gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon: The Nectria Mammoidea Group and Species Lacking Microconidia (2004)

Neonectria (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) species having Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores include: Neo. discophora var. discophora, Neo. discophora var. rubi, stat nov. et comb. nov., Neo. lucida, comb. nov., Neo. viridispora, sp. nov. and Neo. westlandica, comb. nov. Perithecia of these species are red and perithecial anatomyis of the N. mammoidea type, with a palisade of hypha-like cells in the outer perithecial wall. These species occur on recently dead or dying trees. Perithecia of Neo. betulae, sp. nov and Neo. dumontii, sp. nov. are anatomically and biologically similar to those of Neo. discophora. The only known culture of Neo. betulae remained sterile, while Neo. dumontii has not been cultured; their anamorphs are presumed to be Cylindrocarpon. Analyses of mit ssu rDNA sequences indicate that Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon is monophyletic. Within the genus, species having N. mammoidea type perithecia are paraphyletic. Most species cluster with Neo. discophora, but Neo. westlandica and Neo. trachosa are basal to a clade that includes species that do not have a N. mammoidea-type perithecium. Nectria fuckeliana clusters independently of Neonectria and Nectria. Although reported to have a Cylindrocarpon anamorph, fresh ascospore isolates of N. fuckeliana did not produce Cylindrocarpon macroconidia but produced acremonium- or verticillium-like anamorphs. A key to nectriaceous species of Neonectria that have Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores and/or that have a N. mammoidea type perithecial wall anatomy is presented. New combinations are proposed for other species formerly included in Nectria that have non-microconidial Cylindrocarpon anamorphs: Neonectria cinnamomea, Neo. jungneri, Neo. platycephala, Neo. phaeodisca and Neo. verrucospora.
Recovery of Indium from Ground Powder by Chlorination and Solvent Extraction (2008)

本研究は，二次資源からインジウムを効率良く回収するプロセスの開発に関する基礎データの取得を目的として，研磨粉を塩素気流中，最高温度473–973 Kの範囲で加熱したときのインジウムの塩化揮発挙動を詳細に追跡した．その結果，低温域では金属インジウムの塩化揮発反応のみが進行するが，573 K以降の温度域では金属インジウムの塩化揮発反応に加え，酸化インジウムの還元・塩素化反応が生じていることが明らかとなった．また973 Kまで加熱することで，インジウムを研磨粉からほぼ完全に揮発分離できた．研磨粉中にはクロムや鉄，チタンが共存し，これらがインジウムとともに揮発するが，反応器冷却区間の温度を制御することならびに揮発物のジエチルエーテル抽出を組み合わせることにより，インジウムを選択的に分離・濃縮することができた．
Thermal Conductivity Anomaly in (Fe<sub>0.78</sub>Mg<sub>0.22</sub>)CO<sub>3</sub> Siderite Across Spin Transition of Iron (2019)

Abstract Siderite was proposed to be an important mantle carbon‐hosting mineral in Earth's deep carbon cycle. It undergoes a pressure‐induced spin transition of iron around 40–55 GPa, through which many physical properties change drastically. Thermal conductivity of mantle minerals is key to control temperature profiles and thermal evolution in the mantle and subducting slabs. However, the lattice thermal conductivity of iron‐bearing carbonates under relevant mantle conditions has never been investigated. Here we combined high‐pressure diamond‐anvil cell, Raman spectroscopy, and ultrafast optical pump‐probe method to measure the lattice thermal conductivity of siderite to 67 GPa at room temperature. We found that during the spin transition the thermal conductivity varies significantly with the extent of low‐spin state, which is largely different from that of the lower‐mantle ferropericlase. Our results further suggest that when the siderite is transported to depths of 1,400–1,800 km, such thermal conductivity anomaly within a narrow pressure range may induce anomalies in local thermochemical profiles and alter the distribution fields of subducting minerals, which in turn would influence the fate of carbonates in global carbon cycle.
Achieving IoT Devices Secure Sharing in Multi-User Smart Space (2020)

Multiple users often share their Internet of Things (IoT) devices in a smart space. However, existing IoT systems do not support IoT sharing between multiple users or take into account the security risks associated with using shared devices. We address this problem by proposing a new multi-user IoT Secure Sharing (IoTSS) system supported by a newly designed sharing policy language. Our approach treats the policies as constraints in the context of an optimisation problem to fulfil user activities using the least vulnerable devices. We show how IoT sharing can be transformed into an equivalent Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem, which can be solved efficiently and effectively by off-the-shelf Integer ILP solvers. To study the practical feasibility of IoTSS, we have implemented a proof-of-concept proxy-based prototype for the popularly used Mozilla WebThings Gateway. We found that the proxy service can achieve policies enforcement without incurring statistically significant time overhead.
Accurate Three-Dimensional Modeling of Transverse Mode Threshold Gain in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (1996)

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL's) are very promising devices for parallel optical data links. Their main qualities are wafer scale testability, inherent single longitudinal mode operation, low threshold current, low beam divergence and their easy integration in two-dimensional arrays. Due to their intrinsic symmetry and quite large emission area problems arise however concerning the transverse mode stability. Unless specific measures are taken to prevent this higher order transverse modes start lasing already slightly above threshold thereby deteriorating the beam properties (e.g. divergence) and increasing the noise. It is obvious that this behaviour is unwanted. One way of solving this problem is by introducing mode selective scattering or loss in the cavity [1,2,3,4], It is therefore important to be able to model the threshold gain of the different transverse modes in such cavities. In this paper we present an accurate vectorial model capable of predicting threshold gain and illustrate is with a few examples.
Pulse propagation and nonlinear harmonic generation in free electron laser oscillators (2007)

In this paper we present an analysis of the intracavity harmonic generation in free electron laser amplifier operating with short pulses. Various features are investigated. We discuss, in particular, the dependence of the harmonic power and of the width of the associated pulses on the cavity mismatch. It is shown that very short and robust pulses can be generated by suitably setting the cavity desynchronism.
Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Pneumococcal Meningitis (2013)

Pneumococcal meningitis is a life-threatening disease characterized by an acute purulent infection affecting the pia mater, the arachnoid, and the subarachnoid spaces. Streptococcus pneumoniae crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by both transcellular traversal and disruption of the intraepithelial tight junctions to allow intercellular traversal. During multiplication, pneumococci release their bacterial products, which are highly immunogenic and may lead to an increased inflammatory response in the host. Thus, these compounds are recognized by antigen-presenting cells through the binding of toll-like receptors. These receptors induce the activation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which interacts with various protein kinases, including IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK4), which is phosphorylated and dissociated from MyD88. These products also interact with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 dependent signaling pathway (TRAF6). This cascade provides a link to NF- κ B-inducing kinase, resulting in the nuclear translocation of NF- κ B leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory molecules in response to bacterial stimuli. Consequently, polymorphonuclear cells are attracted from the bloodstream and then activated, releasing large amounts of NO(•), O2(•), and H2O2. This formation generates oxidative and nitrosative stress, subsequently, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage, and BBB breakdown, which contributes to cell injury during pneumococcal meningitis.
Validation of an All-Pressure Fluid Drop Model: Heptane Fluid Drops in Nitrogen (2000)

Despite the fact that supercritical fluids occur both in nature and in industrial situations, the fundamentals of their behavior is poorly understood because supercritical fluids combine the characteristics of both liquids and gases, and therefore their behavior is not intuitive. There are several specific reasons for the lack of understanding: First, data from (mostly optical) measurements can be very misleading because regions of high density thus observed are frequently identified with liquids. A common misconception is that if in an experiment one can optically identify "drops" and "ligaments", the observed fluid must be in a liquid state. This inference is incorrect because in fact optical measurements detect any large change (i.e. gradients) in density. Thus, the density ratio may be well below Omicron(10(exp 3)) that characterizes its liquid/gas value, but the measurement will still identify a change in the index of refraction providing that the change is sudden (steep gradients). As shown by simulations of supercritical fluids, under certain conditions the density gradients may remain large during the supercritical binary fluids mixing, thus making them optically identifiable. Therefore, there is no inconsistency between the optical observation of high density regions and the fluids being in a supercritical state. A second misconception is that because a fluid has a liquid-like density, it is appropriate to model it as a liquid. However, such fluids may have liquid-like densities while their transport properties differ from those of a liquid. Considering that the critical pressure of most fuel hydrocarbons used in Diesel and gas turbine engines is in the range of 1.5 - 3 MPa, and the fact that the maximum pressure attained in these engines is about 6 Mps, it is clear that the fuel in the combustion chamber will experience both subcritical and supercritical conditions. Studies of drop behavior over a wide range of pressures were performed in the past, however none of these studies identified the crucial differences between the subcritical and supercritical behavior. In fact, in two of these studies, it was found that the subcritical and supercritical behavior is similar as the drop diameter decreased according to the classical d(exp 2)-law over a wide range of pressures and drop diameters. The present study is devoted to the exploration of differences in fluid-behavior characteristics under subcritical and supercritical conditions in the particular case of heptane fluid drops in nitrogen; these substances were selected because of the availability of experimental observations for model validation.
From a Synthetic, Microporous, Compliant, Biodegradable Small-Caliber Vascular Graft to a New Artery (1989)

Microporous, compliant, biodegradable vascular grafts prepared from physical mixtures of polyurethane and poly(L)lactide acid can function as temporary scaffolds for the regeneration of a new arterial wall. In this overview article, the basic ideas behind the properties and construction of these grafts, the basic mechanisms of regeneration, and the scope, limitations, and further prospectives of the use of these biodegradable grafts are reviewed and discussed among literature.
Investigation of Carbon Metabolism in “ <i>Dehalococcoides ethenogenes</i> ” Strain 195 by Use of Isotopomer and Transcriptomic Analyses (2009)

Members of the genus "Dehalococcoides" are the only known microorganisms that can completely dechlorinate tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene to the innocuous end product, ethene. This study examines the central metabolism in "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" strain 195 via (13)C-labeled tracer experiments. Supported by the genome annotation and the transcript profile, isotopomer analysis of key metabolites clarifies ambiguities in the genome annotation and identifies an unusual biosynthetic pathway in strain 195. First, the (13)C-labeling studies revealed that strain 195 contains complete amino acid biosynthesis pathways, even though current genome annotation suggests that several of these pathways are incomplete. Second, the tricarboxylic acid cycle of strain 195 is confirmed to be branched, and the Wood-Ljungdahl carbon fixation pathway is shown to not be functionally active under our experimental conditions; rather, CO(2) is assimilated via two reactions, conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl coenzyme A [acetyl-CoA]) to pyruvate catalyzed by pyruvate synthase (DET0724-0727) and pyruvate conversion to oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase (DET0119-0120). Third, the (13)C-labeling studies also suggested that isoleucine is synthesized from acetyl-CoA and pyruvate via citramalate synthase (CimA, EC 2.3.1.182), rather than from the common pathway via threonine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.19). Finally, evidence is presented that strain 195 may contain an undocumented citrate synthase (>95% Re-type stereospecific), i.e., a novel Re-citrate synthase that is apparently different from the one recently reported in Clostridium kluyveri.
Analysis of asperity dominated contacts in nanoelectromechanical relays using thin films (2014)

Development of nano-electromechanical relays (NEMRs) has led to a new focus on the thermal behavior at nano-scale contacts. The asperity-asperity contacts in NEMRs are susceptible to deformation and melting due to high pressures and temperatures at the contacting surfaces. Furthermore, because of their small size, these contacts are very difficult to analyze either experimentally or theoretically. Thin films are often deposited on the contact in order to improve the material and electrical properties of the relay. This work presents new methods for analyzing the thermal behavior at the contacts formed by these thin films, thus providing design tools to help avoid or facilitate welding, depending on the purpose of the device. First, theoretical analysis of nano-scale contacts is presented in order to provide a framework for predicting the thermal behavior of devices with thin films. Second, this paper presents experimental results using NEMRs that are electrostatically actuated, then welded and released repeatedly. A welding voltage bias is applied across the contacts which melts the film (TiN), and welds or releases the device. The welding event is observed visually and electrically.
Multi-channel, Agile, Computationally Enhanced Camera Based on the PANOPTES Architecture (2009)

A multi-channel, agile, computationally enhanced camera based on the PANOPTES architecture is presented. Details of camera operational concepts are outlined. Preliminary image acquisition results and an example of super-resolution enhancement of captured data are given.
Automated data acquisition and analysis for evaluation of PET detector units (2003)

In order to quickly evaluate detector units prior to incorporation into a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner, an automated method for measuring the critical characteristics of detector units was developed. The procedure uses annihilation radiation (/sup 68/Ge) to measure timing and energy resolution, count rate uniformity, and position encoding. Several detector units are connected to a multiplexor, allowing sequential data collection from the individual detector units. Data from a detector's photomultiplier tubes are collected using standard Nuclear Instrumentation Modules (NIMs) electronics, and computer automated measurement and control (CAMAC) analog-to-digital converters and scalers. Acquisition is controlled by a Macintosh computer running LabVIEW. Data are automatically transferred to a Sun workstation for analysis. This system has been used to evaluate several different detector units, including a six by six bismuth germanate (BGO) crystal array mounted on two Hamamatsu Photonics R1548 photomultiplier tubes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Contenitori per rifiuti solidi urbani «R.S.U.»: studio qualitativo e quantitativo della flora microbica (1994)

Gli autori hanno valutato dal punto di vista quali-quantitativo la composizione della flora microbica di campioni prelevati da contenitori per R.S.U. in differenti condizioni: ubicazione, tipo di utenza servita, e composizione merceologica del rifiuto.
ALMA twenty-six arcmin<sup>2</sup> survey of GOODS-S at one millimeter (ASAGAO) (2019)

Abstract The ALMA twenty-six arcmin 2 survey of GOODS-S at one millimeter (ASAGAO) is a deep (1 σ ∼ 61 μ Jy/beam) and wide area (26 arcmin 2 ) survey on a contiguous field at 1.2 mm. By combining with archival data, we obtained a deeper map in the same region (1 σ ∼ 30 μ Jy/beam −1 , synthesized beam size 0.59″ × 0.53″), providing the largest sample of sources (25 sources at 5 σ , 45 sources at 4.5 σ ) among ALMA blank-field surveys. The median redshift of the 4.5 σ sources is 2.4. The number counts shows that 52% of the extragalactic background light at 1.2 mm is resolved into discrete sources. We create IR luminosity functions (LFs) at z = 1–3, and constrain the faintest luminosity of the LF at 2 < z < 3. The LFs are consistent with previous results based on other ALMA and SCUBA-2 observations, which suggests a positive luminosity evolution and negative density evolution.
<b>Multiobjective gear shifting optimization considering a known driving cycle (2015)

The reduction of the fuel consumption of the vehicles driven by combustion engines is a target of the automakers, governments and drivers. The literature asserts that the adjustment of the driver behavior results in a substantial fuel economy. Specifically, the gear shifting is one aspect of the driver behavior that can be changed by the use of support systems installed in the vehicle that indicate the right moment that the gear must be shifted. The interested community is focused on the development of the algorithms that are implemented in these support systems. These algorithms must be able to arbitrate between two antagonistic objective functions simultaneously: the maximization of the performance and the fuel economy. Thus, this paper demonstrates that it is possible to calculate the trade-off threshold between performance and fuel economy of a vehicle by means of the multiobjective optimization of the gear shifting considering a known driving cycle. To reach this objective, it is created a dynamic model of an automobile base on the literature data; the optimization algorithm implemented is Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm - II and the driving cycle used is described by the standards ABNT NBR6601:2012 and FTP-72.
Deregulation of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis and regeneration improves methylation in the E. coli de novo vanillin biosynthesis pathway (2016)

Background Vanillin is an industrially valuable molecule that can be produced from simple carbon sources in engineered microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. In E. coli, de novo production of vanillin was demonstrated previously as a proof of concept. In this study, a series of data-driven experiments were performed in order to better understand limitations associated with biosynthesis of vanillate, which is the immediate precursor to vanillin. Results Time-course experiments monitoring production of heterologous metabolites in the E. coli de novo vanillin pathway revealed a bottleneck in conversion of protocatechuate to vanillate. Perturbations in central metabolism intended to increase flux into the heterologous pathway increased average vanillate titers from 132 to 205 mg/L, but protocatechuate remained the dominant heterologous product on a molar basis. SDS-PAGE, in vitro activity measurements, and l-methionine supplementation experiments suggested that the decline in conversion rate was influenced more by limited availability of the co-substrate S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM) than by loss of activity of the heterologous O-methyltransferase. The combination of metJ deletion and overexpression of feedback-resistant variants of metA and cysE, which encode enzymes involved in SAM biosynthesis, increased average de novo vanillate titers by an additional 33 % (from 205 to 272 mg/L). An orthogonal strategy intended to improve SAM regeneration through overexpression of native mtn and luxS genes resulted in a 25 % increase in average de novo vanillate titers (from 205 to 256 mg/L). Vanillate production improved further upon supplementation with methionine (as high as 419 ± 58 mg/L), suggesting potential for additional enhancement by increasing SAM availability. Conclusions Results from this study demonstrate context dependency of engineered pathways and highlight the limited methylation capacity of E. coli. Unlike in previous efforts to improve SAM or methionine biosynthesis, we pursued two orthogonal strategies that are each aimed at deregulating multiple reactions. Our results increase the working knowledge of SAM biosynthesis engineering and provide a framework for improving titers of metabolic products dependent upon methylation reactions.
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Phakometry Measurements in Children (2009)

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is emerging as a valuable tool for in vivo ocular biometry.This study constitutes the first known attempt at in vivo assessment of crystalline lens curvature using AS-OCT technology.METHODS: An AS-OCT phakometry protocol was compared to video-based phakometry data on a sample of 42 children.RESULTS: AS-OCT phakometry demonstrated poor 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and significant magnitude bias, yielding excessively flat radii when used to measure flatter surfaces (anterior: P < 0.001, LOA = -8.82 to +6.52 mm; posterior: P < 0.001, LOA = -1.13 to +1.67 mm).Orthogonal regression-derived correction neutralized the posterior surface magnitude bias only (P = 0.206, LOA = -0.78 to +0.83 mm).CONCLUSIONS: AS-OCT phakometry of the anterior lens surface compared poorly to video-based methods, likely due to errors introduced by nonrepeatable locations for the cross-sectional scans through the crystalline lens.iii
Retention behavior and selectivity of a latex nanoparticle pseudostationary phase for electrokinetic chromatography (2011)

The retention characteristics and separation selectivity of a novel latex nanoparticle (NP) pseudostationary phase (PSP) for electrokinetic chromatography have been characterized. The anionic NPs have very low or no affinity for cationic solutes, but show significant interactions and retention based on hydrophobic interactions. Retention factors of alkyl-phenyl ketones increase linearly with the concentration of the NPs and have zero or near zero y-intercepts as expected for electrokinetic chromatography with non-micellar PSPs. The retention factors of these solutes and representative pharmaceuticals decrease logarithmically with increases in the concentration of ACN in the background electrolyte, as expected for reversed-phase retention. Linear solvation energy relationship analysis indicates that the NPs are less cohesive than would be expected for polymeric PSPs with similar structure but that the overall separation selectivity can be expected to be similar to polymer PSPs with similar backbone chemistry. The results indicate that the hydrophobic core of the NPs is non-cohesive and is highly accessible to solutes, whereas the ionic head groups are not as accessible and do not contribute substantially to retention or selectivity.