gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First-Principles Characterization of Amorphous Phases of MB<sub>12</sub>H<sub>12</sub>, M = Mg, Ca (2010)

Complex borohydrides have been studied as candidate materials for vehicular hydrogen storage. In particular, M(BH4)2, where M = Mg or Ca, has received considerable attention because of its high gravimetric capacity for H2. Experimental observations indicate an initial decomposition reaction: 6M(BH4)2 → 5MH2 + MB12H12 + 13H2, where the MB12H12 species are amorphous. We use first-principles density functional theory to study the structural and energetic properties of MB12H12. The purpose of these calculations is to investigate why these materials form amorphous structures. We have identified two possible reasons for MB12H12 adopting apparently amorphous rather than crystalline structures. First, our calculations reveal a large number of structurally distinct polymorphs having near-degenerate energies. We simulate an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for each polymorph and compute the Boltzmann-averaged XRD patterns for MgB12H12 and CaB12H12. These average patterns appear to be amorphous, having very broad peaks. Therefore, we predict that the amorphous MB12H12 materials observed experimentally may be an intimate mixture of a very large number of structurally distinct crystallites. Second, our first-principles molecular dynamics calculations indicate that cations are highly mobile near room temperature; analysis of cation radial distribution functions gives liquid-like rather than solid-like features that could also result in an experimental observation of an amorphous XRD pattern near room temperature.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Fundamentals, Instrumentation and Applications (ed. Cole, Richard B.) (1999)

The text itself is divided into four parts constituting 15 chapters. The chapter contributors are leading users of ESI-MS. Part I addresses fundamental aspects of ESI; Part II covers ESI coupling to each of the common mass analyzers; Parts III and IV get to the important interfacing of solution techniques and applications.
Silicon Detector System for X-Ray Pulse Calorimetry of Laser-Produced Plasmas<sup>*</sup> (1974)

Abstract The instrumentation for measuring x-ray yields from laser produced plasma is described. This new type of calorimeter is composed of a silicon detector, a charge-sensitive preamplifier and an analog-to-digital readout scheme for multiplexing up to ten detector outputs. X-rays interacting with the detector produce hole-electron pairs in proportion to the total energy lost in the detector (∼10 12 eV). In this application the detector can be characterized as a solid-state ionization chamber. The detector signal is coupled to a charge-sensitive preamplifier which generates a voltage pulse proportional to the x-ray energy absorbed. In this way the x-ray energy is measured by “direct conversion” rather than measuring the temperature rise due to an energy flux.
Water channels and water canals in the gill of the freshwater mussel, <i>Ligumia subrostrata</i>: Ultrastructure and histochemistry (1990)

Abstract The apical surface of all epithelial cells of the gills of Ligumia subrostrata either are ciliated or contain microvilli or show both structures. The ciliated cells on the gill filaments direct water through the ostia at the base of each gill filament. All the water passing through the gills and out the exhalent siphon must pass through the narrow water canals and into the central water channels. All of the epithelial cells lining the lateral water canals are mitochondria‐rich. In addition, the central water channel epithelia contain clusters of mitochondria‐rich cells, but many of the epithelial cells are mitochondria‐poor. With the exception of the lateral ciliated cells, the lamellar epithelium of the surface filaments contains relatively mitochondria‐poor cells. The mitochondria‐rich epithelial cells of the water canals and water channel display the most histochemically intense reaction products for carbonic anhydrase and cytochrome oxidase. The mitochondria‐rich cells of the water canal and water channel epithelia may be the principal cells responsible for salt transport in these mussels.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Snapshot Selection for State Estimation of Feedback Controlled Flows (2006)

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) has been used extensively in the past for estimation and low dimensional modeling of both steady and time periodic flow fields. If the intended use of the low dimensional POD model is in the area of feedback flow control, the low dimensional state of a flow field needs to be accurately estimated as input for a controller. This poses the problem of snapshot selection: For the state to which the feedback controller drives the flow, usually no snapshots are available beforehand. We investigate POD bases derived from steady state, transient startup and open loop forced data sets for the two dimensional circular cylinder wake at Re = 100. None of these bases by itself is able to represent all features of the feedback controlled flow field. However, a POD basis derived from a composite snapshot set consisting of both transient startup as well as open loop forced data accurately models the features of the feedback controlled flow. For similar numbers of modes, this POD basis, which can be derived a priori, represents the feedback controlled flow as well as a POD model developed from the feedback controlled data a posteriori. These findings have two important implications: Firstly, an accurate POD basis can be developed without iteration from unforced and open loop data. Secondly, it appears that the feedback controlled flow does not leave the subspace spanned by open loop and unforced startup data, which may have important implications for the performance limits of feedback flow control.
Summary Maps for Lifelong Visual Localization (2015)

Robots that use vision for localization need to handle environments that are subject to seasonal and structural change, and operate under changing lighting and weather conditions. We present a framework for lifelong localization and mapping designed to provide robust and metrically accurate online localization in these kinds of changing environments. Our system iterates between offline map building, map summary, and online localization. The offline mapping fuses data from multiple visually varied datasets, thus dealing with changing environments by incorporating new information. Before passing these data to the online localization system, the map is summarized, selecting only the landmarks that are deemed useful for localization. This Summary Map enables online localization that is accurate and robust to the variation of visual information in natural environments while still being computationally efficient. We present a number of summary policies for selecting useful features for localization from the multisession map, and we explore the tradeoff between localization performance and computational complexity. The system is evaluated on 77 recordings, with a total length of 30 kilometers, collected outdoors over 16 months. These datasets cover all seasons, various times of day, and changing weather such as sunshine, rain, fog, and snow. We show that it is possible to build consistent maps that span data collected over an entire year, and cover day-to-night transitions. Simple statistics computed on landmark observations are enough to produce a Summary Map that enables robust and accurate localization over a wide range of seasonal, lighting, and weather conditions.
ENSEMBLE AVERAGING IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. (1970)

ICEThi s report was prepared as an account of Governme nt Nons/red work.Neither the Inited States, nor he Commie s on, mr any Wrson acting on behalf of the Commiss ion:A. Makes any warranty or represen talon, expreiled or Implied, with respect 0 Be acLuracy, complite ness or
A dehydro-hexamethyl dewar benzene complex of platinum(II) (1968)

R. Mason, G. B. Robertson, P. O. Whimp, B. L. Shaw and G. Shaw, Chem. Commun. (London), 1968, 868 DOI: 10.1039/C19680000868
Influence of additives (inorganic/organic) on the clouding behavior of amphiphilic drug solutions: Some thermodynamic studies (2012)

Herein we provide a detailed result about the effect of various additives, viz. inorganic salts, quaternary ammonium bromides (QABs) and amino acids on clouding behavior of amphiphilic drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT). The continuous increase in the cloud point (CP) of drug by increase in inorganic salt concentration and the magnitude of increases rely upon the position of the salts in Hofmeister series and hydrated radii. The QABs also influence continuous increase in the CP, which is illustrated in terms of the alkyl chain length of peculiar QAB. The effect of amino acids on CP of the drug solution is dependent upon the characteristics (acidic, basic, polar or nonpolar) of particular amino acids. The overall behavior of additives has been analyzed and discussed on the basis of electrostatic repulsion or interaction, micellar growth, and mixed micelle formation between the ingredients. In addition to this, thermodynamic parameters are also evaluated.
Expression of hepatocytic- and biliary-specific transcription factors in regenerating bile ducts during hepatocyte-to-biliary epithelial cell transdifferentiation (2010)

Taken together, these findings indicate that gradual loss of HNF4α and acquisition of HNF1β by hepatocytes, as well as increase in TGFβ1 expression in periportal region, appear to be the underlying mechanisms of hepatocyte-to-BEC transdifferentiation.
Comparison of Crushed-Zone Skin Factor for Cased and Perforated Wells Calculated with and without including a Tip-Crushed Zone Effect (2021)

A number of different factors can affect flow performance in perforated completions, such as perforation density, perforation damage, and tunnel geometry. In perforation damage, any compaction at the perforation tunnels will lead to reduced permeability, more significant pressure drop, and lower productivity of the reservoir. The reduced permeability of the crushed zone around the perforation can be formulated as a crushed-zone skin factor. For reservoir flow, earlier research studies show how crushed (compacted) zones cause heightened resistance in radially converging vertical and horizontal flow entering perforations. However, the effects related to crushed zones on the total skin factor are still a moot point, especially for horizontal flows in perforations. Therefore, the present study will look into the varied effects occurring in the crushed zone in relation to the vertical and horizontal flows. The experimental test was carried out using a geotechnical radial flow set-up to measure the differential pressure in the perforation tunnel with a crushed zone. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used for simulating pressure gradient in a cylindrical perforation tunnel. The single-phase water was radially injected into the core sample with the same flow boundary conditions in the experimental and numerical procedures. In this work, two crushed zone configuration scenarios were applied in conjunction with different perforation parameters, perforation length, crushed zone radius, and crushed zone permeability. In the initial scenario, the crushed zone is assumed to be located at the perforation tunnel’s side only, while in the second scenario, the crushed zone is assumed to be located at a side and the tip of perforation (a tip-crushed zone). The simulated results indicate a good comparison with regard to the two scenarios’ pressure gradients. Furthermore, the simulations’ comparison reveals another pressure drop caused by the tip crushed zone related to the horizontal or plane flow in the perforations. The differences between the two simulations’ results show that currently available models for estimating the skin factor for vertical perforated completions need to be improved based on which of the two cases is closer to reality. This study has presented a better understanding of crushed zone characteristics by employing a different approach to the composition and shape of the crushed zone and permeability reduction levels for the crushed zone in the axial direction of the perforation.
Zero-dimensional states in submicron double-barrier heterostructures laterally constricted by hydrogen plasma isolation (1992)

The lateral dimensions of resonant tunneling AlGaAs-GaAs double barrier heterostructures have been restricted by hydrogen plasma exposure. Ohmic contacts to the submicron diodes have been made by solid phase epitaxial growth of Ge on GaAs. The current-voltage characteristics show a fine structure splitting that is inversely proportional to the lateral size of the diode. The results are interpreted as resonant tunneling through zero-dimensional states in the quantum box confined by the AlGaAs barriers and a harmonic lateral confining potential.
Automatic segmentation of pediatric brain MRIs using a maximum probability pediatric atlas (2012)

Automatic anatomical segmentation of pediatric brain MR data sets can be pursued with the use of registration algorithms when segmentation priors (atlases) are in hand. We investigated the performance of a maximum probability pediatric atlas (MPPA), template based registration and label propagation. The MPPA was created from the 33 pediatric data sets, available through www.brain-development.org. We evaluated the performance of the MPPA comparing with manual segmentations by means of the Dice overlap coefficient. Dice values, averaged across representative regions, were 0.90 ± 0.03 for the hippocampus, 0.92 ± 0.01 for the caudate nucleus and 0.92 ± 0.02 for the pre-central gyrus. Segmentations of 36 further unsegmented target 3T images (1-year-olds and 2-year-olds) yielded visibly high-quality results. This registration approach allows the rapid construction of automatically labeled pediatric brain atlases in a single registration step.
Overexpression of retinoic acid receptors alpha and gamma into neoplastic epidermal cells causes retinoic acid-induced growth arrest and apoptosis (2001)

Retinoids are essential for normal epidermal differentiation and are used for the prevention and treatment of numerous skin disorders and cancers in humans. In previous studies, we have shown that retinoic acid receptors (RARs) -alpha and -gamma are down-regulated during skin tumor progression. The transduction of v-ras(Ha) into primary mouse keratinocytes is sufficient to reduce both RARalpha and RARgamma protein levels as well as inhibit their transactivation functions. Our primary objective is to investigate the roles that RARalpha and RARgamma play in keratinocyte tumor cell proliferation. Through retroviral gene transduction, we overexpressed RARalpha or RARgamma into neoplastic mouse epidermal cells with down-regulated endogenous RAR proteins. Following all-trans retinoic acid (RA) treatment, RARalpha- and RARgamma-transduced cell lines exhibit a progressive, dose-dependent growth inhibition relative to the control LXSN cell lines. Further characterization of RAR-transduced cells following RA treatment reveals that both RARalpha and RARgamma cause a decrease in S-phase population, while only RARalpha causes a simultaneous G(0)/G(1) block as evidenced by reduced [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and flow cytometric analysis of DNA content. Following RA treatment, both receptors cause an early, transient increase in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p21 proteins, while only RARalpha causes a simultaneous sharp, brief increase in the CDKI p16 protein. A later decrease in cyclin D(1) protein is also evident in RARalpha- and RARgamma-transduced cells. Chromatin condensation and PARP cleavage are observed in both RARalpha- and RARgamma-transduced cells indicating an RA-induced apoptosis that may be caspase dependent. Furthermore, both receptors cause a late upregulation and apparent cleavage of the squamous differentiation marker protein kinase C (PKC)-eta. These results suggest that RARalpha and RARgamma enhance growth suppression and apoptosis of neoplastic epidermal keratinocytes. This growth inhibitory effect of both retinoid receptors in neoplastic keratinocytes may be achieved through distinct as well as overlapping mechanisms of cell cycle control.
Listeria meningitis: identification of a cerebrospinal fluid inhibitor of macrophage listericidal function as interleukin 10. (1993)

The killing of bacteria gaining access to the central nervous system is insufficient and requires bactericidal antibiotics for treatment. The inefficient host response in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is thought to be due to impaired phagocytosis in CSF, and low local concentration of antibody and complement. In addition, the CSF may contain inhibitors, disabling phagocytes to eliminate bacteria. We have assessed the bactericidal activity of macrophages in the presence of CSF from mice infected intracerebrally with Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Pretreatment of J774A.1 macrophages with interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) resulted in high levels of nitric oxide-dependent intracellular killing of LM. CSF taken from mice 24 h after infection (CSF-LM 24) contained IFN-gamma and induced killing of LM by macrophages. However, pulsing J774A.1 cells with IFN-gamma in the presence of CSF obtained from mice at later time points (48 h) rendered macrophages partly permissive for intracellular Listeria growth. The inhibitor detected in CSF-LM 48 was identified as IL-10 since: (a) IL-10 dose dependently impaired the listericidal activity of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages; (b) anti-IL-10 antibodies abrogated the bacterial growth permissive effect of CSF-LM 48; and (c) IL-10 was detected in CSF-LM 48 but not in CSF-LM 24 or CSF of mock-injected animals (CSF-Co). Likewise, IL-10 was found in the CSF of 95% of patients with bacterial meningitis.
Circumferential Sound Pulses on Elastic Cylinders (1967)

We present a theoretical analysis of the diffraction of sound pulses on elastic cylinders in terms of circumferential waves. In particular, the speed of the pulse heads and the critical angles for entering and leaving the cylinder are obtained from causality arguments. Our conclusions are verified experimentally in the accompanying letter by Goodman et al.
Immunology of Early and Late Ontogenesis. (1999)

Immunological interrelations are one of the most important factors, forming all the periods of ontogenetic body development. At early ontogenesis in the organism of mammals, including humans, the immunological tolerance is induced to own (self) antigens that prevents the development of autoimmune reactions in adult life. The system of immune recognition reaches its fine discriminative capacity in mammals and humans on the background of recognition of self HLA class I (CTL of CD8(+) phenotype) or class II (T helpers of CD4(+) phenotype). The phenomenon of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction reactivity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) makes difficult the recognition in changes or mutations in HLA system. Natural killers (NK) control constantly the structure of self MHC class I molecules, and in contrast to CTL may recognize small antigenic changes of MHC molecules, induced by viruses, mutations and transformation. Immune system aging is displayed by both quantitative, and functional changes in lymphocyte subpopulations with prevalence of T helpers type 2 over type 1 cells, responsible for the development of DTH. According to immunological theory of aging, the role of immune system cells should be taken into consideration in relation to the synthesis of activated oxygen forms with bactericidal properties by monocytes and neutrophils. Overproduction of activated oxygen radicals may result in destruction of proteins, lipids, DNA, and in the body aging. Activated oxygen radicals are one of events of lymphocyte apoptosis in aerobic conditions.
High rates of cramping with misoprostol administration for intrauterine insemination (2001)

Letters to the
Modified phase-shift keying—a new line code for digital subscriber loops (1986)

A new line code is presented which may be useful for future digital subscriber loops. To minimise crosstalk interference into adjacent cable pairs, a triangular waveform is employed along with controlled signal transitions. The code description, power spectrum and eye diagram are presented.
Microshutter Arrays for JWST NIRSpec. (2004)

A primary goal of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is to characterize the birth and evolution of galaxies by imaging and spectroscopic observations. The telescope will use a Near Infrared Camera and a Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSpec) to carry out this program. The 3.6 x 3.6 field of NIRSpec will contain thousands of candidate high redshift galaxies. With such a high candidate object density, simultaneous multi-object capability is essential. This capability requires a programmable object selection mask to eliminate sky background and to reduce source confusion caused. We are developing a two-dimensional programmable field mask for NIRSpec. These masks employ micromechanical (MEMS) techniques to provide source selection over the NIRSpec field of view. The first flight format arrays (171x365 shutters) have been fabricated and full functionality of these arrays has been demonstrated in lab tests. Qualification tests are in progress to demonstrate readiness for flight, and will be complete in the early fall of 2006. In this paper, I describe performance of this critical new technology, and progress in making the devices ready for a 2008 delivery to ESA for inclusion in the NIRSpec.
Radiation Sterilization of Food. (1962)

SUMMARY The radiation resistance of spores of 6 strains of Type E Clostridium botulinum was determined in a beef stew substrate. The results are evaluated in terms of the minimum dose showing no spoilage for a 2 billion total inoculum level (20 cans each with 100 million spores per can) and in terms of a calculated radiation D value. The mean radiation D value for 6 strains is 0.132 megarad (range 0.125–0.138). A comparison with results for 6 strains of Type A and 5 strains of Type B shows that Type E strains possess about 45–5570 of the resistance to ionizing radiations of Types A and B. It is concluded that any radiation dose for food sterilization based upon the maximum resistance of Type A or B strains would provide ample protection against Type E strains. The unswelled cans at the lowest radiation level showing no spoilage were free of toxin and recoverable Type E spores.
Production d'hydrogène au moyen d'un cycle thermo-électrochimique mettant en oeuvre l'énergie solaire (1979)

La production d'hydrogène au moyen d'un cycle thermo-électrochimique est envisagée. L'énergie solaire est utilisée pour décomposer MgSO4 en MgO, SO2 et O2. Un appoint d'électricité permet de réaliser l'oxydation électrochimique des sulfites en sulfates avec production d'hydrogène sous une différence de potentiel bien inférieure à celle nécessitée par l'électrolyse classique. Un schéma d'installation est proposé. La faisabilité des différentes étapes élémentaires du cycle est démontrée.