gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcription of the isoamylase gene (iam) in Pseudomonas amyloderamosa SB-15 (1989)

S1 nuclease mapping of RNA prepared from Pseudomonas amyloderamosa SB-15 suggested that the iam gene coding for isoamylase (glycogen 6-glucanohydrolase [EC 3.2.1.68]) is transcribed from two promoters. The transcription start site for the upstream promoter (termed P1) was located -182 base pairs from the first nucleotide of the initiation codon of iam, whereas the start site for the downstream promoter (termed P2) was 99 base pairs downstream of the P1 start site. Transcriptions from these promoters were induced by maltose and were not repressed by glucose. The promoter regions contained sequences homologous to the consensus sequence recognized by sigma 54 RNA polymerase of enteric bacteria and found in promoters of other Pseudomonas species. Northern (RNA) hybridization provided evidence that the iam gene is transcribed as monocistronic mRNAs with an approximate size of 2.6 kilobases.
Vascular response to laser photothermolysis as a function of pulse duration, vessel type, and diameter: Implications for port wine stain laser therapy (2002)

Background and Objective Treatment of port wine stains (PWS) by photothermolysis can be improved by optimizing laser parameters on an individual patient basis. We have studied the critical role of pulse duration (tp) on the treatment efficacy. Study Design/Materials and Methods The V-beam laser (Candela) allowed changing tp over user-specified discrete values between 1.5 and 40 milliseconds by delivering a series of 100 microsecond spikes. For the 1.5 and 3 millisecond pulses, three spikes were observed at intervals tp/2 and for tp ≥ 6 milliseconds, four spikes separated by tp/3. The ScleroPlus laser (Candela) has a smooth output over its fixed 1.5 milliseconds duration. Blood vessels in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) were irradiated at fixed wavelength (595 nm), spot size (7 mm), radiant exposure (15 Jcm−2), and at variable tp. The CAM contains an extensive microvascular network ranging from capillaries with diameter D < 30 μm to blood vessels of D ≈ 120 μm. The CAM assay allows real-time video documentation, and observation of blood flow in pre-capillary arterioles (A) and post-capillary venules (V). Vessel injury was graded from recorded videotapes. Mathematical modeling was developed to interpret results of vessel injury when varying tp and D. A modified thermal relaxation time was introduced to calculate vessel wall temperature following laser exposure. Results Arterioles. For increasing tp, overall damage was found to decrease. For fixed tp, damage decreased with vessel size. Venules. For all D, damage was smaller than for corresponding arterioles. There was no dependence of damage on tp. For given tp, no variation of damage with D was observed. Photothermolysis due to spiked (V-beam) vs. smooth (Scleroplus) delivery of laser energy at fixed tp (1.5 milliseconds), showed similar vessel injuries for al values of D (P>0.05). Conclusions The difference between initial arteriole and venule damage could be explained by the threefold higher absorption coefficient at 595 nm in (oxygen-poor!) arterioles. In human patients, PWS consist of ectatic venules (characterized by higher absorption), so that these considerations favor the use of 595-nm irradiation for laser photothermolysis. For optimal treatment of PWS it is proposed that tp be between 0.1 and 1.5 milliseconds. This is based on a modified relaxation time τd′, defined as the time required for heat conduction into the full thickness of the vessel wall, which is assumed to have a thickness ΔD ≈ 0.1D. The corresponding τd′ will be a factor of about six smaller than given in the literature. For vessels with D between 30 and 300 μm, τd′ ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 milliseconds. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:160–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Alternative Derivation for the Equilibrium Constant of Binary Solid Solution‐Vapor Systems (1999)

For an ideal Si‐Ge solid solution deposited from an ideal vapor phase in a two phase solid solution‐vapor system, the equilibrium constant, , for the global process has been derived in terms of the equilibrium constant for the deposition of a pure solid phase. ,and the solid solution mole fraction of silicon species, , and has been shown to be . Derivation of the relationship for the germanium species is symmetrical to that for silicon and given by . © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
The Molecular Origin of Enthalpy/Entropy Compensation in Biomolecular Recognition (2017)

Biomolecular recognition can be stubborn; changes in the structures of associating molecules, or the environments in which they associate, often yield compensating changes in enthalpies and entropies of binding, and no net change in affinities. This phenomenon—termed enthalpy/entropy (H/S) compensation—hinders efforts in biomolecular design, and its incidence—often a surprise to experimentalists—makes interactions between biomolecules difficult to predict. Although characterizing H/S compensation requires experimental care, it is unquestionably a real phenomenon that has, from an engineering perspective, useful physical origins. Studying H/S compensation can help illuminate the still-murky roles of water and dynamics in biomolecular recognition and self-assembly. This review summarizes known sources of H/S compensation (real and perceived) and lays out a conceptual framework for understanding and dissecting—and, perhaps, avoiding or exploiting—this phenomenon in biophysical systems.
<title>X-ray exposure in the manufacture of sub-150-nm gate lines</title> (1996)

X-ray exposures performed at IBM's Advanced Lithography Facility (ALF) in Hopewell Junction, New York has led to the ability to routinely print sub 250nm discrete devices in photoresist. When fully processed, the resulting electrical channel length for these devices is below 150nm leading to average switching delays of 35 picoseconds. Sub 150nm devices with resulting electrical channel lengths of 100nm have also been made producing switching delays of 20 picoseconds, which are among the fastest reported in CMOS technology. In addition to the discrete devices, fully functional 0.25um 64Kb SRAMs were fabricated with an approximate 40 percent chip yield on the best wafer. Recent improvements in the overall lithographic process have enabled the gate line to be printed at sub 125nm. The resulting electrical channel is below 100nm. Device performance is expected to be faster at these smaller dimensions. The results obtained are based on several lots of 200mm wafers processed with the use of mix and match (x-ray to optical) steppers. The results can be viewed as current x-ray lithography in ALF.
Overweight and obesity among mothers of malnourished children - Brazil - PNSN - 1989 (1998)

When the proportion of malnourished children decreased within the analyzed groups, the proportion of overweight/obese mothers increased. Such an epidemiological pattern indicates that within groups in which malnutrition is less prevalent, the proportion of children for whom a lack of food in the household is the main determinant factor for malnutrition is lower.
Pyrimidine metabolism in seeds and seedlings of jack pine (<i>Pinus banksiana</i>) (1975)

Jack pine seedlings rapidly converted radioactive thymine-6- 3 H to dihydrothymine, β-ureidoisobutyric acid, and β-aminoisobutyric acid. Autoradiographs of hypocotyl cells showed radioactivity largely in the cytoplasm. A small percentage of radioactivity from thymine-2- 14 C was salvaged via uracil for the synthesis of RNA. DNA was not labelled significantly. The occurrence of a mechanism to utilize thymidine-methyl- 3 H for DNA synthesis was detected at low levels in germinating seedlings but was absent in seeds up to 16 h imbibition. Among pyrimidines tested thymidine was the most specific for the labelling of DNA and radioactivity was detected almost entirely over nuclei.The occurrence of an active pathway for the de novo synthesis of the pyrimidine portions of nucleic acids was demonstrated by the use of orotic acid-4- 14 C. Native DNA and all major types of RNA were labelled and radioactivity resided in pyrimidines. Synthesis of DNA involved the conversion of pyrimidine ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides.
<title>Realization of the van Cittert monochromator system for high-accuracy mid-IR spectrophotometry and spectroradiometry</title> (1998)

Classical dispersive double monochromator systems generally provide high stray light rejection but the energy throughput is very low at higher wavelengths. The low throughput disables the characterization of high optical density samples. Spectral multiplexing, like in Fourier transform or array spectrometers, increases the throughput and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectroradiometer/spectrophotometer but they show other shortcomings. To correct these shortcomings a new system based on a van Cittert monochromator is under construction. The van Cittert system consists of two identical monochromators coupled together as a subtractive system. The usual narrow slit, between the two monochromators, is replaced by a wide one and a part of this wide slit is covered by a lamella, mounted on a fine resolution translation stage. The wide slit transmits a wide spectral range but the lamella filters out a narrow range, it operates like a notch filter. The second monochromator collects and recombines the transmitted radiation at its exit slit. The sample can be positioned behind the exit slit and the beam forming elements in a spectrophotometer system. By the translation of the lamella the center wavelength of the notch can be shifted over the whole spectral range covered by the wide slit. Carrying out spectroradiometric/spectrophotometric measurements the total transmitted power is measured at every stop of the lamella. From this array of measurement results the transmittance, reflectance, emittance or absorptance of the sample can be calculated as a function of the wavelength. The theoretical basics and the first results will be shown.
Specific heat of thin-film<i>A</i>15 superconductors: An anomalous inhomogeneity discovered (1987)

Thin films of metallurgically stable A15 superconductors, primarily Nb-Sn, V-Ga, and V-Si, have been prepared by electron-beam coevaporation onto heated sapphire substrates. The specific heat of these films at low temperature reveals that the width of the transition from the normal to the superconducting state varies from a low of 0.3 K for stoichiometric ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn to a high of 6 K for A15 Nb-Sn prepared off-stoichiometry. The systematics of this transition width were probed by varying the deposition parameters. A strong dependence is found on deposition temperature, composition, and microstructure. The source appears to be a compositional inhomogeneity which develops at the film surface during growth. A model is proposed for a new type of surface segregation applicable in a growing film where the surface mobility is orders of magnitude greater than the bulk mobility.
Retroviral Gene Therapy in ApoE-Deficient Mice (1999)

We demonstrate that arterial macrophage apoE secretion can delay atherogenesis if expressed during foam cell formation but is not beneficial during the later stages of atherogenesis. These data also provide evidence that apoE transgene expression from arterial macrophages may have therapeutic applications.
Pheromone Study of Acarid Mites XVII. : Identification of 2-Hydroxy-6-Methyl Benzaldehyde as the Alarm Pheromone of the Acarid Mite Tyrophagus perniciosus (Acarina:Acaridae), and Its Distribution among Related Mites (1988)

2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-benzaldehyde was identified as the alarm pheromone of the acarid mite, Tyrophagus pernicious, which is known as a pest attacking spinach culture and cucurbitaceous plants in the field and also in greenhouses. The compound, which was one of the major components of the hexane extract, was active at 10 ppm. Although this compound has been identified not only inmites, Acarus siro and Caloglyphus rodriguezi, but also int he common eucalypt longicorn Phoracantha semipunctata, this is the first report on its bilogical significance. Other than T. peniciosus, the compound is sporadically districuted among other species of the genus Tyrophagus, namely, four strains of T. putrescentiae among the five investigated and one of two strains of T. neiswanderi. It was not detected in T. similis.
Extraction of a Substance with Prolactin-like and Growth Hormone-like Properties from Ovine Testes: Preliminary Communication (1967)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Mar 1967Extraction of a Substance with Prolactin-like and Growth Hormone-like Properties from Ovine Testes: Preliminary Communication George W. Kaplan, Richard J. Barrett, and John T. Grayhack George W. KaplanGeorge W. Kaplan More articles by this author , Richard J. BarrettRichard J. Barrett More articles by this author , and John T. GrayhackJohn T. Grayhack More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)63067-2AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1967 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByPayne R and Ryan R (2018) Human Placental Lactogen in the Male SubjectJournal of Urology, VOL. 107, NO. 1, (99-103), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1972. Volume 97Issue 3March 1967Page: 494-497 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1967 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information George W. Kaplan More articles by this author Richard J. Barrett More articles by this author John T. Grayhack More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Nondestructive evaluation: a tool for design, manufacturing, and service (1989)

Probability, Design, and Management in Nondestructive Evaluation NDE in Design, Maintenance, and Service Probability Applications in Nondestructive Evaluation Nondestructive Evaluation in Design Inspection Optimization Using Probabilistic Criteria Ultrasonic Techniques in Nondestructive Evaluation Elastic Wave Propagation Wave Propagation in Guided Wave Modes Ultrasonic Circuitry and Transducers Inspection Principles and Techniques Ultrasonic Techniques for Stress Measurement and Material Studies Acoustic Emission Techniques in Nondestructive Evaluation Acoustic Emission Principles Data Collection and Analysis Techniques Applications of Acoustic Emission in NDE Magnetic Flux Leakage Techniques in Nondestructive Evaluation Basic Magnetism for NDE Magnetism in Materials Macroscopic Field Relations The Magnetic Circuit Magnetism in the Circumferential Direction Field Levels in Magnetic NDE Magnetic Flux Leakage from Tight Flaws Magnetic Flux Leakage from Subsurface Flaws Magnetic Flux Leakage Sensors Demagnetization Eddy Current Techniques in Nondestructive Evaluation Fundamental Eddy Current Concepts Eddy Current Detector Parameters Remote Field Eddy Current Techniques Impedance Plane Diagrams Eddy Current Instrumentation Radiographic Techniques in Nondestructive Evaluation Principles of Radiation Radiographic Imaging Radiographic Inspection Systems Radiographic Inspections Other Applications of Radiography in NDE Safety Considerations in Radiographic Inspections Penetrant Techniques in Nondestructive Evaluation Principles of Penetrants Techniques for Penetrant Inspection Penetrant Inspection Applications Summary, Safety, and Environmental Considerations Appendices Modeling and Analysis of Experimental Data Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Elements NDE Codes, Specifications, and Standards Index Introductions, Problems, References, and Summaries are included in most chapters.
Distal Margins in Radical Resections for Rectal Cancer after Chemoradiation Therapy: How Short Is Long Enough? (2010)

Distal resection margins shorter than 1-2 cm appear to be equivalent to longer margins in patients who undergo CRT followed by proctectomy with total mesorectal excision. These findings may lead to greater utilization of sphincter-saving procedures in rectal cancer.
Optimal management of irrigation and vadose zone pesticide transport (1992)

A management model is developed for maximizing crop yield while avoiding unacceptable pesticide leaching. Utilized constraint equations: maintain a soil moisture volume balance, describe downward pesticide transport, and limit the amount of pesticide reaching groundwater. The reported optimization model is the first which includes unsaturated zone pesticide transport. It is designed to help prevent nonpoint-source contamination of shallow groundwater aquifers. The model computes optimal irrigation amounts for given soil, crop, chemical, and climate data and irrigation frequencies. The model is tested for different irrigation scenarios. The modeling approach is promising as a tool to aid developing environmentally sound agricultural production practices. It allows estimation of trade-offs between crop production and groundwater protection for different management strategies. More frequent irrigation tends to give better crop production and less solute movement. Yield/environmental quality trade-offs are smaller for deeper groundwater tables. Trade-offs also decrease with increased irrigation frequency.
Factors relevant in bacterial pyrroloquinoline quinone production (1989)

Quinoprotein content and levels of external pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) were determined for several bacteria under a variety of growth conditions. From these data and those from the literature, a number of factors can be indicated which are relevant for PQQ production. Synthesis of PQQ is only started if synthesis of a quinoprotein occurs, but quinoprotein synthesis does not depend on PQQ synthesis. The presence of quinoprotein substrates is not necessary for quinoprotein and PQQ syntheses. Although the extent of PQQ production was determined by the type of organism and quinoprotein produced, coordination between quinoprotein and PQQ syntheses is loose, since underproduction and overproduction of PQQ with respect to quinoprotein were observed. The results can be interpreted to indicate that quinoprotein synthesis depends on the growth rate whereas PQQ synthesis does not. In that view, the highest PQQ production can be achieved under limiting growth conditions, as was shown indeed by the much higher levels of PQQ produced in fed-batch cultures compared with those produced in batch experiments. The presence of nucleophiles, especially amino acids, in culture media may cause losses of PQQ due to transformation into biologically inactive compounds. Some organisms continued to synthesize PQQ de novo when this cofactor was administered exogenously. Most probably PQQ cannot be taken up by either passive diffusion or active transport mechanisms and is therefore not able to exert feedback regulation on its biosynthesis in these organisms.
Nonlinear mitigation on subcarrier-multiplexed PM-16QAM optical systems (2017)

We report a comprehensive set of experimental, simulation and analytical results on the benefit of nonlinear mitigation strategies for multi-subcarrier (MSC) PM-16QAM transmission systems. First, we demonstrate ~9% maximum reach gain enabled by symbol-rate optimization (SRO) of MSC-PM-16QAM in a 31 channels WDM transmission experiment. Then, we demonstrate that, in the considered experimental scenario, the gain provided by digital backpropagation (DBP) over single-carrier (SC) transmission is similar to that achieved by SRO over MSC transmission. Furthermore, we show that the SRO phenomenon can be weakened after self-channel interference (SCI) removal through DBP. As a result, and due to DBP performance limitations in the experiment, the combined effect of SRO and DBP was found to enable only an additional 4% gain in maximum reach. Finally, we address the impact and symbol-rate dependence of nonlinear phase noise (NLPN) in MSC-PM-16QAM transmission, discussing on the NLPN mitigation capability of standard carrier phase estimation (CPE) and on respective gains that could be achieved through its enhanced mitigation.
Crop Load Adjustment Based on Branch Vigor for Producing Uniform Fruit in Young Apple Trees (2015)

A series of investigations were conducted to identify an efficient cultivation method for producing uniform fruit in young ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees through vigor balance control and crop load adjustment at commercial orchards in Pocheon, South Korea, for two consecutive growth seasons (the third and fourth leafy years), namely, the years 2012 and 2013. There was a highly significant correlation between the cross-sectional area of the main stem (the trunk) and those of all the branches emerging from the main stem, with coefficients of 0.857** (P < 0.001) in ‘Hongro’ and 0.699** (P < 0.001) in ‘Fuji’. The vigor balance, defined as the ratio of branches to the main stem, was the most densely distributed in the range of 3.0 to 3.5 for diameter and around 1.2 for cross-sectional area in both varieties. The present study evaluated the level of crop load by measuring flower cluster density, crop density, and yield efficiency, and found the most densely distributed range was lower than the mean value. The apple trees showed higher productivity with a vigor balance of 1.1 to 1.3 in both varieties, but showed lower productivity with a vigor balance above 1.3 in ‘Hongro’ and below 1.1 in ‘Fuji’ trees in the third and fourth leafy years. Upon adjusting crop load by yield efficiency, the present study obtained higher productivity with a higher degree of yield efficiency in the two consecutive years. However, fruit size and other characteristics demonstrated little change by vigor balance control and crop load adjustment. The uniformity of fruit size and other characteristics was improved by the individual or combined application of vigor balance (from 1.1 to 1.3 in both varieties) and crop load adjustment (from 0.9 to 1.3 kg per cm2 TCA in ‘Hongro’ and from 0.7 to 1.1 kg per cm2 TCA in ‘Fuji’). Notably, the uniformity of fruit size and total soluble solids was efficiently improved by the application of crop load adjustment and vigor balance control, respectively.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of All Four Isomers of 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)glutamic Acid:  Identification of the Isomers Responsible for the Potentiation of <scp>l</scp>-Homocysteic Acid-Evoked Depolarizations in Neonatal Rat Motoneurons (1996)

All four isomers of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)glutamic acid (5-8) were prepared by diastereoselective synthesis. Addition of (6S)-(+)-bis-lactim ether 15 to cis-4-chlorocinnamate 12 gave a mixture comprising mainly the (2R,3S)- and (2R,3R)-isomers 5 and 6, respectively (in a ratio of 56:40), while addition of (6R)-(-)-bis-lactim ether 16 to 4-chlorocinnamate 12 gave a mixture comprising mainly the (2S,3R)- and (2S,3S)-isomers 8 and 7, respectively (in a ratio of 56:42). The four stereoisomers (5-8) were therefore conveniently prepared by addition of either 3-lithio-(6S)- or -(6R)-bis-lactim ether (15 or 16, respectively) to 4-chlorocinnamate 12 and separation of the resultant mixtures of diastereoisomers (23-26) by flash silica gel chromatography. The absolute configurations of 6 and 7 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Both the (2S,3S)- and (2S,3R)-isomers (7 and 8, respectively) at a concentration of 100 microM significantly potentiated depolarizations induced by 10 microM L-homocysteic acid (L-HCA) (% control +/- sem: 130.4 +/- 3.6, n = 20 and 114.5 +/- 2.4, n = 11, respectively) while the (2R,3S)-isomer 5 significantly reduced L-HCA response amplitude (94.2 +/- 1.4, n = 9) and the (2R,3R)-isomer 6 was inactive. Experiments designed to compare the agonist-potentiating actions of 7 and 8 in the neonatal rat spinal cord with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, the well-known L-Glu uptake inhibitor, provided additional evidence for the selective enhancement of depolarizations due to L-HCA and not those due to L-Glu. This selective action supports the existence of multiple excitatory amino acid uptake sites.