gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of diamond powders from melamine under high pressure and high temperature (2013)

High pressure pyrolysis of melamine has been attracting great interest recently, due to it being considered as a suitable precursor to realize the g-C3N4 and even superhard C3N4. In this work, we studied the detailed pyrolysis behavior of melamine at 22 GPa. Melamine was stable at 800 °C, and decomposed to diamond in the form of powder at 1500–2000 °C under this pressure condition. At 2000 °C, the pure cubic diamond powders with 0.1–0.5 μm grain size were obtained. The diamond particles exhibited euhedral forms and dispersed to each other, we proposed that these novel features were caused by the presence of liquid N2 and NH3 during diamond formation. The high pressure pyrolysis of melamine may provide a new means of producing micrometer-sized diamond powders.
Control of Rolling in Ships by Means of Active Fins Governed by a Fuzzy-Logic Controller (2001)

A fuzzy-logic controller is designed to govern the motion of fins in order to reduce roll motion in ships. The controller is trained by a moment-matching procedure. This procedure is also adapted to generate the fuzzy-logic rules by means of a clustering algorithm. The ship motion simulation is done by means of the program LAMP (Large Amplitude Motion Program), which can simulate the motion of a ship in a seaway. To model the fins we use a program called FINS, which is based on an unsteady vortex-sheet approach. Results are shown that prove the efficiency of the method, with average motion reductions up to 29% of the original values.
Identification of Contaminanted Data in Hydraulic Fracturing Databases: Application to the Codell Formation in the DJ Basin (2003)

Abstract With the advance of computer technologies, digitized data is becoming increasingly available. Currently, many companies are in possession of oil or gas-field databases that contain large amounts of information related to hydraulic fracturing, reservoir characterization, production, drilling, etc. However, not all the records are completely accurate or reflect reality. Errors in stored data can be subjective or objective and can be the result of improper or incomplete data collection, errors in data entry, lack of proper interpretation and others. These errors can later lead to poor, erroneous, or even impossible interpretation of the data. This leads to the question: how much of the data is reliable and how can the contaminated data be identified? The paper presents a new methodology for identification of contaminated data in hydraulic fracturing databases. The methodology combines a set of artificial intelligence tools, which integrates clustering techniques, neural networks modeling and an iterative process to achieve its convergence goal. The result can be seen as a separation of data into three categories: good data, slightly contaminated data, and "bad" data. This new methodology is applied to two database cases. In the first case, random records in a sample database were intentionally corrupted. Then, using the new methodology presented in this paper, these records were identified as being contaminated. The second case involves a real situation in a Patina Oil and Gas Corporation hydraulic fracturing database, where using classic approaches, the data was unusable for any artificial intelligence processes. After applying this methodology to identify contaminated data, successful fracturing interpretation was performed.
Complexity of the delaunay triangulation of points on surfaces the smooth case (2003)

It is well known that the complexity of the Delaunay triangulation of N points in R 3, i.e. the number of its faces, can be O (N2). The case of points distributed on a surface is of great practical importance in reverse engineering since most surface reconstruction algorithms first construct the Delaunay triangulation of a set of points measured on a surface.In this paper, we bound the complexity of the Delaunay triangulation of points distributed on generic smooth surfaces of R 3. Under a mild uniform sampling condition, we show that the complexity of the 3D Delaunay triangulation of the points is O(N log N).
Reply to Cohen and Denning (2017)

To the Editor — We agree with Cohen and Denning [1] that the large-scale use of antifungals in agriculture on crops is a potential threat to human populations, because resistant fungi that develop can be transmitted to humans [2]. We also agree that the issue of antimicrobial resistance should not be confined solely to the large-scale use of antibiotics. Overuse of antifungals (especially azole use) is an important issue. We also need to be concerned about possible large-scale use of antivirals in agriculture—for example, reports of amantidine and other anti-influenza antiviral use in poultry in China because of H5N1 outbreaks in fowl flocks [3, 4]—and then with the resultant risk of influenza strains developing resistance to antivirals if acquired by swine and/or humans.
Patterns of Metabolite Changes Identified from Large-Scale Gene Perturbations in Arabidopsis Using a Genome-Scale Metabolic Network   (2015)

Metabolomics enables quantitative evaluation of metabolic changes caused by genetic or environmental perturbations. However, little is known about how perturbing a single gene changes the metabolic system as a whole and which network and functional properties are involved in this response. To answer this question, we investigated the metabolite profiles from 136 mutants with single gene perturbations of functionally diverse Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes. Fewer than 10 metabolites were changed significantly relative to the wild type in most of the mutants, indicating that the metabolic network was robust to perturbations of single metabolic genes. These changed metabolites were closer to each other in a genome-scale metabolic network than expected by chance, supporting the notion that the genetic perturbations changed the network more locally than globally. Surprisingly, the changed metabolites were close to the perturbed reactions in only 30% of the mutants of the well-characterized genes. To determine the factors that contributed to the distance between the observed metabolic changes and the perturbation site in the network, we examined nine network and functional properties of the perturbed genes. Only the isozyme number affected the distance between the perturbed reactions and changed metabolites. This study revealed patterns of metabolic changes from large-scale gene perturbations and relationships between characteristics of the perturbed genes and metabolic changes.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Desensitization as a Measure of Signaling: Modeling of Arrestin Recruitment to Activated CCK-B Receptors (2003)

Gastrin is one of the principle hormonal mediators of gastric acid secretion, and its cognate receptor (CCK-B) is a member of the superfamily of GPCRs. Patients with hypergastrinemia may present with a variety of symptoms, including gastric ulcers or malignant tumors. Thus, the molecular mechanisms that terminate CCK-B receptor signaling, as well as an ability to measure gastrin bioactivity in a timely manner, have important clinical implications. In order to assess CCK-B receptor regulation, we have constructed a single cell biosensor containing the CCK-B receptor and an arrestin/GFP chimera. The gastrin biosensor responded to both immunologically detectable gastrin-17 and undetectable pentagastrin, and was able to determine the gastrin bioactivity of serum from a patient with clinical hypergastrinemia. We determined that the CCK-B receptor binds arrestin with a pharmacology mirroring CCK-B receptor signaling through inositol phosphate, and that the rate of arrestin dissociation from internalized receptor mirrors receptor recycling to the plasma membrane. Moreover, the CCK-B recycling rate is intermediate between that of Class A GPCRs such as the beta2-adrenergic receptor and Class B GPCRs such as the vasopressin type 2 receptor. Mathematical modeling of these results indicates that a common receptor conformation may underlie both CCK-B signaling and desensitization. In addition to its use in drug screening, this methodology should generalize to other receptors for use in diagnosis and monitoring of bioactive ligands involved in GPCR-based disease.
Genomic Organization and Evolution of the CX3CR1/CCR8 Chemokine Receptor Locus (2003)

The chemokine receptors CCR8 and CX3CR1 are key players in adaptive immunity and are co-receptors for human immunodeficiency virus. We describe here the genomic organization and evolutionary history of both of these genes. CX3CR1 has three promoters that transcribe three separate exons that are spliced with a fourth exon containing the coding region. CCR8 has two promoters. One promoter produces a transcript of two spliced exons, and the other promoter transcribes an exon containing the coding region and lacks introns. We analyzed these promoters in the context of a luciferase reporter and identified several positive and negative regulatory elements. Identification of the genomic organization of these genes in mouse demonstrates a similar organization for CCR8, but mouse CX3CR1 lacks two of the human promoters and has an additional mouse-specific promoter that transcribes only the exon containing the coding region and therefore resembles the organization of the human and mouse CCR8 genes. We also identify two nontranscribed regions that are highly conserved between human and mouse CX3CR1 containing possible regulatory elements. Examination of the CX3CR1 and CCR8 genes and surrounding genomic regions indicates that these genes are the result of the duplication of an ancestral gene prior to the divergence of teleost fish. We characterize single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoters of human CCR8 and CX3CR1 and establish linkage relationships between CX3CR1 promoter polymorphisms and two previously described CX3CR1 coding polymorphisms associated with human immunodeficiency virus disease progression and arteriosclerosis susceptibility.
<title>Evaluation on the use of wavelets for estimation of oceanic surface velocity vector fields</title> (2000)

This paper presents current results for out method for the estimation of oceanic surface velocity fields using wavelet decomposition of Sea Surface Temperature images (SST) images of the same region taken within a know time interval. Wavelet decompositions are performed on both images to obtain approximations that will be compared for local displacements at various resolution levels. The velocity vector field generated form coarser images is refined by the addition of velocity vector components at more detailed resolution levels. Results of the technique applied to artificial and satellite images are presented.
Fracture-Mechanics Analysis of the Breakdown Process in Minifracture or Leakoff Test (1997)

Summary The breakdown pressure—the peak pressure that is reached during pressurization of the wellbore—is interpreted in this paper to correspond to a condition of unstable crack propagation. It is shown that the classical Hubbert and Willis14 and Haimson and Fairhurst9 breakdown criteria represent a condition of fracture initiation in the limiting case of fast and slow pressurization rate, respectively; and that the breakdown pressure, pb, could be either equal to or larger than the fracture-initiation pressure, pi.
Technical forum: Review of sour service definitions. Part 2 (1997)

Here, the author replies to the European Federation of Corrosion`s (EFC`s) comments on his original article ``Review of Sour Service Definitions`` published in the August 1996 issue of MP. EFC`s comments are welcome; they list for MP readers the disturbing number of literature, laboratory, and field failures that EFC had to label as irrelevant in defense of the nonsour service description for Region 1 of its pH vs. H{sub 2}S diagram. EFC wants their Publication 16 read and considered on its merits. Potential users of the publication should also read and consider these allegedly irrelevant studies on their merits. It is vital to generate a true industry consensus on this topic, since whatever sour service definition is codified in the ISO standard will be a fixture in the industry for many years to come.
A Study into the Level of First Aid of Hotel Employees (2015)

Although many studies emphasize the importance of first aid training in saving human life, it is known that individuals are known to lack the adequate first aid knowledge and skill levels. In order to decrease the death number and injuries resulted from unexpected and life threatening events such as heart attacks, traffic accidents, work accidents, natural disasters, terrorist attacks and the war, people should be equipped with their vital life-saving skills. The first professional aid soon after the emergency is important in determining the difference between life and death. The aim of this study is to reveal the education levels of the employees on first aid knowledge and skills in the improvement of customer safety in the hotel managements.
Effect of number of packets sent simultaneously to the same output and input buffer (1995)

Abstract An approximate numerical analysis to evaluate the mean waiting time and the blocking probability of the packet switch under first‐in/first‐out (FIFO) policy with speedup factor is performed. the improved input buffer control policy with speedup factor C is proposed to achieve small mean waiting time by computer simulation and compare the performance with conventional FIFO policy and longest queue policy. Under the proposed model, there are N/2 pairs of input buffers; if one input buffer is empty, the second packet in the queue of the other buffer is transferred to the other empty buffer. It is shown that speedup factor and proposed input buffer control policy can reduce the waiting time compared with conventional FIFO policy and longest queue policy.
Reversal of the cross‐bridge force‐generating transition by photogeneration of phosphate in rabbit psoas muscle fibres. (1992)

1. Orthophosphate (P(i), 0.1-2.0 mM) was photogenerated within the filament lattice of isometrically contracting glycerinated fibres of rabbit psoas muscle at 10 and 20 degrees C. The P(i) was produced by laser flash photolysis of the photolabile compound 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethylphosphate (caged P(i)). Caged P(i) caused a depression of tension that was much smaller than that caused by P(i). 2. Photolysis of caged P(i) produced a decline in isometric force composed of four phases: phase I, a lag phase (e.g. 1-4 ms at 10 degrees C) during which force did not change; phase II, an exponential decline by as much as 20% of the pre-pulse force; phase III, a partial force recovery (0-3% of the pre-pulse force); and phase IV, a further slow (0.5-3 s) decline to the steady value. Phases I, III and IV were largely independent of [P(i)] and are likely to be indirect effects caused by the caged P(i) photolysis. 3. Both the rate and amplitude of phase II depended markedly on [P(i)]. The amplitude of phase II was similar to the reduction of steady-state force by P(i). The rate of phase II increased with increasing temperature and [P(i)]. At high [P(i)] the rate began to saturate, and approached limits of 123 s-1 at 10 degrees C and 194 s-1 at 20 degrees C. 4. The rate of phase II was independent of sarcomere overlap, while the amplitude was proportional to tension at partial filament overlap. A control experiment using caged ATP showed that phase II was not produced by the photolytic by-products or the light pulse. The results suggest that phase II is associated with the force-generating transition of the cross-bridge cycle. 5. Sinusoidal length oscillations at 0.5 and 2 kHz were used to measure muscle stiffness during phase II. Stiffness declined in a single exponential phase, with the same time course as phase II of the tension transient. The change in stiffness was 83 +/- 6% (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 10, 0.5 kHz) of the change in tension when both signals were normalized to their pre-flash values. 6. Analysis of the data shows that two steps are involved in force generation and P(i) release. The non-force exerting AM-ADP-P(i) cross-bridge state first isomerizes to form a force-exerting cross-bridge state (AM'-ADP-P(i)). P(i) is then released to form a second force-generating state, AM'-ADP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Multivalent Feedback Inhibition of Aspartokinase in Bacillus polymyxa (1970)

Abstract Aspartokinase has been purified approximately 1,300-fold from crude extracts of Bacillus polymyxa. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels and equilibrium ultracentrifugation indicated that the purified enzyme was essentially homogeneous. Aged preparations of the enzyme exhibit two electrophoretic components which can be interconverted by treatment with the feedback inhibitors l-threonine and l-lysine or with MgCl2. The molecular weight and partial specific volume were determined by equilibrium ultracentrifugation to be 116,000 and 0.751 ml per g, respectively. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was analyzed. Upon electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or urea or after treatment with maleic anhydride, aspartokinase could be resolved into two components of molecular weights about 17,000 and 47,000, respectively. The two types of subunits could be separated be gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is concluded that aspartokinase is an oligomeric protein composed of at least two different types of polypeptide chains.
The Reaction of Tetrapiperidinoethylene with CH-Acidic Compounds (1976)

Tetrapiperidinoethylene (TPE) reacts w i t h Cti-acidic compounds such as acetophenones, 2-acetylthiophene, 3-acetylpyridine, p h e n y l a c e t o n i t r i l e , phenyl e t h y l ketone and a- t e t r a l o n e t o a f f o r d the corresponding enamines.On the o t h e r hand, i n the r e a c t i o n w i t h m a l o n o n i t r i l e TPE gives the oxamidinium s a l t .Tetraaminoethylenes such as tetrakis(dimethy1amino)ethylene and bi(1,3-
Proactive detection of bones in poultry processing (2009)

Bones continue to be a problem of concern for the poultry industry. Most further processed products begin with the requirement for raw material with minimal bones. The current process for generating deboned product requires systems for monitoring and inspecting the output product. The current detection systems are either people palpitating the product or X-ray systems. The current performance of these inspection techniques are below the desired levels of accuracies and are costly. We propose a technique for monitoring bones that conduct the inspection operation in the deboning the process so as to have enough time to take action to reduce the probability that bones will end up in the final product. This is accomplished by developing active cones with built in illumination to backlight the cage (skeleton) on the deboning line. If the bones of interest are still on the cage then the bones are not in the associated meat. This approach also allows for the ability to practice process control on the deboning operation to keep the process under control as opposed to the current system where the detection is done post production and does not easily present the opportunity to adjust the process. The proposed approach shows overall accuracies of about 94% for the detection of the clavicle bones.
Microalgae as a potential source of single-cell proteins. A review (2016)

Introduction. Microalgae can be considered as one of the most reliable natural sources of nutrients and other valuable substances that could satisfy the growing needs in food and energy. In this review article, the global potential for the use of microalgae and the protein content of a number of microalgae is examined with a brief description of the microalgae species. Literature. Despite the high protein content and the presence of other valuable substances in microalgal biomass, microalgae mass production is still at its embryonic level. Microalgal proteins exhibit good nutritional, functional and technofunctional properties when compared to some conventional protein concentrates. Conclusions. There is therefore a need for the mass production of microalgae to be boosted by public and private institutions in order to avoid protein shortages.
<title>Pulse bleeding in thin film helicoidal bianisotropic mediums</title> (2000)

We report numerical time-domain simulations that reveal the continued reflection of an axially propagating optical pulse as it travels through a dielectric thin-film helicoidal bianisotropic medium (TFHBM) half- space, when the handedness of the pulse is the same as that of the medium. This phenomenon is dubbed pulse bleeding, and is a central feature of the spatio-temporal anatomy of the circular Bragg phenomenon.
Simultaneous quantification of fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization: method development, validation and application to a clinical study (2006)

To support the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of a once-daily fexofenadine/pseudoephedrine combination, a high-performance liquid chromatography/positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine was developed and validated with 500 microL human plasma using mosapride as an internal standard (IS). Following solid-phase extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reversed-phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H]+ ions, m/z 502/466 for fexofenadine, m/z 166/148 for pseuoephedrine and m/z 422/198 for the IS. The method exhibited linear dynamic ranges of 1-500 ng/mL and 2-1000 ng/mL for fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine, respectively, in human plasma. The lower limits of quantification were 1 and 2 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 10% for fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine, respectively. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The total chromatographic run time was 2 min and more than 400 human plasma samples could be analyzed in one day by running the system overnight. The method is precise and sensitive enough for its intended purpose.
An Accelerating Voltage Scanning Mass Spectrometer (1980)

Accelerating voltage scanning mass spectrometer was designed and constructed in order to obtain high speed scanning. The retarding type ion source was used in order to increase the extraction efficiency of the ion source at low accelerating voltage.The constructed mass spectrometer is a modified Mattauch-Herzog double focussing one and the mass range from 12 to 500 is obtained by adopting two different ion paths in the magnetic field.The results of scan time (faster than 50μsec/1mass), sensitivity (10pg/1μl for benzophenone) and resolution are sufficient for practical use.
Preshipment Leak Testing of 9977 Containment Vessels With the TM Electronics Solution Model S1A-L2-V Leak Tester (2010)

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is replacing its 6M nuclear shipping fleet with 9977 shipping packages, which were designed by Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL). The new packages require PNNL to perform a preshipment leak test on the lid seals of the containment vessel before the package is shipped on public roads. Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) developed a preshipment leak test using a TM Electronics Solution leak tester for PNNL. The Solution is an automatic vacuum leak tester that uses the Gas Pressure Rise leak test method to check the O-ring lid seals and the test port plug seal. The two tests take three minutes each to perform. Because the Solution is fully automatic, the leak test can be done by operators after a few hours of training. This paper describes the test equipment and the testing sequence.