gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An approach to the C(10)–C(16) fragment of the bryostatins: stereoselective exocyclic double-bond formation by vinyl radical cyclization (1998)

On treatment with tributyltin hydride, the vinyl bromide 11 and the vinyl iodide 26 cyclize to give mixtures of the (E)- and (Z)-4-(alkoxycarbonylmethylene)tetrahydropyrans 12/13 and 27/28 in which the (E)-isomers 12 and 27 are the major components accounting for 80% of the products. Addition of triphenyltin hydride to the alkyne 34 similarly initiates cyclization giving a mixture of products 35–37, the composition of the mixture depending upon the concentration of the tin hydride. These results are consistent with faster cyclization of the (Z)-vinyl radical with kinetic formation of five-membered ring containing products which are either trapped by hydrogen transfer from the tin hydride or which rearrange to form a 4-methylenetetrahydropyran. This chemistry was applied to prepare the cis-2,6-disubstituted 4-(methoxycarbonylmethylene)tetrahydropyran 50 which may be useful for the introduction of the C(10)–C(16) fragment into the bryostatins. Cyclization of the p-methoxybenzyl protected vinyl iodide 58 is less stereoselective, perhaps because of intramolecular hydrogen transfer from the p-methoxybenzyl group.
Analyzing Training Using Phase Transitions in Entropy - Part II: Application to Quantization and Classification. (2020)

We show that a quantized large-scale system with unknown parameters and training signals can be analyzed by examining an equivalent system with known parameters by modifying the signal power and noise variance in a prescribed manner. Applications to training in wireless communications, signal processing, and machine learning are shown. In wireless communications, we show that the number of training signals can be significantly smaller than the number of transmitting elements. Similar conclusions can be drawn when considering the symbol error rate in signal processing applications, as long as the number of receiving elements is large enough. In machine learning with a linear classifier, we show that the misclassification rate is not sensitive to the number of classes, and is approximately inversely proportional to the size of the training set. We show that a linear analysis of this nonlinear training problem can be accurate when the thermal noise is high or the system is operating near its saturation rate.
SATER/LLNL: an interactive identification/estimation/control package (1982)

This issue of the computer program newsletter focuses on SATER/LLNL - an interactive code for identification, estimation, and classical control. A brief description of the SATER/LLNL operation is included as well as a sample session. Attached is the fundamental reference that details more of the package.
Water-Soluble Extract from Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, ACTPER, Ameliorates a Dry Skin-Induced Itch in a Mice Model and Promotes Filaggrin Expression by Activating the AhR Signaling in HaCaT Cells (2019)

With a complex etiology involving multiple factors, the condition known as itch is a primary symptom of many skin diseases. Current treatment methods are ineffective for addressing itches caused by dry skin, for example. We developed a botanical extract, ACTPER, made from a mixture of <i>Actinidia arguta</i> and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>, which have traditionally been used to treat itch. The quality of ACTPER as a research agent was controlled in our experiment by cell-based bioassays, as well as by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using two chemical markers. In the acetone-induced dry skin mice model, the oral administration of ACTPER alleviated dry skin-related skin properties and itching behavior. The RNA and protein expression of the filament aggregating protein (filaggrin) gene, a key factor involved in the regulation of skin barrier function, was significantly increased, as measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence assay. To understand the underlying mechanism(s) at the molecular level, HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte-derived cell line, were treated with various concentrations of ACTPER. We found that the protein expression of filaggrin was indeed upregulated by ACTPER in a dose dependent manner. Data from experiments involving the reporter plasmid containing the xenobiotic response element (XRE), and the chemical antagonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), indicated that the ACTPER-mediated upregulation of filaggrin was controlled through the activation of the AhR signaling pathway. The molecular docking simulation study predicted that ACTPER might contain chemical compounds that bind directly to AhR. Taken together, our results suggest that ACTPER may provide the platform, based upon which a variety of safe and effective therapeutic agents can be developed to treat itch.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active C<sub>2</sub>‐Symmetric Ketones for the Asymmetric Epoxidation of Prochiral Olefins by Dioxiranes Generated in situ with Caroate<sup>TM</sup> as a Peroxide Source. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF LITHIUM NAPHTHALENE WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS CONTAINING THE DICHLOROCYCLOPROPANE RING SYSTEM (1982)

Abstract Das unter Phasentransfer‐Bedingtingen erzeugte Dichlorcarben reagiert mit dem ungesättigten Fettsäureester (I) zu einem DichlorcyclopropyIderivat, das zur Dichlorcyclopropylalkylcarbonsäure (III) verseift wird.
The <scp>JR</scp> blood group system: identification of alleles that alter expression (2013)

We have identified three ABCG2 alleles that are newly associated with weakened Jr(a) expression. One of these is novel, the missense allele c.1714A>C (Ser572Arg) and two that have been previously described c.421C>A (rs2231142; Gln141Lys) and c.1858G>A (rs34783571; Asp620Asn). In addition, we found a novel, presumed null allele, c.1017_1019delCTC (Ser340del).
Resolving Fine-Scale Heterogeneity of Co-seismic Slip and the Relation to Fault Structure (2016)

Fault slip distributions provide important insight into the earthquake process. We analyze high-resolution along-strike co-seismic slip profiles of the 1992 Mw = 7.3 Landers and 1999 Mw = 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes, finding a spatial correlation between fluctuations of the slip distribution and geometrical fault structure. Using a spectral analysis, we demonstrate that the observed variation of co-seismic slip is neither random nor artificial, but self-affine fractal and rougher for Landers. We show that the wavelength and amplitude of slip variability correlates to the spatial distribution of fault geometrical complexity, explaining why Hector Mine has a smoother slip distribution as it occurred on a geometrically simpler fault system. We propose as a physical explanation that fault complexity induces a heterogeneous stress state that in turn controls co-seismic slip. Our observations detail the fundamental relationship between fault structure and earthquake rupture behavior, allowing for modeling of realistic slip profiles for use in seismic hazard assessment and paleoseismology studies.
Thermophilic bacilli have split cytochrome b genes for cytochrome b6 and subunit IV. First cloning of cytochrome b from a Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus stearothermophilus). (1995)

Vol. 270, p. 10612 Page 10614, Fig. 2: There are four errors in this sequence. Cytosines at 1389, 1410, and 1586 should be adenosine, guanosine, and guanosine, respectively. In addition, the cytosine at 1430 should be deleted. The replacements at 1389, 1410, and 1586 do not affect the deduced amino acid sequence. The omission of a base at 1430 causes a change in reading frame and results in a longer deduced amino acid sequence for subunit IV. The corrected sequence has been submitted to GenBank™ through DDBJ (D45410).
Demonstration test of burner liner strain measuring system (1984)

A demonstration test was conducted for two systems of static strain measurement that had been shown to have potential for application jet engine combustors. A modified JT12D combustor was operated in a jet burner test stand while subjected simultaneously to both systems of instrumentation, i.e., Kanthal A-1 wire strain gages and laser speckle photography. A section of the burner was removed for installation and calibration of the wire gages, and welded back into the burner. The burner test rig was modified to provide a viewing port for the laser speckle photography such that the instrumented section could be observed during operation. Six out of ten wire gages survived testing and showed excellent repeatability. The extensive precalibration procedures were shown to be effective in compensating for the large apparent strains associated with these gages. Although all portions of the speckle photography system operated satisfactorily, a problem was encountered in the form of optical inhomogeneities in the hot, high-pressure gas flowing by the combustor case which generate large and random apparent strain distributions.
Rational Drug Design Approach for Overcoming Drug Resistance:  Application to Pyrimethamine Resistance in Malaria (1998)

Pyrimethamine acts by selectively inhibiting malarial dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS). Resistance in the most important human parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, initially results from an S108N mutation in the DHFR domain, with additional mutation (most commonly C59R or N51I or both) imparting much greater resistance. From a homology model of the 3-D structure of DHFR-TS, rational drug design techniques have been used to design and subsequently synthesize inhibitors able to overcome malarial pyrimethamine resistance. Compared to pyrimethamine (Ki 1.5 nM) with purified recombinant DHFR fromP. falciparum, the Ki value of the m-methoxy analogue of pyrimethamine was 1.07 nM, but against the DHFR bearing the double mutation (C59R + S108N), the Ki values for pyrimethamine and the m-methoxy analogue were 71.7 and 14.0 nM, respectively. The m-chloro analogue of pyrimethamine was a stronger inhibitor of both wild-type DHFR (with Ki 0.30 nM) and the doubly mutant (C59R +S108N) purified enzyme (with Ki 2.40 nM). Growth of parasite cultures of P. falciparum in vitro was also strongly inhibited by these compounds with 50% inhibition of growth occurring at 3.7 microM for the m-methoxy and 0.6 microM for the m-chloro compounds with the K1 parasite line bearing the double mutation (S108N + C59R), compared to 10.2 microM for pyrimethamine. These inhibitors were also found in preliminary studies to retain antimalarial activity in vivo in P. berghei-infected mice.
Biosynthesis of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>c</i><i>o</i>-3-mercaptobutyrate) as a Sulfur Analogue to Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) (2001)

A hitherto unknown copolymer that contains sulfur in the backbone linking 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-mercaptobutyrate by thioester linkages, poly(3HB-co-3MB), was synthesized by the polyhydroxyalkanoate-(PHA-) accumulating bacterium Ralstonia eutropha, when 3-mercaptobutyric acid was fed as the carbon source in addition to gluconate. The chemical structure of this novel polymer was confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental sulfur analysis. Different poly(3HB-co-3MB) samples were isolated and characterized, and the molar 3MB fraction contributed up to 72 mol%. Regarding the chemical structure of 3-mercaptobutyrate, which is analogous to 3-hydroxybutyrate, the incorporation of this novel polymer constituent represents a second example of 3-mercaptoalkanoates that are incorporated into biopolymers by the PHA synthase of R. eutropha.
Role of Alternative Splicing in Generating Isoform Diversity Among Plasma Membrane Calcium Pumps (2001)

Calcium pumps of the plasma membrane (also known as plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPases or PMCAs) are responsible for the expulsion of Ca(2+) from the cytosol of all eukaryotic cells. Together with Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers, they are the major plasma membrane transport system responsible for the long-term regulation of the resting intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Like the Ca(2+) pumps of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SERCAs), which pump Ca(2+) from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum, the PMCAs belong to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases characterized by the formation of an aspartyl phosphate intermediate during the reaction cycle. Mammalian PMCAs are encoded by four separate genes, and additional isoform variants are generated via alternative RNA splicing of the primary gene transcripts. The expression of different PMCA isoforms and splice variants is regulated in a developmental, tissue- and cell type-specific manner, suggesting that these pumps are functionally adapted to the physiological needs of particular cells and tissues. PMCAs 1 and 4 are found in virtually all tissues in the adult, whereas PMCAs 2 and 3 are primarily expressed in excitable cells of the nervous system and muscles. During mouse embryonic development, PMCA1 is ubiquitously detected from the earliest time points, and all isoforms show spatially overlapping but distinct expression patterns with dynamic temporal changes occurring during late fetal development. Alternative splicing affects two major locations in the plasma membrane Ca(2+) pump protein: the first intracellular loop and the COOH-terminal tail. These two regions correspond to major regulatory domains of the pumps. In the first cytosolic loop, the affected region is embedded between a putative G protein binding sequence and the site of phospholipid sensitivity, and in the COOH-terminal tail, splicing affects pump regulation by calmodulin, phosphorylation, and differential interaction with PDZ domain-containing anchoring and signaling proteins. Recent evidence demonstrating differential distribution, dynamic regulation of expression, and major functional differences between alternative splice variants suggests that these transporters play a more dynamic role than hitherto assumed in the spatial and temporal control of Ca(2+) signaling. The identification of mice carrying PMCA mutations that lead to diseases such as hearing loss and ataxia, as well as the corresponding phenotypes of genetically engineered PMCA "knockout" mice further support the concept of specific, nonredundant roles for each Ca(2+) pump isoform in cellular Ca(2+) regulation.
DOPPLER CONVERSION AND ADIABATIC TIME DOMAIN CONVERSION OF ACOUSTIC AND SPIN WAVES (1966)

Two new processes for magnetoelastic or transverse to longitudinal acoustic conversion in a ferromagnet are described. Transmission of a small signal through a travelling step-function magnetic field produces a wave with Doppler-shifted frequency and a wave number which is approximately unchanged. By suitably adjusting the input and output conditions, various kinds of magnetoelastic and acoustic-acoustic conversion can be achieved. Conversion of this kind also occurs when the incoming wave is subjected to a magnetic field which varies slowly in time but is uniform in space (adiabatic conversion).
Catalysis on the coastline: Theozyme, molecular dynamics, and free energy perturbation analysis of antibody 21D8 catalysis of the decarboxylation of 5‐nitro‐3‐carboxybenzisoxazole (2002)

Antibody 21D8 catalyzes the decarboxylation of 5-nitro-3-carboxybenzisoxazole. The hapten used was designed to induce an antibody binding site with anion binders for the carboxylate, plus a nonpolar environment to accelerate decarboxylation. A recent X-ray crystal structure of 21D8 has shown that the binding pocket contains an array of both polar and charged residues. Nevertheless, 21D8 is able to catalyze a reaction that involves a decrease in polarity from reactant to transition state. The origins of this phenomenon were explored using various computational strategies-quantum mechanics, theozyme models, docking, molecular dynamics, free energy perturbation, and linear interaction energy-the combination of which has produced a consistent picture of catalysis. By partially desolvating the charged carboxylate, 21D8 manages to effect "catalysis on the coastline," without burying the carboxylate in a nonpolar region of the binding pocket. The results have implications for that broad class of enzyme and antibody catalyzed reactions that involve the conversion of a substrate with a relatively localized charge into a transition state with a highly dispersed charge.
TRADITIONS IN TRANSFORMATION (2001)

Islam, the youngest of the three monotheistic religions, represents a fairly advanced stage in the evolution of traditions which could already be encountered in Jewish and Christian sources. Since the l9th century and even earlier, scholars who noticed this well-known phenomenon, have usually confined themselves merely to asserting the Jewish or Christian origins of traditions recounted in the Islamic sources, without further investigating the new life that was infused into these traditions in the Islamic sphere. In the following, traditions of a clearly Biblical origin will be examined in their specif1c Islamic connotation, thus perhaps enabling us to gain more insight into the role the Biblical history of Israel plays in Islamic historical consciousness.2 This will serve to shed more light on the Islamic conviction that the divinely pre-ordained history of humankind which began with the People of Israel is continued through the history of Muhammad's community.3 For this investigation, the Ark of the Covenant and the Golden Calf have been chosen. These two ritual objects play a signif1cant role in Biblical and Qur'anic historiography, as well as in early Islamic tradition (hadlth). In spite of their contrasting ritual signif1cance (monotheistic as opposed to pagan), they have much in common as symbols of divinity, and in fact stand in an inverted symmetry to each other. The mutual role of these objects in Islam
Investigating a null test of the Einstein Equivalence Principle with clocks at different solar gravitational potentials (2016)

The Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) requires that clocks in free fall, when observed by other clocks in free fall, show no frequency variations. To some approximation, clocks on the surface of the Earth can be considered freely falling in the solar gravitational potential, and one would expect to find no frequency variations between the clocks as the Earth's rotation modulates the potential experienced by each clock. We investigate the attainable limits of a search for such a frequency variation using satellites, parameterized as a fraction of the expected differential gravitational redshift of a clock pair not in free fall. Under the most optimistic of assumptions, a 3-sigma limit to the EEP violation of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> may be possible in the future, although the uncertainties we present are an order of magnitude higher, with an upper limit to an EEP violation of <;10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> .
Eine Architektur für Internet-Telefonie-Dienste (2001)

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im Rahmen von Internet-Telefonie vereinigen sich zwei bisher strikt voneinander getrennte Kommunikationsnetzwerke: das konventionelle, leitungsorientierte Telefonnetz mit zentralem Management und das paketorientierte Internet mit seiner verteilten Architektur. In diesem Beitrag präsentieren wir I 2 N (Intelligent Internet) als eine neuartige Internet-Telefonie-Plattform, in der die jeweiligen positiven Eigenschaften der beiden Systeme vereint sind. I 2 N bietet auf allen Ebenen sämtliche benötigten Funktionalitäten eines Internet-Telefonie-Systems, von einfacher Rufsignalisierung, über den Zugriff auf verteilte Benutzerverzeichnisse und verschiedene Mobilitätsaspekte bis hin zur automatisierten Integration von Mehrwertdiensten. In Kombination mit der integrierten QoS-Architektur AQUARIUS ist I 2 N gut geeignet, auf den Benutzer zugeschnittene Kommunikationsanwendungen mit hochqualitativer Medienbehandlung zu unterstützen. Die Kompatibilität mit bestehenden Standards wird durch eine Reihe von Gateways auf sämtlichen Ebenen erreicht.
USING FULL-RANK SPATIAL COVARIANCE MODELS FOR NOISE-ROBUST ASR (2013)

We present a joint spatial and spectral denoising front-end for Track 1 of the 2nd CHiME Speech Separation and Recognition Challenge based on the Flexible Audio Source Separation Toolbox (FASST). We represent the sources by nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and full-rank spatial covariances, which are known to be appropriate for the modeling of small source movements. We then learn acoustic models for automatic speech recognition (ASR) on the enhanced training data. We obtain 40 % average error rate reduction due to speech separation compared to multicondition training alone. Index Terms — speech separation, FASST, noise-robust speech recognition
Resource Modeling for a Joint Resource Management in Cognitive Radio (2008)

Cognitive radio characterizes an ambient aware and software-defined radio system that is capable to autonomously and intelligently adjust the system parameters. It has the potential to optimize the usage of all relevant resources for service- driven wireless communications. We identify four types of resources; these are the radio, the computing, and the radio and user application resources. This paper presents their modeling, including several models for each resource type. The modeling serves as the basis for a joint resource management in a cognitive radio system that may eventually trade-off one resource (type) against the other(s). Two approaches for such a management are presented: a distributed-cooperative and a centralized- integrated. We finally discuss the applicability and utility of the proposed models, and the potentials of a joint resource management in cognitive radio in terms of user satisfaction and revenues.
Science applications of the Montage image mosaic engine (2006)

Montage is a portable, scaleable toolkit that runs on end-users desktops, clusters, and computing grids. It generates astronomical image mosaics that preserve the calibration and photometry in the input FITS files. The code is available for download at the project website at < http://montage.ipac.caltech.edu >, and includes independent modules for image discovery (including support for VO image access protocols), image reprojection, rectification of the sky background to a common level and image co-addition.
High-Speed Visualization of Bubbles Interacting With a Solid Surface (2006)

Bubbles around a solid surface moving in a fluid at high Reynolds number drastically reduce the associated turbulent drag. In this paper, we present experiments on the interaction of air bubbles with a solid wall. The design of an experimental setup is described, that allows generating bubbles with diameters of 0.4 to 2 mm and observes their interaction with a solid wall whose angle with the horizontal can be controlled. Depending on the bubble size and angle of inclination of the solid wall, the bubbles bounce off or slide along the wall. High-speed visualizations of the bubble-wall interactions are performed for values of Reynolds and Weber number ranging from 40 to 560 and 0.04 to 1.80 respectively. Our experimental results are compared with the work of Tsao and Koch [Physics Fluids 9, 44 (1997)].