gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Moment Method Applied to Solute Transport with Binary and Ternary Exchange (1992)

Abstract When modeling transport of exchanging solutes in soils, it is sometimes conveniently assumed that the solutes interact linearly with the solid phase of the soil. In this study, an attempt was made to quantify the influence of nonlinear cation exchange on solute spreading with the moment method. Theoretical expressions for the first four moments were derived based on the equilibrium and physical nonequilibrium models of the advection‐dispersion equation (ADE). Displacement experiments were conducted in which either a NaCl pulse (binary exchange) or a pulse of KBr and NaBr (ternary exchange) was applied to a CaBr 2 ‐saturated medium. Values for the transport parameters were determined with moment analysis and curve fitting. The observed breakthrough curves were somewhat better reproduced with parameters obtained from curve fitting than from the moment method. However, the curve‐fitting program produced some unrealistic parameter estimates for the nonequilibrium model. A disadvantage of the moment method was that the fourth‐order moment sometimes yielded unstable results for the nonequilibrium model. Parameters form the anion displacement were used to estimate the theoretical variance due to hydrodynamic dispersion and nonequilibrium spreading for the cation breakthrough curves. The difference between the variance of the observed cation breakthrough curve and these theoretical variances was used as an approximation of the variance due to nonlinear exchange. Particularly for the ternary exchange, the variance due to nonlinear exchange was often several times greater than predicted according to the transport model. The results enabled us to quantify errors in dispersion coefficient ( D ) values directly determined from cation‐displacement experiments.
RF applications of high temperature superconductors in MHz range (1999)

High quality, low noise RF devices (resonators and filters) in MHz range have been designed, fabricated, and tested. The devices were designed using either interdigital capacitor or spiral structures and made from two inch HTS wafers. Applications of these devices to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and RF communication are reviewed. Substantial gain in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using HTS coils for both proton and sodium MRI on animals and humans at field strength of 0.5 T-3 T are demonstrated. HTS single-pole and three-pole bandpass filters operated at 77 K are built. Multi-pole bandpass filters in MHz range are successfully made on two-inch, single layer HTS wafer. A three-pole filter with a center frequency of 18 MHz has shown a low insertion loss of 0.7 dB at 77 K.
Tax Policy Analysis: Concepts and Critiques (2004)

This title was commissioned by the Commonwealth Secretariat as part of its commitment to integrate gender concerns into economic policy. It provides information to assist in the analysis of potential gender bias in tax systems and the design of gendersensitive revenue measures.
FOXC2 : a regulator of adipocyte metabolism (2002)

Obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are common forerunners of type 2 diabetes, a serious and increasingly prevalent disease in both the industrialised part of the world as well as in third world countries. We have identified the human transcription factor gene FOXC2 as a key regulator of adipocyte metabolism. Increased FOXC2 expression, in white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), has a pleiotropic effect on gene expression. Which leads to protection against diet induced insulin resistance and a decrease in: total body lipid content, serum triglycerides, plasma levels of free fatty acids, glucose and insulin. It also increases the sensitivity of the b-adrenergic/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway in adipocytes. The glucose disposal after intravenous glucose challenge is significantly enhanced as a sign of increased insulin sensitivity. Insulin and TNFa strongly induces Foxc2 mRNA and Foxc2 protein levels in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes via PI3K and ERK1/2-dependent pathways. Foxc2 mRNA is also upregulated by the PKA and PKC-signaling pathways. The expression of FOXC2 in human adipose tissue and skeletal muscle correlates with whole body insulin sensitivity. A common 5'UTR C/T polymorphism is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.To our knowledge FOXC2 is the only known gene that, in a concerted action, can counteract most, if not all, of the symptoms associated with obesity, including hypertriglyceridemia and diet induced insulin resistance - a likely consequence hereof would be protection against type 2 diabetes.
Effect of addition of inulin and fenugreek on the survival of microencapsulated Enterococcus durans 39C in alginate-psyllium polymeric blends in simulated digestive system and yogurt (2015)

The use of biopolymers for probiotic microencapsulation has been investigated in this paper. The objectives are to enhance its survival rate, colonic release, and stability of these probiotic cultures in digestive condition during storage time. Nine types of biopolymers (alginate-psyllium) blend with different concentration of prebiotic; (inulin or fenugreek) were used as candidate for microencapsulation matrix. One strain of probiotic candidates, namely; Enterococcus durans 39C was used in this study. The microencapsulation of this strain with the respective polymer blend was performed by using a simple extrusion method. All blend of formulations have recorded high encapsulation efficiency at value >98%. The survival rate of viable probiotic cells under simulated digestive conditions was also high with value above 47% as compared to non-microencapsulated cells. These nine gel formulations also displayed the high survival rate of viable probiotic cells during storage time (28 d). Their release occurred after 2 h in colonic condition and sustained until 12th h of incubation period. An increase of prebiotic effect value added was observed in incorporated inulin and fenugreek formulations. In short, this study revealed that a new herbal-based psyllium and fenugreek polymers have suitable potential as a matrix for probiotic microencapsulation.
Hydrogenation catalysts (1950)

O. Beeck, Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1950, 8, 118 DOI: 10.1039/DF9500800118
Specific differentiation events induced by erythropoietin in cells infected in vitro with the anemia strain of Friend virus. (1982)

Mouse bone marrow cells infected in vitro with the anemia strain of Friend leukemia virus from large clusters (bursts) of erythroblasts after 5 days in culture in methylcellulose medium. Two types of erythroblast populations can be isolated from bursts of infected cells by manipulation of the culture conditions. One type of erythroblast, which is obtained when erythropoietin (EP) is added to the culture, has proliferated and undergoes differentiation to become an erythrocyte. The second type of erythroblast, which is obtained when no EP is added to the culture, is the product of extensive proliferation, but it fails to undergo the terminal stages of erythroblast differentiation. Comparisons of these two types of erythroblasts demonstrate that specific EP effects include changes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane of the treated cells. Those events of erythroid differentiation shown to be directed by EP were extrusion of the nucleus from the erythroblast, induction of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity, increased iron incorporation into protoporphyrin, synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin polypeptides due largely to increased mRNA production, and synthesis and incorporation of spectrin into the cell membrane. In this system, EP promotes these effects without observable stimulation of progenitor proliferation in addition to that caused by the virus alone. Thus, the role of EP in terminal erythrocyte differentiation is not simply that of an erythroid-specific mitogen.
YOUTH AND TRAFFIC SAFETY (1985)

This paper summarizes the discussions on youth and traffic safety. It points out the unanimity of opinion with regard to the nature of the problem. Young people have more accidents and more violations, and are over-represented in fatal crashes when compared to drivers in older age groups. The reasons for this over-representation are complex--age and inexperience are of primary importance. Sex is a third important factor--males have a worse driving record than females. Further discussion revealed that the pattern of driving must be considered in order to provide a total explanation of the phenomenon. Several discussants suggested that the level of risk-taking was important. Discussion on polydrug effects and traffic safety was confined to the use of alcohol and marijuana. Considerable discussion was focused on the relative value of the experimental and epidemiological methods, particularly in the context of drugs other than alcohol. A strong sense of pessimism was expressed about the potential for countermeasures.
Effects of Plant Stress on Facultative Apomixis in Boechera (Brassicaceae) (2021)

In flowering plants, apomixis is asexual reproduction by seeds. Apomixis allows the production of offspring with the same genetic characteristics as the mother plant. Fertilization is not required. Apomixis could become a tool for naturally cloning high-yielding crop hybrids through their own seed. However, apomixis does not occur in major crop plants, except for citrus. In the present study, genes that might cause apomixis in naturally occurring apomictic plants were investigated. Sexual and apomictic species of the genus Boechera were exposed to stressed and non-stressed conditions. Effects of these treatments on the expression of apomixis was then measured. Stress triggered an increase in the frequency of sexual development in apomictic plants, but continuation of sexual development to form sexual seeds did not occur. Stress also triggered alterations in the expression of stress-related genes.
Methods to determine the relative value of genetic traits in dairy cows to reduce greenhouse gas emissions along the chain (2014)

Current decisions on breeding in dairy farming are mainly based on economic values of heritable traits, as earning an income is a primary objective of farmers. Recent literature, however, shows that breeding also has potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this paper was to compare 2 methods to determine GHG values of genetic traits. Method 1 calculates GHG values using the current strategy (i.e., maximizing labor income), whereas method 2 is based on minimizing GHG per kilogram of milk and shows what can be achieved if the breeding results are fully directed at minimizing GHG emissions. A whole-farm optimization model was used to determine results before and after 1 genetic standard deviation improvement (i.e., unit change) of milk yield and longevity. The objective function of the model differed between method 1 and 2. Method 1 maximizes labor income; method 2 minimizes GHG emissions per kilogram of milk while maintaining labor income and total milk production at least at the level before the change in trait. Results show that the full potential of the traits to reduce GHG emissions given the boundaries that were set for income and milk production (453 and 441kg of CO2 equivalents/unit change per cow per year for milk yield and longevity, respectively) is about twice as high as the reduction based on maximizing labor income (247 and 210kg of CO2 equivalents/unit change per cow per year for milk yield and longevity, respectively). The GHG value of milk yield is higher than that of longevity, especially when the focus is on maximizing labor income. Based on a sensitivity analysis, it was shown that including emissions from land use change and using different methods for handling the interaction between milk and meat production can change results, generally in favor of milk yield. Results can be used by breeding organizations that want to include GHG values in their breeding goal. To verify GHG values, the effect of prices and emissions factors should be considered, as well as the potential effect of variation between farm types.
ACYLGUANIDINES AS INTERMEDIATES IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESES (1965)

not available
Revascularization versus Medical Therapy for Renal-Artery Stenosis (2009)

We found substantial risks but no evidence of a worthwhile clinical benefit from revascularization in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN59586944.)
Pumilio-dependent localization of mRNAs at the cell front coordinates multiple pathways required for chemotaxis (2017)

Chemotaxis is a specialized form of directed cell migration important for normal development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, four signaling pathways act synergistically to maintain directional cell migration. However, it is unknown how these pathways are coordinated in space and time to achieve persistent chemotaxis. Here, we show that the mRNAs and proteins of these four chemotaxis pathways and actin are preferentially enriched at the cell front during dynamic cell migration, which requires the Pumilio-related RNA-binding protein Puf118. Significantly, disruption of the Pumilio-binding sequence in chemotaxis pathway mRNAs, or mislocalization of Puf118 and its target mRNAs to the cell rear perturbs efficient chemotaxis in shallow cAMP gradients, without affecting the abundance of the mRNAs or encoded proteins. Thus, the polarized localization of Puf118-bound mRNAs coordinates the distribution of different chemotaxis pathway proteins in time and space, leading to cell polarization and persistent chemotaxis.
Some properties of an exocellular lipase from<i>Rhizopus arrhizus</i> (1974)

Abstract Rhizopus arrhizus , a mold of the mucor family, excretes an active lipase when cultured properly. This lipase has a mol wt of 43,000 and a high carbohydrate content, Upon storage at 4C in aqueous solution, lipase I is slowly converted by proteolysis to a more cationic form, lipase II, which has a lower mol wt (32,000) and no carbohydrate. Rhizopus lipase shows the same positional specificity on long chain triglycerides as pancreatic lipase; it has no preferential side chain specificity against oleic vs. palmitic acid. Like pancreatic lipase, Rhizopus lipase acts on micelles of short chain triglycerides and is inhibited by high concentrations of bile acids; however, in the presence of deoxycholate, Rhizopus lipase does not require added Ca ++ for full activity.
Future trends in total digital control of variable speed drives for industrial applications (2002)

The essential rudiments of digital control hardware and software as well as the potential extension of this technology to a dedicated CAD/CAE (computer-aided design/engineering) environment for design of motor drive systems are discussed. These systems, which are intensely application-dependent, have been traditionally designed and manufactured using combinations of logic controllers, computers, power circuits, and analog control boards connected together to achieve the final goal. The proposed CAD environment strives to consolidate the drive systems design requirements in such a way as to allow implementation of these designs within a framework of a standard library of hardware and software. The end result is a production environment where all designs are optimally manufacturable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A low power FIR filter structure based on a modified distributed arithmetic algorithm (2013)

FIR digital filter is an important part in modern signal processing system. With the increase of arithmetic speed, reducing the occupation of resources or power consumption is an effective method to improve the performance of the whole system. This paper proposes a novel finite impulse response filter structure based on the modified distributed arithmetic (MDA) method. We first reduce the redundant coefficient items to save the chip area and power. Then, four FIR filters with different orders are implemented respectively using the proposed method (proposed method). The experimental results show that, comparing to the published method (published method), the proposed method can save chip area up to 17.4%, while the power reduction up to 13.0%.
High Penetration Rates and Extended Bit Life Through Revolutionary Hydraulic and Mechanical Design in PDC Drill Bit Development (1999)

Summary PDC drill bit developments have been made to achieve higher penetration rates and longer life, involving a compromise between open, light set, bits for speed, and heavy set ones for durability. Developments are described which provided the benefits of both in a revolutionary hydraulic and mechanical design. The hydraulic design causes mud to flow first towards the bit center and then outwards. It was extensively flow tested using high-speed photography to ensure that bit balling was prevented. It includes features to address bit whirl which were demonstrated in full scale laboratory testing to reduce the bit's vibration level. The mechanical design maximizes open-face volume, known to benefit penetration rate, by using very high blades. However, the heights attainable can be limited by the bit body's mechanical strength. Steel was chosen to maximize blade strength and was coated with a newly developed hardfacing to improve erosion resistance. A program of fatigue testing assured adequate strength.
Recent Advances in High Voltage Electron Beam Injectors (1975)

A variety of electron gun systems in the 200 to 500 kV range have been placed into linac service during the past five years. These systems were specifically developed to improve the reliability and performance of high power linear accelerators by providing low emittance pulsed electron beams having highly stable flat-top characteristics. Lifetimes considerably in excesss of 5000 hours have been achieved through the use of low heater power dispenser cathodes, non-intercepting electrodes for control of beam emission and focusing, all-metal and ceramic high temperature brazed dc accelerating columns, and operational vacuum levels of 10-7 to 10-8 Torr. The design features and performance of several of these systems, including short beam pulse and high duty factor are discussed, and typical beam waveforms and equipment photographs are presented.
Improved understanding of particle migration modes in spiral inertial microfluidic devices (2015)

The migration dynamics of particles with sizes ranging from micro- to nano-scales in spiral inertial microfluidic devices was investigated, and three different migration modes was discovered.
The Parallel Operation of ZVT-Full Bridge Converter with Dynamic Current Shared Inductor (2002)

본 논문에서는 동적 전류분담 인덕터를 이용한 ZVT 풀 브리지 DC/DC 컨버터의 병렬운전 특성을 해석하였다. 기존의 경우 CT(Current Transformer)를 사용하여 각 단위 컨버터 전류의 크기를 감지하여, 제어회로에서 각 컨버터에 균등한 전류 배분을 하는 방법을 사용하였으나, 본 연구에서는 동적 전류분담 인덕터를 사용함으로써 병렬운전하는 두 대의 풀 브리지 컨버터의 전류분배를 위한 제어회로를 비교적 단순하게 하였다. 동시에 ZVT회로를 이용하여 컨버터의 효율을 향상시켰으며 스위칭소자로서 IGBT를 사용하여 2[㎾]급 시작품을 제작, 50[㎑]에서 실험하였다.
Evolution and Optimum Seeking (1995)

Problems and Methods of Optimization Hill Climbing Strategies Random Strategies Evolution Strategies for Numerical Optimization Comparison of Direct Search Strategies for Parameter Optimization.
On the Minimum Size of DEMO (2010)

A set of simple scaling relations is derived to assess the impact of plasma physics and technology assumptions on the design of a DEMO tokamak fusion reactor. At the same time, it is shown that by postulating that the plasma physics assumptions are consistent with those that can be reliably reached in present-day experiments and that the recirculating power is reasonably low, a tokamak DEMO operating with steady-state plasma operation is of large size, comparable to a reactor - suggesting that the study of pulsed options should receive more attention in the future. The scaling relations reproduce well the results from a number of previous studies, indicating that they are particularly well suited for future parametric scoping studies. From the relations derived, it also follows that the areas in which future progress will have a particularly large impact on the attractiveness of DEMO are the β limit in plasma physics and in technology the magnetic field strength Bt and the wall-plug efficiency ηCD of the systems to drive noninductive current.
SPICE for SPACE trials, risk analysis, and process improvement (2004)

Abstract As part of a programme for software process improvement sponsored by the European Space Agency (ESA), an ISO 15504 (1998) conformant method for software process assessment has been developed. [Work supported under ESTEC Contract Number 10 662/93/NL/NB CCN5.] Called SPICE for SPACE, or S4S (Völcker and Cass 2002, Cass et al. 2000), the method includes an assessment model based on the ISO/IEC TR 15504 exemplar model with space software practices incorporated. To promote SPICE for SPACE, ESA has sponsored a series of trial assessments using the S4S method. Since February 2000, eight space software suppliers have been assessed in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Sweden. The first part of this paper describes the trial assessment programme to date, summarising the assessments that have taken place, the assessment results, the improvement efforts initiated in the host organisations, and the feedback gathered to improve the S4S method. The second part of this paper presents a new approach for software process improvement based on a risk analysis of assessment results. Developed within the same initiative, this method sets the basis for integrating process‐oriented risk analysis into the S4S method, where, along with the process and capability dimensions, risk can be considered as a new third dimension. The outcomes of the risk analysis lead to the selection and prioritisation of pre‐defined generic improvement actions. Alternatively, the risk analysis presented here can be applied in the context of supplier evaluation or risk estimation for investors in software organisations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional variability in the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon in the ocean interior (2002)

Carbon transport within sinking biogenic matter in the ocean contributes to the uptake of CO 2 from the atmosphere. Here we assess the extent to which particulate organic carbon (POC) transport to the ocean’s interior can be predicted from primary production or export flux. Relationships between POC flux and depth are generally described by a uniform power law or rational decrease with depth, scaled to new or total primary production of POC. While these parameterizations of flux are used in most quantitative biogeochemical models, they are based on data sets from a limited geographic and depth range. We examine these relationships through a review of parameters derived from 14 C uptake experiments, regional remote sensing, 234 Th studies, nitrogen balances, and sediment trap records. Ocean regions considered include sites studied by the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, Hawaii Ocean Time‐series, and Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study programs and involve observed and radiochemically corrected flux to depth. We demonstrate regional variability in the efficiency of the biological pump to transport organic carbon from surface waters to the ocean’s interior. Commonly applied flux relationships, while representative of some areas of the ocean, generally overestimate flux to depth. We estimate that the fraction of carbon transported as POC to depths greater than 1.5 km ranges between 0.10 and 8.8% (1.1% average) of primary production and between 0.28 and 30% (5.7% average) of export from the base of the euphotic zone. We develop empirical parameterizations of flux to depth using region‐specific constants. Using a one‐dimensional ocean model, we predict that the residence time of biogenic carbon may vary by up to 2 orders of magnitude depending on the regional efficiency of export and vertical transport.