gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoinduced and thermally induced cationic polymerizations using <i>S,S</i>‐dialkyl‐<i>S</i>‐(3,5‐dimethylhydroxyphenyl)sulfonium salts (2003)

Abstract A study of the photoinitiated and thermally initiated cationic polymerizations of several monomer systems with S,S ‐dialkyl‐ S ‐(3,5‐dimethylhydroxyphenyl)sulfonium salt (HPS) photoinitiators bearing different lengths of alkyl chains on the positively charged sulfur atom has been conducted. HPS photoinitiators are capable of photoinitiating the cationic polymerization of a wide variety of epoxy and vinyl ether monomers directly on irradiation with short‐wavelength UV light. Aryl ketone photosensitizers are effective in extending the spectral response of these photoinitiators into the long‐wavelength UV region. Kinetic studies with real‐time infrared spectroscopy show that HPS photoinitiators exhibit good efficiency in the polymerization of epoxide and vinyl ether monomers. Comparative studies also demonstrate that S,S ‐dimethyl‐ S ‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)sulfonium salts are more active photoinitiators than their isomeric S,S ‐dimethyl‐ S ‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)sulfonium salt counterparts. Both types of HPS photoinitiators display reversible photolysis as a result of facile termination reactions that take place between the growing chains ends with the photogenerated sulfur ylides. Preliminary studies have shown that HPS photoinitiators can also be employed as thermal initiators for the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of epoxides at moderate temperatures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2570–2587, 2003
AMELIORATION OF UV‐B DAMAGE UNDER HIGH IRRADIANCE. I: ROLE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS (1992)

Abstract— Sensitivity to ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B,280–315 nm) is generally reduced when background irradiance is high. We tested the involvement of photosynthesis in the amelioration of UV‐B damage by treating plants at high PAR (photosynthetically‐active radiation, 400–700 nm; 1000 μmol m‐ 2 s‐ 1 ) with supplemental UV‐B at double ambient levels of biologically‐effective radiation (18 kJ m‐ 2 d‐ 1 ) and either “ambient” (450 μmol mol‐ 1 ) or short term elevated (750 μmol mol‐ 1 ) CO 2 levels. Responses to UV‐B were assessed by photosynthetic gas exchange, leaf expansion and production of UV‐absorbing compounds (presumptive flavonoids) in cultivars of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) previously demonstrated to be relatively sensitive (cv. Poinsett) and insensitive (cv. Ashley) to UV‐B. Except for marginal leaf interveinal chlorosis observed in Poinsett, both cultivars responded similarly. UV‐B had little direct effect on leaf photosynthesis, but it did cause reductions in leaf area and corresponding increases in leaf dry matter per area. Increased CO, stimulated plant growth, counteracting the effect of UV‐B on leaf growth and indicating an important role for photosynthesis. In contrast, the accumulation of UV‐absorbing flavonoid compounds was enhanced by UV‐B exposure but was not affected by COz enrichment.
360° rotating micro mirror for transmitting and sensing optical coherence tomography signals (2006)

We have designed a micro actuator system for precise transmission and reception of bio-optical signals. Our system consists of a first-in-kind polysilicon micro mirror held stationary at a 45/spl deg/ angle on top of a 360/spl deg/-rotating platform driven by a scratch drive array. The entire system is designed with a 1-mm diameter size constraint. This constraint allows the device to fit inside the tip of a catheter for use in biomedical endoscopy. We have developed two designs, based on a commercial micromachining process, to accomplish this. One mirror assembly is pulled into position at 45/spl deg/ while the other mirror assembly flips over itself into place. The benefit of the former mirror is that it can easily be coated with gold to improve reflectivity at the foundry. The benefit of the latter is that the optically-flat bottom surface of the polysilicon layer is used as the reflective surface of the mirror. Photoresist "hinges" are used to allow this system to self-assemble by surface tension induced through heating.
Use of a commercially available nucleating agent to control the morphological development of solution-processed small molecule bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (2014)

The nucleating agent DMDBS is used to modulate the crystallization of solution-processed small molecule donor molecules in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (BHJ OPV) devices. This control over donor molecule crystallization leads to a reduction in optimized thermal annealing times as well as smaller donor molecule crystallites, and therefore more efficient devices, when using an excessive amount of solvent additive. We therefore demonstrate the use of nucleating agents as a powerful and versatile processing strategy for solution-processed, small molecule BHJ OPVs.
Works of A.A. Samarskii on Computational Mathematics (2009)

Abstract This is a review of the main results in computational mathematics that were obtained by the eminent Russian mathematician Alexander Andreevich Samarskii (February 19, 1919 – February 11, 2008). His outstanding research output addresses all the main questions that arise in the construction and justification of algorithms for the numerical solution of problems from mathematical physics. The remarkable works of A.A. Samarskii include statements of the main principles re- quired in the construction of difference schemes, rigorous mathematical proofs of the stability and convergence of these schemes, and also investigations of their algorith- mic implementation. A.A. Samarskii and his collaborators constructed and applied in practical calculations a large number of algorithms for solving various problems from mathematical physics, including thermal physics, gas dynamics, magnetic gas dynam- ics, plasma physics, ecology and other important models from the natural sciences.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC (3,3) SHIFT OF A CYCLOBUTENE RING INVOLVING PHOTOFRAGMENTATION OF A 1,8‐BISHOMOCUBANE AS THE RELAY (1977)

Abstract Das bei der oxidativen Chlorierung des Sulfids (I) in Gegenwart von Monoperphthalsäure erhältliche Gemisch von α‐Chlor‐sulfonsäuren geht unter den Bedingungen der Ramberg‐Bäcklund‐Umlagerung in den tetracyclischen Kohlenwasserstoff (II) über.
67.1: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Performance Gains When Using 3D Displays vs. 2D Displays (2011)

Abstract To justify the additional complexity and cost of stereoscopic 3D systems, it is important to document improved task performance and reduced perceptual workload. This paper will explain, through examples from previous studies and by analysis of various 3D display factors involved, why some research studies have shown significant task performance gains from using 3D displays instead of 2D displays, while other studies have reported little or no benefit from 3D. This review also covers some of the 3D side‐benefits and performance‐testing issues that should be considered when deciding between 3D and. 2D displays for specific applications.
Acrylate End-Capped Poly(ester-carbonate) and Poly(ether-ester)s for Polymer-on-Multielectrode Array Devices: Synthesis, Photocuring, and Biocompatibility (2008)

Polymeric materials based on epsilon-caprolactone (CL), 1,5-dioxepan-2-one (DXO), and trimethylene carbonate (TMC) were prepared and evaluated as possible candidates for polymer-on-multielectrode (PoM) applications. CL was copolymerized with either DXO or TMC in the presence of the diol initiator 1,4-benzenedimethanol (BDM). The ring-opening polymerization experiments, carried out in bulk and using tin(II) catalysis, yielded the desired low molecular weight random copolymer diols, as evidenced by NMR, IR, MALDI-ToF MS, and DSC techniques. Upon reaction with acryloyl chloride, the corresponding diacrylate end-capped copolymers were obtained. The latter were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and their photocross-linking (in the presence of a UV initiator) was followed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Transparent and soft thin films of the copoly(ether-ester) and copoly(ester-carbonate) diacrylates were prepared and cured under UV irradiation. The resulting polymeric films showed good biocompatibility properties as far as in vitro neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation to neurons and astrocytes are concerned. Noteworthy are the beneficial effects obtained upon preconditioning the copolymers by means of the cell-culture medium and the excellent properties shown particularly by the CL-TMC copolymer. Moreover, preliminary results show that microchannel formation by photocuring is possible with the synthesized polymers.
Calibration of electric probes for post-processing of near-field scanning data (2006)

In order to compensate nonideal receiving characteristic of electric probes used in planar electromagnetic near-field scanning, scalar calibration and post-processing method based on deconvolution is proposed. The measurement setup and numerical procedure for discrete data processing is described in detail. The receiving characteristics of the probes are directly determined from scanning measurements and fullwave simulation of the specific calibration structure. Special attention is given to reduction of post-processing errors due to noisy input data. The compensation procedure is successfully validated with two probes and two planar test objects over two decades of frequency. The deconvolution method greatly improves spatial resolution of near-field scans and accurately determines distribution of normal electric field in true levels.
Lifetime measurements on fission fragments in the A ∼ 100 region (2013)

Lifetimes of first 4+ and 6+ states have been measured in neutron-rich isotopes of Zr, Mo, Ru and Pd using the recoil distance Doppler shift method at GANIL. The nuclei were produced through a fusion-fission reaction in inverse kinematics. The fission fragments were fully identified in the large-acceptance VAMOS spectrometer and γ-rays were detected in coincidence with the EXOGAM germanium array. Lifetimes of excited states in the range of 1–100 ps were measured with the Cologne plunger. Preliminary lifetime results are presented as well as a discussion on the evolution of the collectivity in this region.
Adaptive signal processing in non-Gaussian noise backgrounds (2002)

This paper discusses the problem of adaptive radar target detection in non-Gaussian noise backgrounds which can be modeled as a spherically invariant random process (SIRP). The estimated covariance matrix is used in an adaptive processing method for signal detection. It is shown that the resulting processor is equivalent to a generalized estimator correlator. Performance analysis is presented in terms of probability of detection versus signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for the case of a K-distributed SIRP. A performance comparison of our technique with that of the adaptive matched filter (AMF) of Robey et al (1992) is presented. The method developed in this paper affords considerable performance improvement in non-Gaussian noise backgrounds.
Firing patterns of single units in the prefrontal cortex and neural network models (1990)

The occurrences of high-frequency bursts of neural activity and the probability distribution of firing rates of neurons were investigated in the behaving monkey. The activity of 8 to 11 single units was recorded in parallel through six metal microelectrodes from the frontal cortical areas. High-frequency (>150 Hz) bursts of three or more spikes in succession were extremely rare, occurring at an average rate of 0.068 per second per neuron. The probability of observing a burst in one neuron was not affected by the fact that another adjacent neuron emitted a burst. Thus, if a high-frequency burst represents the ‘on’ state of a neuron, we failed to demonstrate persistent states in which a group of neurons is turned ‘on’ together. The firing rates of the neurons were usually low. The probability of a neuron firing a few (2–5) spikes within a narrow (10–100 ms) time window was very low (<0.003). The probability density of firing rates did not show any sign of inhomogeneity, thus failing to show that the neurons tended to be either in a state of high firing rate or in a state of low firing rate for any periods of time. The low probability of finding a neuron with an elevated firing rate means either that a given cortical area is idle most of the time, or that, in a given process, only a few neurons elevate their firing rates at any one time. The relevance of these findings to neural network models is discussed.
Impact of Low Temperatures $({< 125}~{\rm K})$ on the Total Ionizing Dose Response and ELDRS in Gated Lateral PNP BJTs (2012)

<?Pub Dtl=""?> Total ionizing dose characteristics and dose rate dependence are evaluated under low temperature conditions for gated lateral PNP bipolar junction transistors. The results show that the dose rate sensitivity of the examined linear bipolar circuit technology is reduced when irradiations are performed at low temperature. The results are supported by numerical simulations that model low temperature behaviors through the suppression of hole and proton transport in the irradiated oxide. These findings agree well with previous studies of CMOS technologies, which reported on the time and bias dependence of defect buildup in MOS capacitors and transistors. This study of temperature effects on the total dose and dose rate response of PNP BJTs expands upon these works by examining the impact of low temperature on ELDRS in bipolar technologies.
Leadership for reconciliation: A Truth and Reconciliation Commission perspective (2002)

As important as the need for authentic leadership in the fields of politics, economy and education in Africa may be, the continent is also in dire need of leadership for reconciliation. Against the backdrop of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), the author – who served on the Commission – discusses five characteristics of leaders for reconciliation. Leaders need to be: leaders with a clear understanding of the issues at stake; leaders with respect for the truth; leaders with a sense of justice; leaders with a comprehension of the dynamics of forgiveness; and leaders with a firm commitment. The insights and experiences of both the chairperson of the TRC, Desmond Tutu, and the deputy chair, Alex Boraine, form the backbone of the article.
Protein production by sheep embryos during the period of maternal recognition of pregnancy (1986)

An embryo must be present in the uterus 12-13 days after estrus to prevent regression of the ovine corpus luteum. The present experiments were designed to determine if embryo-specific secretory proteins could be detected in the maternal blood at the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy. In two experiments, 92 embryos were flushed from 47 ewes at 14-15 days after estrus. Embryos were incubated in vitro for 24 h and the proteins in the media were harvested. Antisera to proteins in both flushing and incubation medium were produced in rabbits. In experiment 1, crude fractions were used for antibody production and radioimmunoassays were established for protein peaks separated on a 1.1 X 75 cm G-100 Sephadex column. Two low molecular weight fractions (EPiv and EPv) appeared to be embryo specific but were not detectable in jugular vein sera of 14- to 15-day pregnant animals. In experiment 2, proteins derived from uterine flushes and from embryo incubations were chromatographed on a 2.5 X 85 cm column of G-100 Sephadex. The protein peaks were measured, pooled, lyophilized, and used for immunization of rabbits. As in experiment 1, antisera were generated, some of which seemed to be directed against embryo-specific proteins. However, we could not detect these fractions in the uterine vein blood of pregnant animals. Thus, embryo-specific proteins are either confined to the uterus or they appear in the blood in quantities that are undetectable with our assay system.
Craniofacial Development and Patterning (2003)

During early craniofacial development, cranial neural crest cells emigrate from seg-mentally distinct divisions of the hindbrain (rhombomeres) to populate the various branchial arches and subsequently differentiate into multiple neuronal and non-neu-ronal cell lineages of the head and neck region. Organ culture of the mandibular portion of the developing first branchial arch (1,2) facilitates investigations of molecular signaling events of crest cell differentiation during chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, odontogenesis, and myogenesis (3-5). In addition, organs explanted in culture are assessable physically by microdissections, implantations, transplantations, and micro-injections, and can be readily manipulated by antisense oligonucleotides strategies, viral delivery, and immunoperturbation methodologies.
Diamondoid Porous Organic Salts toward Applicable Strategy for Construction of Versatile Porous Structures (2012)

To achieve efficient construction of organic porous materials with versatile properties, we propose a widely applicable novel strategy using organic salts comprising triphenylmethylamine (TPMA) and sulfonic acids. We demonstrate that TPMA and sulfonic acids having polyaromatic moieties give a new class of porous structures consisting of diamond networks, named as diamondoid porous organic salts (d-POSs). In the d-POSs, TPMA and the sulfonic acids are assembled into stable tetrahedral supramolecular clusters via charge-assisted hydrogen bonding as primary building blocks. Subsequently, the clusters are accumulated by π–π interactions between the polyaromatic moieties to yield the d-POSs through formation of the diamond networks. Large steric hindrance of the clusters prevents the diamond networks from constructing highly interpenetrated structures, giving continuous open channels. It should be noted that the interpenetration degree of the diamond networks is controlled by tuning the bulkiness of the cluster with alteration of sulfonic acids. Anthracene-2-sulfonic acid (2-AS) constructs a 3-fold structure with one-dimensional channels, whereas pyrene-1-sulfonic acid (1-PyS) yields a 2-fold structure having two-dimensional channels. Furthermore, the organic salt of TPMA and 2-AS also give polymorphic structures in response to host–guest ratio and guest species, indicating not only their stability but the flexibility of the d-POSs.
Unusual case of antiphospholipid syndrome presenting as adrenal insufficiency (2020)

A 64-year-old man presented to the emergency department with generalised fatigue and dizzy spells. His background history includes a previous admission with right leg deep vein thrombosis, provoked by pneumonia. Laboratory results showed evidence of hyponatremia and hyperkalaemia. A synacthen test was performed that indicated hypoadrenalism. CT of his abdomen revealed enlarged adrenal glands bilaterally. Adrenal antibodies and positron emission tomography (PET) scan were performed to assess the cause of enlarged adrenals. PET scan showed no evidence of increased uptake. Adrenal antibodies were found to be negative. Tuberculous (TB) adrenalitis was the principle differential diagnosis. TB QuantiFERON was strongly positive. Following 9 months of TB treatment, surveillance CT scan indicated a significant reduction in adrenal gland size. However, subsequent events culminated in a retrospective review of CT scans questioning the initial clinical diagnosis and suggesting that the observed adrenal gland enlargement was secondary to bilateral adrenal infarction and haemorrhage. Equally, the subsequently observed marked reduction in adrenal gland size was not secondary to an assumed response to TB therapy, but rather the sequela of infracted atrophied adrenal glands, as a manifestation of the underlying antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The case highlights the importance of recognising adrenal insufficiency in patients with a history of APS. It also illustrates the role of multidisciplinary meetings in the management of such complex cases.
Expression of CD4 in transgenic mice alters the specificity of CD8 cells for allogeneic major histocompatibility complex. (1991)

We have generated a transgenic mouse line in which a CD4 transgene is expressed on a significant fraction of the mature CD8+ lymphocytes but is not expressed in the thymus. This provides an opportunity to examine the functional consequences of CD4 expression in a population of class I-selected CD8+ lymphocytes. CD8+ lymphocytes expressing the CD4 transgene proliferate in response to allogeneic class I and class II major histocompatibility complex, whereas CD8+ cells from control animals proliferate only to allogeneic class I gene products. These observations suggest that the ability of a T-cell population to react with class II allogeneic major histocompatibility complex is determined by the presence of CD4.
Film thickness dependence of ferroelectric properties of <i>c</i>-axis-oriented epitaxial Bi4Ti3O12 thin films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2001)

The film thickness dependence of the ferroelectricity of c-axis-oriented epitaxially grown Bi4Ti3O12 thin films was investigated. The c-axis-oriented Bi4Ti3O12 films with thicknesses from 35 to 400 nm were epitaxially grown on (100)CaRuO3//(100)SrTiO3 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The dielectric constant and the coercive field of the films were almost independent of the film thickness. These values were about 151 and 18.8 kV/cm, respectively. The spontaneous polarization Ps was almost constant at 4.0 μC/cm2 and was independent of the film thickness above 140 nm. This value is almost the same as the reported value for the single crystal along the c axis. However, the Ps value decreased with decreasing film thickness below 100 nm. Moreover, the remanent polarization continuously decreased as the film thickness decreased below 400 nm. As a result, the ferroelectric property of the epitaxially grown Bi4Ti3O12 films also depended on the film thickness and was similar to that of simple perovskite-structured ferroelectric thin films, such as Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 and (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 thin films.
Development of Four-Probe Microscopy for Electric Conductivity Measurement (2005)

A four-probe microscope consisting of independently driven actuators has been developed in a scanning electron microscope chamber. By using an automatic probe approaching system, the resistivity of a Si(111) wafer is measured by the four-point probe method with the probe spacing changed from 18 µm to 500 µm. The measured voltage vs probe spacing curve is highly reproducible and is qualitatively in good agreement with the expected behavior, taking into account the correction factor for a non-semi-infinite medium.