) with specific on-resistance of active <80 m Omega -mm/sup 2/, the lowest value reported to date. A novel five-mask process was used to fabricate the trench sidewall channel MOS transistor. The specific on-resistance of a typical device for active area is 75 m Omega -mm/sup 2/, with a threshold voltage of 2.8 V and subthreshold slope of 195 mV/decade. The drain-to-source breakdown voltage is 52 V. Two-dimensional simulation of electric field in the off-state and carrier flow in the on-state has been carried out, and design considerations have been determined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structure-property relationships in<scp>D</scp>-glucitol derivatives with two geminal hydrocarbon chains. Part 1.—Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid-crystalline behaviour (1995)

Two homologous series of N-acyl N-alkyl 1-amino-l-deoxy-D-glucitol derivatives were prepared. In the first series (2), the alkyl chain length was kept constant (n-dodecyl) and in the second series (3) the acyl chain length was kept constant (n-tetradecanoyl). A number of acid addition salts, 4 and 5, were also prepared. The thermotropic properties of the compounds in series 2 and 3 changed from enantiotropic smectic Ad(SAd)via monotropic SAd and non-mesogenic to monotropic disordered hexagonal columnar (Dhd) and finally enantiotropic Dhd. Clearly, this change in thermotropic behaviour corresponds to a change in molecular shape from rod-like to (inverted) wedge-like. The acid addition salt 4 was found to form a Dhd phase which is similar to a normal hexagonal (HI) phase. Several of the acid addition salts 5 showed an interesting polymorphism on heating. Initially, an SAd phase was formed which transformed to a Dhd phase before reaching the clearing point. The formation of lyotropic mesophases was studied qualitatively (contact preparation method) for all the compounds. The expected range of lyotropic phases in compounds 2 and 3, from normal hexagonal (HI) in the molecules with one long and one short apolar chain to inverted hexagonal (HII) for molecules with two long apolar chains, was indeed observed. Compounds 5 formed the so-called ‘myelin figures’ when heated in the presence of water.