gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reversible dealkylation of protonated tert-butylbenzene. Position of the equilibrium (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReversible dealkylation of protonated tert-butylbenzene. Position of the equilibriumDan FarcasiuCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 13, 2103–2105Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01327a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01327a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views138Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Service‐oriented Thinking and its Implications for theMarketing Mix (1990)

Argues that a cognitive bias is found in the language used to describe services, since services are defined in relation to manufacturing. Proposes that services should be accurately described as they are very different from manufactured goods. Considers service from an alternative viewpoint, highlighting this perspective′s implications for marketing thought. Draws attention to practical implications with regard to the marketing mix.
A Dual Approach for Credit Card Fraud Detection using Neural Network and Data Mining Techniques (2020)

The world is being more and more digitalized with each passing day, making information security a huge concern. Through efficient fraud detection using a robust approach, the banking industry will be able to avert fraudulent transactions and save millions of dollars every year. Each money transaction is crucial and thus, fraudulent transactions need to be detected at any cost. In this paper, we build models to detect fraudulent credit card transactions using five classifiers to find out the best fit classifier for the situation. We use two different techniques to tackle the inherent problem of data imbalance. The first technique uses data resampling technique to increase the number of samples in the minority class, whereas, the second one uses a cost-based approach where the error function incorporates weights of each class. Through the weights, more emphasis can be given to the samples of fraudulent transactions than the normal samples.
Search-space reduction for fast, optimal HMM decoding in speaker verification (2002)

Currently, the most popular algorithm for hidden Markov model (HMM) decoding is the Viterbi algorithm with beam search to reduce search space. However, it is a difficult problem in determining a beam width beforehand. To address this problem, we propose a novel approach on search space reduction. Following the definition of HMM, we first detect the possible change points between HMM states sequentially, then use the change points to locate a subspace for searching. Using a combined forward and backward scheme, we can detect two boundaries consisting of change points to enclose the subspace. The Viterbi algorithm or any other search algorithms can then be applied in the subspace. The experiments on a speaker verification task show that the proposed algorithm is about 4 times faster than a full search algorithm while the accuracy is almost the same. On the same decoding speed, the proposed algorithm provides a better accuracy than a beam-search approach. For an HMM with S states, the upper bound of speedup comparing to the full search approach is approximately S/3.
20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3, a neuroprotective agent, inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pores in rat brain (2008)

Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Ginsenosides, which are triterpene derivatives that contain sugar moieties, are the main active ingredients of ginseng. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3, a triterpene glycoside which chemically belongs to the protopanaxadiol ginsenoside group, is effective in attenuating brain infarction after cerebral ischemia, but the detailed mechanism is not known. This study examined the effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the rat brain. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 at 2-16 microm inhibited Ca(2+)- and H(2)O(2)-induced swelling of mitochondria isolated from rat brains. The addition of Ca(2+) generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in isolated mitochondria. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 (2-16 microm) inhibited Ca(2+) induced generation of ROS. At the same time, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 significantly improved mitochondrial energy metabolism, enhanced ATP levels and the respiratory control ratio. These results suggest that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits the opening of MPTP by free radical scavenging action in the brain, and this implies that inhibition of MPTP may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3.
Locating Pea Comb and Blue Egg in Relation to the Centromere of Chromosome 1 in the Chicken (1985)

A chromosome translocation involving the Z chromosome and Chromosome 1, the NM 7659 t(Z+;1q–), (T) was used in a genetic linkage test with pea comb (P) and blue egg (O). The translocation break point on Chromosome 1 is on the long arm, close to the centromere. It had been previously suggested that the loci for P and O are located on the short arm. Significant linkages of 10.4 ± 1.5 map units between P and T, 13.5 ± 2.4 map units between O and T, and 3.1 ± 1.1 map units between O and P were found. The linear order is T-P-O. The centromere of Chromosome 1 is between T and P, and P and O are located on the short arm. Muffs and beard was also segregating in this test and showed independence from all other markers.
E-commerce and ADR: some suggestions (2002)

Extract: Traditionally the purchase of goods has presented few practical problems. A consumer selects the goods, orders them in person, pays for them and then comes away with them. However, the increasing amount of commerce conducted over the internet has created unique difficulties for consumers.
The Damping and Wave Resistance of a Pitching and Heaving Ship (1959)

This paper considers the damping and wave resistance of a thin ship which is moving in calm water with constant velocity and oscillating in pitch and heave. The velocity potential is obtained from Green's theorem after a process of systematic linearization in terms of perturbation parameters representing the beam-length ratio and the oscillation amplitude. An asymptotic expansion of the Green's function is derived from which the energy radiation is obtained. The coefficients of damping and increased wave resistance are then found by separation of the energy components. No separation of the two cross-coupling damping coefficients is obtained, however. Calculations are presented for a polynomial hull and compared with experimental data.
Study on the process of Aspergillus oryzae protease hydrolysis milk protein peptide production (2010)

Milk protein was hydrolyzed into peptides by enzyme in this research.Based on the output of peptides,the mainfactors that affect the hydrolyzation were experimentally studied in details.The results indicated that the output of the peptides could reach 2.38 mg/ml under the optimal conditions of the hydrolyzation temperature 50 ℃,the hydrolyzation time 16 h,the enzyme added amount 5%,The enzyme state in natural pH.
Application of peptide retention time in proteome research (2010)

Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been one of the most popular approaches in proteome analysis. As an independent parameter to mass spectrometry information, peptide retention time has been utilized to facilitate protein identification and quantification. In the field of peptide identification, the prediction of the retention time combined with routine tandem mass spectrometry database searching methods could help improve the confidence of identification. The sensitivity of identification could also be improved by matching peaks with both the accurate mass and retention time in multiple aligned LC-MS runs. Meanwhile, because small changes of liquid chromatography conditions lead to variability in retention times unavoidably, retention time alignment is crucial to label-free quantification. Additionally, post-translational modifications (PTM) could be identified by combining retention time shifts and mass deviation information.
Extrusion of the P glycoprotein substrate rhodamine-123 distinguishes CD4 memory T cell subsets that differ in IL-2-driven IL-4 production. (1994)

Approximately 25% of T cells in young mice are able to extrude the fluorescent P glycoprotein substrate Rhodamine-123 (R123), and these R123low cells are present within the naive and memory cell populations of both CD4 and CD8 type. The proportion of R123low T cells increases with age to approximately 60% in mice older than 18 mo of age. CD4 memory T cells from young mice secrete more IL-4 compared with cells from old donors when activated by anti-CD3 and further cultured for 7 to 10 days in the presence of IL-2. To determine whether this age-related decline in IL-4 production was related to the parallel accumulation of R123low T cells within the CD4 memory subset, we compared IL-4 production in cell preparations enriched for R123high and R123low cells by electronic cell sorting. IL-2-driven IL-4 production by CD3-activated CD4 memory cells was found to be limited almost entirely to the R123high subset, i.e., the subset that declines with age. Proliferation under these culture conditions also declined with age and was also much more vigorous in R123high than in R123low cells. Not all R123low T cells, however, were resistant to IL-2-dependent proliferation and differentiation: limit dilution analyses showed nearly equal proportions of Con A-responsive proliferative and cytotoxic clones within the R123high and R123low subsets of CD8 naive cells. These data show that P glycoprotein-mediated extrusion of R123 delineates CD4 memory T cell subsets that differ in function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Measured patterns of a resistive V‐dipole fed with a double‐Y balun (2005)

Abstract The performance of a double‐Y balun feeding a resistive V‐dipole is evaluated via antenna‐pattern measurements. An optical link is constructed for containing the feedline radiation to a laser receiver unit and the antenna under test (AUT), hence avoiding the uncertainty caused by cable radiation in a conventional antenna pattern‐measurement setup. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 380–383, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21356
Kitasatosporia setae, an interesting actinomycete strain isolated from Spitsbergen soil. (1987)

The phenotypic and genotypic properties as well as cell chemistry of an interesting actinomycete, which converted certain azacarbazoles into highly cytotoxic derivatives, were established. The strain was also compared with two similar Japanese actinomycetes of Kitasatosporia gen. nov. A great resemblance between the strains was observed. Apart from similar phenotypic properties they were characterized by contents of both L- and meso-DAP, glycine and galactose as the main cell wall components. They proved to have the same phospholipid, glycolipid and fatty acid patterns. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the deoxyribonucleic acids of the strains averaged 72.5 and there was a high degree of homology between the DNAs of the strains (approximately 80%). These data provide evidence that the Spitsbergen isolate and the Japanese actinomycetes belong to one genomic species.
High Purity Silicon (1954)

Thermal decomposition of silicon tetraiodide was investigated in both standard iodide (de Boer) and intermittent flow systems for potential use as a method for preparing high purity silicon metal.
Isolating the auditory system from acoustic noise during functional magnetic resonance imaging: Examination of noise conduction through the ear canal, head, and body (2001)

Approaches were examined for reducing acoustic noise levels heard by subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a technique for localizing brain activation in humans. Specifically, it was examined whether a device for isolating the head and ear canal from sound (a "helmet") could add to the isolation provided by conventional hearing protection devices (i.e., earmuffs and earplugs). Both subjective attenuation (the difference in hearing threshold with versus without isolation devices in place) and objective attenuation (difference in ear-canal sound pressure) were measured. In the frequency range of the most intense fMRI noise (1-1.4 kHz), a helmet, earmuffs, and earplugs used together attenuated perceived sound by 55-63 dB, whereas the attenuation provided by the conventional devices alone was substantially less: 30-37 dB for earmuffs, 25-28 dB for earplugs, and 39-41 dB for earmuffs and earplugs used together. The data enabled the clarification of the relative importance of ear canal, head, and body conduction routes to the cochlea under different conditions: At low frequencies (< or =500 Hz), the ear canal was the dominant route of sound conduction to the cochlea for all of the device combinations considered. At higher frequencies (>500 Hz), the ear canal was the dominant route when either earmuffs or earplugs were worn. However, the dominant route of sound conduction was through the head when both earmuffs and earplugs were worn, through both ear canal and body when a helmet and earmuffs were worn, and through the body when a helmet, earmuffs, and earplugs were worn. It is estimated that a helmet, earmuffs, and earplugs together will reduce the most intense fMRI noise levels experienced by a subject to 60-65 dB SPL. Even greater reductions in noise should be achievable by isolating the body from the surrounding noise field.
Self-Optimizing Mode-Locked Laser using a Genetic Algorithm (2016)

We apply the concept of natural selection to intelligently find optimum operating regimes in a fiber laser – a multi-parameter space. Using a compound fitness function we reliably achieve self-optimizing mode-locked operation.
Emerging new drugs for scar reduction (2006)

Hypertropic and keloid scars cause both functional and cosmetic problems for those afflicted. Although people of all ages suffer from these conditions, the patients are often young and otherwise healthy, and become burdened with an activity limiting lesion or psychosocial stresses associated with a perceived aesthetic defect. Currently available treatment modalities are often inconvenient, occasionally painful, and have unwanted side effects. Despite the highest standard of care, treatment protocols are prone to failure with high rates of scar recurrence. Hypertropic and keloid scars are the result of an abnormal healing response and may result from an extended inflammatory phase in the wound healing process. Regardless of the causes, which remain elusive, excessive collagen deposition occurs relative to normal wounds. This extracellular matrix collagen accumulation makes a logical target for pharmacological interventions, and researchers are attempting to modify collagen-synthetic and -degradative pathways. In addition, growth factors and cytokines have been implicated in scar formation, and these factors are targeted for potential therapeutic use in scar management. Cytotoxic agents are also being evaluated for their potential utility in the reduction of tissue bulk associated with these excessive scar states. Given the wide range of potential therapeutic agents, the future market for scar therapy remains highly promising.
Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the natural history of duodenal ulcer disease (1998)

Eradication of H pylori is very effective in the long term healing of duodenal ulcer disease. H pylori eradication should be the standard treatment for all infected children who present with duodenal ulcer disease.
Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester Fluorescent Dye for Cell Labeling (2005)

Our objective was to study the properties of the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) and the methodology of cell labeling using CFDA-SE fluorescent dye. First, we analyzed the kinetics of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye intensity over time. Second, we determined the optimal concentration of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling. Third, we tested the toxicity of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye on labeled cells. Finally, we determined the optimal staining time of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling. The results show that the optimal concentration of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling varies according to different cell types. CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is non-toxic to cells as the cell death rate caused by CFDA-SE labeling is below 5%. The optimal cell labeling time was determined to be 8 min of incubation with CFDA-SE fluorescent dye. We concluded that the advantages of using CFDA-SE fluorescent dye for cell labeling are as follows: (1) the binding of CFDA-SE fluorescent dye to cells is stable; (2) CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is not toxic and does not modify the viability of labeled cells; and (3) CFDA-SE fluorescent dye is a suitable fluorochrome for cell labeling.
Determination of Serum Ionic Calcium with an Ion-Selective Electrode: Evaluation of Methodology and Normal Values (1971)

Abstract Ionized calcium in serum has been determined potentiometrically by using a calcium ion-selective electrode in a flow-through configuration. For 397 normal human adults the mean value for serum ionic calcium was 1.22 ± 0.09 (2 SD) mmol/liter. Factors affecting the measurement—such as the procedure for sample collection, sample storage, the preparation of standard solutions, the type of resin employed, and the choice of the reference electrode filling solution—were examined. Magnesium ions in physiological concentrations cause a slight depression of the electrode's response to calcium ions, indicating an interference by magnesium in the method. Under the conditions used, the relative standard deviation (CV) of the method is 0.8%.
Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles (2014)

In a previous communication, we reported a new method of synthesis of stable metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), which had high potency for bacterial cell filamentation and cell killing. The present study deals with the mechanism of filament formation and antibacterial roles of Cu-NPs in E. coli cells. Our results demonstrate that NP-mediated dissipation of cell membrane potential was the probable reason for the formation of cell filaments. On the other hand, Cu-NPs were found to cause multiple toxic effects such as generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA degradation in E. coli cells. In vitro interaction between plasmid pUC19 DNA and Cu-NPs showed that the degradation of DNA was highly inhibited in the presence of the divalent metal ion chelator EDTA, which indicated a positive role of Cu(2+) ions in the degradation process. Moreover, the fast destabilization, i.e. the reduction in size, of NPs in the presence of EDTA led us to propose that the nascent Cu ions liberated from the NP surface were responsible for higher reactivity of the Cu-NPs than the equivalent amount of its precursor CuCl2; the nascent ions were generated from the oxidation of metallic NPs when they were in the vicinity of agents, namely cells, biomolecules or medium components, to be reduced simultaneously.
Cardiovascular effects of intravenous propofol administered at two infusion rates: a transthoracic echocardiographic study (2001)

We assessed the haemodynamic changes after a propofol infusion at two rates in low-risk unpremedicated patients (ASA I-II). To determine contractility changes and loading conditions, we measured the ejection fraction, end-systolic quotient and fractional shortening on transthoracic echocardiograms. We studied 40 patients undergoing peripheral neurosurgical procedures under general anaesthesia induced by propofol alone (total dose 2.5 mg.kg-1). Patients were randomly assigned to receive propofol at an infusion rate of 10 mg.s-1; or 2 mg.s-1. Haemodynamic data were recorded simultaneously immediately before propofol infusion, at the end of infusion, and 5 and 10 min after the infusion ended. The higher infusion rate induced a larger decrease in mean arterial pressure than the lower infusion rate (- 20% vs. - 10% from baseline, p = 0.01). In both groups, global and segmental ventricular function remained unchanged throughout the study. In both groups, there were markedly reduced end-systolic quotients--presumably related to diminished afterload, and in the higher infusion-rate group a significant reduction in fractional shortening--presumably related principally to diminished preload.
Spin-polarized tunneling and magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/insulator(semiconductor) single and double tunnel junctions subjected to an electric field (1997)

Based on the two-band model, we present a transfer-matrix treatment of the tunnel conductance and magnetoresistance for tunneling through ferromagnet/insulator (semiconductor) single junctions and double junctions subject to a dc bias. Our results are qualitatively in agreement with the experimental measurements for the single junction. For the double junction, we find that there exists, spin-polarized resonant tunneling and giant tunnel magnetoresistance. The highest value of the magnetoresistance in a double junction can reach 90%. We anticipate that our results will stimulate some interest in experimental efforts in designing spin-polarized resonant-tunneling devices.
Reproducibility of DXA absorptiometry: A model for bone loss estimates (1995)

The enhanced precision of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows the detection of very small changes in bone mineral density (BMD). True clinical changes in BMD in patients must be evaluated with the appropriate error of variance. We evaluated the responsiveness of our measures to true bone loss using a statistical variance components model that characterizes the variability associated with error introduced by the machine, operator, and subjects. Our techniques were applied to data from a prospective study of BMD measurements on spine phantoms and on pre- and postmenopausal women performed on the same day or up to 4 weeks apart with DXA (QDR 1000W, Hologic). Our model determined that most of the error in measurements was introduced by operators' and subjects' variability rather than machine performance. The false-positive rates for true bone change are significantly reduced when the appropriate CV% is used to estimate the significance of bone loss over time. Our study underscores the need to use the appropriate precision error to evaluate the clinical significance of changes in bone mass in individual subjects over time.