gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms Mediating the Influence of Alcohol on the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Responses to Immune and Nonimmune Signals (1998)

In the rat, the acute administration of alcohol induces dose-related increases in plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels. This response depends on the delivery of the hypothalamic peptides corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin (VP) to the pituitary. On the other hand, exposure to an alcohol diet for 7 to 10 days significantly blunts the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to other homeostatic threats, such as mild electroshocks or immune signals. This decreased response is at least in part due to an attenuated ability of VP to increase ACTH secretion. We have previously shown that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits the pituitary response to VP. We therefore hypothesized that chronic alcohol treatment might increase levels of this gas within the HPA axis, and tested this possibility by determining whether blockade of NO formation might restore a normal pituitary response to VP. We observed that such was the case, and therefore propose that NO participates in the blunted activity of the HPA axis during prolonged exposure to alcohol. Finally, we determined whether alcohol would exert neuroendocrine effects that extended beyond the initial drug treatment. To explore this possibility, we injected rats with alcohol intragastrically for 3 days, then re-exposed them to the drug 3 to 12 days later. Rats pretreated with the vehicle and injected with alcohol several days later showed the expected significant rise in plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels, as well as a marked increase in immediate early genes mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of their hypothalamus. In contrast, animals pretreated with alcohol exhibited a blunted hormonal and hypothalamic response during the second drug exposure but, interestingly, retained a normal endocrine response to other signals, such as exposure to electro-footshocks or cytokine injection. We originally thought that this phenomenon of selective endocrine tolerance might be explained by decreased serotonin levels in the PVN. Whereas alcohol indeed decreased concentrations of this neurotransmitter in the PVN, exposure to electroshocks induced similar changes. However, an initial exposure to shocks did not blunt the ability of the HPA axis to be activated by a second shock session, by alcohol or by immune signals (delivered several days later). These results do not support the hypothesis that the decreased HPA axis response to a second alcohol challenge is mediated via decreased serotonin afferents to corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the PVN.
Native Wildlife Adjust Activity Patterns to Temporally Avoid Wild Pigs (2019)

Wildlife species have defined activity patterns that are important for conserving biological rhythms and altering these rhythms can cause physiological stress. Species often shift activity patterns to minimize predation risks or to temporally partition competition. Thus, when a new predator or competitor is introduced into a community, the activity patterns of the whole community could be affected, and this effect may increase the stress wild pigs cause to native wildlife. To test the hypothesis that wild pig activity patterns affect those of native wildlife, we monitored activity patterns of native wildlife and wild pigs before and after aerial gunning events that manipulated pig activity patterns. Using the Statistical R-package – Overlap option, we generated species activity curves which showed aerial gunning caused a substantial shift in wild pig activity patterns from peaking near sunrise to peaking near sunset. Native species not directly at risk from aerial gunning, such as raccoon, armadillo, rabbits, squirrels, and opossum, shifted their activity patterns to a lesser degree than that of pigs, but most species adjusted activity peaks to favor lulls in pig activity. Thus, by manipulating swine activity patterns we provide evidence that wild pigs affect the activity patterns of many native wildlife species. Not only does our data demonstrate the flexibility of pigs to alter activity patterns to avoid removal, it also indicates that these animals cause an additional unappreciated stress on native wildlife by altering their biological rhythm.
Intravascular Volume Loading Reversibly Decreases Airway Cross-sectional Area (1993)

High-resolution computed tomography was used to directly determine the short-term effects of intravascular volume expansion on airway caliber. The change in airway cross-sectional area caused by intravascular volume expansion (30 ml/kg, Ringer's lactate) was studied in six anesthetized mini-pigs within 5 min. Twenty-five of 27 large airways (diameter, 2.01 to 5.0 mm) demonstrated decreased internal cross-sectional area (10.56 +/- 1.26 vs 8.66 +/- 1.03 mm2, p < 0.001). Twenty of 24 small airways (diameter, 0.75 to 2.0 mm) showed decreased internal cross-sectional area (1.82 +/- 0.16 vs 1.44 +/- 0.16 mm2, p < 0.001). These changes were rapidly (< 6 min) reversed by intravascular volume reduction. The external airway cross-sectional area did not change. These data suggest rapid, reversible bronchial mucosal vascular engorgement as a cause of increased airway resistance in heart failure.
Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in Italian Families with Stargardt Disease (2005)

Autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD) has been associated with substantial genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. By systematic clinical analyses of STGD patients with complete genetic data (i.e. identified mutations on both alleles of the ABCA4 gene), we set out to determine phenotypic subtypes and to correlate these with specific ABCA4 alleles. Twenty-eight patients from 18 families with STGD/fundus flavimaculatus were investigated. All patients were submitted to complete ophthalmologic examination, electrophysiology, fluorescein angiography and ABCA4 gene chip analysis. Two main clinical phenotypes were observed among the examined patients. The severe phenotype was characterized by the onset of the disease <20 years and reduced ERG response, whereas the mild phenotype presented with later onset of the disease and a normal ERG response. Genetic analysis of the ABCA4 gene revealed, in the severe group, more frequently deletions, stop codons and insertions as compared to the mild phenotype group (p=0.0113 by Fisher's exact test). Moreover, the compound heterozygous mutations G1961E/5018+2T-->C found in 7 patients from 3 unrelated STGD families were associated with a mild phenotype in all subjects, except 1. This study documented variability of the clinical expression of STGD in relation to the age of onset of the disease, fundus appearance and the ERG response and allowed to subdivide patients into a severe and a mild phenotype group. These findings suggest that an extensive and comprehensive genetic analysis of STGD patients combined with thorough clinical evaluation, including the careful recording of the age of onset of the disease, would allow a more precise prognostic evaluation.
Enhanced Solid State Reaction of TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/Al Composites by Doping (1997)

Rutile-type TiO2/Al composites have hardenability due to the reaction between components by heat treatment in the solid state. It has been found that the reaction on the solid state is induced by impurity element in reinforcement such as Na, and the hardenability is considered practically useful. In the present work, for the purpose of defining the role of impurity on the reaction and of seeking for effective other impurities, the reactivities of various kinds of TiO2/Al composites were examined by DSC and their reaction mechanisms were investigated. The composites were fabricated from pure Al and TiO2 particles which were doped with small amounts of alkali or alkali-earth metal oxides. When the TiO2 powder was doped with Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr and Ba, the TiO2/Al composites revealed an exothermic peak in the DSC curve at about 873 K. But the peak by the reaction in the solid state could not be observed in the case of the dopants of Li, Be and Mg. It was also found that the exothermic peak of the composites in the solid state was higher with increasing ionic radius of the dopants. It can be fairly certain that the dopant which induces the reaction forms an oxide complex on the surface of TiO2, but not diffuses into TiO2. From the experimental results, it can be considered that the oxide complex plays the role of a diffusion path of the Al ion to promote the reaction between TiO2 and Al. The reaction mechanism of the composites in the solid state is explained by the formation of the oxide complex and the crystalline structure, which is produced on the surface of TiO2 powder as alkali or alkali-earth metal oxides and by the diffusion behavior of the Al ion through the oxide complex and into the TiO2 particle.
A reactive ion milling process for patterning narrow track iron nitride recording head poles at the wafer level (1997)

A thin metal mask is desirable when defining narrow structures by ion milling. This article explores the definition of narrow high moment iron nitride inductive head pole structures by ion milling in Ar/O/sub 2/ and Ar/N/sub 2/ gas environments through a Ti mask. Modest ion milling selectivities between Ti and the iron nitrides (FeAlN and FeTaN) were achieved by ion milling in Ar/O/sub 2/, although the mill rate of the iron nitrides was reduced dramatically. Selectivities of over 4 were achieved by ion milling in Ar/N/sub 2/ ambient, without severely reducing the ion milling rates of the iron nitrides. Hence this reactive mill process is a viable method for defining narrow iron nitride poles by ion milling at the wafer level.
What can comparative genomics tell us about species concepts in the genus Aspergillus? (2007)

Understanding the nature of species" boundaries is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. The availability of genomes from several species of the genus Aspergillus allows us for the first time to examine the demarcation of fungal species at the whole-genome level. Here, we examine four case studies, two of which involve intraspecific comparisons, whereas the other two deal with interspecific genomic comparisons between closely related species. These four comparisons reveal significant variation in the nature of species boundaries across Aspergillus. For example, comparisons between A. fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri (the teleomorph of A. fischerianus) and between A. oryzae and A. flavus suggest that measures of sequence similarity and species-specific genes are significantly higher for the A. fumigatus - N. fischeri pair. Importantly, the values obtained from the comparison between A. oryzae and A. flavus are remarkably similar to those obtained from an intra-specific comparison of A. fumigatus strains, giving support to the proposal that A. oryzae represents a distinct ecotype of A. flavus and not a distinct species. We argue that genomic data can aid Aspergillus taxonomy by serving as a source of novel and unprecedented amounts of comparative data, as a resource for the development of additional diagnostic tools, and finally as a knowledge database about the biological differences between strains and species.
Abstract 82: Preserved Heart Rate Variability During Rapid Head Cooling Correlated to Better Survival and Neurological Outcomes in a Pig Model of Cardiac Arrest (2010)

Background: Rapid head cooling initiated with CPR improves survival and neurological outcomes after prolonged cardiac arrest. However, the effects of head cooling on cardiac electrical activity aft...
Simulation of Deep Drawability on AZ 31 Magunesium Alloy Plate (2006)

Recently, magnesium alloys are often applied in the auto industries and electric appliances. Most of them are manufactured by using some casting method. However, from the viewpoints of productivity and quality of product, it is easily expected that the develeopment of press forming technology is strongly required along with other metals and alloys. In this study, first, warm deep drawing tests were performed to understand its deep drawability. From the result of drawing test, limit of drawing ratio of AZ31B plate is resulted in 3.0 by heating the die and cooling the punch. Next, simulation of warm deep drawing on AZ31B magnesium was tried and evaluated for calculating the optimum press condtions. FEM with non linear and dynamic expricit was used for the simulation. In the simulation, the tensile tests were performed to understand its material behavior, and forming limit diagram (FLD) was also used to decide the drawing limit. It is concluded from the results that (1) The simulation of warm deep drawing on AZ31B magnesium conformed to the resluts of the actual experiments. (2) The simulation was very effective for calculating the optimum press condtions.
Characterization of traps in InAlN by optically and thermally stimulated deep level defect spectroscopies (2018)

Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and deep level optical spectroscopy (DLOS) were used to characterize defect states throughout the bandgap of unintentionally-doped InxAl1−xN grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition for x = 0.18 (nominally lattice-matched) and x = 0.15 compositions. DLTS revealed broad peaks with energy levels of EC − 0.23 eV and 0.38 eV for In0.18Al0.82N and In0.15Al0.85N, respectively, tracking the difference in their conduction band minima [S. Schulz et al., Appl. Phys. Express 6, 121001 (2013)]. Capture kinetics studies revealed logarithmic filling behavior, which with the broad peaks, implies that an extended defect source is likely, consistent with threading dislocation densities (TDD) of ∼1 × 109 cm−2 measured for both structures. However, the trap concentration did not track the detailed TDD variation but instead followed the background oxygen content, which varied between 1.2 × 1018 cm−3 and 1.8 × 1018 cm−3 for the samples. Taken together with the logarithmic capture kinetics, this implies that dislocation-oxygen complexes could be the source for this trap. In spite of the high oxygen content in the samples, this state did not reveal DX-like behavior, supporting the assertion of an oxygen-dislocation complex as its likely source. DLOS also revealed additional states at EC − 1.63 eV, 2.09 eV, and 3.59 eV for In0.18Al0.82N and analogous states at EC − 1.70 eV, 2.70 eV, and 3.90 eV within In0.15Al0.85N. Lighted capacitance-voltage measurements indicated that the near mid-gap (EC − 2.09 eV and 2.70 eV) and near valence band (EC − 3.59 eV and 3.90 eV) states are their primary sources for carrier compensation.
Linear Versus Nonlinear Field Dependence of Dielectric Stiffness in Relaxors (2005)

Dielectric permittivity studies in the field-cooled mode show a linear dependence of dielectric stiffness (inverse dielectric permittivity) on dc bias in PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3–PbTiO3 crystals and some other relaxors above a certain threshold bias value. The observed behavior can be described by extrinsic contributions like 90°-domain wall movements and/or rotations of dipole moments (polarization-rotation).
A revised Kubelka–Munk theory for spectral simulation of phosphor-based white light-emitting diodes (2008)

We developed a simulation method for designing the luminescence profiles of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with multicolor phosphor blend. By taking into account the effect of the light scattering by phosphor particles as well as the reabsorption effect by phosphor species, we found a model of white LEDs to calculate the light output as a function of various parameters such as the thickness of the resins, the concentration of phosphors, and the spatial distribution of phosphor particles. This method is widely applicable to phosphor-based white LEDs with either blue or UV excitation.
ADULT THYMUS: LIMITED ROLE IN RECOVERY OF HOMOGRAFT RESPONSE IN IRRADIATED MICE (1963)

Thymectomized and sham-thymectomized adult LAF1 and CBA mice received lethal irradiation and were protected with syngeneic bone marrow. Thirty days after irradiation the survivors were grafted with allogeneic and xenogeneic (rat) skin. The thymectomized mice rejected their rat grafts only slightly later than did the mice in the sham thymectomy group; inontrast, allogenic grafts survived significantly longer on the thymecto mized mice than they did on the mice in the control group. (Author)
Tin contamination in PQFN package and its effects on wire bondability (2013)

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to attempt to confirm the root cause of unstable stitch pull strength in PQFN package and propose some permanent solutions for it. Design/methodology/approach A screen experiment was designed to find the key process out of the manufacturing flow; a non‐destructive detaching method and cross section polishing were used to inspect the bond integrity; Auger analysis assisted with argon ion sputter was tried to confirm the contamination; finally the manufacturing processes were redesigned to prevent the contamination. Findings Some first aids of process optimization got little improvement; the screen experiment of processes found solder die bonding was the one resulted into a poor bond integrity which was demonstrated by non‐destructive detaching method and cross section inspection; Auger analysis assisted with argon ion sputter detected that there was a tin layer thicker than 20 nm coated on the bonding surface and the wire bondability of gold wire on this tin coating was poor; the lead frame was redesigned to prevent the wetting and flowing of tin and got a perfect performance. Research limitations/implications Because of the limitation of time and resources, the proposed solutions for this issue could be studied more deeply. Originality/value This paper set up an example how to find out the root cause from the complex manufacturing process flow and put forward a quick solution accordingly for the issue.
Cigarettes labeled with [<sup>11</sup>C]nicotine: formulation and administration for PET inhalation (2009)

Abstract The ultimate goal of this work was to relate nicotine kinetics in the brain after cigarette smoking to a feature of sensitization in drug addiction. To do this required a positron emission tomography study to measure the regional cerebral biodistribution kinetics of cigarette‐smoked nicotine. This in turn required a cigarette formulated with carbon‐11 labeled nicotine suitable for administration by single bolus inhalation. Here we report the development and validation of cigarettes formulated with [ 11 C]nicotine that were successfully used for single bolus administration by smoking. We also report measurements of nicotine delivery from smoked cigarettes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Clinical Evidence of a Correlation Between Insulin Resistance and the ALCAT Food Intolerance Test. (2019)

Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as the inability of a known quantity of exogenous or endogenous insulin to increase glucose uptake and utilization. Several mechanisms have been proposed as possible causes underlying the development of IR and the IR syndrome. IR occurs as part of a cluster of cardiovascular-metabolic abnormalities commonly referred to as "The Metabolic Syndrome." This may lead to the development of type 2 diabetes, accelerated atherosclerosis, hypertension, dysmenorrhea, hirsutism, and polycystic ovarian syndrome, depending on the genetic background of the individual developing IR. The aim of this study was to assess, in 123 female and 35 male (mean age, 42 y ± 10.3; range 19-75 y) volunteers) whether IR could be partly related to a dietary sugar intolerance and whether there could be a correlation between the ALCAT intolerance test and a mutation of the TCFTL2 gene (it promotes the trascription of the proglucagone and plays a key role in the development of the Langherans islands). Results evidenced that subjects with an intolerance to sugar, also showed a statistically significant complete or incomplete alteration of the TCFTL2 genetic test. Based upon these findings, our study demonstrated that there is a clinical correlation between the ALCAT food intolerance test and the IR. The positivity to the ALCAT test of one of the sugars tested (fructose, sugar cane, and sugar beet) indicates, in the majority of the subjects, the presence of a mutation of the gene TCF7L2 and could contribute to the prevention and treatment of the IR.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Acylsilanes via Transmetalation of 1‐ Triorganosilyloxyvinyltin Derivatives. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cytokine Regulation and the Signaling Mechanism of Osteoclast Inhibitory Peptide-1 (OIP-1/hSca) to Inhibit Osteoclast Formation (2003)

The osteoclast (OCL) is the primary bone resorbing cell. OCL formation and activity is regulated by local factors produced in the bone microenvironment. We recently identified OCL inhibitory peptide-1 (OIP-1/ hSca) as a novel inhibitor of OCL formation and bone resorption that is produced by OCLs. OIP-1 is a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-linked membrane protein (16 kDa) related to the mouse Ly-6 family of hematopoietic proteins. OIP-1 mRNA is expressed in human OCL precursors, granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (GM-CFU), bone marrow cells, and osteoblast cells. We used cycle-dependent reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, which further demonstrated that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) strongly enhanced OIP-1/hSca mRNA expression in bone marrow cells and GM-CFU. Similarly, interleukin (IL)-1beta also enhanced OIP-1 mRNA expression in GM-CFU. To determine the participation of OIP-1 in IFN-gamma inhibition of OCL formation, we tested the capacity of a neutralizing antibody specific to OIP-1 c-peptide to inhibit IFN-gamma's effects on OCL-like cell differentiation of mouse macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells. Anti-OIP-1 c-peptide specific antibody partially neutralized IFN-gamma inhibition of OCL differentiation. Furthermore, OIP-1 inhibited phospho-c-Jun (p-c-Jun) kinase activity in RAW 264.7 cells. However, OIP-1/hSca did not affect NF-kappaB activation in these cells. Western blot analysis further demonstrated that OIP-1 significantly decreased TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF-2) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. However, OIP-1 had no effect on TRAF-6 expression in these cells. These data show that IFN-gamma enhances OIP-1/hSca expression in OCL precursors, GM-CFU, and that OIP-1 inhibits OCL formation through suppression of TRAF-2 and p-c-Jun kinase activity.