gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microarchitecture soft error vulnerability characterization and mitigation under 3D integration technology (2008)

As semiconductor processing techniques continue to scale down, transient faults, also known as soft errors, are increasingly becoming a reliability threat to high-performance microprocessors fabricated using state-of-the-art CMOS technologies. Emerging 3D chip integration techniques leverage vertically stacked structures to reduce on-chip wire delay and have shown the capability of overcoming interconnect bottlenecks as well as reducing power consumption. While the benefits of 3D die stacking on microprocessor performance and power have been extensively investigated recently, its implication on transient fault susceptibility is largely unknown. In this work, we make the first attempt to characterize microarchitecture soft error vulnerabilities across the stacked chip layers under 3D integration technologies. Using models and simulations that capture soft error physical mechanism and circuit/architecture level impact, our study reveals the opportunities of leveraging 3D integration (e.g. the structure of vertical stacking and the incorporation of heterogeneous process technologies) to achieve enhanced reliability. We showcase that the first characteristic allows outer-layers to shield inter-layers from particle strikes and the second feature enables the deployment of error resilience device techniques (e.g. Silicon-On-Insulator) on vulnerable layers to achieve a reliability target while minimizing manufacturing cost. We further propose a set of microarchitecture techniques which can effectively exploit the reliability benefits offered by 3D technologies. For example, we propose the scheduling of vulnerable in-flight instructions to reliable layers and design robust register files by combing reliability-hardened circuits, program value vulnerability and 3D integration techniques. Experimental results show that these techniques are able to substantially reduce 3D microarchitectures’ soft error rate by up to 88% compared to a planar design. We further evaluate the thermal implication of the proposed techniques and conclude that their impact on chip temperature is negligible.
HTML Programmer's Reference (1998)

Part 1 General HTML. Part 2 HTML 4.0: philosophy changes from 3.2 core attributes style sheet issues core events. Part 3 HTML elements: alphabetical listing of elements element explanation syntax attribute explanation examples compatibility. Part 4 Character entitites. Part 5 Colour reference. Part 6 DTD reference: explanation of how to read provide links to DTD. Appendices: URL reference useful links.
Understanding and Modeling User-Perceived Brand Personality from Mobile Application UIs (2019)

Designers strive to make their mobile apps stand out in a competitive market by creating a distinctive brand personality. However, it is unclear whether users can form a consistent impression of brand personality by looking at a few user interface (UI) screenshots in the app store, and if this process can be modeled computationally. To bridge this gap, we first collect crowd assessment on brand personalities depicted by the UIs of 318 applications, and statistically confirm that users can reach substantial agreement. To further model how users process mobile UI visually, we compute UI descriptors including Color, Organization, and Texture at both element and page levels. We feed these descriptors to a computational model, achieving a high accuracy of predicting perceived brand personality (MSE = 0.035 and R^2 = 0.78). This work could benefit designers by highlighting contributing visual factors to brand personality creation and providing quick, low-cost design feedback.
How Would You Like to Aggregate Your Temporal Data? (2006)

Real-world data management applications generally manage temporal data, i.e., they manage multiple states of time-varying data. Many contributions have been made by the research community for how to better model, store, and query temporal data. In particular, several dozen temporal data models and query languages have been proposed. Motivated in part by the emergence of non-traditional data management applications and the increasing proliferation of temporal data, this paper puts focus on the aggregation of temporal data. In particular, it provides a general framework of temporal aggregation concepts, and it discusses the abilities of five approaches to the design of temporal query languages with respect to temporal aggregation. Rather than providing focused, polished results, the paper's aim, is to explore the inherent support for temporal aggregation in an informal manner that may serve as a foundation for further exploration
<i>T</i><sub>1</sub> measurement of flowing blood and arterial input function determination for quantitative 3D <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>‐weighted DCE‐MRI (2007)

The proposed method enables accurate in vivo blood T(1) and AIF measurements and can be easily implemented in a range of DCE-MRI applications to improve both the accuracy and reproducibility of pharmacokinetic parameters.
100 Years of the Wolff Rearrangement (2002)

The conversion of α-diazo ketones into ketenes, and products derived therefrom, was discovered by Wolff in 1902. Major applications of the Wolff rearrangement, such as the Arndt−Eistert reaction (homologation of carboxylic acids) and the ring contraction of cyclic ketones, have been with us for some while. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made recently. The reaction mechanism has been explored by means of matrix isolation, time-resolved spectroscopy, and computation. Full retention of configuration of the migrating group has been established by using enantioselective chromatography. The Arndt−Eistert reaction has witnessed a renaissance in the field of natural products, in particular β-amino acids and β-peptides. Ring-contracting Wolff rearrangements and ketene cycloadditions have been applied in syntheses of increasingly complex, biologically active target molecules. These accomplishments, as well as unsolved problems, are addressed in the present review. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Eye contact in children's social interactions: What is normal behaviour? (2000)

Most remediation programmes for children with autism include training of eye contact behaviours, yet little data exist regarding levels of gaze behaviours in the social interactions of children without developmental disorders. Three behaviours were conventionally defined: (a) eye gaze, (b) joint attention, and (c) object engagement. Normative data were collected from children aged 5 to 10, who were observed in child-to-child social interactions (small playgroups). Joint attention was positively related to age and type of activity engaged in. Object engagement was consistently high across all age groups. Eye gaze was low relative to joint attention and object engagement, and was not significantly related to age. Eye gaze, as observed in small group interactions, was found to be significantly less than what has been reported for adult-child and adult-adult dyads. The implications of these findings for remedial training are discussed. Eye Contact in Children's Social Interactions: What is Normal Behaviour?
Polyphenolic Pattern in Apple Tree Leaves in Relation to Scab Resistance. A Preliminary Study (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyphenolic Pattern in Apple Tree Leaves in Relation to Scab Resistance. A Preliminary StudyAnna Picinelli, Enrique Dapena, and Juan Jose MangasCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995, 43, 8, 2273–2278Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00056a057https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00056a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views384Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Novel Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Treatment: The Trifunctional Antibody Catumaxomab (Removab<sup>®</sup>) (2011)

THE TRIFUNCTIONAL ANTIBODY (TRAB) CATUMAXOMAB IS CHARACTERIZED BY A UNIQUE ABILITY TO BIND THREE DIFFERENT CELL TYPES: tumor cells; T-cells; and accessory cells. It binds to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on tumor cells, the CD3 antigen on T-cells, and to type I, IIa, and III Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on accessory cells (e.g. natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages). Catumaxomab exerts its anti-tumor effects via T-cell-mediated lysis, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis via activation of FcγR-positive accessory cells. Catumaxomab represents a self-supporting system, as no additional immune cell activation is required for tumor eradication. The efficacy and safety of catumaxomab have been demonstrated in a pivotal phase II/III study in malignant ascites (MA) and supporting phase I/II studies. It is administered as four intraperitoneal (i.p.) infusions of 10, 20, 50, and 150 µg on days 0, 3, 7, and 10, respectively. Catumaxomab was approved for the i.p. treatment of MA in patients with EpCAM-positive carcinomas where standard therapy is not available or no longer feasible in the European Union in April 2009. It is the first trAb and the first drug in the world approved specifically for the treatment of MA. Catumaxomab was awarded the Galen of Pergamon Prize, which recognizes pharmacological research for developing new and innovative drugs and diagnostics, in the specialist care category in 2010. The use of catumaxomab in other indications and additional routes of administration are currently being investigated to further exploit its therapeutic potential in EpCAM-positive carcinomas.
Inexact visualization: qualitative object representation for recognizable reconstruction (2002)

The use of qualitative models as opposed to quantitative models for object recognition and reconstruction is discussed. Central to the author's model is an attempt to identify a minimal subset of attributes relevant to visualization. Each object is decomposed into simpler components, with each component described as a qualitative generalized cylinder and the joining operations specified by a three-dimensional qualitative spatial reasoning scheme. The spatial reasoning used is systematically derived and provides a complete description under considerations of tangency, nocontact, and overlap. The representation must be compact, yet contain sufficient information to be 'recognizable'-a term that is defined in terms of human perception and constitutes a measure of the goodness of the model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular Analysis of the <i>gyrA</i> and <i>gyrB</i> Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Mutants Selected In Vitro (2009)

Recent studies have suggested that exposure to fluoroquinolones represents a risk factor for the development of Clostridium difficile infections and that the acquisition of resistance to the newer fluoroquinolones is the major reason facilitating wide dissemination. In particular, moxifloxacin (MX) and levofloxacin (LE) have been recently associated with outbreaks caused by the C. difficile toxinotype III/PCR ribotype 027/pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type NAP1 strain. In this study, we evaluated the potential of MX and LE in the in vitro development of fluoroquinolone resistance mediated by GyrA and GyrB alterations. Resistant mutants were obtained from five C. difficile parent strains, susceptible to MX, LE, and gatifloxacin (GA) and belonging to different toxinotypes, by selection in the presence of increasing concentrations of MX and LE. Stable mutants showing substitutions in GyrA and/or GyrB were obtained from the parent strains after selection by both antibiotics. Mutants had MICs ranging from 8 to 128 microg/ml for MX, from 8 to 256 microg/ml for LE, and from 1.5 to > or = 32 microg/ml for GA. The frequency of mutation ranged from 3.8 x 10(-6) to 6.6 x 10(-5) for MX and from 1.0 x 10(-6) to 2.4 x 10(-5) for LE. In total, six different substitutions in GyrA and five in GyrB were observed in this study. The majority of these substitutions has already been described for clinical isolates or has occurred at positions known to be involved in fluoroquinolone resistance. In particular, the substitution Thr82 to Ile in GyrA, the most common found in resistant C. difficile clinical isolates, was observed after selection with LE, whereas the substitution Asp426 to Val in GyrB, recently described in toxin A-negative/toxin B-positive epidemic strains, was observed after selection with MX. Interestingly, a reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones was observed in colonies isolated after the first and second steps of selection by both MX and LE, with no substitution in GyrA or GyrB. The results suggest a relevant role of fluoroquinolones in the emergence and selection of fluoroquinolone-resistant C. difficile strains also in vivo.
Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey (2018)

Blockchain has numerous benefits such as decentralisation, persistency, anonymity and auditability. There is a wide spectrum of blockchain applications ranging from cryptocurrency, financial services, risk management, internet of things (IoT) to public and social services. Although a number of studies focus on using the blockchain technology in various application aspects, there is no comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology in both technological and application perspectives. To fill this gap, we conduct a comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology. In particular, this paper gives the blockchain taxonomy, introduces typical blockchain consensus algorithms, reviews blockchain applications and discusses technical challenges as well as recent advances in tackling the challenges. Moreover, this paper also points out the future directions in the blockchain technology.
Virtualization (2015)

When faced with the ultimate goal of integrating OS X clients into the enterprise, the preferred focus should be to provide your OS X users with a native environment whenever possible. There are many benefits to this. Your users’ lives will be better, which will make your life better. They will have a consistent user interface and a generally smoother experience.
468. The addition of thiolacetic acid to unsaturated compounds (1951)

R. Brown, W. E. Jones and A. R. Pinder, J. Chem. Soc., 1951, 2123 DOI: 10.1039/JR9510002123
Portable thermocouple thermometer on the nonlinearity compensation (1995)

A portable type K thermocouple thermometer is designed and fabricated to compensate the linearity to the high temperature . The problems to be solved, which use a thermocouple thermometer are the compensation of the nonlinearity characters and reference compensation. The nonlinear character of the thermocouple is compensated, using an EPROM, and the reference compensation done using an IC AD595A. Before this compensation, there was the maximum error of (2.69%) at . However the results measured by the portable type K thermocouple thermometer fabricated show the character of the error of (0.2%) in the range of the total temperature. This character satisfies the precision specifications of the type K thermal sensors in the range available , which can be measured by the use of type K thermocouples. Therefore the portable type K thermocouple thermometer fabricated can be comparatively exactly used for the wide range of temperature of interest. Then this technique of compensating the nonlinear characters can be applied to the other kinds of thermal sensor compensation.
Visual voice activity detection with optical flow (2010)

Current voice activity detection methods generally utilise only acoustic information. Therefore they are susceptible to false classification because of the presence of other acoustic sources such as another speaker or non-stationary noise. To address this issue, the authors propose a new method of voice activity detection using solely visual information in the form of a speaker's mouth region. Such video information is not affected by the acoustic environment. Simulations show that a high percentage correct silence detection (CSD) can be obtained with a low percentage false silence detection (FSD). Comparisons with two other visual voice activity detectors show the proposed method to be consistently more accurate, and on average yields a 4% improvement in CSD. The usefulness of the method is confirmed by applying it to a previously published audio–visual convolutive blind source separation algorithm, to increase the intelligibility of a speaker.
Polybenzoxazine/Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Nanocomposites (2016)

The organic/inorganic hybrid materials from polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS, inorganic nanoparticles) and polybenzoxazine (PBZ) have received much interesting recently due to their excellent thermal and mechanical properties, flame retardance, low dielectric constant, well-defined inorganic framework at nanosized scale level, and higher performance relative to those of non-hybrid PBZs. This review describes the synthesis, dielectric constants, and thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of covalently bonded mono- and multifunctionalized benzoxazine POSS hybrids, other functionalized benzoxazine POSS derivatives, and non-covalently (hydrogen) bonded benzoxazine POSS composites.
REC, Drosophila MCM8, Drives Formation of Meiotic Crossovers (2020)

Crossovers ensure the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes from one another during meiosis. Here, we describe the identity and function of the Drosophila melanogaster gene recombination defective (rec), which is required for most meiotic crossing over. We show that rec encodes a member of the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein family. Six MCM proteins (MCM2–7) are essential for DNA replication and are found in all eukaryotes. REC is the Drosophila ortholog of the recently identified seventh member of this family, MCM8. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals the existence of yet another family member, MCM9, and shows that MCM8 and MCM9 arose early in eukaryotic evolution, though one or both have been lost in multiple eukaryotic lineages. Drosophila has lost MCM9 but retained MCM8, represented by REC. We used genetic and molecular methods to study the function of REC in meiotic recombination. Epistasis experiments suggest that REC acts after the Rad51 ortholog SPN-A but before the endonuclease MEI-9. Although crossovers are reduced by 95% in rec mutants, the frequency of noncrossover gene conversion is significantly increased. Interestingly, gene conversion tracts in rec mutants are about half the length of tracts in wild-type flies. To account for these phenotypes, we propose that REC facilitates repair synthesis during meiotic recombination. In the absence of REC, synthesis does not proceed far enough to allow formation of an intermediate that can give rise to crossovers, and recombination proceeds via synthesis-dependent strand annealing to generate only noncrossover products.
Delivery of interleukin-18 gene to lung cancer cells using cationic emulsion (2008)

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is known to reduce melanoma lung metastases through various mechanisms. For the delivery of IL-18 gene into the lung, three different cationic emulsions as non-viral vectors were formulated using the same components of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP), and Tween 80 with distinct oils. By using the small particle size of physicochemically stable E3, the complex of E3/plasmid DNA encoding IL-18 (16:2.5, w/w) was transfected into lung cancer cells, and the amount of plasmid DNA transferred and the expression of both mRNA and protein for IL-18 were measured. When compared with Lipofectamine/DNA complexes, an E3/DNA complex was less toxic and induced a comparable cellular level of plasmid DNA and expression levels of both mRNA and protein for IL-18. After injecting E3/DNA complexes into mice, the distribution of plasmid DNA was the highest in the lung and the liver. Especially, the administration of E3/DNA complexes induced a more rapid and prolonged distribution of plasmid DNA encoding IL-18 into the lung than that of Lipofectamine/DNA ones. These data demonstrated that cationic emulsion E3 containing castor oil could be useful for a delivery of IL-18 gene targeting the lung as well as the liver without an additional homing device, implying a potential IL-18 delivery system for the treatment of lung cancer.
Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology (1998)

The third edition of this popular textbook retains the successful format of previous editions, dealing with the nature, actions and roles of hormones among vertebrate animals. Special emphasis is placed on the evolution and origins of hormones and their receptors, on the role of hormones in the physiological coordination of vertebrates, and on dealing with each endocrine process in the context of the organism's physiology, ecology and evolution. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology discusses the intimate physiology of the endocrine system and the pivotal role of hormones in coordinating basic body processes such as nutrition, reproduction, calcium metabolism and osmoregulation, as well as their contributions to animal coloration, molting and development. The species included range from lower chordates through to mammals, including marsupials.
On Speckle Diffraction Interferometry for Measuring Whole Field Displacements and Strains (1973)

The procedure for using laser speckle diffraction interferometry to measure small displacements and strains is described. The variation of basic experimental parameters is investigated. A typical application of the method is discussed and data is presented for the displacement distribution around an interference fit fastener.