gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cerivastatin potentiates nitric oxide release and enos expression through inhibition of isoprenoids synthesis. (2002)

Endothelium dysfunction, which is often defined as a decrease in NO bioavailability, is one of the earliest manifestations of endothelium-impaired function disorders, including atherosclerosis. Although improvement in NO bioavailability has been attributed to the lowering of serum cholesterol levels, recent studies suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, may have direct effects on NO bioavailability by little known mechanisms that are independent of serum cholesterol levels. The long-term effect of cerivastatin on NO release from endothelial cells was determined by using highly sensitive electrochemical microsensors and was correlated with endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) levels. To explore whether changes in isoprenoid synthesis affect NO bioavailability and eNOS expression, human endothelial cells were treated with cerivastatin, L-mevalonate (MVA; 1.5 mmol/L), geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP; 1 mg/mL) and farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP; 1 mg/mL). Cerivastatin increased spontaneous (by 53% +/- 6) and an eNOS-stimulated NO release (by 41 +/- 6% for calcium ionophore and by 47 +/- 5% acetylcholine) as well as eNOS expression (by 118 +/- 6%) in the same concentration-range. Cerivastatin-dependent increase in both NO release and eNOS expression was revealed after approximately 4 h of exposure reaching the maximum after approximately 10 h. Co-treatment with MVA or GGPP, but not FPP or LDL, reversed the effects of cerivastatin. These findings indicate that the long-term effect of cerivastatin resulting in enhanced NO bioavailabilty in endothelial cell is, at least in part, due to up-regulation of eNOS by blocking isoprenoids synthesis.
Mixed Melon Production in California (1996)

Mixed melons (Cucumis melo L. Inodorus group) include honeydew, crenshaw, casaba, Juan Canary, Santa Claus, and Persian. Most of the mixed melon acreage is sown to honeydew, with crenshaw being the next most popular type. Although yields vary with season, disease incidence, and type of melon, fields can yield 1,200 to 1,300 cartons per acre. Yields are usually considerably less. Mixed melons are produced in the northern Central Valley (Sacramento and Stanislaus Counties); the Central Valley (Kern, Fresno, Kings, Merced, and Tulare Counties); and the southern deserts (Imperial and Riverside Counties).
Difficulties in physical refining of olive oil, due to presence of triterpene ‘oleanolic acid’ (1983)

Abstract Oleanolic acid was found to be responsible for the turbidity frequently observed in physically refined olive oil. General procedures for eliminating this problem and improving the final quality have been discussed. Special attention was given to optimizing the operating parameters of the deodorizer and keeping the rest of the physical refining process constant.
Coalescence and Break-Up of Drops and Bubbles (2002)

Fluid particle break-up and coalescence are important phenomena in a number of industrial processes.\n\nA Lagrangian momentum balance model for the collision process between two fluid particles has been developed and tested favorably against experimental data. It is based on an earlier model developed in our department. Oscillations were introduced and the volume balances that are solved avoid earlier approximations. Film drainage was also implemented into the model based on a literature review given. It is believed this approach will lead to a more fundamental modeling of the coalescence process.\n\nAn improved break-up model has been developed. It is an extension of earlier work at the department and it introduces an additional criterion for break-up. This criterion gives a lower limit for the daughter fragment sizes in binary break-up, thus also limiting the break-up of smaller fluid particles, and is a more consistent model than the earlier one.\n\nTwo break-up models, original model by Luo (1993) and improved model, and a coalescence model have been implemented in a population balance as algebraic sink and source terms. This population balance is in turn included in an in-house CFD-code. The models have been tested against experimental data from a bubble column in our laboratory, and the improved break-up model compares favorably with the experimentally obtained accumulated mass distribution. Too few bubbles are predicted in the lower population classes, but it is shown that this may as well be a result of the coalescence model used as the improved break-up model.
Torque control strategy for a parallel hybrid vehicle using fuzzy logic (1998)

In this paper, the fuzzy logic based torque controller for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle is proposed. This controller is realized to satisfy the control objectives; improvement on the drive ability of the vehicle, battery charge balance and reduction of NO/sub x/ emission. To construct the proper rule bases of the proposed controller, the dynamo test of the parallel driving system and the investigation on driving condition and vehicle load are carried out. Through the actual road test, it can be proved that the decision-making of this fuzzy logic controller is useful for the improvement of driving performance. The proposed fuzzy logic controller gives superior performance for nonlinear and uncertain system and has robust characteristics to disturbance such as vehicle load and road conditions.
Speed of Initial Atropinisation in Significant Organophosphorus Pesticide Poisoning—A Systematic Comparison of Recommended Regimens (2004)

There is great variation in recommendations for atropinisation, with some regimens taking hours and even days to stabilise a patient. The guidelines are very flexible--possibly appropriate for experienced emergency physicians or clinical toxicologists, but completely inappropriate for the inexperienced junior doctors who see most cases worldwide. We recommend that a consensus guideline be developed by appropriate organisations to bring order to this important part of OP therapy, while acknowledging the paucity of data to drive the guidelines.
Kinetic Study of Addition of Some Carboxylic Acids to 1,2-Epoxy-3-phenoxypropane (1999)

The kinetics of addition of acetic, acrylic, or methacrylic acids to 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxypropane (glycidyl phenyl ether) carried out in the presence of chromium(III) ethanoate have been studied. A kinetic model of the reaction has been proposed. The rate constants as well as the activation parameters have been evaluated. The reactivity of the acids in reactions with GPE and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorohydrin) without any solvent are compared. The compositions of reaction mixtures have been carefully determined.
Potential Control Measures to Minimise the Greenhouse Effect (1989)

A number of gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, nitrous oxide, ozone and chlorofluorocarbons are transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, but are relatively opaque to outgoing longwave radiation and as a result, are said to be radiatively active. Variations in the concentration of these gases in the troposphere can alter the thermal balance of the earth's atmosphere. Outgoing terrestrial radiation that would otherwise escape to space, is trapped within the inner layer of the atmosphere, resulting in a greenhouse effect, due to the rise in the surface temperature and cooling of upper levels of the atmosphere. At present, it is estimated that radiative gases other than carbon dioxide, contribute almost 50% to the greenhouse effect. However, in the future, the contribution made to the greenhouse effect by gases other than CO, will become increasingly more significant. Radiative gases arise from a wide range of sources and their escalating increase is largely related to an increase in the world's population, an increase in the standard of living of many areas and changes in lifestyle. The effect of increasing man-made radiative gases in the troposphere is unknown, but it is proposed that it may increase temperature and may modify climate, agricultural response and land use. The sources of radiatively active gases are identified and found to comprise a wide range of activities. Each source is examined and strategies suggested for minimising emissions contributing to the greenhouse effect.
Morphological study and potential applications of nano metal–organic coordination polymers (2013)

Nanometer-sized particles of metal–coordination supramolecules are attractive to explore, as their unique properties are controlled by the large number of surface molecules, which experience an entirely different environment than those in a bulk crystal. In this review we try to offer an extensive report on nano metal–organic coordination polymers (MOCPs) synthesized up until now. Here, nano-MOCPs are categorized based on their respective morphologies. Furthermore we endeavor to offer some perspective on the applications of different nano-MOCP synthesis methods and their influence on morphology and particle size.
Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme modulates the autoregulation of regional cerebral blood flow in hypertensive rats. (1994)

The inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activities is considered to favorably modulate the hemodynamics of the brain. We designed the present study to examine the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on regional differences in the lower limits of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (either 10 mg/kg captopril or SQ 29,852 in saline) were intravenously injected 15 minutes before hemorrhagic hypotension was induced. Cerebral blood flows to the parietal cortex and thalamus were simultaneously measured by hydrogen clearance. Both captopril and SQ 29,852 significantly decreased mean arterial pressure by 14 to 18 mm Hg and also reduced calculated cerebral vascular resistance by 11% to 15% of resting values, which resulted in a well-maintained cerebral blood flow. The lower limits of autoregulation were 76 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM) and 77 +/- 2% of resting values in the cortex and thalamus, respectively, in control rats. Administration of either captopril or SQ 29,852 significantly reduced the lower limits to 65 +/- 3% (P < .01 versus control) and 67 +/- 2% (P < .05), respectively, in the cortex, which were slightly but always larger than the 71 +/- 3% and 71 +/- 2% reduction, respectively, in the thalamus. The inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activities thus may be more protective against acute hypotension for cerebral microcirculation in the cortex than in the thalamus.
Virtual surgery system for liver tumor resection (2019)

Multi-phase computed tomography images are widely applied to doctors’ routine interpretation of organic lesions or before human abdominal surgery. However, because of the lack of intuitive and three-dimensional (3D) observations, human factors lead to 80% of the clinical errors. A primary malignant tumor resection system based on a virtual reality (VR) helmet and a force-feedback device combined with a 3D printing model is proposed in this paper. First, we used the thin-plate spline (TPS) deformation method to register the different phase images. In the case of a metastatic tumor, a spherical scoring filter (SSF) model was built for searching the tumor pattern with edge detection and subtraction processing, from which the initial tumors were selected on the basis of the calculated score. For hepatocellular carcinoma cases, candidates were extracted as the areas without edges by using edge detection filters on the subtraction image between the equilibrium and arterial phase images. Finally, the false positive (FP) candidate was eliminated before obtaining the 3D shape of the liver tumor in the expansion process, thus providing an accurate volume of lesions for the surgical plan for the liver resection. The results showed that our virtual surgery system enabled the user to simulate the use of a scalpel for cutting and removing the organ labels; 3D display on a VR helmet with a deformable effect; and touching organs with a force-feedback device. Our virtual surgery tools could simulate all of the effects of the doctors’ operations and make clinical practice more efficient.
Synthesis, characterization and thermal properties of palladium(II) complexes containing phenyltetrazole. Crystal structure of trans-[C40H64N8 O2PdCl2] (2000)

The new 5-(n-alkoxyphenyl)-2-n-alkyltetrazole (L¹) and alpha,omega-bis-[5-(4-pentoxyphenyl)-2-alkanetetrazoles] (L²) ligands and their Pd(II) complexes have been synthesized. The X-ray diffraction study of the palladium complex with L¹ reveals a mononuclear structure in which the geometry of the Pd(L¹)2Cl2 chromophore is planar as required by the inversion center at the palladium atom, where each molecule of phenyltetrazole binds to the metal ion in a monodentate fashion via a Pd-N1 sigma-bond. For the palladium complex with L², a dinuclear structure ([Pd2(L²)2Cl4 ]) has been proposed on the basis of NMR and IR spectroscopy.
Effect of relative humidity on electron distribution and ozone production by DC coronas in air (2005)

The effect of relative humidity on the electron distribution and the ozone production in the direct current (dc) corona discharge from a thin wire is evaluated with a numerical model. The model is based on the prior models of ozone production by dc coronas in dry air, with modifications to incorporate the effect of water vapor on the corona plasma and the plasma chemistry for ozone production. The distribution of electron number density is obtained by solving coupled continuity equations for charge carriers and the Maxwell's equation. The electron kinetic energy distribution is solved from the Boltzmann equation. Both the electron number density distribution and the distribution of electron kinetic energy are insensitive to the variation in the relative humidity due to the relatively low water content. The electron distribution data are then combined with the chemical mechanisms of ozone production in humid air and the two-dimensional (2-D) transport processes to obtain the distribution and the production of ozone. In qualitative agreement with prior experimental findings, the ozone production rate decreases with increasing relative humidity in both positive and negative coronas due to the removal of atomic oxygen by water molecules, and the ozone production rate in the negative corona is one order of magnitude higher than that in the positive corona.
Solution combustion synthesis of nanoscale oxides and their composites (2001)

Abstract. Nanosize alumina, ceria, yttria, zirconia CeO2-ZrO2 (OSC), t-ZrO2-Al2O3 (ZTA) and Y2O3-ZrO2 (YSZ) have been prepared by the combustion of aqueous solutions containing corresponding metal nitrate, ammonium nitrate and glycine redox mixtures. The combustion is non-flaming (smoldering) and yields voluminous oxides with large surface area (10-30 m2g-1) and nanosize (10-50 nm). Powder XRD and TEM have been used to characterize the products of combustion. 1.
Nanocarriers in Ocular Drug Delivery: An Update Review (2009)

Controlled drug delivery to eye is one of the most challenging fields of pharmaceutical research. Low drug-contact time and poor ocular bioavailability due to drainage of solution, tear turnover and its dilution or lacrimation are the problems associated with conventional systems. In addition, anatomical barriers and physiological conditions of eye are also important parameters which control designing of drug delivery systems. Nanosized carriers like micro/nano-suspensions, liposome, niosome, dendrimer, nanoparticles, ocular inserts, implants, hydrogels and prodrug approaches have been developed for this purpose. These novel systems offer manifold advantages over conventional systems as they increase the efficiency of drug delivery by improving the release profile and also reduce drug toxicity. Conventional delivery systems get diluted with tear, washed away through the lacrimal gland and usually require administering at regular time intervals whereas nanocarriers release drug at constant rate for a prolonged period of time and thus enhance its absorption and site specific delivery. This review presents an overview of the various aspects of the ocular drug delivery, with special emphasis on nanocarrier based strategies, including structure of eye, its barriers, delivery routes and the challenges/limitations associated with development of novel nanocarriers. The recent progresses in therapy of ocular disease like gene therapy have also been included so that future options should also be considered from the delivery point of view. Recent progress in the delivery of proteins and peptides via ocular route has also been incorporated for reader benefit.
Human Breast Lesions: Characterization with Contrast-enhanced in Vivo Proton MR Spectroscopy—Initial Results (2001)

Choline can be reliably detected in less than 45 minutes in large contrast-enhanced breast lesions by using a multiecho point-resolved spectroscopic protocol. The presence of water-soluble choline metabolites obtainable with (1)H MR spectroscopy could complement MR imaging findings to improve specificity and to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies.
Joint Chinese Word Segmentation, POS Tagging and Parsing (2012)

In this paper, we propose a novel decoding algorithm for discriminative joint Chinese word segmentation, part-of-speech (POS) tagging, and parsing. Previous work often used a pipeline method – Chinese word segmentation followed by POS tagging and parsing, which suffers from error propagation and is unable to leverage information in later modules for earlier components. In our approach, we train the three individual models separately during training, and incorporate them together in a u-nified framework during decoding. We extend the CYK parsing algorithm so that it can deal with word segmentation and POS tagging features. As far as we know, this is the first work on joint Chinese word segmentation, POS tagging and parsing. Our experimental results on Chinese Tree Bank 5 corpus show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art pipeline system. 1
Wireless Robotic Communications in Urban Environments: Issues for the Fire Service (2008)

Firefighters are tasked with conducting search and rescue operations at incidents ranging from minor smoke conditions to multi-agency disasters. In each instance, a rapid risk assessment must be conducted based on preliminary dispatch information. Small lightweight man portable robots are a natural fit for gaining improved situational awareness, yet few have been employed for this application. The problems encountered in using wireless robots in urban environments are among the primary reasons. This thesis focuses on the wireless link between the robot and the firefighter employing it. The work presented is useful for policy makers in allocating public safety spectrum, firefighters in pre-planning responses, and engineers for designing relevant control systems. While the arguments rest on a technical footing of test data and models, the paper is written primarily for a non-technical audience. A technology acceptance model is developed for employing robots wirelessly. Test data is presented showing the debilitating effects of interference from employing multiple robots concurrently. Models are applied to predict signal loss in tunnels and urban environments, and results indicate an optimal frequency range exists between 500 MHz and 1 GHz. A case is presented to allocate spectrum in this range using a priority access protocol.
Cleavage of the ARG-PRO Bond of Bradykinin by a Human Lung Peptidase: Isolation, Characterization, and Inhibition by Several  -Lactam Antibiotics (1984)

An aminopeptidase P (EC 3.4.11.9) that cleaves the Arg1-Pro2 bond of bradykinin has been isolated for the first time from human lung and purified 473-fold. The enzyme also catalyzes the cleavage of arginine from des-[Arg9]-bradykinin and the hydrolysis of several X-proline dipeptides including L-arginyl-L-proline, L-leucyl-L-proline, and L-alanyl-L-proline. Purified enzyme was routinely assayed (after initial identification with des-[Arg9]-bradykinin) with L-leucyl-L-proline. The molecular weight, in nondenaturing buffers, is 188,000 +/- 8500 Da. The pH optimum was 8.0 with arginyl-proline, and was 6.8 with leucyl-proline. Chelating agents do not inactivate the enzyme, but rather only remove loosely bound cations that stimulate the enzyme. Manganese is the principal cation that stimulates the enzyme. The enzyme is inhibited by several beta-lactam antibiotics, cephalexin and oxacillin being the most effective of those tested. The antibiotic inhibition is time and temperature dependent, and it is not fully reversible by exhaustive dialysis of the antibiotic-treated enzyme.
Particle Charging for Powder Coating (1986)

Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are suggested to be major drivers of plant species coexistence and exotic invasions in natural plant communities, where species with more positive PSFs are thought to be more abundant in communities. Most evidence for this comes from mesocosm experiments with single species, but whether the results are transposable to diverse plant communities is mostly not verified and remains debated. We performed a combined monoculture and community experiment to test whether PSFs in monocultures predict PSFs in communities, and to infer the role of PSFs in invasive plant success. We found that (1) PSFs from monocultures were poor predictors for PSFs in plant communities, (2) competitive strength of invasive species did not consistently depend on PSF, and (3) dominant species experienced a significantly stronger negative PSFs than non-dominant species when grown in community. Hence, PSFs of plant species in monocultures seem less predictive for their abundance in plant communities or for invasibility than previously assumed. Nevertheless, PSF-and particularly negative PSF-seems indeed a major driver of plant species coexistence, with a strong species-specific pathogenic effect on dominant plants facilitating the persistence of rare species.
In Vivo Long-Term Kinetics of Radiolabeled <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethyltryptamine and Tryptamine (2011)

To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that exogenous DMT remains in the brain for at least 7 d after injection. Although labeled DMT and tryptamine behave as agonists for at least 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor, trace amine-associated receptor, and σ-1 putative receptor targets, binding to the latter can explain the different behavior of labeled DMT and tryptamine in the brain. The persistence in the brain can be further explained on the basis that DMT and other N,N-dialkyltryptamines are transporter substrates for both the plasma membrane serotonin transporter and the vesicle monoamine transporter 2. Furthermore, storage in vesicles prevents DMT degradation by monoamine oxidase. At high concentrations, DMT is taken up by the serotonin transporter and further stored in vesicles by the vesicle monoamine transporter 2, to be released under appropriate stimuli. Moreover, the (131)I-labeling proved to be a useful tool to perform long-term in vivo studies.
Effects of stringent criteria on eligibility for clozapine among public mental health clients (1995)

Varying interpretations of the criteria for clozapine treatment listed in the medication package insert dramatically affect patients' eligibility for clozapine. Mental health agencies should endeavor to maintain a balance between restricting use of clozapine due to cost and providing it to the full spectrum of patients who might benefit from the medication.