gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new implementation of single frequency network based on DMB-T (2004)

Due to its high spectrum efficiency and high coverage, the SFN (single frequency network) has been used more and more widely. The article explains the basic concepts and technical features of SFN. It also introduces the SFN of the three main DTTB (digital television terrestrial broadcasting) standards (the 8-VSB modulation system developed by ATSC, DVB-T and ISDB-T). A new implementation of SFN is also proposed based on DMB-T (digital multimedia broadcasting for terrestrial). It realizes the time synchronization of all transmitters in the SFN by means of the insertion of a megaframe initialization packet (MIP) in the MPEG-2 transport stream. This method is proved to be reliable through field experiments.
Motor cortical activity during drawing movements: single-unit activity during sinusoid tracing (1992)

1. This study examines the neuronal activity of motor cortical cells associated with the production of arm trajectories during drawing movements. Three monkeys were trained to perform two tasks. The first task ("center----out" task) required the animal to move its arm in different directions from a center start position to one of eight targets spaced at equal angular intervals and equal distances from the origin. Movements to each target were in a constant direction, and the average rate of neuronal discharge with movements to different targets varied in a characteristic pattern. A cosine tuning function was used to map each cell's discharge rate to the direction of arm movement. This function spanned all movement directions, with a peak firing rate in the cell's preferred direction. 2. The second task ("tracing" task) required the animal to trace curved figures consisting of sine waves of different spatial frequencies and amplitudes. Both the speed and direction changed continuously throughout these movements. The cosine tuning function derived from the center----out task was used to model the activity of the cell during the tracing of sinusoids in the second task. Sinusoidal data were divided into 20-ms bins; instantaneous direction, speed, and discharge rate were analyzed bin by bin. This provided a way to compare directly the tuning parameters during a task with constant direction to a task where the direction varied continuously. 3. Movement direction as it changed during the tracing task was an important factor in the discharge pattern of cells that had discharge patterns that could be represented by the cosine tuning function. 4. The modulation of discharge rate during figure tracing depended on both the cell's preferred direction and the orientation of the figure. The activity of cells with preferred directions perpendicular to the axis of the sinusoidal figure was most modulated, whereas the activity of those cells with preferred directions aligned to the figure's axis was least modulated. 5. The cells with modulated activity tended to have firing rates that differed from the predicted cosine tuning function during the sinusoidal movements for those portions of the trajectory where the movement direction was in the cell's preferred direction. 6. Finger speed during figure tracing varied inversely with path curvature with the same relation that has been found during human drawing. To assess the relation of instantaneous speed to discharge rate, the component of the discharge pattern related to direction was subtracted from the total discharge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mass Spectrometry Applications for Toxicology. (2016)

Toxicology is a multidisciplinary study of poisons, aimed to correlate the quantitative and qualitative relationships between poisons and their physiological and behavioural effects in living systems. Other key aspects of toxicology focus on elucidation of the mechanisms of action of poisons and development of remedies and treatment plans for associated toxic effects. In these endeavours, Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful analytical technique with a wide range of application used in the Toxicological analysis of drugs, poisons, and metabolites of both. To date, MS applications have permeated all fields of toxicology which include; environmental, clinical, and forensic toxicology. While many different analytical applications are used in these fields, MS and its hyphenated applications such as; gas chromatography MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography MS (LC-MS), inductively coupled plasma ionization MS (ICP-MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MS<sup>n</sup>) have emerged as powerful tools used in toxicology laboratories. This review will focus on these hyphenated MS technologies and their applications for toxicology.
The efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in rheumatoid arthritis (2011)

The crucial role of T cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well recognized. Tacrolimus is an immunomodulator that acts by the inhibition of T-cell activation. There have been numerous studies examining the use of tacrolimus in RA, including four randomized controlled trials. This article reviews these data with respect to the efficacy of the use of tacrolimus in RA as monotherapy and as part of combination therapy. The safety of tacrolimus use in RA is then evaluated. Tacrolimus is shown to be an effective and safe therapeutic option for RA patients intolerant of or resistant to previous disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). In addition to monotherapy, tacrolimus has been successfully used as part of combination RA therapy, in particular in conjunction with methotrexate. Further assessment of combination approaches involving tacrolimus use alongside other DMARDs or biologics would be helpful. More studies are required to examine the effects of tacrolimus on the radiographic progression of RA.
Tracking Virality and Susceptibility in Social Media (2016)

In social media, the magnitude of information propagation hinges on the virality and susceptibility of users spreading and receiving the information respectively, as well as the virality of information items. These users' and items' behavioral factors evolve dynamically at the same time interacting with one another. Previous works however measure the factors statically and independently in a restricted case: each user has only a single adoption on each item, and/or users' exposure to items are observable. In this work, we investigate the inter-relationship among the factors and users' multiple adoptions on items to propose both new static and temporal models for measuring the factors without requiring user - item exposure. These models are designed to cope with even more realistic propagation scenarios where an item may be propagated many times from the same user(s) to the same other user(s). We further propose an incremental model for measuring the factors in large data streams. We evaluated the proposed models and existing models through extensive experiments on a large Twitter dataset covering information propagation in one month. The experiments show that our proposed models can effectively mine the behavioral factors and outperform the existing ones in a propagation prediction task. The incremental model is shown more than 10 times faster than the temporal model, while still obtains very similar results.
Deep Learning-Based Video Coding (2020)

The past decade has witnessed the great success of deep learning in many disciplines, especially in computer vision and image processing. However, deep learning-based video coding remains in its infancy. We review the representative works about using deep learning for image/video coding, an actively developing research area since 2015. We divide the related works into two categories: new coding schemes that are built primarily upon deep networks, and deep network-based coding tools that shall be used within traditional coding schemes. For deep schemes, pixel probability modeling and auto-encoder are the two approaches, that can be viewed as predictive coding and transform coding, respectively. For deep tools, there have been several techniques using deep learning to perform intra-picture prediction, inter-picture prediction, cross-channel prediction, probability distribution prediction, transform, post- or in-loop filtering, down- and up-sampling, as well as encoding optimizations. In the hope of advocating the research of deep learning-based video coding, we present a case study of our developed prototype video codec, Deep Learning Video Coding (DLVC). DLVC features two deep tools that are both based on convolutional neural network (CNN), namely CNN-based in-loop filter and CNN-based block adaptive resolution coding. The source code of DLVC has been released for future research.
Single flux-quantum memory cells (1977)

Detailed investigations have been carried out on two-junction interferometers. These devices have potential as memory elements. Information is stored as single-flux quanta (SFQ cells) in overlapping vortex modes and is destructively read out by switching from a vortex to the voltage state. The devices are fabricated with a lead alloy and the junction oxide is formed by rf oxidation. Most investigations have been done on devices with an area of about 1000 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , but storage and reading have also been demonstrated in our smallest interferometers having a size of about 150 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Computer studies of cell properties, especially of the vortex transitions, have given good agreement with experiments. It has also been found that the cell behavior is little affected by loads such as would exist in an array environment.
Efficacy of a variety of disinfectants against Listeria spp (1990)

The efficacy of 14 disinfectants against Listeria innocua and two strains of Listeria monocytogenes in the presence of organic matter was studied. Quantitative efficacy tests were used. Many of the disinfectants tested were not as effective on Listeria spp. when the test organisms were dried onto the surface of steel disks (carrier tests) as they were when the organisms were placed in suspension (suspension test). The presence of whole serum and milk (2% fat) further reduced the disinfectant capacities of most of the formulations studied. Only three disinfectants (povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate, and glutaraldehyde) were effective in the carrier test in the presence of serum; however, all three were ineffective when challenged with milk (2% fat). Only one solution, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, was effective in the presence of milk. All but four formulations (chloramine-T, phosphoric acid, an iodophor, and formaldehyde) were effective in the suspension tests, regardless of the organic load. L. monocytogenes was observed to be slightly more resistant to disinfection than L. innocua was. There was no difference in disinfectant susceptibility between the two strains of L. monocytogenes. These findings emphasize the need for caution in selecting an appropriate disinfectant for use on contaminated surfaces, particularly in the presence of organic material.
Studies on chemical and enzymatic synthesis of maleyl-CoA. (1981)

In the course of the enzymatic reaction of acetoacetyl-CoA with maleate, catalyzed by CoA transferase, a transient appearance of free CoA-SH occurred. Subsequently, both free CoA and acyl-CoA decreased with time, indicating the formation of an unusual CoA derivative resistant to alkaline hydrolysis. During the chemical reaction of CoA-SH with maleic anhydride, the SH groups of CoA disappeared quickly, but not more than 30% could be accounted for as thioester. The product is unstable at neutrality and is hydrolyzed by nitroprusside reagent. Another product having an acyl bond of low reactivity, which reacts with hydroxylamine and does not undergo ammonolysis, but is susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis, slowly accumulated, accounting for about 25% of the CoA that disappeared. The main product appears to be formed by the addition of CoA-SH to the double bond of maleic anhydride. Column chromatography of the products of the chemical and the enzymatic reaction revealed two products, designated at X1 and X2, showing absorbance of the adenine moiety of CoA, containing 14C-labeled maleate and no free SH groups. Alkaline hydrolysis of X1 resulted in the recovery of CoA and in an increase of X2. The results are interpreted as indicating that maleyl-CoA readily hydrolyzes and reacts spontaneously with the SH group of free CoA to form an addition compound. The thioester of this product slowly hydrolyzes to give rise to the final product, which appears to be the thioether, a stable and metabolically inert compound.
Soft-solution route to various ZnO nanoplate arrays (2010)

Three different ZnO nanoplate arrays on Si-wafer were successfully synthesized at 95 °C from ZnO nanoparticles with modified surface by citrate anion. Shape, size, density, and orientation of the resulting nanoplates were dramatically changed by the nucleus seed concentration, which was controlled through different coating processes on the substrate.
Spitsbergen characters (1960)

Beachcombers usually are associated with tropical islands, with hot sandy foreshores and coral reefs, backed by waving palms and jungle-clad slopes. They conjure up an atmosphere of dusky maidens and pearls and the other features of a lazy lotus land. But wherever ordered life frays out on the edges of civilization, the beachcomber makes his appearance. He likes comfort, but cheerfully accepts inconvenience provided only that he can escape a life of rules and ordered conventions: he seeks a measure of freedom far beyond the dreams of the noisy democrat. The untrammelled life that the unsocial beachcomber seeks is not impossible in Spitsbergen: true, conditions are not such as would attract lovers of warmth and comfort in every hour of existence, but a nomad's life in the Arctic has not all the discomforts that the inexperienced might believe.
Abraham Lincoln's First Amendment (2003)

As we confront the challenges of the "War on Terrorism," it is useful to look back at our own history to understand how in past crises we have struck the balance between liberty and security. In this Essay, Professor Geoffrey Stone considers how Abraham Lincoln dealt with the conflict between free expression and military necessity during the course of the Civil War. Although we tend to think of Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus as the paramount civil liberties issue in this era (apart from slavery), Professor Stone explores how Lincoln, facing often severe criticism of his administration, struggled to balance free speech rights against the imperiled security of the Union.
Propagation of Chrysanthemum in Vitro. I. Multiple Plantlets from Shoot Tips and the Establishment of Tissue Cultures1,2 (1974)

Abstract Small (0.5 mm high) shoot tips of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Giant #4 Indianapolis White’ were grown on Murashige-Skoog medium containing various levels of kinetin, NAA, and GA 3 . Formation of roots, single or multiple shoots, plantlets and friable, hard or leafy callus depended on the hormone levels used. Multiple shoots and green leafy callus were produced on medium containing 2.0 mg/l kinetin and 0.02 mg/l NAA. The leafy callus was suitable for subculture and subsequent reorganization of plantlets. Multiple shoots were rooted and grown into normal plants or were used to start new cultures which formed more multiple shoots. This technique will be useful for storage and propagation of Chrysanthemum and especially for detection and rapid multiplication of virus-free plants.
Anti-Apoptotic Effect of Tax: An NF-κB Path or a CREB Way? (2011)

The NF-κB pathway is intimately linked to the survival of mammalian cells, and its activation by Tax has consequently been considered important for human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected cell resistance to death. Very little emphasis has been given to other mechanisms, although Tax regulates the expression and activity of several cellular genes. The finding that CREB protein is activated in HTLV-1 infected cells underlines the possibility that other mechanisms of survival may be implicated in HTLV-1 infection. Indeed, CREB activation or overexpression plays a role in normal hematopoiesis, as well as in leukemia development, and CREB is considered as a survival factor in various cell systems. A better understanding of the different molecular mechanisms used by Tax to counteract cell death will also help in the development of new therapeutic strategies for HTLV-1 associated diseases.
Synergistic effect on the visible light activity of Ti3+ doped TiO2 nanorods/boron doped graphene composite (2014)

TiO2/graphene (TiO2-x/GR) composites, which are Ti(3+) self-doped TiO2 nanorods decorated on boron doped graphene sheets, were synthesized via a simple one-step hydrothermal method using low-cost NaBH4 as both a reducing agent and a boron dopant on graphene. The resulting TiO2 nanorods were about 200 nm in length with exposed (100) and (010) facets. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD results suggest that the prepared samples have an anatase crystalline structure. All of the composites tested exhibited improved photocatalytic activities as measured by the degradation of methylene blue and phenol under visible light irradiation. This improvement was attributed to the synergistic effect of Ti(3+) self-doping on TiO2 nanorods and boron doping on graphene.
I/O family with 200 mV to 500 mV supply voltage (2002)

A family of differential receivers, transmitters and transceivers, all using a 600mV supply for transmission, has been implemented in six gate array families and two custom circuits from three different ASIC vendors. The technologies used ranged from 0.8/spl mu/m to 0.35/spl mu/m. This I/O concept, ground-referenced impedance-matched (GRIM) low-voltage differential signals (GLVDS), uses ground as the common-mode reference voltage. Since ground is the common voltage for devices operating with different supply voltages, GLVDS allows direct communication between circuits operating with main supply voltages ranging from 6V or more down to less than 1V. Transmitter supply voltages down to 200mV can be used for GLVDS without loss of compatibility. GLVDS transmitters and receivers are compatible with LVDS circuit.
The Epidemiology and Control of Acinetobacter baumannii in Health Care Facilities (2006)

Acinetobacter baumannii is a ubiquitous pathogen capable of causing both community and health care-associated infections (HAIs), although HAIs are the most common form. This organism has emerged recently as a major cause of HAI because of the extent of its antimicrobial resistance and its propensity to cause large, often multifacility, nosocomial outbreaks. The occurrence of outbreak is facilitated by both tolerance to desiccation and multidrug resistance, contributing to the maintenance of these organisms in the hospital environment. In addition, the epidemiology of A. baumannii infection is often complex, with the coexistence of epidemic and endemic infections, the latter of which often is favored by the selection pressure of antimicrobials. The only good news is that potentially severe A. baumannii infection, such as bacteremia or pneumonia in patients in the intensive care unit who are undergoing intubation, do not seem to be associated with a higher attributable mortality rate or an increased length of hospital stay.
Fuel consumption optimization of a multimachines microgrid by secant method combined with IPPD table (2009)

The objective consists in optimizing the fuel consumption of a power station of small cogeneration multi machines while minimizing generated pollution. At first, a study carried out on the strategies of Economic Dispatch , was used to us to solve the unit commitment problem, whose main aim is to determine the optimal schedule of online generating units so as to meet the power demand at minimum operating cost under various system and operating constraints. This work was carried out by Secant method combined with Improved Pre-prepared Power Demand (IPPD) table which obtains the unit status information and then the optimal solution is achieved by Secant method at each power demand for 24 hours. The comparison of results of the proposed method with the results of classical method, by Matlab/Simulink, shows that the proposed approach provides qualitative solution.
W-Band Large-Scale High-Gain Planar Integrated Antenna Array (2014)

This communication presents a 32 × 32 high-gain patch array antenna fed by the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure at W-band. The array antenna consists of two layers to achieve a compact topology, which allows for mass production using a standard PCB fabrication process. The wideband feeding network is placed in the bottom layer while the radiating patches are on the top layer. This configuration also resolves the trade-off between gain and bandwidth of conventional SIW array antennas. Measured gain of the 32 × 32 antenna array is within the range 28.81-29.97 dBi in the working bandwidth of 91-97 GHz. Measured impedance bandwidth covers the same frequency band for . The cross-polarization of the antenna array is less than 40 dB at the beam direction. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results validates our design.
High Precision Scanner/Printer Calibrations in Sub-divided Color Spaces (1999)

A variety of color calibration technologies have been developed for input and output devices. Linear or nonlinear matrices have been conveniently applied to correct the color filter's mismatch with color matching function in scanners or suppress the crosstalk by unwanted absorption of colorants in printers. The color matching accuracy is expected to be further improved when the nonlinear matrices are optimized into subdivided smaller color spaces than in single matrix of the entire color space. This article proposes a new method for partitioning the color space into sub-spaces divided by the combinations of luminance, chrominance, radius, or hue angle in CIELAB space so that each sub space includes the constant number of color samples. Linear or nonlinear color correction functions are applied to each subdivided space and the coefficient matrices are optimized individually by the method of least squares. The new method resulted in the high precision color matching with rms color differences ΔEab* (rms) <0.5 for flat bed scanner and ΔEab*(rms) ≈ 2.0 for inkjet printer. The color matching accuracies could approach the colorimetric measurement errors in scanners and mechanical stabilities in printers by the proposed subspace division methods.
Algorithm 909 (2011)

NOMAD is software that implements the Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (MADS) algorithm for blackbox optimization under general nonlinear constraints. Blackbox optimization is about optimizing functions that are usually given as costly programs with no derivative information and no function values returned for a significant number of calls attempted. NOMAD is designed for such problems and aims for the best possible solution with a small number of evaluations. The objective of this article is to describe the underlying algorithm, the software’s functionalities, and its implementation.