gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Mesoporous Silica Materials with Hierarchically Ordered Nanochannel: Synthesis with the Assistance of Straight-Chain Alkanes and Application (2016)

The straight-chain alkane-assisted synthesis of hierarchical mesoporous silica materials (MSM) results in variable mesostructures and morphologies due to remarkably different self-assembly routes of template agent from those without the assistance of straight-chain alkanes. The textural properties, particularly pore size, channel structure, morphology, and hierarchical structure of those MSM make them demonstrate peculiar effects in the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts.
Resonance effects in multiphoton ionization of atoms (1980)

Multiphoton ionization of atoms emphasizes both atomic properties and laser characteristics, namely, frequency, coherence, and polarization. Resonance effects arise when the energy of an integral number of photons is close to the energy of an atomic level shifted under the influence of the laser field. The agreement between theory and experiment is excellent for resonance effects in a moderate laser intensity range (10(7)-10(9) W.cm(-2)). A simplified approach to resonance effects in a high intensity range (10(13) W.cm(-2)) is proposed in terms of the resonant multiphoton ionization time.
Spin-Wave Theory for the Dynamics Induced by Direct Currents in Magnetic Multilayers (2005)

A spin-wave theory is presented for the magnetization dynamics in a ferromagnetic film that is traversed by spin-polarized carriers at high direct-current densities. It is shown that nonlinear effects due to four-magnon interactions arising from dipolar and surface anisotropy energies limit the growth of the driven spin wave and produce shifts in the microwave frequency oscillations. The theory explains quantitatively recent experimental results in nanometric point contacts onto magnetic multilayers showing downward frequency shifts (redshifts) with increasing current, if the external field is on the film plane, and upward shifts (blueshifts), if the field is perpendicular to the film.
Adsorptive Immobilization of a<i>Pseudomonas</i>Strain on Solid Carriers for Augmented Decolourization in a Chemostat Bioreactor (2003)

Pseudomonas GM3, a highly efficient strain in cleavage of azo bonds of synthetic dyes under anoxic conditions, was immobilized via adsorption on two types of carriers, porous glass beads and solid PVA particles. The cells were cultivated in a nutrient medium, adsorbed on sterile carriers, stabilized as biofilms in repeated batch cultures, and introduced into a chemostat activated sludge reactor for augmented decolourization. The microbial cells were quickly adsorbed and fixed on the PVA surface, compared to a slow and linear immobilization on the glass surface. The porous structure of glass beads provided shelter for the embedded cells, giving a high biomass loading or thick biofilm (13.3 mg VS ml-1 carrier) in comparison with PVA particles (4.8 mg VS ml-1 carrier), but the mass transfer of substrate in the biofilm became a significant limiting factorin the thicker biofilms (effectiveness factor eta = 0.31). The microbial decolourization rate per volume of carriers was 0.15 and 0.17 mg dye ml-1 of glass beads and PVA particles, respectively. In augmented decomposition of a recalcitrant azo dye (60 mg l-1), the immobilized Pseudomonas cells in porous glass beads gave a stable decolourization efficiency (80-81%), but cells fixed on solid PVA particles showed an initial high colour removal of 90% which then declined to a stable removal efficiency of 81%. In both cases, the colour removal efficiency of the chemostat bioreactor was increased from < 10% by an activated sludge to approximately 80% by the augmented system.
Advertising Budget Allocation under Uncertainty (1982)

This article presents a model for the allocation of an advertising budget to geographic market segments, or territories, when the sales response to advertising in each segment is characterized by a probability distribution. It is shown that allocation decisions that are based on the expected sales response may be associated with a relatively large degree of risk and, therefore, non-optimal to a risk-averse manager. The model derives an “efficient frontier” in terms of the expected profit and its variance resulting from alternative budget allocations. The manager then chooses the optimal allocation based on his/her preference function.
Vagal nerve stimulator: Evolving trends (2013)

Over three decades ago, it was found that intermittent electrical stimulation from the vagus nerve produces inhibition of neural processes, which can alter brain activity and terminate seizures. This paved way for the concept of vagal nerve stimulator (VNS). We describe the evolution of the VNS and its use in different fields of medicine. We also review the literature focusing on the mechanism of action of VNS producing desired effects in different conditions. PUBMED and EMBASE search was performed for 'VNS' and its use in refractory seizure management, depression, obesity, memory, and neurogenesis. VNS has been in vogue over for the past three decades and has proven to reduce the intensity and frequency of seizure by 50% in the management of refractory seizures. Apart from this, VNS has been shown to promote neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus after 48 hours of stimulation of the vagus nerve. Improvement has also been observed in non-psychotic major depression from a randomized trial conducted 7 years ago. The same concept has been utilized to alter behavior and cognition in rodents, and good improvement has been observed. Recent studies have proven that VNS is effective in obesity management in patients with depression. Several hypotheses have been postulated for the mechanism of action of VNS contributing to its success. VNS has gained significant popularity with promising results in epilepsy surgery and treatment-resistant depression. The spectrum of its use has also extended to other fields of medicine including obesity, memory, and neurogenesis, and there is still a viable scope for its utility in the future.
Small-Sized Vehicle Detection in Remote Sensing Image Based on Keypoint Detection (2021)

The vehicle detection in remote sensing images is a challenging task due to the small size of the objects and interference of a complex background. Traditional methods require a large number of anchor boxes, and the intersection rate between these anchor boxes and an object’s real position boxes needs to be high enough. Moreover, the size and aspect ratio of each anchor box need to be designed manually. For small objects, more anchor boxes need to be set. To solve these problems, we regard the small object as a keypoint in the relevant background and propose an anchor-free vehicle detection network (AVD-kpNet) to robustly detect small-sized vehicles in remote sensing images. The AVD-kpNet framework fuses features across layers with a deep layer aggregation architecture, preserving the fine features of small objects. First, considering the correlation between the object and the surrounding background, a 2D Gaussian distribution strategy is adopted to describe the ground truth, instead of a hard label approach. Moreover, we redesign the corresponding focus loss function. Experimental results demonstrate that our method has a higher accuracy for the small-sized vehicle detection task in remote sensing images compared with several advanced methods.
A new mechanism for populating excited states of Li-like ions (1991)

Recent laboratory experiments by Caldwell C. D. et al (1990, Phys. Rev. A, 41) have shown that the radiationless decay of Be (1s2S 2 np 1 P 0 ) is more likely to populate an excited level of Be + than the ground state. In view of the possible astrophysical importance of this process, calculations to ascertain whether it applies to beryllium-like carbon and oxygen ions are carried out.
A configurable distributed systolic array for QR decomposition in MIMO-OFDM systems (2013)

Due to the growing demand of transmission capacity of the wireless communication system, multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing requires more and more antennas and a large number of sub-carriers. Thus, the QR decomposition becomes one of the computational bottlenecks in the QR-based MIMO detection because of calculating latency of many sub-carriers and compatible structure for different antennas. The proposed configurable distributed systolic array structure uses coordinate rotation digital computer computation in the boundary and internal cells of systolic array, and distributes the QR decomposition of different sub-carriers into the different stages of the pipelining operation of CORDIC in systolic array. The structure has good scalability for antennas of different dimension, and the latency outperforms other works in the literature.
Production of Amorphous Fe&ndash;Ni Based Alloys by Flame-Spray Quenching (1981)

A study of the production of amorphous alloys by a flame-spray quenching in air was performed on the (Fe1−xNix)80P14B6 alloy system with 0.1≤x≤0.9. The spray-quenching system was composed basically of the spray gun of the oxyacetylene type and the water-cooled copper plate as the cold substrate. To make the quenching more effective, the gun traverse rate was moderately controlled and the argon gas blowing around the flame and the liquid carbon dioxide blowing on the substrate were additionally done. The spray-quenched alloy samples were examined to check the progress of glass formation mainly by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry.By controlling the gun traverse rate much faster than that in the ordinary spraying practice and by doing the argon blowing adequately to adjust the flame temperature as well as to suppress oxidation of the metal stream, the effect of quenching was remarkably improved. It was found that by means of the liquid carbon dioxide blowing, oxidation of the deposit alloy was prevented due to the carbon dioxide gas-shielding effect being generated on the substrate and hence effectiveness of the quenching itself was strikingly improved.When only control of the gun traverse rate and the argon gas blowing of these additional operations were performed on a series of nine alloys in the spray-quenching, amorphous flakes were easily obtained in all but the alloys with x≤0.3. Furthermore, by carring out the carbon dioxide blowing together with the above operations, also an amorphous sheet about 150 μm thick of the Fe40Ni40P14B6 alloy was prepared without difficulty.The flame-spray quenching method presented in this paper appears to be able to be applied also for production of thicker amorphous alloy sheets as well as their flakes in quantities in a wide variety of alloy systems, prepared to be homogeneous in composition, including the present alloy system by further improvement of spray-quenching conditions.
Trefftz in translation (2003)

This paper reviews the important concepts presented by Trefftz in 1926 regarding bounds to solutions, error estimation, and hybrid fields for use with domain decomposition. Observations are offered from the perspective of today's relatively mature state of the art in finite element methods. The numerical examples presented by Trefftz are also reviewed with the benefit of 'exact' solutions made available from current commercial finite element methods. The accuracies of the solutions given by Trefftz are quantified and compared, and the effectivity indices of Trefftz's proposed error estimates are also quantified. An English translation of the original German version of Trefftz's paper is included for reference in an Appendix.
Propeller Performance Data at Low Reynolds Numbers (2011)

While much research has been carried out on propellers for full-scale aircraft, not much data exists on propellers applicable to the ever growing number of UAVs. Many of these UAVs use propellers that must operate in the low Reynolds number range of 50,000 to 100,000 based on the propeller chord at the 75% propeller-blade station. Tests were performed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) to quantify the propeller efficiency at these conditions. In total, 79 propellers were tested and the majority fit in the 9- to 11-in diameter range. During the tests, the propeller speed (RPM) was fixed while changing the wind-tunnel speed to sweep over a range of advance ratios until reaching the windmill state (zero thrust). To examine Reynolds number effects, typically four RPM’s were tested in the range 1,500 to 7,500 RPM depending on the propeller diameter. Propeller efficiencies varied greatly from a peak near 0.65 (for an efficient pr opeller) to near 0.28 (for an exceptionally poor propeller). Thus, these results indicate that proper propeller selection for UAVs can have a dramatic effect on aircraft performance.
A Measurement Study of Authentication Rate-Limiting Mechanisms of Modern Websites (2018)

Text passwords remain a primary means for user authentication on modern computer systems. However, recent studies have shown the promises of guessing user passwords efficiently with auxiliary information of the targeted accounts, such as the users' personal information, previously used passwords, or those used in other systems. Authentication rate-limiting mechanisms, such as account lockout and login throttling, are common methods to defeat online password cracking attacks. But to date, no published studies have investigated how authentication rate-limiting is implemented by popular websites. In this paper, we present a measurement study of such countermeasures against online password cracking. Towards this end, we propose a black-box approach to modeling and validating the websites' implementation of the rate-limiting mechanisms. We applied the tool to examine all 182 websites that we were able to analyze in the Alexa Top 500 websites in the United States. The results are rather surprising: 131 websites (72%) allow frequent, unsuccessful login attempts without account lockout or login throttling (though some of these websites force the adversary to lower the login frequency or constantly change his IP addresses to circumvent the rate-limiting enforcement). The remaining 51 websites are not absolutely secure either: 28 websites may block a legitimate user with correct passwords when the account is locked out, effectively enabling authentication denial-of-service attacks.
In Vivo Brain Tissue Water Measurement (1998)

A two-wire probe is investigated as a possible sensor for brain edema monitoring. A dual monopole antenna model for a two-wire dielectric probe is presented. Model results for water and saline are found to agree closely with measured data. A model of brain tissue permittivity and loss as a function of tissue water fraction is developed and used in the probe model to predict probe operation.
Novel Formulation of Environmentally Friendly Oil Based Drilling Mud (2012)

The term drilling fluids or drilling muds generally applies to fluids used to help maintain well control and remove drill cuttings (rock fragments from underground geological formations) from holes drilled in the earth. Drilling fluids are fluids used in petroleum drilling operations. These fluids are a mixture of clays, chemicals, water, oils. These fluids are used in a borehole during drilling operations for1:
Exercise-induced dehydration with and without environmental heat stress results in increased oxidative stress (2011)

While in vitro work has revealed that dehydration and hyperthermia can elicit increased cellular and oxidative stress, in vivo research linking dehydration, hyperthermia, and oxidative stress is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise-induced dehydration with and without hyperthermia on oxidative stress. Seven healthy male, trained cyclists (power output (W) at lactate threshold (LT): 199 ± 19 W) completed 90 min of cycling exercise at 95% LT followed by a 5-km time trial (TT) in 4 trials: (i) euhydration in a warm environment (EU-W, control), (ii) dehydration in a warm environment (DE-W), (iii) euhydration in a thermoneutral environment (EU-T), and (iv) dehydration in a thermoneutral environment (DE-T) (W: 33.9 ± 0.9 °C; T: 23.0 ± 1.0 °C). Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased significantly postexercise in dehydration trials only (DE-W: p < 0.01, DE-T: p = 0.03), and while not significant, total glutathione (TGSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) tended to increase postexercise in dehydration trials (p = 0.08 for both). Monocyte heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) concentration was increased (p = 0.01) while lymphocyte HSP32 concentration was decreased for all trials (p = 0.02). Exercise-induced dehydration led to an increase in GSSG concentration while maintenance of euhydration attenuated these increases regardless of environmental condition. Additionally, we found evidence of increased cellular stress (measured via HSP) during all trials independent of hydration status and environment. Finally, both 90-min and 5-km TT performances were reduced during only the DE-W trial, likely a result of combined cellular stress, hyperthermia, and dehydration. These findings highlight the importance of fluid consumption during exercise to attenuate thermal and oxidative stress during prolonged exercise in the heat.
Effect of manufacturing process parameters on virus inactivation by solvent–detergent treatment in a high‐purity factor IX concentrate (2003)

The robustness of the solvent-detergent step for virus inactivation has been confirmed. Using the data generated, appropriate limits can be set for this manufacturing process step.
Dihydroergotamine, Ergotamine, Methysergide and Sumatriptan – Basic Science in Relation to Migraine Treatment (2012)

The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor family mediates the effects of several drugs highly effective in migraine primarily by activating 5-HT(1B) , 5-HT(1D) , and 5-HT(1F) receptors. Ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, and methysergide, as well as the "triptan" sumatriptan, are all agonists for these receptors. The receptor profile and degree of selectivity of these four drugs differ, which is reflected by their side effects that limit their use in the acute and prophylactic treatment of migraine. The acute antimigraine efficacy of these remedies is very much dependent on the formulation used where, in general, parenteral formulations are more effective in reliving the symptoms of a migraine attack.
Functional Analysis of FT and TFL1 Orthologs from Orchid (Oncidium Gower Ramsey) that Regulate the Vegetative to Reproductive Transition (2009)

The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) genes play crucial roles in regulating the vegetative to reproductive phase transition. Orthologs of FT/TFL1 (OnFT and OnTFL1) were isolated and characterized from Oncidium Gower Ramsey. OnFT mRNA was detected in axillary buds, leaves, pseudobulb and flowers. In flowers, OnFT was expressed more in young flower buds than in mature flowers and was predominantly expressed in sepals and petals. The expression of OnFT was regulated by photoperiod, with the highest expression from the 8th to 12th hour of the light period and the lowest expression at dawn. In contrast, the expression of OnTFL1 was only detected in axillary bud and pseudobulb, and was not influenced by light. Ectopic expression of OnFT in transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed novel phenotypes by flowering early and losing inflorescence indeterminacy. In addition, ectopic expression of OnFT was able to partially complement the late flowering defect in transgenic Arabidopsis ft-1 mutants. In transgenic tfl1-11 mutant plants, 35S::OnTFL1 delayed flowering and rescued the phenotype of terminal flowers. Furthermore, substitution of the key single amino acid His85 by Tyr was able to convert the OnTFL1 function to OnFT by promoting flowering in 35S::OnTFL1-H85Y transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Further analysis indicated that the expression of APETALA1 (AP1) was significantly up-regulated in 35S::OnFT and 35S::OnTFL1-H85Y plants, and was down-regulated in 35S::OnTFL1 transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Our data indicated that OnFT and OnTFL1 are putative phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein genes in orchids that regulate flower transition similar to their orthologs in Arabidopsis.
Multimorbidity is common to family practice: is it commonly researched? (2005)

This study shows that the prevalence of multimorbidity is not matched by the number of indexed publications on it in the medical literature. To date, the number and diversity of articles on multimorbidity are both insufficient to provide scientific background for strong evidence-based care of patients affected by multiple concurrent chronic conditions. Research is needed to increase knowledge and understanding of this important clinical topic.
Analyzing the Effect of TCP and Server Population on Massively Multiplayer Games (2014)

Many Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) use TCP flows for communication between the server and the game clients. The utilization of TCP, which was not initially designed for (soft) real-time services, has many implications for the competing traffic flows. In this paper we present a series of studies which explore the competition between MMORPG and other traffic flows. For that aim, we first extend a source-based traffic model, based on player’s activities during the day, to also incorporate the impact of the number of players sharing a server (server population) on network traffic. Based on real traffic traces, we statistically model the influence of the variation of the server’s player population on the network traffic, depending on the action categories (i.e., types of in-game player behaviour). Using the developed traffic model we prove that while server population only modifies specific action categories, this effect is significant enough to be observed on the overall traffic. We find that TCP Vegas is a good option for competing flows in order not to throttle the MMORPG flows and that TCP SACK is more respectful with game flows than other TCP variants, namely, Tahoe, Reno, and New Reno . Other tests show that MMORPG flows do not significantly reduce their sending window size when competing against UDP flows. Additionally, we study the effect of RTT unfairness between MMORPG flows, showing that it is less important than in the case of network-limited TCP flows.
Doubly rotated SAW quartz cuts with low sensitivity to stress and temperature effects exhibiting a power flow angle close to zero (1994)

Three doubly rotated quartz cuts for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices have been theoretically found exhibiting a very low sensitivity to radial in-plane stresses and to statical temperature effects and also presenting a very small power flow angle. Such a conjunction of these phenomena offers new perspectives in the design of very high stability SAW resonators.