gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent non-hydroxamate matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (2005)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endo-peptidases that have the capacity to degrade all elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are required for homeostatic maintenance of the ECM. Interest in MMPs arose from the accumulating evidence implying that over-activity of MMPs plays a role in mediating or accompanying a diverse array of pathologies. Because of this, there has been an ongoing, and alas unsuccessful, effort for nearly two decades to develop clinically applicable MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) as drugs. The largest family of the inhibitor candidates that failed in clinical trials is that of hydroxamic acids. This review i) attempts to rationalise the failure of hydroxamates as MMPIs, ii) critically reviews publications and patents of the last few years, which report new non-hydroxamate based MMPIs, and iii) summarises factors that are considered important for success in developing clinically useful MMPIs.
Gasoline from natural gas by sulfur processing. Quarterly technical progress report No. 2, October 1, 1993--December 31, 1993 (1994)

This report presents the work performed at the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) during the second program quarter from October 1, 1993 to December 31, 1993, under Department of Energy (DOE) Contract No. DE-AC22-93PC92114. This program has co-ordinated funding for Task 1 from IGT`s Sustaining Membership Program (SMP), while DOE is funding Tasks 2--8. Progress in all tasks are reported. The overall objective of this research project is to develop a catalytic process to convert natural gas to liquid transportation fuels. The process consists of two steps that each utilize catalysts and sulfur containing intermediates: (1) to convert natural gas to CS{sub 2} and (2) to convert CS{sub 2} to gasoline range liquids. Experimental data will be generated to demonstrate the potential of catalysts and the overall process. During this quarter, progress in the following areas has been made. An existing unit at IGT was modified to accommodate the sulfur feedstocks and the higher temperatures (>1300{degree}K) required for studying the reactions of hydrogen sulfide and methane as proposed in Tasks 2--5. An HP 5890 gas chromatograph with a TCD (thermal conductivity detector) for detecting fixed gases including hydrogen and an FPD (flame photometric detector) for detecting sulfur compounds was purchased using SMP funds and has been installed and calibrated. A total of seventy runs on MoS{sub 2}, WS{sub 2}, ZrS{sub 2} catalysts as well as quartz wool were performed. As high as 61% H{sub 2}S conversion was observed.
Carbon black effect on the acoustic properties of nitrile butadiene rubber (2004)

Abstract Acoustic and mechanical properties of nitrile butadiene rubbers (NBR) with the variation of the carbon black contents were investigated. All the composition contents except carbon black were kept constant in the specimens. Acoustic measurements were performed in the frequency range of 300–800 kHz. Increase of the carbon black contents in the rubber resulted in an increase of the mechanical properties such as density, hardness, tensile strength, and glass transition temperature. The sound speed and attenuation in the specimen were mainly affected by the carbon black. The sound speed increased with the carbon black content and depended on the square root of the ratio of hardness to density. However, the sound attenuation was not affected by the carbon black content variation but by the existence of the carbon black. The results with carbon black content variation were also compared with those of the sulfur content variation having a fixed carbon black content (K. I. Jung et al., J Appl Polym Sci 85, 2764–2771, 2002). These results show that the variation of acoustic properties can be used to nondestructively evaluate mechanical properties and to estimate the carbon black content variation in NBR. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 678–683, 2004
Demonstration of IFoF-Based Mobile Fronthaul in 5G Prototype With 28-GHz Millimeter wave (2017)

In this study, we demonstrate the intermediate-frequency-over-fiber (IFoF) based mobile fronthaul technology implemented in a 28-GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) based 5G prototype supporting Giga-bit mobile broadband services. In order to confirm the technical feasibility of the proposed IFoF-based mobile fronthaul, the clock signal for frequency synchronization and mobile payload data are simultaneously transmitted in the form of IF carriers. Phase noise and error vector magnitude measurements were performed on separate and simultaneous clock transmission paths, respectively. The results confirm an acceptable impact on performance, and the simultaneous clock transmission method reduces system costs and complexity, and improves the flexibility and efficiency of wavelength operation. We also successfully demonstrate the operation of real-time Giga-bit mobile services such as 4K video streaming over IFoF-based mobile fronthaul for 5G prototypes with a 28-GHz mmWave. The achieved peak data-rate per user is up to 1.5 Gb/s, which complies with the requirements of the 5G vision of IMT-2020.
GaAs/AlGaAs multiquantum well structures applied to high frequency IMPATT devices (2002)

The first CW (continuous-wave) operation of GaAs/AlGaAs multiquantum-well IMPATT (impact ionization avalanche transit time) devices at 100 GHz has been achieved. Multiquantum wells were used to generate the avalanche injection current, since these structures improve the nonlinearity of the avalanche process and reduce the ionization rate saturation limitations. The operation and design principle, fabrication procedure, and experimental results for these devices are presented. A 6.4-mW CW power output was achieved at 100.3 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biceps pulley lesions associated with subscapularis tears and subacromial impingement: The triad of the rotator interval lesion (2015)

AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the association of biceps pulley lesions with subscapularis tendon tears and subacromial impingement, and present the outcome of surgical management 
METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive patients with a mean age of 55 years (range 16-77) were included in this study. All of the patients were arthroscopically diagnosed with pulley lesions and associated subscapularis tears. The data was collected prospectively. Subacromial impingement was evident in 22 patients (92%). A final postoperative evaluation was carried out after a mean of 43 months 
RESULTS: Ninety-two per cent of patients with pulley lesions and subscapularis tears showed subacromial impingement. Twelve cases (46%) had a selective tenodesis to treat partial tears or subluxations of the long head of the biceps (LHB). Subscapularis tears were repaired in 22 patients (85%) and debrided in four cases (15%). Associated SSP tears were sutured in nine and debrided in four of 13 patients. The Constant score improved from a mean of 64.8 points pre-operatively to 84.7 points post-operatively (P=0.003 
CONCLUSION: There is a high association of pulley lesions with subscapularis tears and subacromial impingement. Rotator cuff repair and subacromial decompression led to favourable results in the treatment of these patients. LHB tenodesis is recommended if partial tears or subluxations of the biceps tendon are encountered
Molecular Genetic Analysis as a Tool for Evaluating Stereotactic Biopsies of Glioma Specimens (1999)

Over the last years, distinct genetic lesions have been associated with individual tumor entities. Stereotactic biopsy has become an essential diagnostic tool in surgical neuro-oncology. In order to evaluate the potential of molecular analyses in stereotactic biopsies, we examined a series of 156 human brain tumors from patients undergoing stereotactic biopsy for molecular alterations typically seen in astrocytic gliomas and compared those results with a control group of 268 astrocytic tumors obtained at open surgery. Stereotactic biopsies of astrocytomas with borderline histopathological features between the WHO grades II and III showed a higher rate of allelic losses on chromosome 10 than those of the WHO grade II from open surgery (p = 0.011). Stereotactic biopsies of astrocytomas with borderline histopathological features between the WHO grades III and IV showed a higher rate of allelic losses on chromosome 10 than those of the WHO grade III from open surgery (p = 0.013). This indicates that stereotactic biopsies with features intermediate between grades are likely to correspond to the higher malignancy grade. Our data demonstrate that molecular genetic approaches can be successfully applied to stereotactic glioma biopsies. The difference in the distribution of malignancy associated genetic alterations between a stereotactic and openly resected group of gliomas indicates that histopathology may underestimate the malignant potential in some stereotactic specimens. We propose to further evaluate the molecular analysis of stereotactic glioma biopsies as a useful adjunct to standard histopathological procedures.
Renal Handling of Diamino Acids in Lysinuric Protein Intolerance (1974)

Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a rare recessively inherited disease in which one of the fundamental physiological defects is in the mechanism by which diamino acids are transported by the kidney. The purpose of the present studies was to examine that mechanism in four controls and seven patients with LPI. Two types of studies were conducted. In the first set, the renal handling of l-arginine and l-ornithine was evaluated by gradually increasing the plasma concentration of each of these amino acids by constant infusion techniques. In the second set of studies, the possible existence of competitive inhibition between l-arginine, l-ornithine, and l-lysine was examined. In the control subjects, there was almost complete reabsorption of arginine and ornithine, with increases in their filtered loads to 50-100 times normal. With further increases in the filtered loads of these amino acids, there was a gradual decrease in their fractional reabsorption. Mutual competitive inhibition was suggested by the observation that an increase in the filtered load of one diamino acid was associated with a decrease in the reabsorption of the other two. In LPI, the fasting plasma diamino acid concentrations were significantly lower than in the controls. With low filtered loads, the fractional reabsorption of the diamino acids was clearly below normal. This defect diminished with higher loads. A stepwise increase in the plasma concentration of one diamino acid resulted in a biphasic response. Initially, net tubular secretion of the other diamino acids was noted, but later was followed by return to net absorption. When two diamino acids were infused simultaneously, net absorption of both took place, though less efficiently than in the controls. We conclude that the renal reabsorption mechanism is defective in patients with LPI. With low normal filtered loads, there is increased fractional excretion of all three diamino acids resulting in low serum concentrations of these compounds. However, at higher artificially elevated concentrations of diamino acids, the capacity of the renal transport system in these patients appears normal.
Phenolic Constituents from Alchemilla vulgaris L. and Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. at Different Dates of Harvest (2012)

Acetone/water extracts from the leaves, including stalks, of Alchemilla vulgaris L. and A. mollis (Buser) Rothm. were investigated for their phenolic composition by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 24 and 27 compounds were detected for A. vulgaris and A. mollis, respectively. Pedunculagin and agrimoniin, as described in earlier reports for A. vulgaris, as well as other monomeric and oligomeric ellagitannins such as sanguiin H-10, castalagin/vescalagin, and galloyl-bis-hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) hexose constituted the major phenolic fraction of both plant species. Also, gallic and chlorogenic acids were found in both extracts. Interestingly, catechin and a procyanidin trimer were detected only in A. mollis. The flavonoid fraction comprised quercetin glucuronide as major compound in addition to several other quercetin glycosides. Most interestingly, a tentatively identified kaempferol glucuronide and a methylated quercetin glucuronide were exclusively found in A. mollis. Finally, the overall phenolic fingerprints of both Alchemilla species, harvested in May and August, i.e. at the beginning and the end of the flowering period, were compared. A general accumulation of phenolic constituents was observed later in the year, especially with regard to the ellagitannins.
On the design of template in the autocorrelation domain (2002)

This paper proposes a methodology in designing a spatial watermark which is robust to geometrical attacks. The proposed watermarking methodology is based on self-registering watermark that tiles the watermark pattern over the entire image. Thus, the peaks in the autocorrelation domain reveals the information about the geometrical transformations which the image has undergone. However, due to the limited precision of the autocorrelation domain, the template search is not reliable enough. The proposed scheme is based on a novel methodology in designing a watermark that is robust to small geometrical attacks. The watermark pattern is designed such that when the synchronization is off by the small amount of geometrical transformations, it can be identified without any searching. This characteristic of the watermark eventually leads to the reduction in search space of the template and compensation for the limited precision of the autocorrelation domain when the synchronization is off by the large amount. The proposed watermark is generated as a filtered white pattern, and in order for the watermark to be robust against geometrical transformation and lossy compression the filter must be carefully designed. The watermark generated by the filter designed by the proposed method has shown improvement in detection reliability.
Plate section (2007)

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High frequency properties of YBCO bridges fabricated by MOCVD (1991)

The high-frequency properties of YBCO (YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta /) bridges at 4.2 K and 77 K are discussed. The YBCO films were prepared by MOCVD. For small bridges with a width (w) of about 1 mu m and thickness (t) of less than 0.5 mu m, the constant voltage steps at integral multiples of Phi /sub 0/fr-20 mu V were observed up to 1 mV, which is much higher than the I/sub c/R/sub N/ (<0.13 mV) product of these bridges at 77 K. The magnitudes of the current steps as functions of the RF current at 4.2 K and 77 K were in quantitative agreement with the theoretical results based on the RSJ (resistively shunted junction) model. The DC SQUIDs with these small bridges had a good response to external magnetic flux, resulting in a sinusoidal current-phase relation. On the other hand, for large bridges of w>5 mu m and t=1 mu m, the chaotic I-V characteristic was observed, and the shape of chaotic I-V curve was in qualitative agreement with the simulating results based on an RSCJ model.
Release of transgenic white clover plants expressing<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>genes: An ecological perspective (1994)

The destructive effects of indigenous insects on pasture plants are a significant cause of diminished pastoral productivity in New Zealand. Identification of white clover genotypes with natural immunity against native insects has not been successful, so farmers use chemical sprays to control pest populations. An alternative strategy to reduce insect damage to white clover is through development of a transformation system using Agrobacterium‐mediated transfer DNA. We have developed a rapid procedure, where transgenic white clover plants regenerate directly from the cotyledonary axil of germinated seedlings and can be transferred into the glasshouse within 42 days of culture initiation. This technology offers the opportunity to improve the sustainability of white clover in New Zealand pastures by introducing pest resistance genes directly into these plants. Insect feeding bioassays have identified several serotypes of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) with δ‐endotoxins active against larvae of the lepidopteran pest, porina moth (Wiseana spp.). By transforming white clover (genotype WR8) with a cryIA(b) gene from Bt we demonstrated reduced survival of a test insect Orocrambus flexuosellus. We are currently transforming elite white clover genotypes with a cryIB gene which encodes a δ‐endotoxin considerably more active against Wiseana larvae than the CryIA(b) protein. As the technical difficulties of achieving insecticidal levels of Bt δ‐endotoxin in plants are overcome, issues concerning the production and release of transgenic white clover cultivars need to be resolved. We propose methods by which transgenic white clover cultivars could be produced from this outbreeding species. We also evaluate issues associated with maintaining transgenic plants in the pasture environment, dispersal of pollen and containment of germplasm, and most importantly, the impact of these plants on both grassland and polyphagous pests feeding on a diverse mixture of pasture species.
Mechanisms for nucleophilic and photonucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (1969)

F. Pietra, Q. Rev. Chem. Soc., 1969, 23, 504 DOI: 10.1039/QR9692300504
Shaping of the gut microbiota by B lymphocytes influences GATA4-dependent lipid absorption and body fat accumulation (90.8) (2010)

Abstract In order to understand the role for B lymphocytes in normal physiology of intestine, we compared global gene expression in the jejunum of wild-type (WT) and B-cell knockout (KO) mice. We found about 300 genes whose expression differed between WT and B-cell KO mice. Genes down-regulated in B- cell KO intestines, were highly enriched for lipid/energy metabolism genes. Consistent with this result, we found lower amounts of para-genital fat and serum leptin level in B-cell KO mice than in their B-cell-sufficient littermates. We revealed GATA4 as the most enriched transcription factor for the down regulated genes. Conditional KO of Gata4 in the intestinal epithelium showed a high correlation with BcKO gene signature. We also found a decrease in cholesterol absorption in the gut of B-cell KO mice (p&lt;0.005) previously observed in Gata4 intestinal KO. In addition, Gata4 KO mice perfectly recapitulated the systemic effects observed in B-cell KO mice presenting decreased levels of body fat and leptin (p&lt;0.01). Studying the mechanism, we found that mice that have B lymphocytes but do not produce soluble antibodies exhibit a very similar gene expression profile as the B-cell KO mice implying that this phenomenon is antibody-dependent. Under germ-free conditions, we found almost no difference between B-cell KO and control mice. Thus we conclude that B lymphocytes are involved in the control of GATA4-dependent lipid absorption and accumulation of body fat by shaping the gut microflora.
Modular Chelated Palladium Diaminocarbene Complexes:  Synthesis, Characterization, and Optimization of Catalytic Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling Activity by Ligand Modification (2005)

A general, two-step procedure is reported for the modular synthesis of a series of palladium complexes of chelating Chugaev-type diaminocarbene ligands via metal-templated addition of hydrazines to alkylisocyanides. This method afforded high yields of (dicarbene)palladium dihalide complexes with methyl, isopropyl, cyclohexyl, and tert-butyl substituents by addition of hydrazine to the corresponding alkylisocyanide, and analogous backbone-substituted complexes were prepared by palladium-templated addition of methylhydrazine to methylisocyanide. The complexes were fully characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. X-ray crystallographic analyses of four (dicarbene)palladium dibromide complexes revealed structural similarities with complexes of imidizole-based N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), characterizing these chelating ligands as strongly donating, resonance-stabilized diaminocarbenes. To examine whether these ligands are amenable to cross-coupling catalyst optimization via systematic ligand modification, a set of 10 (dicarbene)palladium dihalide complexes was tested as precatalysts in the Suzuki−Miyaura coupling of bromobenzene with phenylboronic acid. Substantial variations in catalytic activity were observed, and a backbone-substituted palladium dicarbene complex derived from methylhydrazine was identified as the most active precatalyst. Catalyst activities did not correlate with ligand sterics, and subtle electronic perturbation of carbene donor ability by the alkyl groups is proposed to be the origin of the differences in activity. The optimized catalyst was found to give high yields in Suzuki−Miyaura cross-couplings of electron-poor aryl chlorides and a range of aryl bromides, although elevated temperatures (120 °C) were necessary. Coupling reactions conducted open to air showed little formation of homocoupling byproduct and minimal loss of yield in most cases, identifying the optimized system as a rare example of an air-tolerant Suzuki−Miyaura catalyst. This study highlights the importance of a modular ligand design in fine-tuning the activity of a homogeneous catalyst.
Coupling of Cardiac Electrical Activity Over Extended Distances by Fibroblasts of Cardiac Origin (2003)

Roughly half of the cells of the heart consist of nonmyocardial cells, with fibroblasts representing the predominant cell type. It is well established that individual cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in culture establish gap junctional communication at the single cell level (short-range interaction). However, it is not known whether such coupling permits activation of cardiac tissue over extended distances (long-range interaction). Long-range interactions may be responsible for electrical synchronization of donor and recipient tissue after heart transplantation and may play a role in arrhythmogenesis. This question was investigated using a novel heterocellular culture model with strands of cardiomyocytes interrupted by cardiac fibroblasts over defined distances. With use of optical recording techniques, it could be shown that impulse propagation along fibroblast inserts was successful over distances up to 300 microm and was characterized by length-dependent local propagation delays ranging from 11 to 68 ms (apparent local "conduction velocities" 4.6+/-1.8 mm/s, n=23). Involvement of mechanical stretch in this phenomenon was excluded by showing that inserts consisting of communication-deficient HeLa cells were incapable of supporting propagation. In contrast, HeLa cells expressing connexin43 permitted impulse conduction over distances as long as 600 microm. Immunocytochemistry showed that fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes expressed connexin43 and connexin45, whereas connexin40 was absent. These results illustrate that fibroblasts of cardiac origin are capable of synchronizing electrical activity of multicellular cardiac tissue over extended distances through electrotonic interactions. This synchronization is accompanied by extremely large local conduction delays, which might contribute to the generation of arrhythmias in fibrotic hearts.