gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the New Navigation System - Voice Route Guidance (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">We have developed a new navigation system which utilizes voice synthesis function, and mounted it on the new model. This paper reports the details of the navigation system. The navigation system was developed with the aim of providing a system which is capable of reducing the load on the driver and helping reach the destination smoothly and more safely than the conventional system.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This system has such features as follows.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">1)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Displaying digital mapping information by means of a full-color TFT-LCD ( Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display ) incorporated in the instrument panel</div></li> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">2)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automatic location of present position through combination of map matching and GPS(Global Positioning System)</div></li> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">3)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automatic determination of typical route to reach around the destination which can be specified by means of address, telephone number or selected from names of many locations, and display of the route in the map</div></li> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">4)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Direction of the route through synthesized voice of high quality, using proper nouns including the names of intersections and destination of expressway, which are stored on the eight CD-ROM's (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory)</div></li> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">5)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automatic display of intersection routing diagram which allows to make sure of the direction to go and features of the intersection</div></li> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">6)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">“Re-search route” function which can easily change the route even when running</div></li> </ol> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In the following paragraphs, construction of the navigation system, method and procedure of the voice advisories will be described.</div>
Cu<sub>2</sub>O/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for the Photocatalytic Conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> (2014)

A facile one-step microwave-assisted chemical method has been successfully used for the synthesis of Cu2O/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction was then investigated on the junction under ambient conditions. The RGO coating dramatically increases Cu2O activity for CO2 photoreduction to result in a nearly six times higher activity than the optimized Cu2O and 50 times higher activity than the Cu2O/RuOx junction in the 20(th) hour. Furthermore, an apparent initial quantum yield of approximately 0.34 % at 400 nm has been achieved by the Cu2O/RGO junction for CO2 photoreduction. The photocurrent of the junction is nearly double that of the blank Cu2O photocathode. The improved activity together with the enhanced stability of Cu2O is attributed to the efficient charge separation and transfer to RGO as well as the protection function of RGO, which was proved by XRD, SEM, TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photo-electrochemical, photoluminescence, and impedance characterizations. This study further presents useful information for other photocatalyst modification for efficient CO2 reduction without the need for a noble-metal co-catalyst.
The dependence of mutual conductance on frequency of aged oxide-cathode valves and its influence on their transient response (1953)

The mutual conductance, gm, of some aged thermionic valves having oxide-coated cathodes varies with frequency, being greater at higher than at lower frequencies; its variation has been ascribed to an impedance at the interface layer between the oxide coating and the nickel sleeve. A new null method of measuring gm enables the impedance to be assessed to within about 1% of 1/gm; results show that the previous representation of the impedance as a single parallel combination of resistance and capacitance is inadequate. The response of these valves to pulses of low level and short duration (about 1 microsee) involves overshoot, which has been measured by a method adapted from time-division-multiplex telephony; the decay of the overshoot is not exponential, as has previously been assumed.Although an interface layer whose impedance contained many components could explain the results found, explanations could also he based in part on effects not necessarily occurring at the interface and best not represented as impedance made up of conventional components.
Effect of reductive lactosamination on the hepatic uptake of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A dimer. (1978)

Lactose has been coupled to the lysine residues of the cross-linked dimer of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A by reductive amination with cyanoborohydride. Derivatives of ribonuclease dimer that contained up to 10 Nepsilon-1-(1-deoxylactitolyl)-lysine residues per molecule had greater than 75% of the enzymic activity of the unmodified enzyme toward yeast RNA. Upon intravenous injection of the 14C-labeled (enzymically inactivated by 14C-carboxymethylation) derivatives into rats, their uptake by the liver was a function of the number of lactose residues coupled. At 10 min, 69% of the injected derivative of ribonuclease dimer containing eight 1-deoxylactitolyl-lysine residues/molecule was found in the liver; with the non-glycosylated enzyme, the liver uptake at 10 min was only 4%, and 75% of the radioactivity was found in the kidneys.
Heterogeneous catalysis in solution. Part 20.1—Catalysis by silver bromide and other solids of the solvolysis of t-butyl bromide in 80 vol% ethanol + water (1981)

The SN1 solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane (t-butyl bromide) in 80 vol%(55.2 mol%) EtOH + H2O at 25 °C was found to be catalysed by silver and several insoluble silver and mercury salts but not by BaSO4, SiO2 or platinum. The relative catalytic effectiveness of these solids could be largely explained by Pearson's SHAB concept. The kinetics of the AgBr-catalysed process were studied in detail by a pH-stat technique. The results fitted a model in which t-BuBr molecules and product Br– ions competitively adsorbed on the surface according to Langmuir isotherms. Calculations showed the surface reaction to be ca. 105 times faster than the homogeneous solvolysis and to possess a much lower activation energy. The heterogeneous reaction was found to be selective, forming no alkene product and a higher ratio t-BuOEt:t-BuOH than in the bulk solution. These findings have been discussed in terms of the structure of the interfacial region.
Physical Functions of Hydrocolloids (1960)

IN ALL times, ancient or present, men have jealously guarded trading advantages. These advantages might be in the physical possession of a commodity or position, or in some unique knowledge. A commodity or position can be acquired by chance or by force and maintained only by force. Knowledge acquired by chance or by diligent, intelligent search is a more peacefully maintained possession. Whether known as skill, trade secret, know-how, or working formula, its possessor cannot be deprived of that knowledge by force. He can, however, lose his trading position by a surfeit of his particular commodity or to a superior knowledge. Thus, traders in commodities based on skill or secret information tend to repress training and study in their fields. This is particularly true when the general advance of academic knowledge has not approached the area involved and where exercise of the skill or knowledge cannot be learned from
Post-dural puncture headache (2019)

Neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia are widely used in obstetric anesthesia. The most frequent complication after neuraxial blocks is post-dural puncture headache. It can occur after unintentional dural puncture during epidural procedures or after spinal anesthesia. Unintentional dural puncture occurs in 0.15-1.5% of labor epidural analgesia and 50-80% of these women develop post-dural puncture headache. The headache is typically orthostatic in nature and can be so incapacitating that the mother becomes bedbound and is no longer able to care for herself and her newborn child. A wide variety of prophylactic and therapeutic measures have been tried. So far, the therapeutic epidural blood patch is the only treatment for which there is enough evidence to recommend its routine use for severe cases of post-dural puncture headache. Larger multicenter trials are needed to back up alternative treatment strategies.
Characterization of ligand binding to acyl-CoA-binding protein (1993)

Ligand binding to recombinant bovine acyl-CoA-binding protein (rACBP) was examined using a Lipidex 1000 competition assay and an e.p.r. spectroscopy displacement assay. Of all putative ligands tested, rACBP exhibited a high binding affinity only for acyl-CoA esters. No alternative ligands could be found in rat liver fractions purified on an affinity of column on which ACBP was coupled to Sepharose 4B. E.p.r. data indicate that both the acyl chain and the CoA head group of acyl-CoA are involved in binding and that the 3'-phosphate group on the ribose moiety of acyl-CoA esters plays a crucial role in the binding of acyl-CoA to ACBP. E.p.r. competition binding studies show that the binding affinity of acyl-CoA esters for rACBP is strongly dependent on the length of the acyl chain with a clear preference for acyl-CoA esters with 14-22 carbon atoms in the acyl chain. No correlation between the number of double bonds in the acyl chain and the binding affinity was observed. The experimental results strongly indicate that ACBP specifically binds long-chain acyl-CoA esters with a very high affinity, results that indicate that ACBP is likely to be involved in the intracellular transport and pool formation of these compounds.
On bootstrap iterative Viterbi algorithm (2003)

A bootstrap iterative Viterbi algorithm (BIVA) is proposed based on a bootstrap structure. Two different modifications are then considered for both very short size blocks (say 100-250 bits) and the medium size blocks (1000-3000 bits). It shows that the iterative decoding can be achieved by using the conventional Viterbi algorithm, which does not require the noise variance estimation. The numerical results show the significant performance improvement over the standard Viterbi algorithm is possible. For a block length of 1500 bits and with a 32 state VA, the 2D BIVA can achieve a bit error rate of 2/spl times/10/sup -5/ at an E/sub b//E/sub 0/ of 2.3 dB away from the Shannon limit. For both information block lengths of 1944 and 11970 bits, in term of its performance respect to the Shannon limit and the Shannon sphere packing bound, the 2D-BIVA is about 0.2-0.3 dB worse than the best known rate 1/2 JPL turbo codes of similar information block sizes. With some simple modifications, most of current systems (where the Viterbi algorithms used) can benefit significantly from this iterative decoding procedure.
Feature Extraction and Classification of Spam Emails (2018)

Emails are a popular and preferred way of written communication in our daily life. The problem with emails is spam. These spam emails are sent with different intentions, but advertisement and fraud are the main reasons. As being inexpensive to send, it causes many problems to the internet society. This paper discusses the use of different feature extraction methods coupled with two different supervised machine learning classifiers evaluated using four performance metrics on two publicly available spam email datasets for spam filtering. We highlight the importance of the correct coupling of feature extraction and classifier, and the merits of using two independent datasets.
The Infrared and Raman Spectra of β-and α-Tricalcium Phosphate (Ca<sub>3</sub>(Po<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) (1998)

Abstract Factor group analysis was applied to interpret the vibrational spectra of β-and α-tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). The analysis predicts the number of bands formed due to the splitting of the fundamental vibrational modes of the PO4 3-ion. The number of the infrared and Raman bands predicted by this analysis for the two phases are drastically different and can be ascribed to the difference in atomic arrangements in the two phases resulting in greater shielding of the PO4 3-ions in the β-phase than in the α-phase. Discrepancies in the number of predicted and experimentally-observed bands can be attributed to the weak intensities of some vibrational modes or the convolution of vibrations and limited spectral resolution. Key Words: Tricalcium phosphateCa3(PO4)2 Infrared spectraRaman spectraFactor Group Analysis
Resistance to Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides in Annual Ryegrass (<i>Lolium rigidum</i>) Involves at Least Two Mechanisms (1992)

WLR1, a biotype of Lolium rigidum Gaud. that had been treated with the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron in 7 consecutive years, was found to be resistant to both the wheat-selective and the nonselective sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Biotype SLR31, which became cross-resistant to chlorsulfuron following treatment with the aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide diclofop-methyl, was resistant to the wheat-selective, but not the nonselective, sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. The concentrations of herbicide required to reduce in vitro acetolactate synthase (ALs) activity 50% with respect to control assays minus herbicide for biotype WLR1 was greater than those for susceptible biotype VLR1 by a factor of >30, >30, 7,4, and 2 for the herbicides chlorsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, imazapyr, imazathapyr, and imazamethabenz, respectively. ALS activity from biotype SLR31 responded in a similar manner to that of the susceptible biotype VLR1. The resistant biotypes metabolized chlorsulfuron more rapidly than the susceptible biotype. Metabolism of 50% of [phenyl-U-(14)C]chlorsulfuron in the culms of two-leaf seedlings required 3.7 h in biotype SLR31, 5.1 h in biotype WLR1, and 7.1 h in biotype VLR1. In all biotypes the metabolism of chlorsulfuron in the culms was more rapid than that in the leaf lamina. Resistance to ALS inhibitors in L. rigidum may involve at least two mechanisms, increased metabolism of the herbicide and/or a herbicide-insensitive ALS.
Changes in Chlorophyll a/b Ratio and Products of <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> Fixation by Algae Grown in Blue or Red Light (1967)

Chlamydomonas and Chlorella were grown for 10 days in white light. 955 muw/cm(2) blue light (400-500 mmu) or 685 muw/cm(2) red light (above 600 mmu). Rates of growth in blue or red light were initially slow, but increased over a period of 5 days until normal growth rates were reestablished. During this adaptation period in blue light, total chlorophyll per volume of algae increased 20% while the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased. In red light no change was observed in the total amount of chlorophyll or in the chlorophyll a/b ratio. After adaptation to growth in blue light and upon exposure to (14)CO(2) with either blue or white light for 3 to 10 minutes, 30 to 36% of the total soluble fixed (14)C accumulated in glycolate-(14)C which was the major product. However, with 1 minute experiments, it was shown that phosphate esters of the photosynthetic carbon cycle were labeled before the glycolate. Glycolate accumulation by algae grown in blue light occurred even at low light intensity. After growth of the algae in red light, (14)C accumulated in malate, aspartate, glutamate and alanine, whereas glycolate contained less than 3% of the soluble (14)C fraction.
Dual, single sideband: a crosstalk-resistant alternative to quadrature modulation with applications in ACTV (2003)

Modulating signals on the upper and lower sidebands of a carrier has significant advantages over standard quadrature modulation in ACTV. Three dimensional Fourier analysis shows the carrier's placement in the 'Fukinuki' hole, as well its single-sideband nature.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Active Learning With Unreliable Annotations (2013)

ii With the proliferation of social media, gathering data has became cheaper and easier than before. However, this data can not be used for supervised machine learning without labels. Asking experts to annotate sufficient data for training is both expensive and time-consuming. Current techniques provide two solutions to reducing the cost and providing sufficient labels: crowdsourcing and active learning. Crowdsourcing, which outsources tasks to a distributed group of people, can be used to provide a large quantity of labels but controlling the qual-ity of labels is hard. Active learning, which requires experts to annotate a subset of the most informative or uncertain data, is very sensitive to the annotation errors. Though these two techniques can be used independently of one another, by using them in combination they can complement each other’s weakness. In this thesis, I investigate the development of active learning Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and expand this model to sequential data. Then I discuss the weakness of combining active learning and crowdsourcing, since the active learning is very sensitive to low quality annotations which are unavoidable for
Synthesis of CoPt Nanorods in Ionic Liquids (2005)

Cobalt platinum nanorods, hyperbranched nanorods, and nanoparticles were synthesized in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [BMIM][Tf2N], ionic liquid though the thermal reduction of platinum acetylacetonate, and cobalt acetylacetonate at 350 degrees C in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). It was found that the morphology, composition, and crystal phase of the resultant CoPt alloy nanomaterials could be controlled by changing the concentration and molar ratio of platinum and cobalt reactant precursors.
Assessment in First Year University: A Model to Manage Transition (2008)

For most students assessment guides their study and learning practice. Yet in the literature associated with the first year of study at university, few have mobilised the power of assessment to develop and engage first year undergraduate students. This paper presents a model of assessment for first year students which separates the semester into three overlapping assessment phases: assessment for transition, assessment for development and assessment for achievement. The implementation and usefulness of the model is supported by examples from mathematics, engineering, computing, communication and nursing studies at the University of Southern Queensland (USQ). Particular attention is paid to assessments for transition which occur early in the semester and are linked more closely with processes than specific content. Evidence is collated on the success of assessments in improving the participation of students, especially distance education students.
Self-Supervised Difference Detection for Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation (2019)

To minimize the annotation costs associated with the training of semantic segmentation models, researchers have extensively investigated weakly-supervised segmentation approaches. In the current weakly-supervised segmentation methods, the most widely adopted approach is based on visualization. However, the visualization results are not generally equal to semantic segmentation. Therefore, to perform accurate semantic segmentation under the weakly supervised condition, it is necessary to consider the mapping functions that convert the visualization results into semantic segmentation. For such mapping functions, the conditional random field and iterative re-training using the outputs of a segmentation model are usually used. However, these methods do not always guarantee improvements in accuracy; therefore, if we apply these mapping functions iteratively multiple times, eventually the accuracy will not improve or will decrease. In this paper, to make the most of such mapping functions, we assume that the results of the mapping function include noise, and we improve the accuracy by removing noise. To achieve our aim, we propose the self-supervised difference detection module, which estimates noise from the results of the mapping functions by predicting the difference between the segmentation masks before and after the mapping. We verified the effectiveness of the proposed method by performing experiments on the PASCAL Visual Object Classes 2012 dataset, and we achieved 64.9\% in the val set and 65.5\% in the test set. Both of the results become new state-of-the-art under the same setting of weakly supervised semantic segmentation.
Multilevel cache hierarchies (1989)

We advocate the concept of multilevel caching for the design of high performance cache systems. We suggest that a multilevel inclusion property be imposed in multilevel cache hierarchies to simplify I/O and cache coherency. We give some necessary and sufficient conditions for imposing the inclusion property for fully- and set-associative caches which allow different block sizes at different levels of the hierachy. Our simulation results show that imposing the inclusion property greatly reduces the cache coherence disturbance to first-level caches.
We examine three multiprocessor structures with a two-level cache hierarchy and discuss the feasibility of imposing the inclusion property in these structures. We explore in detail one particular structure, namely a shared-bus organization with a two-level virtual-real cache hierarchy. We show how the second-level cache can be easily extended to solve the synonym problem resulting from the use of a virtually-addressed cache at the first level. We also propose solutions to context switching overhead and cache coherence problems in the context of a two-level virtual-real cache hierarchy. Our simulation results show that this organization has a performance advantage over a hierachy of physically-addressed caches in a multiprocessor environment.
Finally, we propose improvements to current trace-driven cache simulations to make them faster and more economical. We attack the large time and space demands of cache simulation in two ways. First, we reduce the program traces to the extent that exact performance can still be obtained from the reduced traces. Second, we devise an algorithm that can produce performance results for a variety of metrics (hit ratio, write-back counts, bus traffic) for a large number of set-associative write-back caches in just a single simulation run. The trace reduction and the efficient simulation techniques are extended to parallel multiprocessor cache simulations. Our simulation results show that our approach substantially reduces the disk space needed to store the program traces and can dramatically speedup cache simulations and still produce the exact results.
A distributed routing algorithm for multihop packet radio networks with uni- and bi-directional links (1995)

Multihop packet radio networks require routing algorithms which are distributed in nature and which have the ability to timely detect changes in the network topology. These changes are mostly changes in connectivity caused by link or node failures and by the relative motion of the nodes. This paper describes and analyzes an adaptive decentralized routing algorithm for packet radio networks. The network connectivity, as perceived by each node, is translated into a graph representation of the network. The proposed routing mechanism then uses a breadth-first search algorithm along the inbound links of such a graph. Unlike most of the algorithms found in the open literature the one proposed here can be used in networks having both uni- and bi-directional radio links. Examples are shown to illustrate the methodology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>