gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Measurement of Polymerization Kinetics and Stress Development in Radiation-Cured Coatings:  A New Experimental Approach and Relationship between the Degree of Conversion and Stress (2000)

Stress buildup and polymerization kinetics in UV-cured multifunctional (functionality 4−8) acrylic monomers in coating fabrications have been studied simultaneously using a newly developed combined cantilever deflection method and real-time infrared spectroscopy technique. The macroscopic phenomenon in terms of stress in the film to the molecular architecture in terms of cross-link density has been correlated. Stress buildup was observed to not occur instantaneously after radiation was introduced but rather after a certain time interval. This time interval with respect to onset of polymerization is attributed to the buildup of cross-links, leading to a gel state. Furthermore, it is possible to directly associate stress development with degree of chemical reaction. These experimental observations regarding the gelation point are compared to a number of models presented in the literature. In addition, we have developed a different approach incorporating the probability of finding a relative concentration of reacted or partially reacted monomers relating the stress and degree of conversion of vinyl groups. The predicted stress−conversion relationship based on percolation models is not in good agreement with our experimental data.
Innate lymphoid cells in the airways (2012)

The airways, similar to other mucosal surfaces, are continuously exposed to the outside environment and a barrage of antigens, allergens, and microorganisms. Of critical importance therefore is the ability to mount rapid and effective immune responses to control commensal and pathogenic microbes, while simultaneously limiting the extent of these responses to prevent immune pathology and chronic inflammation. The function of the adaptive immune response in controlling these processes at mucosal surfaces has been well documented but the important role of the innate immune system, particularly the recently identified family of innate lymphoid cells, has only lately become apparent. In this review, we give an overview of the innate lymphoid cells that exist in the airways and examine the evidence pertaining to their emerging roles in airways immunity, inflammation, and homeostasis.
Axial Temperature Behavior of a Heat Exchanger Tube for Microwave Thermal Rockets (2007)

A = channel cross sectional area cp T = specific heat at constant pressure D = channel diameter H T = convective heat transfer coefficient k T = fluid thermal conductivity l = channel length _ m = mass flow rate Nu = Nusselt number P = inner channel perimeter Pr = Prandtl number q00 convection = convective heat flux q00 radiation = radiation heat flux qtube = heat rate Re = Reynolds number Tm = mean fluid temperature Tw = wall temperature T1 = ambient temperature um = mean fluid velocity = emissivity T = viscosity = density = Stephan–Boltzmann constant
Characterization of multipole storage assisted dissociation: Implications for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of biomolecules (2000)

Ions accumulated in an rf-only multipole for extended periods of time prior to mass analysis can experience a significant degree of fragmentation and produce mass spectra which do not reflect the true nature of the intact analyte(s). This phenomenon, termed multipole storage assisted dissociation (MSAD), places constraints on the maximum number of ions which can be accumulated in the multipole storage device as a result of its finite space charge limit. This phenomenon can be exploited to produce dissociation spectra that are dominated by fragment ions providing important sequence/structure information. In this work we further explore MSAD and characterize parameters including accumulation time, source pressure, and the electrostatic configuration of the multipole storage device, which mediate the phenomenon. Operating parameters are identified that can either enhance or eliminate the phenomenon.
[Conformational analysis of peptide antagonists in the design of pseudopeptide and non-peptide antagonists]. (1995)

The comparative conformational analysis of four Substance P antagonists (NK1-) having different chemical structures allowed to formulate an hypothesis for a peptidic NK1 pharmacophore. The salient features of this pharmacophore (three aromatic groups and two carbonyl functions) belong to a beta-turn conformation. Thus, this kind of conformation might be the basis for the design of newer pseudo-peptidic and non-peptidic NK1 antagonists.
Securing IEEE 1588 messages with message authentication codes based on the KECCAK cryptographic algorithm implemented in FPGAs (2014)

Having a common sense of time is a key factor for many Smart Grid functions, such as the Sampled-Value (SV) process bus operation. The IEC 61850 family of standards recommends the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) for substation communication networks. This protocol allows accuracies in the nanoseconds range using conventional Ethernet networks. But security is only defined as an optional extension and presents several vulnerabilities. In particular, the cryptographic algorithms specified in the standard are suboptimal due to latency and area cost and hence, in this paper, the implementation of the new SHA-3 based MAC in programmable devices is proposed to improve the impact of security on PTP performance.
The Capsid Binder Vapendavir and the Novel Protease Inhibitor SG85 Inhibit Enterovirus 71 Replication (2014)

Antivirals against enterovirus 71 (EV71) are urgently needed. We demonstrate that the novel enteroviral protease inhibitor (PI) SG85 and capsid binder (CB) vapendavir efficiently inhibit the in vitro replication of 21 EV71 strains/isolates that are representative of the different genogroups A, B, and C. The PI rupintrivir, the CB pirodavir, and the host-targeting compound enviroxime, which were included as reference compounds, also inhibited the replication of all isolates. Remarkably, the CB compound pleconaril was devoid of any anti-EV71 activity. An in silico docking study revealed that pleconaril-unlike vapendavir and pirodavir-lacks essential binding interactions with the viral capsid. Vapendavir and SG85 (or analogues) should be further explored for the treatment of EV71 infections. The data presented here may serve as a reference when developing yet-novel inhibitors.
Differential requirements for Smad4 in TGFβ-dependent patterning of the early mouse embryo (2004)

Genetic and biochemical data have identified Smad4 as a key intracellular effector of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta superfamily of secreted ligands. In mouse, Smad4-null embryos do not gastrulate, a phenotype consistent with loss of other TGFbeta-related signaling components. Chimeric analysis reveals a primary requirement for Smad4 in the extra-embryonic lineages; however, within the embryo proper, characterization of the specific roles of Smad4 during gastrulation and lineage specification remains limited. We have employed a Smad4 conditional allele to specifically inactivate the Smad4 gene in the early mouse epiblast. Loss of Smad4 in this tissue results in a profound failure to pattern derivatives of the anterior primitive streak, such as prechordal plate, node, notochord and definitive endoderm. In contrast to these focal defects, many well-characterized TGFbeta- and Bmp-regulated processes involved in mesoderm formation and patterning are surprisingly unaffected. Mutant embryos form abundant extra-embryonic mesoderm, including allantois, a rudimentary heart and middle primitive streak derivatives such as somites and lateral plate mesoderm. Thus, loss of Smad4 in the epiblast results not in global developmental abnormalities but instead in restricted patterning defects. These results suggest that Smad4 potentiates a subset of TGFbeta-related signals during early embryonic development, but is dispensable for others.
PARATHYROID HORMONE STIMULATES MAMMALIAN RENAL 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D<sub>3</sub>-1α-HYDROXYLASE IN VITRO (1982)

We have shown that parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates 25-hydroxyvitamin D2-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in mitochondrial preparations of guinea pig kidney in vitro.1,25-[3H]dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced from 25-[3H]hydroxyvitamin D3 was identified by both normal phase and reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Enzyme stimulation by PTH was dose-dependent, peaked after 15 minutes of incubation with hormone and was maximal at concentrations of approximately 10(-10) M PTH-(1-84) and PTH-(1-34). This guinea pig renal model therefore permits direct examination of hormonal regulation of the mammalian enzyme in vitro.
Reliability of Measurements of Lumbar Spine Sagittal Mobility Obtained With the Flexible Curve (1995)

Presently, there is no available scientific information that examines the interchangeability of tangent and trigonometric methods used to calculate measurements of sagittal mobility of the lumbar spine obtained with a flexible curve. Repeated measurements of the lumbar curvature were made with a flexible curve by using a standardized protocol on 10 healthy volunteers under three conditions: 1) standing, 2) sitting with maximum trunk forward bending, and 3) lying prone with maximum backward bending. Measurements were made by a team of two physical therapists working together; one therapist instructed the subject, and the other therapist performed the measurement. Agreement between the tangent and trigonometric methods was assessed graphically by plotting the difference between methods against the mean value of each pair of readings for each of the three conditions. Measurements differed by 4 to 7 degrees for each of the three positions of the lumbar spine. We believe such error is clinically acceptable and should not affect the clinical decision made on the basis of the measurement.
An interpretation of the macroscopic kinetics of ammonia synthesis based on surface science (1986)

Using a model for the synthesis of ammonia over K-promoted Fe based on the results obtained through experimental and theoretical studies in surface science, the authors investigate the apparent reaction orders for nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia and the activation enthalpy for ammonia synthesis. The reaction orders may be interpreted in terms of surface coverages by reaction intermediates. The major contributions to the activation enthalpy may be interpreted as the energetic cost of creating two free sites on the surface of the working catalyst. The values for the reaction orders and activation enthalpy are in good agreement with experiments.
N=Z Waiting Point Nucleus $^{68}$Se: Collective Rotation and High-K Isomeric States (2001)

The structure of collective states and quasi-particle excitations in $^{68}$Se is analyzed by using the projected shell model. It is found that the $g_{9/2}$ orbitals play a decisive role for the structure of this nucleus. At the prolate minimum, alignment of the low-K states causes the observed first backbending in moment of inertia and we predict a second backbending that has not yet been reported. At the oblate minimum, quasi-particles having high-K can form long-lived isomeric states. The structure of $^{68}$Se is discussed with respect to the isomers and their possible impact on the determination of its nuclear mass.
Silicone occlusive treatment of hypertrophic scar in the rabbit model (2002)

Our findings with the rabbit model demonstrate the effectiveness of silicone gel for hypertrophic scar treatment and confirm the usefulness of this model for further study of the mechanism of occlusion. (Aesthetic Surg J 2002;22:147-153.).
Evaluating Methotrexate Treatment in Patients With Low-Risk Postmolar Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (2009)

The response of low-risk persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) to methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy is close to 100%. With use of various MTX regimens, 48%–92% of patients go into remission. There is limited data on potential clinical risk factors indicating the need for additional courses of MTX or alternative chemotherapy following an initial course of MTX. This retrospective observational study identified possible clinical factors predictive of the requirement for additional MTX or alternative chemotherapy to obtain a remission in patients with postmolar low-risk GTN who had received MTX initially. Data was analyzed for 1801 women diagnosed with molar pregnancies between 1973 and 2003. Of the 150 women in the final study population, 110 had been diagnosed as complete mole and 40 as partial mole, and all had received MTX as initial therapy for GTN. All women had low-risk disease according to the combined International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) stage and the World Health Organization prognostic scores. Remission was defined as achievement and maintenance of undetectable serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels for 1 year. All 150 patients ultimately achieved remission. Of the 70 women (47%) requiring additional courses of chemotherapy including MTX, 45 (64%) required alternative chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed that independent prognostic factors predicting increased risk of requiring additional MTX or alternative chemotherapy were complete mole histology, presence of metastasis, single day MTX infusion and any increase in β-hCG levels 1 week after MTX therapy. Dilatation and curettage within 1 week after the diagnosis of persistence was not an independent risk factor for additional or alternative chemotherapy. For GTN following complete mole, β-hCG levels ≥2000 mIU/ml at 1 week post-MTX were associated with an 89% risk of requiring additional MTX chemotherapy and a 64% risk of alternative chemotherapy to achieve remission. These data identify several independent risk factors that predispose women with low-risk GTN to require additional MTX cycles and alternative chemotherapy after initial MTX.
The crystal structures of Nb<sub>3</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>and Nb<sub>3</sub>Te<sub>4</sub> (1964)

The compotmds Nb3Se 4 and Nb3T % are isostructural. The hexagonal unit cells have the dimensions: Nb3Sed: a=10.012, c=3.4707A; NbaTed: a=10.671, c=3
Identification of Biomarkers for Breast Cancer in Nipple Aspiration and Ductal Lavage Fluid (2005)

Breast fluid is a rich source of breast cancer biomarkers. In combination with high-throughput novel proteomic profiling technology and multicenter study design, markers that are highly specific to breast cancer can be discovered and validated. Our observations also suggest that persistent elevation of human neutrophil peptide in high-risk women may imply early onset of cancer not yet detectable by current detection method. Proof of this hypothesis requires follow-up on a larger study population.
Receiver adaptation and system characterization of an 8Gbps source-synchronous I/O link using on-die circuits in 0.13 μm CMOS (2004)

This paper describes a 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS, 8Gbps I/O receiver that uses on-die circuits for receiver adaptation and system characterization. On-die adaptive control is used to tune a 4-tap receive-side analog equalizer, cancel receiver offsets, and determine optimal sampling phase. Adaptive equalization improves data rates by 1.3/spl times/-2/spl times/ over 2"40" FR4 channels. Noise-margin degradation due to statistical variation in adapted coefficients and offsets is less than 3% of the signal swing. On-die circuits are also used to characterize link performance, channel response, and receiver circuits.
Organization and performance of a two-level virtual-real cache hierarchy (1989)

We propose and analyze a two-level cache organization that provides high memory bandwidth. The first-level cache is accessed directly by virtual addresses. It is small, fast, and, without the burden of address translation, can easily be optimized to match the processor speed. The virtually-addressed cache is backed up by a large physically-addressed cache; this second-level cache provides a high hit ratio and greatly reduces memory traffic. We show how the second-level cache can be easily extended to solve the synonym problem resulting from the use of a virtually-addressed cache at the first level. Moreover, the second-level cache can be used to shield the virtually-addressed first-level cache from irrelevant cache coherence interference. Finally, simulation results show that this organization has a performance advantage over a hierarchy of physically-addressed caches in a multiprocessor environment.
Phenotypic characterization of polygenic type 2 diabetes in TALLYHO/JngJ mice (2006)

The TALLYHO/JngJ (TH) strain is a newly established, polygenic mouse model for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, and we have previously reported some key physiological features of this model after the overt onset of diabetes. In the present work, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of TH in order to completely characterize this new and relevant model for human T2D and obesity. We monitored the development of obesity and diabetes starting at 4 weeks of age by measuring body weight, glucose tolerance, and plasma levels of insulin, glucose, and triglyceride. Additionally, histological alterations in the pancreas and glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) content in soleus muscle were also examined. Compared with age- and sex-matched C57BL/6J (B6) mice, both male and female TH mice were significantly heavier, hyperleptinemic, and hyperinsulinemic at 4 weeks of age, without glucose intolerance or hyperglycemia. TH mice maintained higher body weights throughout the study period of 16 weeks. The hyperinsulinemia in TH mice worsened with age, but to a lesser degree in females than in males. Both the male and the female TH mice had enlarged pancreatic islets. Male TH mice showed impaired glucose tolerance at 8 weeks that became more prominent at 16 weeks. Plasma glucose levels continuously increased with age in male TH mice resulting in frank diabetes, while female TH mice remained normoglycemic throughout the study. Impaired glucose tolerance and hyperglycemia in male TH mice were accompanied by impaired 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the soleus muscle at basal and insulin-stimulated states, but without any reduction in GLUT4 content. Interestingly, male TH mice exhibited a drastic elevation in plasma triglyceride levels in the pre-diabetic stage that was maintained throughout the study. These findings suggest that obesity and insulin resistance are an inherent part of the TH phenotype and glucose intolerance is evident preceding progression to overt diabetes in male TH mice.
Biophysics of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Sperm (2009)

Abstract In the past two decades, laboratories around the world have produced thousands of mutant, transgenic, and wild-type zebrafish lines for biomedical research. Although slow-freezing cryopreservation of zebrafish sperm has been available for 30 years, current protocols lack standardization and yield inconsistent post-thaw fertilization rates. Cell cryopreservation cannot be improved without basic physiological knowledge, which was lacking for zebrafish sperm. The first goal was to define basic cryobiological values for wild-type zebrafish sperm and to evaluate how modern physiological methods could aid in developing improved cryopreservation protocols. Coulter counting methods measured an osmotically inactive water fraction (Vb) of 0.37 ± 0.02 (SEM), an isosmotic cell volume ( V o ) of 12.1 ± 0.2 μm 3 (SEM), a water permeability ( L p ) in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide of 0.021 ± 0.001(SEM) μm/min/atm, and a cryoprotectant permeability ( P s ) of 0.10 ± 0.01 (SEM) × 10 −3  cm/min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that sperm membranes frozen without cryoprotectant showed damage and lipid reorganization, while those exposed to 10% glycerol demonstrated decreased lipid phase transition temperatures, which would stabilize the cells during cooling. The second goal was to determine the practicality and viability of shipping cooled zebrafish sperm overnight through the mail. Flow cytometry demonstrated that chilled fresh sperm can be maintained at 92% viability for 24 h at 0 °C, suggesting that it can be shipped and exchanged between laboratories. Additional methods will be necessary to analyze and improve cryopreservation techniques and post-thaw fertility of zebrafish sperm. The present study is a first step to explore such techniques.
A New Enantiospecific Synthesis of α-Santalanes via Homofragmentation of 1,4-Diol Monosulfonate Esters (1996)

The homofragmentation of 1,4-diol monosulfonate esters was applied as a key step in the synthesis of α-santalanes. The enantiospecific synthesis of (+)-α-santalan-12-one (1d) was achieved via the tricyclic dione 2 as an intermediate that could be obtained from (R)-(−)-carvone. A 1,2-carbonyl transposition in dione 2 followed by functional group transformations afforded the tricyclic 1,4-diol monomesylate 3, which could be homofragmented in 76% yield to the tricyclic aldehyde 4. From this compound the synthesis of several α-santalanes can be achieved; the synthesis of 1d was accomplished in 11 steps from 2 in 8% overall yield.
Organization of regionally expressed silkmoth chorion genes. (1986)

We described the organization of two silkmoth chorion genes, called E1 and E2, whose expression is largely restricted in time to the very late period of choriogenesis and in space to one of two major subpopulations of follicle cells. Using E1 and E2 clone cDNAs as probes, we showed that gene copy numbers per haploid genome remain constant throughout silkmoth development despite major changes in total DNA content per nucleus. Furthermore, gene copy numbers are the same in both cellular regions of the choriogenic follicle despite differences in nuclear size and levels of E gene expression. Southern analysis indicated between two and four copies each for E1 and E2 genes. Analysis of chromosomal clones showed that single copies of E1 and E2 are separated by about 7.5 kilobases and are transcribed from the same DNA strand. Two distinct pairs of cloned E1 and E2 genes were characterized. No other chorion genes were in their immediate vicinity.
The performance of phase locked transparent tone-in-band with symmetric phase detection (1991)

Transparent tone-in-band (TTIB) creates a spectral gap by splitting a signal into frequency bands, which are then separated by modulation. Phase locked transparent-tone-in-band (PLTTIB), in its original form, contained an unacceptably high level of self-noise in the coherent band recombination process. A performance analysis of PLTTIB with symmetric phase detection is given. Several new results are highlighted including the effect of recombination phase error on bit-error rate, the mean-square phase error, the probability density function of phase error, and the pull-in time of the phase tracker. Although the detailed results are obtained only for static channels, a qualitative assessment of the effect of fading is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>