Factores laborales que inciden sobre el estado de bienestar psicológico, satisfacción y estrés en el personal de enfermería dentro del área quirúrgica hospitalaria (2020)

espanolComo antano, entre los objetivos que desea alcanzar la enfermeria actual, el primordial es proporcionar una atencion de calidad al paciente/cliente, razon de ser de nuestra profesion, para ello es imprescindible que el personal disponga de bienestar psicologico dentro de un clima propicio en el area de trabajo y satisfaccion en el desempeno de nuestra labor profesional. Actualmente el colectivo de enfermeria (Grado de Enfermeria y Tecnicos en Cuidados Auxiliares de Enfermeria) esta siendo muy afectado por la alta prevalencia de estres laboral, y las enfermeras actualmente experimentan niveles mas altos de agotamiento relacionado con el estres en comparacion con otros profesionales de la salud. (Khamisa, N., Peltzer, K., y Oldernburg, B. 2013). Los objetivos de este estudio son poder medir aquellos factores derivados del trabajo que inciden sobre el estado de bienestar psicologico, satisfaccion y estres en el personal de enfermeria (Grado de Enfermeria y Tecnicos en Cuidados Auxiliares de Enfermeria) dentro del area quirurgica hospitalaria. Con respecto a la metodologia utilizaremos como herramientas de medicion unos cuestionario con variables demograficas y sociolaborales, como variables independientes, asi como tres cuestionarios como variables dependientes, validados documentalmente, Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg (GHQ28), Cuestionario de Satisfaccion Laboral (S10/12) de J.L. Melia y J.M. Peiro (1989) y la Escala de Estres Percibido (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS). Para la seleccion de los cuestionarios, se realizo una revision bibliografica en diferentes fuentes documentales, primarias, secundarias y terciarias. Este trabajo es un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo/observacional de prevalencia (trasversal) y retrospectivo. Los cuestionarios son administrados por el entrevistador, con escalas Likert dicotomicas y policotomicas y la muestra a utilizar sera mediante un muestreo causal o incidental, debido a que se acotara a los profesionales de Grado de Enfermeria y Tecnicos en Cuidados Auxiliares de Enfermeria que esten trabajando en el area quirurgica del Hospital Universitario Doctor Negrin y Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Materno-Insular, que ejerzan cuidados a los pacientes quirurgicos y primeras horas postoperatorias, por ello se incluiran el personal de las areas de Quirofano, Unidad de Recuperacion Postanestesica (URPA), Unidad de Reanimacion (REA) y Cirugia Medica Ambulatoria (CMA). Como resultado establecemos relacion entre las variables dependientes e independientes, y establecemos asociacion entre las variables de las diferentes escalas utilizadas entre si, siendo la relacion entre la Satisfaccion Laboral y el Estres laboral y la relacion entre la Satisfaccion Laboral y Salud general, negativas. En cuento a la relacion entre el Estres Laboral y la Salud General, presenta una asociacion positiva y la mas alta significativamente encontrada (rho-Spearman de un 0.683% y p=0.001). Como conclusiones, en el presente estudio el nivel de Bienestar Psicologico es optimo, La mediana es del 19%, teniendo en cuenta que el menor valor es 0% siendo este el mejor nivel de salud general y el mayor 84% siendo el peor nivel de salud, los sujetos presentan muy buen estado de salud general, ya que su valor se aproxima mucho mas al 0%. Se podria mejorar aumentado la Satisfaccion Laboral y disminuyendo el Estres Laboral mejorando factores sociolaborales. En cuanto a la Satisfaccion Laboral, la mediana se situa en 58% siendo el valor minimo 12%, el nivel maximo de insatisfaccion y el mayor 84% como mayor nivel de satisfaccion, la mediana se acerca mas al mejor valor y esto se traduce en que la mayoria de los sujetos presentan buenos niveles de satisfaccion laboral, aunque esta no alcanza su totalidad, por lo que se deberia de intervenir en este sentido. Referente al Estres Laboral, se presenta en la mediana el valor 0%, es el mejor valor, ya que se interpretaria como menor estres y el valor maximo 56%, como el maximo nivel de estres, la mediana se situa en 22% por lo que se interpreta que tienen un nivel bajo de estres, pero se tendria que intervenir en el para aproximarlo al menor nivel posible. Entre las tres dimensiones se puede observar que esta es donde el nivel es mas elevado. EnglishSince a long time ago, the objective that nursing wants to achieve is to provide a good range of quality care for patients/clients. This could be said to be the main aim of this profession. To be able to accomplish this, it is essential to have high levels of psychological well-being within the staff by stablishing a good working environment. In return this will increase work performance and work satisfaction within workers. However, contrary to this, the current situation shows that the nursing community (Degree of Nursing and Health care Assistants) has been affected by high levels of stress in the work environment, and nurses currently experience higher levels of stress-related burnout compared to other health professionals. (Khamisa, N., Peltzer, K., and Oldernburg, B. 2013). The goal of this study was to highlight those factors that affect the psychological well-being, work satisfaction and stress levels in the nursing staff (Degree of Nursing and Health Care Assistants) within the surgical area of a hospital. To this aim, we have used a questionnaire as a measurement tool to stablish those levels and to find the reasons for this. The questionnaire consisted of a section with sociodemographic questions and the following scientifically validated questionnaires, Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ28), Labor Satisfaction Questionnaire S10 / 12 of J.L. Melia and J.M. Peiro (1989) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). To create this questionnaire, a bibliographic search was carried out in primary, secondary and tertiary sources using different databases. This researh is a quantitative, descriptive/observational study of prevalence (cross-sectional), observational and retrospective. The questionnaire was delivered by an interviewer, with dichotomous and polycotomic Likert scales. The sample used were by means of a causal or incidental sampling, directed to the Registered Nurses and Health Care Assistants who are working in the surgical area of the Doctor Negrin University Hospital and the Maternal-Insular Hospital Complex, which provide care to surgical patients and immediate post-surgical's hours, therefore staff from the operating room, URPA, REA and CMA areas were included. The results show the following: a relationship can be established between the dependent and independent variables; There is a relationship between labour satisfaction and work stress; the relationship between labour satisfaction and general health wellbeing is negative; the relationship between work stress and general health, is positive and significantly the highest of all comparisons (rho-Spearman of 0.683% and p = 0.001). The conclusions of this study are as follow: the level of psychological well-being is optimal, the median is 19%, taking into account that the lowest value is 0%, this being the best level of general health and the highest 84% being the worst level of health, subjects have very good general health status, since their value is much closer to 0%. Although this could be improved by increasing the Labor Satisfaction and decreasing the Labor Stress improving social and labour factors; Regarding Labour Satisfaction, the median is 58%, the minimum value being 12%, the maximum level of dissatisfaction and the highest 84% as the highest level of satisfaction. Here the median is closer to the best value, which can be interpreted as most of the subjects having good levels of job satisfaction. Although this does not reach its totality, leaving room for improvement, which suggests that intervention is desirable; Regarding Work Stress, the median value is 0%, it is the best value, since it would be interpreted as less stress and the maximum value 56%, as the maximum level of stress. Here the median is 22%. That is interpreted as having a low level of stress, but intervention could be recommended to bring it closer to the lowest possible level. Between the three studied dimensions. it can be observed that this is where the level is higher.