gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenomenological Simulation of Non-Premixed Gas Jet Flames Including Soot Formation and Oxidation (2012)

A phenomenological model (called here “Slice Model”) has been developed to simulate non-premixed gas jet flames including soot formation in the domain. The Slice Model is based on the self-similarity solution of gas jets and forced to satisfy momentum, mass and energy balances in every cross section. The Slice Model can predict the velocity, mass fraction and temperature field of non-reacting and reacting jets over a wide range of changes in the jet parameters. A sub-model for soot formation based on Hiroyasu’ model is applied to predict soot formation in non-premixed flames. Cantera, an open-source chemical kinetics software, is integrated with the Slice Model to predict the temperature distribution (based on equilibrium composition) of reacting jets. The soot formation prediction of the Slice Model is compared with experimental data in the literature. For velocity, soot mass fraction and temperature, agreement with experiment is about as good as it is for the much more computationally intensive RANS CFD simulations. On this basis, the Slice Model is promising as the core of a non-premixed natural gas engine simulation package under development.
Composites Based on Natural Fibre Fabrics (2010)

In the latest years industry is attempting to decrease the dependence on petroleum based fuels and products due to the increased environmental consciousness. This is leading to the need to investigate environmentally friendly, sustainable materials to replace existing ones. The tremendous increase of production and use of plastics in every sector of our life lead to huge plastic wastes. Disposal problems, as well as strong regulations and criteria for cleaner and safer environment, have directed great part of the scientific research toward ecocomposite materials. Among the different types of eco-composites those which contain natural fibers (NF) and natural polymers have a key role. Since few years polymeric biodegradable matrices have appeared as commercial products, however their high price represents the main restriction to wide usage. Currently the most viable way toward ecofriendly composites is the use of natural fibres as reinforcement. Natural fibres represent a traditional class of renewable materials which, nowadays, are experiencing a great revival. In the latest years there have been many researches developed in the field of natural fibre reinforced plastics (Bledzki & Gassan, 1999). Most of them are based on the study of the mechanical properties of composites reinforced with short fibers. The components obtained therefore are mostly used to produce non-structural parts for the automotive industry such as covers, car doors panels and car roofs ( Magurno, 1999, John at al., 2008) (Fig.1,2).
A Case of Hypothalamic Adrenal Insufficiency Manifested Normal ACTH Response to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia. (2000)

A low plasma ACTH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and an exaggerated and delayed plasma ACTH response to CRH stimulation have been considered as an indicator of hypothalamic hypopituitarism. We report a case of hypothalamic adrenal insufficiency which manifested normal ACTH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This case provides important information to categorize hypothalamic adrenal insufficiency caused by abnormal regulation of CRH release.
Purification of a Trypsin Inhibitor (PFTI) from Pumpkin Fruit Phloem Exudate and Isolation of Putative Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibitor cDNA Clones (1995)

The major trypsin inhibitor from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima cv Supermarket Hybrid) fruit phloem exudate was purified by affinity and reverse phase chromatography. The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 8100 by SDS-PAGE and is blocked at the N-terminal serine. Following sequencing of a CNBr fragment, 3'- and 5'-RACE were used to isolate full length cDNAs corresponding to a trypsin inhibitor and to two chymotrypsin inhibitors. The three genes are similar, both in their translated and non-translated regions. Comparison of the full length translated proteins show that they are members of the proteinase inhibitor I family and almost identical apart from the P1 site in the proteinase binding loop. The genes encode proteins of 67 amino acids and appear to lack not only both pre- and prepro-peptide sequences but also the single disulphide present in most proteinase inhibitor I family members.
Surface Charge-Dependent Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles (2010)

As a result of the extensive number of applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), their potential impacts, once released into the environment, are of concern. The toxicity of AgNPs was reported to be dependent on various factors such as particle size, shape and capping agent. Although these factors may play a role in AgNPs toxicity, the results presented herein suggest that surface charge is one of the most important factors that govern the toxicity of AgNPs. In the current study, the toxicity of four AgNPs representing various surface charging scenarios ranging from highly negative to highly positive was investigated. These AgNPs were (1) uncoated H(2)-AgNPs, (2) citrate coated AgNPs (Citrate-AgNPs), (3) polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs), and (4) branched polyethyleneimine coated AgNPs (BPEI-AgNPs). Our results clearly demonstrate that the AgNPs exhibited surface charge-dependent toxicity on the bacillus species investigated. Furthermore, ultrafiltration membranes were utilized to purify the AgNPs suspensions from residual impurities prior to the introduction to the microbes. This step was crucial in determining the true AgNPs toxicity and is either missing or not explicitly mentioned in most of the reported toxicity studies.
A Closed Loop Tracking System for a Linear Fresnel Hybrid PV/Thermal Microconcentrator System (2010)

A key factor in maximising the lifetime energy yield of hybrid linear concentrator photovoltaic-thermal (CPV-T) technologies is the accuracy and reliability of the tracking system. CPV and CPV-T systems convert only the direct beam component of solar radiation, amounting to around 80% of global irradiation at suitable concentrator sites. This paper presents an overview, including key design features, of a novel linear Fresnel reflector-based optical and tracking system that is implemented in the ANU-Chromasun Micro-Concentrator (MCT). An environmentally sealed enclosure isolates all system components from the environment, allowing for a simplified, low-power tracking system that increases system lifetime energy yield, and improves the mean time between failures.
Hierarchically clustered navigation of distinct Euclidean particles (2012)

This paper introduces and solves the problem of cluster-hierarchy-invariant particle navigation in Conf (R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sup> , J). Namely, we are given a desired goal configuration, x* ϵ Conf (R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sup> , J) and τ, a specified cluster hierarchy that the goal supports. We build a hybrid closed loop controller guaranteed to bring any other configuration that supports τ to the desired goal, x* ϵ Conf (R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sup> , J), through a transient motion whose each configuration along the way also supports that hierarchy.
Tautomerie von Heterocyclen, IV. Über Umsetzungen von Chlorformamidinen und Imidsäurechloriden mit Cyanamiden (1975)

Abstract Chlorformamidine 1a – d reagieren mit Cyanamid im Verhältnis 2:1 zu „4‐Guanylchinazolinen”︁ mit intramolekularer Wasserstoffbrückenbindung. Imidsäurechloride verhalten sich analog. Die Umsetzung der Chlorformamidine mit 4‐Cyanmorpholin führt zu 2,4‐Dimorpholinochinazolinen. Strukturen, Bildungsmechanismen und Reaktivität werden diskutiert.
TRPV4 channels augment macrophage activation and ventilator-induced lung injury (2010)

We have previously implicated transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels and alveolar macrophages in initiating the permeability increase in response to high peak inflation pressure (PIP) ventilation. Alveolar macrophages were harvested from TRPV4(-/-) and TRPV4(+/+) mice and instilled in the lungs of mice of the opposite genotype. Filtration coefficients (K(f)) measured in isolated perfused lungs after ventilation with successive 30-min periods of 9, 25, and 35 cmH(2)O PIP did not significantly increase in lungs from TRPV4(-/-) mice but increased >2.2-fold in TRPV4(+/+) lungs, TRPV4(+/+) lungs instilled with TRPV4(-/-) macrophages, and TRPV4(-/-) lungs instilled with TRPV4(+/+) macrophages after ventilation with 35 cmH(2)O PIP. Activation of TRPV4 with 4-alpha-phorbol didecanoate (4alphaPDD) significantly increased intracellular calcium, superoxide, and nitric oxide production in TRPV4(+/+) macrophages but not TRPV4(-/-) macrophages. Cross-sectional areas increased nearly 3-fold in TRPV4(+/+) macrophages compared with TRPV4(-/-) macrophages after 4alphaPDD. Immunohistochemistry staining of lung tissue for nitrotyrosine revealed increased amounts in high PIP ventilated TRPV4(+/+) lungs compared with low PIP ventilated TRPV4(+/+) or high PIP ventilated TRPV4(-/-) lungs. Thus TRPV4(+/+) macrophages restored susceptibility of TRPV4(-/-) lungs to mechanical injury. A TRPV4 agonist increased intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in harvested TRPV4(+/+) macrophages but not TRPV4(-/-) macrophages. K(f) increases correlated with tissue nitrotyrosine, a marker of peroxynitrite production.
Nanoparticules de cuivre dans des verres d'oxydes : structure et propriétés (2010)

Poster
Identification of Lattice Defects by Convergent-Beam Electron Diffraction (1991)

Convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) methods to determine the displacement vector of a stacking fault, the Burgers vector of a dislocation and the orientation difference between two domains adjoining at a coherent twin boundary are described.
Two-step field-induced singlet dissociation in a fluorene trimer (2005)

We time resolve the event of singlet separation into free carriers in an oligofluorene using femtosecond field assisted pump-probe technique. Steady state photoinduced absorption (PA) measurements have also been employed to identify triplet absorption $({T}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{n})$ in the spectral region of $1.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. As a result of an applied electric field of $2.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MV}∕\mathrm{cm}$ singlets are observed to undergo a dissociation process consisting of first singlet splitting into bound polaron pairs and second further dissociation of polaron pairs into free carriers. Subsequent free carrier recombination yields a new population of singlets and triplets. Our results suggest that nongeminate recombination leads to the formation of 35% singlets and 65% triplets.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Directed Synthesis of Enol Borates from gem‐Borazirconocene Alkanes, and Their Regioselective Conversion to α‐Bromo Ketones. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Region based 4D tomographic image reconstruction: Application to cardiac x-ray CT (2015)

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a powerful tool for non-invasive cardiac imaging. However, radiation dose is a major issue. In this paper, we propose an iterative reconstruction method that reduces the radiation dose without compromising image quality. This is achieved by exploiting prior knowledge in two ways: the reconstructed object is assumed to consist of both stationary and dynamic regions over time and the dynamic region is assumed to have sparse structures after a proper sparsifying space-time transform. Experiments on simulation data and a real μCT cardiac mouse dataset show that, with comparable image quality, the radiation dose can be substantially reduced compared to conventional acquisition/reconstruction protocols.
Th1 cell anergy and blockade in G1a phase of the cell cycle. (1993)

Human gamma-globulin (HGG)-specific Th1 cells exposed to HGG presented by chemically fixed spleen cells are blocked in G1a phase when challenged subsequently with HGG. The present study made use of the G1a blocker n-butyrate to further examine the relationship between tolerance induction and cell cycle progression. Th1 cells from primary cultures containing n-butyrate together with HGG and immunogenic, nonfixed APC lost their ability to proliferate or secrete IL-2 in HGG-stimulated secondary cultures. In contrast to their lack of responsiveness to secondary Ag challenge, Th1 cells exposed to n-butyrate and HGG proliferated normally in secondary cultures stimulated with IL-2. The suppressive effects of n-butyrate appear to require TCR occupation; Th1 cells exposed to n-butyrate in the absence of HGG did not lose their ability to proliferate in Ag-stimulated secondary cultures. In addition, although both HGG-presenting APC and IL-2 stimulate Th1 cell cycle progression into G1a, only HGG-presenting APC induced Th1 cell anergy in conjunction with n-butyrate. Unlike n-butyrate, drugs that blocked Th1 cell cycle progression in G0, G1b, or S/G2 phases did not inhibit subsequent Ag-specific proliferation by Th1 cells. Thus it appears that n-butyrate-induced G1a sequestration, in association with TCR occupancy, induces Th1 cell anergy.
The Role of Southern Intellectuals in Contemporary Trade Governance (2014)

This paper identifies the emergence of a new set of trade intellectuals from the global South, primarily from the rising powers. It argues that this group of 'Southern trade intellectuals' has formed a loose epistemic community, and traces the impact the group is having on global trade governance. The subject examined differs from most other uses of the epistemic community framework in that it analyses a case in which there is no objective, scientific knowledge being promoted by the group. Instead, the group is engaged in promoting one subjective understanding of events over another. However, the emergence of this epistemic community has been important in providing an alternative trade narrative that has weakened the dominance previously enjoyed by the Western powers over trade analysis. This broadening of the range of trade analysis and expert opinion forms an important, though potentially problematic, area of leadership provided by the rising powers to less developed countries.
Prediction and reduction of wind turbine noise - An overview of research activities in Europe (2000)

The paper tackles the problem of aerodynamic noise from wind turbines. It concentrates on the specific noise sources which are relevant for a large, modem wind turbine in the 1 MW range. This is mainly trailing-edge noise which originates from the interaction of the turbulent boundary layer around the blade with the trailing edge. Additional noise sources are blade tip noise and inflow-turbulence noise while low-frequency noise is considered to be less relevant. The physical mechanisms of the noise generation are explained and prediction models for the single sources are described. These models are believed to be sensitive enough to capture the effect of airfoil geometry correctly. Therefore, they might be used to consider aerodynamic noise already during the design process, i.e. to design less noisy wind turbines. A further topic is the reduction of aerodynamic noise, mainly the serrated trailing edge which is the most promising concept to reduce trailing-edge noise and consequently the total noise of a wind turbine. In the last part of the paper a new approach to the prediction of aerodynamic noise in general is presented. Here some relevant concepts of aeroacoustic theory are explained.
Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation (1990)

1. Multiple microelectrode maps of the hand representation within and across the borders of cortical area 3b were obtained before, immediately after, or several weeks after a period of behaviorally controlled hand use. Owl monkeys were conditioned in a task that produced cutaneous stimulation of a limited sector of skin on the distal phalanges of one or more fingers. 2. Analysis of microelectrode mapping experiment data revealed that 1) stimulated skin surfaces were represented over expanded cortical areas. 2) Most of the cutaneous receptive fields recorded within these expanded cortical representational zones were unusually small. 3) The internal topography of representation of the stimulated and immediately surrounding skin surfaces differed greatly from that recorded in control experiments. Representational discontinuities emerged in this map region, and "hypercolumn" distances in this map sector were grossly abnormal. 4) Borders between the representations of individual digits and digit segments commonly shifted. 5) The functionally defined rostral border of area 3b shifted farther rostralward, manifesting either an expansion of the cutaneous area 3b fingertip representation into cortical field 3a or an emergence of a cutaneous input zone in the caudal aspect of this normally predominantly deep-receptor representational field. 6) Significant lateralward translocations of the borders between the representations of the hand and face were recorded in all cases. 7) The absolute locations--and in some cases the areas or magnifications--of representations of many skin surfaces not directly involved in the trained behavior also changed significantly. However, the most striking areal, positional, and topographic changes were related to the representations of the behaviorally stimulated skin in every studied monkey. 3. These experiments demonstrate that functional cortical remodeling of the S1 koniocortical field, area 3b, results from behavioral manipulations in normal adult owl monkeys. We hypothesize that these studies manifest operation of the basic adaptive cortical process(es) underlying cortical contributions to perception and learning.
Novel Transcriptional Regulation of the Human CYP3A7Gene by Sp1 and Sp3 through Nuclear Factor κB-like Element (2001)

Human CYP3A7 and CYP3A4 are expressed in fetal and adult livers, respectively, although the 5'-flanking regions of the two genes show 90% homology. The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism(s) responsible for the transcriptional regulation of the CYP3A7 gene in human hepatoma HepG2 cells that showed fetal phenotypes. Transfection studies using a series of the CYP3A7 or CYP3A4 promoter-luciferase chimeric genes identified a nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-like element between nucleotides -2326 and -2297 that conferred the transcriptional activation of the CYP3A7 gene. A 1-base pair mismatch within the corresponding region of the CYP3A4 gene was sufficient for a differential enhancer activity. A gel shift assay using nuclear extracts from HepG2 cells showed that Sp1 and Sp3 bound to the NF-kappaB-like element of the CYP3A7 but not CYP3A4 gene. Specific activation of the CYP3A7 promoter by Sp1 and Sp3 was confirmed by a co-transfection of the p3A7NF-kappaB or p3A4NF-kappaB reporter gene with Sp1 or Sp3 expression plasmid into Drosophila cells, which lacked endogenous Sp family. Additionally, introduction of mutations into binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta, upstream stimulatory factor 1, and a basic transcription element in the proximal promoter attenuated luciferase activity to 20% of the level seen with the intact CYP3A7 promoter. Thus, we conclude that the expression of the CYP3A7 gene in HepG2 cells is cooperatively regulated by Sp1, Sp3, hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta, and upstream stimulatory factor 1.
USE OF POSTOPERATIVE ANGIOGRAPHY IN CEREBRAL ANEURYSM SURGERY (2000)

The routine use of postoperative angiography for cerebral aneurysms is a matter of ongoing debate. The information obtained through postoperative angiography includes the adequacy of clipping, the existence of unexpected major vessel occlusion, and previously unidentified aneurysms. The incidence of these occurrences has been estimated to range from 3.5 to 18% and from 0.3 to 11.5%. In view of this many neurosurgeons feel postoperative angiography is warranted in all cases. Others argue that the information will not change the management and is not necessary. Several authors have attempted to identify factors that would predict a more selective need for postoperative angiography; however, no consensus has yet been reached.
The Detection Statistics of a Molecular-Beam Frequency Standard (1963)

The detection statistics of a molecular beam are analyzed, taking into account fluctuations in emission, transition and detection. It is discovered that the over-all process has a Poisson distribution. Because of the nature of this distribution, it is noted that the optimum method of estimating the average number of molecular transitions is by means of a long-time average of the detected current. The degree to which the detector current is a measure of the average number of molecular transitions in the device is established, with a certain minimum confidence, by use of the Tchebycheff Inequality.
Investigation of quadratic stark effect on Rb D2 atomic line (2009)

Experimental study of the influence of an electric field on the atomic hfs levels of D2 line of Rb atom, transitions 5S 1/2 − 5P 3/2, has been performed. For this purpose a sapphire cell with internal electrodes used to produce a constant electric field was elaborated. By using the saturation absorption technique the frequency shifts of all 12 atomic D2 line transitions were recorded. The results are compared with the theory.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inversely Regulates Prostaglandin D2 and Prostaglandin E2 Production in Murine Macrophages (1997)

Increased synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-1 is induced in murine macrophages by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Accordingly, we have investigated mechanisms regulating synthesis of PGE2 that might contribute to autocrine/paracrine effects on insulin-like growth factor-1 production. In response to zymosan, TNFalpha specifically induced a 5-fold increase in PGE2 synthesis, at the same time decreasing PGD2 production in a reciprocal fashion. Activators of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), such as PGE2 itself or dibutyryl cyclic AMP, did not modify PGE2 production by themselves but potentiated the TNFalpha-induced increase in PGE2; this effect required both RNA and protein synthesis. No significant change in arachidonate release or production of other eicosanoids was observed. The inducible form of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) but not of the constitutive form COX1 was implicated in the generation of both PGE2 and PGD2 in these cells by use of specific inhibitors and effects of dexamethasone. Neither COX1 nor COX2 protein levels were affected by TNFalpha or PKA activators used alone, whereas in association, marked up-regulation of COX2 mRNA and protein was observed. Incubations of cells carried out with PGH2 demonstrated that PGE2 synthase activity was increased after a TNFalpha pretreatment. Taken together, our results suggest that TNFalpha induced a switch from the PGD2 to PGE2 synthesis pathway by regulating PGE2 synthase expression and/or activity and that activators of PKA markedly potentiated the TNFalpha-induced increase in PGE2 through up-regulation of COX2 gene expression.
Availability and characteristics of cardiac rehabilitation programmes in China (2016)

The availability of CR is low (24%) in the large medical centres in China we surveyed, highlighting the importance of efforts to raise awareness of the benefits of CR, to provide CR training to healthcare professionals and to improve CR availability throughout China.