gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and Characterization of Colicin E1 (1971)

Abstract Colicin E1 was purified from mitomycin C-induced Escherichia coli JC411 (ColE1) by salt extraction of extracellular, bound colicin followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange chromatography. The purified preparation was considered homogeneous by several criteria. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 revealed no additional protein components and only a single band was observed upon cellulose acetate and isoelectric gradient electrophoresis. Sedimentation velocity and equilibrium studies, respectively, indicated the presence of a single molecular species with an s020,ω equal to 3.0 S and a molecular weight of 56,000. Double diffusion experiments using antisera prepared against purified colicin E1 yielded a single precipitin line in agar gel. Colicin E1 is a simple protein and no other moieties could be detected in association with the molecule. The isoelectric point (pI) of colicin E1, as determined by electrofocusing, is 9.05, and amino acid analysis revealed a high lysine and arginine content. A single NH2-terminal amino acid, methionine, was recovered in approximately equimolar yield per mole of protein. Circular dichroism spectra of purified colicins E1, E2, and E3 indicated a greater α-helix content in colicin E1 when compared to the other two colicins. Finally, high concentrations of purified colicin E1 were active against sensitive, immune, and resistant strains; however, relatively lower concentrations exhibited a normal activity spectrum.
Deficiency in Na,K-ATPase α Isoform Genes Alters Spatial Learning, Motor Activity, and Anxiety in Mice (2007)

Several disorders have been associated with mutations in Na,K-ATPase alpha isoforms (rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism, familial hemiplegic migraine type-2), as well as reduction in Na,K-ATPase content (depression and Alzheimer's disease), thereby raising the issue of whether haploinsufficiency or altered enzymatic function contribute to disease etiology. Three isoforms are expressed in the brain: the alpha1 isoform is found in many cell types, the alpha2 isoform is predominantly expressed in astrocytes, and the alpha3 isoform is exclusively expressed in neurons. Here we show that mice heterozygous for the alpha2 isoform display increased anxiety-related behavior, reduced locomotor activity, and impaired spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Mice heterozygous for the alpha3 isoform displayed spatial learning and memory deficits unrelated to differences in cued learning in the Morris maze, increased locomotor activity, an increased locomotor response to methamphetamine, and a 40% reduction in hippocampal NMDA receptor expression. In contrast, heterozygous alpha1 isoform mice showed increased locomotor response to methamphetamine and increased basal and stimulated corticosterone in plasma. The learning and memory deficits observed in the alpha2 and alpha3 heterozygous mice reveal the Na,K-ATPase to be an important factor in the functioning of pathways associated with spatial learning. The neurobehavioral changes seen in heterozygous mice suggest that these mouse models may be useful in future investigations of the associated human CNS disorders.
Grb2/Ash binds directly to tyrosines 1068 and 1086 and indirectly to tyrosine 1148 of activated human epidermal growth factor receptors in intact cells. (1994)

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases generates tyrosine-phosphorylated recognition motifs for the binding of signaling proteins containing Src homology 2 domains. We determined the binding sites of Grb2/Ash, an Src homology 2 domain-containing adaptor protein, within epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, using Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing human EGF receptor mutants in which one of the autophosphorylation sites was retained. In intact cells, the amount of Grb2/Ash coimmunoprecipitated with mutant receptors retaining tyrosines 992, 1068, 1086, 1148, or 1173 was approximately 10, 85, 55, 50, or 20% of wild-type levels, respectively. The association of Grb2/Ash with in vitro autophosphorylated EGF receptor mutants was detectable in those retaining either tyrosines 1068 or 1086 but not in other mutants including those retaining tyrosine 1148. In peptide inhibition assay, phosphorylated peptides representing tyrosines 1068 and 1086 inhibited the binding of Grb2/Ash to in vitro autophosphorylated wild-type EGF receptors, whereas the other peptides representing tyrosines 992, 1148, and 1173 failed to inhibit the binding. Given that tyrosine 1148 of the activated EGF receptor is a major binding site of Shc (Okabayashi, Y., Kido, Y., Okutani, T., Sugimoto, Y., Sakaguchi, K., and Kasuga, M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18674-18678), these results indicate that tyrosines 1068 and 1086 of activated human EGF receptors are direct high affinity binding sites of Grb2/Ash and that tyrosine 1148 is an indirect binding site through Shc in intact cells.
Towards Autonomous Emergency Landing for an Optionally Piloted Autogyro (2015)

In this paper, we present the development of a system for automation of the emergency maneuver for an autogyro after engine power loss. The purpose of the system is to determine a safe and feasible trajectory from the initial condition in forward flight to a final position that is suitable for final approach and landing at a desired location. The flight dynamics of the autogyro is evaluated and a flight control system is developed for the unpowered flight. A simplified dynamic model is created for generation of the gliding trajectory from the starting point to a given final position and ground track, taking into account constant wind values. This model allows us to predict the vertical speed for a given vehicle state and, through optimization, to plan feasible trajectories with minimum altitude loss. Results for generation and tracking of the optimal trajectories are presented, showing good performance and the potential to be used with a sampling-based algorithm for real-time motion planning.
Finding Edge Features Using the Fast Level Set Transform and the Helmholtz Principle (2008)

There is a need to develop automated methods to analyze images. A method that relies on the Helmholtz principle to discover edge features that is weakly dependent on the parameters is presented. An application of the Helmholtz principle requires a method of finding groups of independent and identically distributed random variables, and the fast level set transform was used to find such groups. The ability of the method to locate contrasted sections of curves is reviewed, and an original technique to find sections of curves with uniform curvature is demonstrated.
A guided tour of the legal implications of software cloning (2016)

Software Cloning is the typical example where an interdisciplinary approach may bring additional elements into the community's discussion. In fact, little research has been done in its analysis from an Intellectual Propriety Rights (IPRs) perspective, even if it is a widely studied aspect of software engineering. An interdisciplinary approach is crucial to better understand the legal implications of software in the IPR context. Interestingly, the academic community of software and systems deals much more with such IPR issues than courts themselves. In this paper, we analyze some recent legal decisions in using software clones from a software engineering perspective. In particular, we survey the behavior of some major courts about cloning issues. As a major outcome of our research, it seems that legal fora do not have major concerns regarding copyright infringements in software cloning. The major contribution of this work is a case by case analysis of more than one hundred judgments by the US courts and the European Court of Justice. We compare the US and European courts case laws and discuss the impact of a recent European ruling. The US and EU contexts are quite different, since in the US software is patentable while in the EU it is not. Hence, European courts look more permissive regarding cloning, since "principles," or "ideas," are not copyrightable by themselves.
Examination of elongation factor Tu for aluminum fluoride binding sites using fluorescence and <sup>19</sup>F‐NMR methodologies (1991)

This article reports on a comparison of the interaction of Al3+ and F- with two GTP-binding proteins, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and the hormone sensitive regulatory protein (G protein) G0 alpha. The methodologies chosen to elucidate possible interactions between protein and aluminum fluoride were fluorescence spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-NMR). Both proteins have tryptophan residues near their nucleotide binding sites, the purported site of aluminum fluoride interaction. It has been assumed for G proteins (including G0 alpha) that aluminum fluoride, in the presence of Mg2+ mimics the magnesium coordinated gamma-phosphate group for the GDP-form of the protein and shifts the protein's conformation toward the active GTP-form. Indeed, changes in intrinsic fluorescence of G0 alpha effected by aluminum fluoride are observed. The presence of aluminum fluoride did not affect the intrinsic fluorescence, spectra or lifetimes, of EF-Tu.GDP 19F-NMR was then used to directly test for bound F-. Fluoride alone or in the presence of either protein gave a single 19F-NMR peak at -10 ppm, characteristic of free F-. With the addition of aluminum to the protein and F- samples a second peak, shifted upfield from the first to -29 ppm, was observed for G0 alpha.GDP. This second peak, which has been assigned to protein-bound F-, was not observed for EF-Tu.GDP. These observations show that the interaction of Al3+ and F-, in the presence of Mg2+, may be quite different between the hormone-sensitive G proteins, which bind aluminum fluoride, and the GTP-binding proteins as a whole, which include EF-Tu. Care must therefore be exercised when structural data on the elongation factor, specifically on the nucleotide site, are used to interpret data or compose models intended to describe the hormone-sensitive regulatory G proteins.
Application of Fractional Fourier Transform to finite difference time domain method (2010)

With the improvement in the computer speed and memory, Numerical Methods are frequently used in the solution of electromagnetic problems. Numerical Methods can be classified as the frequency domain and the time domain based methods. While the time domain methods are suitable for modeling of the transient response and wideband problems, the frequency domain methods are suitable for modeling of the steady state response and narrow band problems. A numerical method that has the advantages of both time and frequency domain approaches can be developed. Applying Fractional Fourier Transform in space and/or time can reduce the computational complexity for some cases. The Fractional Fourier Transform is a generalization of the continuous Fourier Transform. In last decades, there are several studies and applications concerning this transform. Generally, it is used in signal processing and noise filtering. In this study, Fractional Fourier Transform is applied to the Maxwell's Equations for the first time in literature. Finite difference equations are obtained by the application of finite difference approximation to the differential equations.
Inhibitory Effects of Macelignan Isolated from Myristica fragrans HOUTT. on Melanin Biosynthesis (2008)

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of macelignan isolated from Myristica fragrans HOUTT. on melanogenesis and its related enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) in melan-a murine melanocytes. The IC50 values of macelignan for melanogenesis and tyrosinase were 13 microM and 30 microM, respectively, while those of arbutin as a positive control were 990 microM and 660 microM, respectively. In Western blot analysis, macelignan also significantly decreased tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 protein expression. These results indicate that macelignan effectively inhibits melanin biosynthesis and thus could be employed as a new skin-whitening agent.
In vivo cell imaging with semiconductor quantum dots and noble metal nanodots (2006)

Innovations in fluorescence microscopy of live cells involving new reagents and techniques reveal dynamic processes that were not previously observable and therefore unknown. Water soluble, biofunctionalized semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) provide advantages of much greater photostability compared to conventional fluorescent dyes, and, as a consequence, single QDs can be easily detected. QDs coupled to growth factor ligands behave similarly as the natural ligand and serve as highly fluorescent probes of the erbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors in living cells. Continuous confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry measurements of QDs combined with visible fluorescent fusions of the receptors have elucidated individual steps in the signaling cascades initiated by these receptors. This report highlights advantages and some disadvantages of QDs, such as size and blinking behavior that complicate some live cell imaging applications. The new class of noble metal nanodots constitute an attractive alternative to QDs in that they are not only highly fluorescent and photostable, but also, much smaller and nontoxic. We present a new synthesis method for the production of Au nanodots. We demonstrate that electrochemical synthesis allows the reproducible control of cluster size. The resulting clusters are more monodisperse than those formed by other methods and are stable over many months. We report their characterization using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and UV-VIS spectroscopy.
Physicochemical and chemical properties of red yeast cell wall lytic enzyme from Penicillium lilacinum. (1978)

The red yeast cell wall lytic enzyme obtained from Pen. lilacinum No. 2093 degraded the red yeast cell walls
VII. Next Generation Pneumococcal Vaccine (2015)

2011年に日本の死因別死亡数で肺炎が第3位となり，高齢者社会における肺炎の重要性が再認識されている．肺炎起因菌で常に上位に位置する肺炎球菌の感染予防策は肺炎による死亡者数を減少させるためにも重要であり，肺炎球菌ワクチン接種が本邦においても導入されているが，現行肺炎球菌ワクチンの限界も示唆されており，次世代肺炎球菌ワクチンの創成が期待されている．
Benralizumab rapidly improves asthma control in Austrian real‐life severe eosinophilic asthmatics (2020)

Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Modeling and Recognition of Driving Behavior Based on Stochastic Switched ARX Model (2007)

This paper presents the development of the modeling and recognition of human driving behavior based on a stochastic switched autoregressive exogenous (SS-ARX) model. First, a parameter estimation algorithm for the SS-ARX model with multiple measured input-output sequences is developed based on the expectation-maximization algorithm. This can be achieved by extending the parameter estimation technique for the conventional hidden Markov model. Second, the developed parameter estimation algorithm is applied to driving data with the focus being on driver's collision avoidance behavior. The driving data were collected using a driving simulator based on the cave automatic virtual environment, which is a stereoscopic immersive virtual reality system. Then, the parameter set for each driver is obtained, and certain driving characteristics are identified from the viewpoint of switched control mechanism. Finally, the performance of the SS-ARX model as a behavior recognizer is examined. The results show that the SS-ARX model holds remarkable potential to function as a behavior recognizer.
0.25-μm BiCMOS receivers for normal and micro GSM900 and DCS 1800 base stations (2002)

This paper describes two integrated RF receivers with low noise and high linearity for GSM900 and DCS1800 base stations. The chips were fabricated using a 0.25-/spl mu/m BiCMOS process. This is the first silicon-integrated radio front-end that can be used to meet GSM normal and micro base-station specifications reported to date. Noise figure, gain, and output third-order intercept point are 2.1 dB, 25.8 dB, and 25.7 dBm for GSM900 and 3.3 dB, 21.3 dB, and 22.5 dBm for DCS1800, respectively.
Determination of thermodynamic functions from absolute intensity measurements in microwave spectroscopy (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of thermodynamic functions from absolute intensity measurements in microwave spectroscopyR. F. Curl, Tatsuya. Ikeda, R. S. Williams, Sharron. Leavell, and L. H. ScharpenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 19, 6182–6190Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00800a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00800a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views39Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural and stereodynamic studies on molecular early transition metal derivatives. 3. Molecular structure of trichlorooxobis(hexamethylphosphorotriamide)niobium(V) (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural and stereodynamic studies on molecular early transition metal derivatives. 3. Molecular structure of trichlorooxobis(hexamethylphosphorotriamide)niobium(V)Liliane G. Hubert-Pfalzgraf and Alan A. PinkertonCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1977, 16, 8, 1895–1897Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50174a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50174a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The summation-by-parts algorithm-a new efficient technique for the rapid calculation of certain series arising in shielded planar structures (2002)

This paper presents a new technique for the convergence acceleration of a large class of series often arising in electromagnetic problems. The technique is based on the recursive application of the integration-by-parts technique to discrete sequences, thus the given name of the "summation-by-parts" technique. It is shown that the new technique greatly enhances the convergence rate of the series treated, and very small relative errors are obtained by performing a few simple operations. The new technique is applied to the efficient numerical calculation of the Green's functions in a parallel-plate waveguide.
A study of hydrogen bonding in methanol vapor by measurement of thermal conductivity (1977)

The thermal conductivity of methanol vapor was measured in a modified thick hot-wire cell between 307 and 345 K at pressures ranging from approximately 50 torr up to a maximum of 1 atm. Analysis of the experimental data indicates that a tetrameric species is the principal source of the observed enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the vapor due to association reactions. Equilibrium constants for the reaction 4CH3OH? (CH3OH)4 were determined from the thermal conductivity data. The enthalpy of formation of the methanol tetramer is −23.73 kcal/mole and the entropy of formation is −80.92 cal/mole K.
Gomphocalyx and Phylohydrax (Rubiaceae): sister taxa excluded from Spermacoceae s.s., featuring a remarkable case of convergent evolution (2005)

The genera Gomphocalyx and Phylohydrax (Rubiaceae) have been invariably placed in the tribe Spermacoceae s.s. based on the uni-ovulate ovary locules and pluri-aperturate pollen grains. Sequence data from the rps16 intron and the rbcL gene here presented exclude Gomphocalyx and Phylohydrax from Spermacoceae s.s. The two genera are closely related and their nearest relatives are found among members of the former tribe Hedyotideae. This position may be surprising at first, because the growth form of Phylohydrax is similar to some observed in Spermacoceae s.s. A detailed survey of morphological and anatomical characters shows, however, that the character states of the two genera are largely consistent with the here-proposed position in Hedyotideae. The creeping growth form, the uni-ovulate ovaries and the pluri-colporate pollen grains of Gomphocalyx and Phylohydrax are the result of convergence between this pair of genera and Spermacoceae s.s. The taxonomic position of Lathraeocarpa, sometimes considered closely related to Gomphocalyx, is also discussed.
Determination of Cloud Liquid Water Distribution by Inversion of Radiometric Data (1985)

Abstract A method is described whereby the distribution of liquid water through a cross section of a cloud may be determined from radiometric data. It involves the scanning of the cloud by a pair of ground-based centimeter wave radiometers and measuring the emission from a multiplicity of different directions. The time required to obtain all of the necessary information should be less than three minutes. The emission is sensibly independent of the presence of ice in the cloud and depends essentially upon the integrated liquid water content along the path. Corrections need to be made for the mean temperature and water vapor profiles in the cloud and the clear air environment. If there is significant water content in drops larger than about 1 mm diameter the emissivity becomes drop size dependent, so the technique is useful only in the preprecipitation phase of cloud development or before the rain rate reaches about 1 mm h−1. The distribution of liquid water is determined by mathematical inversion procedure...