gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tin-oxide-coated single-walled carbon nanotube bundles supporting platinum electrocatalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells (2010)

Novel tin-oxide (SnO(2))-coated single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles supporting platinum (Pt) electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation were developed for direct ethanol fuel cells. SnO(2)-coated SWNT (SnO(2)-SWNT) bundles were synthesized by a simple chemical-solution route. SnO(2)-SWNT bundles supporting Pt (Pt/SnO(2)-SWNTs) electrocatalysts and SWNT-supported Pt (Pt/SWNT) electrocatalysts were prepared by an ethylene glycol reduction method. The catalysts were physically characterized using TGA, XRD and TEM and electrochemically evaluated through cyclic voltammetry experiments. The Pt/SnO(2)-SWNTs showed greatly enhanced electrocatalytic activity for ethanol oxidation in acid medium, compared to the Pt/SWNT. The optimal SnO(2) loading of Pt/SnO(2)-SWNT catalysts with respect to specific catalytic activity for ethanol oxidation was also investigated.
Conditional BERT Contextual Augmentation (2018)

We propose a novel data augmentation method for labeled sentences called conditional BERT contextual augmentation. Data augmentation methods are often applied to prevent overfitting and improve generalization of deep neural network models. Recently proposed contextual augmentation augments labeled sentences by randomly replacing words with more varied substitutions predicted by language model. BERT demonstrates that a deep bidirectional language model is more powerful than either an unidirectional language model or the shallow concatenation of a forward and backward model. We retrofit BERT to conditional BERT by introducing a new conditional masked language model\footnote{The term "conditional masked language model" appeared once in original BERT paper, which indicates context-conditional, is equivalent to term "masked language model". In our paper, "conditional masked language model" indicates we apply extra label-conditional constraint to the "masked language model".} task. The well trained conditional BERT can be applied to enhance contextual augmentation. Experiments on six various different text classification tasks show that our method can be easily applied to both convolutional or recurrent neural networks classifier to obtain obvious improvement.
Development of novel remineralising antibacterial dental composite (2015)

The most common current cause of composite restoration failure is bacterial microleakage. This is the passage of bacteria between the tooth and restoration and results in continuing dentine de-mineralisation and disease. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a dental composite with re-mineralising and anti-bacterial components. Methods: Urethane dimethacrylate: poly(propylene glycol) dimethacryate (3:1) was mixed with 5 wt% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 1 wt% photoinitiator (camphorquinone), and 1 wt% accelerator (N(p-tolyl)glycine-glycidyl methacrylate). This was combined with dental glass particles mixed with anti-bacterial polylysine (0 or 5 wt%) and mono and tri calcium phosphate (each at 0 or 20 wt%) in a powder to liquid ratio of 4:1. Light cured composite discs (10 mm diameter, 1 mm thick, n=8) were prepared and stored dry, in distilled water (DW), simulated body fluid (SBF) or Artificial Saliva. Surfaces were examined by Scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Raman microscopy after 7 days storage. Mass and volume changes in DW and SBF were determined gravimetrically at 12-weeks storage. Polylysine release into water was assessed using Trypan Blue dye and visible absorbance spectroscopy. Results: Various calcium phosphates precipitated on the material surfaces and cores but apatite was found only on the surface of samples containing both calcium phosphates and Polylysine that were stored in SBF. This formula showed greater increase in mass and volume change, and the highest Polylysine release. Composite containing both calcium phosphates (MCPM and TCP) and polylysine showed the highest water sorption potential and therefore more precipitation and increase in volume. Also, adding both MCPM and TCP slightly enhanced the release of the antibacterial (polylysine). Significance: Formulations with MCPM, TCP and polylysine through water sorption induced expansion; re-mineralisation and anti-bacterial release have potential to reduce recurrent caries.
An Insight into Artificial Leaves for Sustainable Energy Inspired by Natural Photosynthesis (2010)

Abstract The development of green sustainable energy to control our carbon‐based energy “addiction” and to reduce atmospheric CO 2 emissions is one of the most urgent issues regarding the continued existence of man on planet earth. Among renewable energy resources, solar energy is by far the largest exploitable resource. Photosynthesis provides a blueprint for solar energy conversion and storage in fuels. Natural green leaves capture and convert solar energy into chemical fuel through photosynthesis. The two reactions are the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen (water splitting) and the reduction of CO 2 into carbohydrates (CO 2 reduction). Inspired by natural leaves, constructing artificial leaves by mimicking photosynthesis to capture solar energy, split water into hydrogen and oxygen, and convert atmospheric carbon dioxide, thus producing various forms of environmentally clean fuels, is of high significance. Many major advances in this research area are highlighted in this Minireview. Some typical successful prototypes from natural systems that can be used for the biomimetic design of artificial leaves are particularly emphasized.
Semiconductive properties of passivated titanium and titanium based hard coatings on metals for implants--an experimental approach. (1990)

Titanium is used in the field of dental implants on account of the fact that they are integrated into body tissue virtually reaction-free. This integration is made possible by the passivated layers which form within the body electrolyte, and which can be described in the terms of a semiconductive solid body. A prerequisite, however, is the prevention of relative movement between the implant and the tissue so that the passivated layer is not destroyed. The low resistance to shearing, and the oxide stoichiometry--which under in vivo conditions cannot be influenced--on repassivation following mechanical destruction strongly suggest that, during fabrication, implants should be provided with wear-resistant coatings having defined solid state properties which are similar to those of electrochemically passivated titanium surfaces. In the clinical test are already employed, a (Ti,Nb)ON- and a (Ti,Zr)O-coating on titanium and TiAl5Fe2.5. One of the most important parameters for the solid body-physical description of semiconductive hard coatings is the energy gap between conduction and valence band of the electronic structure, which are determinative for the physical-chemical behaviour of the implant surface within the body. The contribution describes the experimental procedure and the results of determinations of the energy gap at singularities in the Brillouin zone for titanium, the titanium alloys in clinical use, and some hard coatings in clinical test. The experimental method of choice for surfaces in contact with aqueous electrolytes is the electroreflectance spectroscopy.
Evidence for a new role of natriuretic peptides: control of intraocular pressure. (1994)

To study the possible physiological role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) the effects of an increase of endogenous ANP within the physiological range induced by the neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) inhibitor candoxatril were examined. In a single masked placebo controlled trial, seven patients were studied with normal IOP (six male, one female; average age 50 (range 37-62 years). Intraocular pressure in each eye was measured after 2 weeks of placebo, after 4 weeks of candoxatril 200 mg twice daily, and during the first 3 days of placebo washout. With 4 weeks of candoxatril, endogenous plasma ANP levels increased from 4.2 (SEM 1.5) to 6.0 (1.5) pmol/l (p < 0.04) and there was a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure from 119 (4) to 110 (3) mm Hg (p < 0.02; 12 hours after treatment). There was a significant reduction in IOP after 4 weeks' treatment with candoxatril (right eye 2.1 (0.8) mm Hg, p < 0.05 paired t test, left eye 2.8 (0.8) mm Hg, p < 0.02). The mean fall in IOP was 11% (4%) in the right eye and 16% (3%) in the left eye and the fall in IOP was greater the higher the initial IOP. The reduction in IOP with chronic NEP inhibition was positively correlated with the increase in ANP levels but not with changes in blood pressure. These findings suggest that ANP may play a physiological role in the regulation of IOP. As the fall in IOP was greater in subjects with higher initial IOP, NEP inhibitors may be of therapeutic value in the management of glaucoma.
Rare Earth Magnets in Orthodontics: An Overview (1999)

Magnets have been used in dentistry for many years. They can be made to push or pull teeth. The force they deliver can be directed, and they can exert their force through mucosa and bone, as well as within the mouth. In orthodontics they are used for intrusion of teeth, tooth movement along archwires, expansion, retention, in functional appliances, and in the treatment of impacted teeth. New 'high energy' magnets are capable of producing very high forces relative to their size. Although magnets are potentially very useful there are a number of problems that severely affect their performance; the force produced between any two magnets falls dramatically with distance, significant irreversible loss in force is seen if the magnets are heated and a dramatic reduction in force is seen if the magnets are not ideally aligned to one another. In addition, magnets corrode badly in the mouth and a robust coating is required to protect them. This paper outlines the background to high energy magnets used in orthodontics, discusses the relevant physical and biological properties of them, and reviews their applications.
Genetic Variations and Haplotype Diversity of the UGT1 Gene Cluster in the Chinese Population (2012)

Vertebrates require tremendous molecular diversity to defend against numerous small hydrophobic chemicals. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are a large family of detoxification enzymes that glucuronidate xenobiotics and endobiotics, facilitating their excretion from the body. The UGT1 gene cluster contains a tandem array of variable first exons, each preceded by a specific promoter, and a common set of downstream constant exons, similar to the genomic organization of the protocadherin (Pcdh), immunoglobulin, and T-cell receptor gene clusters. To assist pharmacogenomics studies in Chinese, we sequenced nine first exons, promoter and intronic regions, and five common exons of the UGT1 gene cluster in a population sample of 253 unrelated Chinese individuals. We identified 101 polymorphisms and found 15 novel SNPs. We then computed allele frequencies for each polymorphism and reconstructed their linkage disequilibrium (LD) map. The UGT1 cluster can be divided into five linkage blocks: Block 9 (UGT1A9), Block 9/7/6 (UGT1A9, UGT1A7, and UGT1A6), Block 5 (UGT1A5), Block 4/3 (UGT1A4 and UGT1A3), and Block 3' UTR. Furthermore, we inferred haplotypes and selected their tagSNPs. Finally, comparing our data with those of three other populations of the HapMap project revealed ethnic specificity of the UGT1 genetic diversity in Chinese. These findings have important implications for future molecular genetic studies of the UGT1 gene cluster as well as for personalized medical therapies in Chinese.
Experimental identification of parasitic vibrations on ultrasonic bonding transducer (2006)

Vibration in the end of transducer affects the quality of fine pitch thermosonic bonding. Based on the experimental data acquired by laser Doppler vibrometer, vibration coupling along the different directions is analyzed. The bonding tool on/off test was performed to determine the bonding tool's effect on the transducer vibration. This work can be used for tool length selection for the better performance
Improved pose estimation for texture planes using multiple vanishing points (2003)

Vanishing point locations play a critical role in determining the perspective orientation of textured planes. However, if only a single vanishing point is available then the problem is undetermined. The tilt direction must be computed using supplementary information such as the texture gradient. In this payer we describe a method for multiple vanishing point and, hence complete perspective pose estimation, detection which obviates the need to compute the texture gradient. The method is based on local spectral analysis. It exploits the fact that spectral orientation is uniform along lines that radiate from vanishing points on the image place. We demonstrate that the method provides accurate pose angle estimates, even when the slant angle is large.
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus: cloning, sequencing, and relationship to other phospholipases (1989)

The phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PLC) of Bacillus cereus was cloned into Escherichia coli by using monoclonal antibody probes raised against the purified protein. The enzyme is specific for hydrolysis of the membrane lipid PI and PI-glycan-containing membrane anchors, which are important structural components of one class of membrane proteins. The protein expressed in E. coli comigrated with B. cereus PI-PLC in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as detected by immunoblotting, and conferred PI-PLC activity on the host. This enzyme activity was inhibited by PI-PLC-specific monoclonal antibodies. The nucleotide sequence of the PI-PLC gene suggests that this secreted bacterial protein is synthesized as a larger precursor with a 31-amino-acid N-terminal extension to the mature enzyme of 298 amino acids. From analysis of coding and flanking sequences of the gene, we conclude that the PI-PLC gene does not reside next to the gene cluster of the other two secreted phospholipases C on the bacterial chromosome. The deduced amino acid sequence of the B. cereus PI-PLC contains a stretch of significant similarity to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific PLC of Trypanosoma brucei. The conserved peptide is proposed to play a role in the function of these enzymes.
The prudence transmission method II (PTM II): on the maximum and minimum values of retransmission cut-off method for slotted ALOHA (2002)

A stable operation of slotted ALOHA can be achieved by reducing the maximum transmission number for a specific limit of the new packet generation rate. We introduced and analysed a transmission method with the retransmission cut-off called the prudence transmission method II (PTM II) to maximise the throughput. Results show that the retransmission cut-off is not needed for a stable operation of slotted ALOHA if the new packet generation rate is less than (1+1/z)(1-1/N)/sup N-1/ packet per time slot with the type I capture, where z, is the capture ratio and N is the number of users. With the type II of capture, this limit can be obtained by putting the capture ratio z equal to one, however the type II capture is conceptually different compared to the type I. The maximum and minimum values of the new packet generation rates with and without capture, and the proper adjustment of maximum allowable number of transmissions for a given new packet generation rate is derived analytically. A stable operating region in terms of the new packet generation rate and the corresponding number of transmissions is also discussed.
Analysis of nuclear transport signals in the human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1/Ref1) (2005)

The mammalian abasic-endonuclease1/redox-factor1 (APE1/Ref1) is an essential protein whose subcellular distribution depends on the cellular physiological status. However, its nuclear localization signals have not been studied in detail. We examined nuclear translocation of APE1, by monitoring enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to APE1. APE1's nuclear localization was significantly decreased by deleting 20 amino acid residues from its N-terminus. Fusion of APE1's N-terminal 20 residues directed nuclear localization of EGFP. An APE1 mutant lacking the seven N-terminal residues (ND7 APE1) showed nearly normal nuclear localization, which was drastically reduced when the deletion was combined with the E12A/D13A double mutation. On the other hand, nearly normal nuclear localization of the full-length E12A/D13A mutant suggests that the first 7 residues and residues 8-13 can independently promote nuclear import. Both far-western analyses and immuno-pull-down assays indicate interaction of APE1 with karyopherin alpha 1 and 2, which requires the 20 N-terminal residues and implicates nuclear importins in APE1's nuclear translocation. Nuclear accumulation of the ND7 APE1(E12A/D13A) mutant after treatment with the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B suggests the presence of a previously unidentified nuclear export signal, and the subcellular distribution of APE1 may be regulated by both nuclear import and export.
Next generation electronics packaging utilizing flip chip technology (2004)

This paper discusses the critical requirements for high volume flip chip die bonding. Product functionality for devices such as handheld telephones, laptop computers, and other personal electronic items has driven a trend towards compactness of design and improved packaging processes. The paper presents an overview of products and technologies utilizing flip chip packaging techniques today and in the future. It includes a discussion of the technical and cost drivers of flip chip packaging. Flip chip technology offers design and processing advantages. Design advantages include smaller device footprint, improved electrical performance, better thermal dissipation properties and lower cost due to better use of silicon real estate. Processing advantages include shorter assembly cycle times, fewer operations, and higher yields. A range of packages is available for flip chip packaging including FC-CSP, FC-BGA, HFC-BGA, and others. A comparison of these packages is presented including a comparison of I/O count and package size. The paper describes the advantages and applications for each of these package types. The methodology of flip chip die bonding is rooted in die bonding with some interesting modifications. Key components of the flip chip process are substrate handling along with die flipping and flux dipping. These process steps are presented with a detailed description from the initial point of picking the die through fluxing and to the actual placement of the die including material handling. Critical aspects of the flip chip die bonding process such as work holder planarity and flux control are discussed as the key to high yield, high volume production. Critical aspects of underfill dispensing such as process control and high throughputs are presented as the key to cost effective production.
El problema de los límites de la potestad legislativa regional (1979)

Sumario: l. El doble juego de la regla de competencia: competencia ratione materiae y competencia ratione territorii.—2. La reserva constitucional a favor de las Cortes Generales.—3. Los limites principiales: a) Los principios de ordenamiento juridico como limite de caracter general, b) Los principios especificos que derivan de la estructura regional del Estado: igualdad de todos los espanoles, interdiccion de privilegios y libertad de circulacion y establecimiento de personas y bienes.—i. Las obligaciones internacionales del Estado.—5. La dimension suprarregional de los intereses en juego y la idea de interes general.
Implementing the future today In Naperville, Illinois (2007)

Taking the initiative to move future technology into the present, the city of Naperville in 2005 began implementing the first IEC 61850 substation while many U.S. utilities were still reviewing and familiarizing themselves with the new standard. City engineers modified their existing substation drawings to remove the existing relays and add the Siemens 7SJ63 relays with dual-fiber IEC 61850 interfaces. The dual-fiber design allows for shorter fiber runs and provides an extremely reliable redundant loop. The Chicago 50 substation controls were modified to match their existing substation designs, which also used the 7SJ63 relays. Since standards were maintained, the relay files from the existing substations could be reused and modified with the required IEC settings and feeder specific protection settings. Siemens assisted with modifications since it was the first implementation of this type in the United States. Naperville hired a contractor and made the mechanical and electrical modifications. While Naperville was working to get the relays installed, Siemens was busy building an automation cabinet and designing the substation HMI based on the Chicago 50 substation single line.
Nuclear Pulse (II): Ensuring Delivery of the Doomsday Signal (1981)

Defense strategists today assume that a single Soviet warhead detonated 200 miles above Nebraska would knock out unprotected communications equipment all across the United States. The reason is electromagnetic pulse (EMP), a by-product of high-altitude nuclear explosions that blankets huge tracts of the earth with peak fields of 50,000 volts per meter. The first installment of this three-part series described how EMP was discovered and why its potentially chaos-producing effects were overlooked for more than a decade. The second part examines the ongoing debate in the Pentagon over how to cope with the EMP threat. The third part will discuss questions EMP raises about waging a limited nuclear war.
In‐orbit test of the first Hughes United States direct broadcast satellite (1995)

Abstract This paper describes the in‐orbit test of the first United States direct broadcasting satellite (DBS‐1) developed by Hughes Space and Communications (HSC) for Hughes Communications Galaxy, Inc. and DIRECTV Inc. This satellite provides direct broadcast of digitally compressed television channels across the United States for service providers DIRECTV™ and United States Satellite Broadcasting (USSB). Following a brief description of the communication system of the spacecraft, the in‐orbit test set‐up and the measurements that were performed are described. Measurements which have not been described elsewhere (antenna contour verification, modulated e.i.r.p., e.i.r.p. with wide band energy dispersal function (EDF), auto saturation, etc.) are covered in some detail. Finally, the results of the in‐orbit test of DBS‐1 which was performed in January 1994 are presented.
A pilot study into the therapeutic effects of music therapy at a cancer help center. (2001)

These findings, which link listening to music in a relaxed state and improvisation to alterations in psychological and physiological parameters, may provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of music therapy for cancer patients.