gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral 1,2‐Diamines. (1989)

Abstract Starting with (S)‐1‐phenylethylamine (I), the chiral 1,2‐diamines (XIIa) and (XIIb) are synthesized as outlined in the reaction scheme.
Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of tuberculous pachymeningitis cranialis hypertrophica: case report. (1990)

Over the past 30 years, sequelae and mortality due to tuberculous meningitis have failed to decrease [1] . The most likely explanation is that the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis is generally made on the basis of clinical and CSF findings, which come late in the course of the disease. In some cases, however, and especially in pachymeningeal forms with atypical clinical features , neuroradiologic investigations can be very useful in early diagnosis of this disease, as the present case demonstrates.
Photodetection by light-induced barrier modulation in Cu-diffused Au–CdS diodes (1974)

Modified Schottky barriers of the type Au–CdS : Cu were prepared by diffusing Cu to a depth of 0.1–0.2 μm into single crystals of CdS, prior to evaporating rectifying Au contacts. The electronic and photoelectronic properties of these junctions are adequately described by a simple model in which the Cu acts as an ionized acceptor, resulting in a ``humped'' potential barrier between the Au and the bulk CdS. Hole trapping by the acceptors under band-gap illumination reduces their ionization and, consequently, the hump height. The forward current density in the dark and under illumination can be accurately described by a thermionic emission model as J=A*T2 exp {—e[VB+VH(0)]/kT exp}(eV/βkT), where the hump potential VH (0) is light sensitive and where β (1&lt;β&lt;1.35) arises from a weak voltage dependence of the barrier height. Barrier height determinations, in the dark and under illumination with 5000-Å light, by means of internal photoemission, thermal activation energy, and J-V measurements unequivocally show that under saturating light conditions the hump in the potential barrier is reduced by 0.23±0.03 V. This barrier mechanism of photoconductive response results in steady-state electron/photon gains in excess of 106 at light intensities lower that 5×1011 photons cm−2 sec−1, where response times exceed 1 sec.
Partial discharge suppression in vapor-mist dielectrics (1984)

Vapor-mist dielectrics consist of very dense (∼10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> droplets/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) mists of micron-size liquid droplets suspended in an insulating gas or vapor. They are flameproof and can have several times the uniform field ac electrical strength of SF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> gas. In recent experiments these dielectrics have been found to also possess remarkable corona or partial discharge (PD) suppression properties. It was found that a brief application of vapor-mist would completely extinguish ac partial discharges at a highly stressed point electrode in atmospheric SF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> . Furthermore, with the PD suppressed, the applied voltage could then be increased by more than three times without any PD activity. It is believed that the mechanisms by which the PD are suppressed include electron and ion collection by the droplets, absorption of ultraviolet radiation, and the suppression of electron emission from the electrode surface. The experimental results and PD suppression mechanisms are outlined and discussed in this paper.
Dark cold atoms at high densities (1994)

Optical trapping and cooling of atoms at high densities is limited by strong absorption of both the incident laser light and the emitted fluorescence. Reabsorption of the emitted fluorescence gives rise to repulsive forces between the trapped atoms and also to additional heating thus limiting both density and ultimate temperature. We have recently demonstrated a method to avoid these effects by shelving most of the atoms being trapped or cooled in a dark hyperfine state. At any instant, about one percent of the atoms are in the bright state where the trapping and cooling forces are exerted. This scheme ensures transparency of the atom cloud at very high optical densities.
Aspect-oriented support for synchronization in parallel computing (2009)

Presents case studies for, and implementations of, synchronized block join points that together augment the capabilities of join points for synchronized methods in intercepting and modifying synchronization actions in distributed, Java-based, aspect oriented software. The models are applicable in any aspect oriented environment, but emphasis is placed on compatibility with AspectJ.
Phosphoadenylate concentrations and energy charge in two freshwater crustaceans: Responses to physical and chemical stressors (1981)

(1981). Phosphoadenylate concentrations and energy charge in two freshwater crustaceans: Responses to physical and chemical stressors. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 205-220.
Second generation photoacoustic remote sensing virtual histology (2022)

Histological imaging is essential for fields such as oncology, and biological research. However, capturing histological images requires tissue to be prepared in thin sections, then stained with dyes such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to capture tissue morphology. This requires intensive processing, which fundamentally alters tissue structure and chemistry. Presented here is the second generation of photoacoustic remote sensing (SG-PARS) histology microscopes, which aim to circumvent current limitations, providing histological visualizations label-free directly within bulk unprocessed tissues. As photons interact with tissues, they may be scattered or absorbed, where absorption will cause the emission of photons (radiative relaxation) or the generation of heat and pressure (non-radiative relaxation). The SG-PARS features a refined architecture providing simultaneous sensitivity to optical scattering, non-radiative relaxation, and radiative relaxation. Leveraging these contrasts, the SG-PARS may provide visualizations in unstained specimens which directly emulate H&E staining. Combined with deep-learning based (cycleGAN) colorization, the SG-PARS rapidly generates emulated H&E images nearly equivalent to traditional H&E preparations. In addition, the SG-PARS may provide novel chromophore specific properties proposed as the total absorption (the combined radiative and non-radiative absorption magnitude) and the quantum efficiency ratio (QER) (the proportional radiative and non-radiative absorption response). These characteristics may enable visualizations with chromophore specificity beyond that provided by traditional H&E staining. In addition, the SG-PARS features extensive architecture innovations, such as a new 2.7 MHz excitation with a hybrid optomechanical scanning architecture, and a novel visible wavelength detection with a circulator-based pathway and an avalanche photodetector. Applied directly in unprocessed human tissues, the SG-PARS provides marked improvements in contrast, sensitivity, resolution, and scanning speed representing a vital milestone in the development of a microscope ready for clinical adoption.
On the Mechanisms of Cyanine Fluorophore Photostabilization (2012)

Cyanine fluorophores exhibit greatly improved photostability when covalently linked to stabilizers, such as cyclooctatetraene (COT), nitrobenzyl alcohol (NBA) or Trolox. However, the mechanism by which photostabilization is mediated has yet to be determined. Here we present spectroscopic evidence that COT, when covalently linked to Cy5, substantially reduces the lifetime of the Cy5 triplet state, and that the degree of triplet state quenching correlates with enhancements in photostability observed in single-molecule fluorescence measurements. By contrast, NBA and Trolox did not quench the Cy5 triplet state under our conditions suggesting that their mechanism of photostabilization is different from COT and does not target the fluorophore triplet state directly. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of fluorophore photostabilization that may lead to improved fluorophore designs for biological imaging applications.
Azinyl Sulfides. Part 89. Synthesis and Structure of Dipyrido‐1,4‐dithiins (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging as applied to patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (2009)

Numerous imaging techniques are currently used to evaluate pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), including echocardiography, x-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All such modalities have inherent advantages and disadvantages governed by physical principles that result in their clinical utility. In that PAH is a progressive disorder characterised by abnormally elevated blood pressure of the pulmonary circulation that leads to extensive vascular remodelling and increased pulmonary vascular resistance, a technique that can encapsulate those specific features that depict the multiple facets of this disease has obvious advantages. Recent advances in cardiovascular MRI (CMR) technology have led to the development of dedicated techniques for non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular structure and function, including haemodynamical parameters in the pulmonary circulation, which are superior in their identification of pulmonary arterial right ventricular morphological changes. These advantages make CMR a very attractive modality for diagnosing, following and providing prognoses for PAH patients. In this review, we highlight the developments in the use of CMR for the diagnosis, assessment and monitoring of patients with PAH. These remarkable improvements in image acquisition, physiological imaging and contrast techniques place CMR in a prime position for defining this disease. In the coming decade, it is anticipated that continued improvements in CMR image acquisition, spatial and temporal resolution and analytical techniques will result in improved understanding of PAH pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognostic variables, as well as the replacement of the most, if not all, invasive procedures currently applied routinely to the evaluation of PAH.
Construction of miniantibodies for the in vivo study of human autoimmune diseases in animal models (2007)

In this work we demonstrated the usefulness of a method for the in vivo expression of miniantibodies specific to transglutaminase, corresponding to the autoimmune specificity of Celiac Disease. This can be proposed as a general method to study the pathogenic role of autoimmune antibodies in autoimmune diseases.
Microcirculation of the Extra-Ocular Muscles of Rats (1991)

Specific researches, employing corrosion casts, were performed on different skeletal muscles, but not on extra-ocular muscles (EOMs). The microvascular bed of EOMs was studied by the corrosion cast technique in the rat. Two histologically and physiologically different layers were present in the EOMs. On the whole, the capillary pattern of EOMs was less dense than in the other skeletal muscles. The EOM orbital layer turned out to have a higher number of transverse anastomoses and tuning-fork divisions than the global layer had. These different microcirculatory patterns can be related with the physiological function and the anatomical situation of the EOMs.
111In-labelled octreotide binding by the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in neuroendocrine tumours (2003)

Midgut carcinoid tumours showed a much higher level of SSTR2 expression than medullary thyroid carcinoma in accordance with superior tumour imaging by octreotide scintigraphy. The high SSTR2 mRNA values and T/B values observed in midgut carcinoid tumours were positively correlated.
Mutation in the Copper-Induced sil Operon Enables High-Level Silver Resistance and Silver Facilitated Co-Selection of Multidrug Resistance Plasmid (2018)

Human activities are responsible for an accumulation of metals in health care and agricultural environments, and plasmid-encoded metal tolerance operons enable bacteria to rapidly adapt to metal ex ...
Biological order (1962)

Biological systems -that is, organismsare endowed with genetic continuity.The organism synthesizes its constitutive parts.Syntheses can take place only if the system is provided with food and energy, which are consumed in the processes involved; this is metabolism.When provided with food, the organism metabolizes, grows, and reproduces.The organism is the independent unit of reproduction.An organism is composed essentially of macromolecular com- pounds, among which are nucleic acids and proteins.Even the smallest organism contains a few thousand different species of macromolecules.The simplest organism is therefore a relatively complex machine.All know^n complex systems which contain macromolecules and are able to reproduce their kind belong to the living systems.Reproduction of a complex system containing macromolecules is therefore characteristic of life.And such a complex, independent unit of integrated structures and functions that reproduces true to type can only be an organism, a living organism.These statements might be considered too factual, and some would perhaps prefer a more original and sophisticated definition.The formulation which follows is an attempt at a summary of the views expressed by Norbert Wiener, in his fascinating book Cybernetics: "Living organisms are metastable Maxwell demons whose stable state is to be dead."The Cell and Organisms Organisms belong to two categories: {a) the protists or microbes, which are composed of one cell and are therefore the lower organ- isms; (^) those which are composed of many cells, the so-called higher organisms, the group to which we are so proud to belong.In 1857, Leydig described and defined the cell as a mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus.This is an excellent definition.Let us consider, for example, a microbial cell, a bacterium.It is a sphere about 1 /i, in diameter.When properly handled and stained, it shows a dark central body, the nucleus, surrounded by a pale substance called cytoplasm.The cells of a multicellular organism are specialized, that is, differentiated.The liver cells are different from the kidney cells [4] bases, each bound to a sugar to form a nucleoside.A molecule of phosphoric acid is attached to each sugar, thus forming a nucleotide.The nucleotides are united by phosphodiester bonds, thus forming a long chain (Figure 1).The analysis of proteins reveals that they are composed of twenty amino acids.An amino acid is, as indicated by its name, an aminated acid.Glycine, for example, is aminated acetic acid.In proteins, H H " " C^\ C-C -C -COOH N c \./
Transformation of Chicken Cells by the Gene Encoding the Catalytic Subunit of PI 3-Kinase (1997)

The avian sarcoma virus 16 (ASV 16) is a retrovirus that induces hemangiosarcomas in chickens. Analysis of the ASV 16 genome revealed that it encodes an oncogene that is derived from the cellular gene for the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). The gene is referred to as v-p3k, and like its cellular counterpart c-p3k, it is a potent transforming gene in cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). The products of the viral and cellular p3k genes have PI 3-kinase activity. CEFs transformed with either gene showed elevated levels of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and activation of Akt kinase.
ChemInform Abstract: B‐RING DIOSPHENOLS DERIVED FROM LANOSTEROL, III. DIOSPHENOLS WITH DEGRADED SIDE CHAIN (1976)

Abstract Die beim Abbau der Seitenketten von Lanosterin erhaltenen Zwischer stufen (I) werden mit Chromoxid in die Endione (IIb) bzw. (IId) übergeführt, die 1/10 zu (IIa) bzw. (IIc) hydrolysiert werden.
Effect of calcitonin on osteodystrophy associated with maintenance hemodialysis patients. (1990)

カルシトニン (CT) の臨床的有用性は骨粗鬆症をはじめとする骨萎縮性疾患において確認されているが, 維持透析患者に認められるような骨疾患においては未だその有用性は明らかではない.今回, 維持透析患者40例において骨萎縮度の程度により2群に分け, 骨変化の著しい症例に対しては80単位, 比較的軽度な症例に対しては40単位それぞれCT製剤を約10か月投与し骨生化学的パラメータの変動によりその臨床的効果を検討した.CT製剤投与後10か月後での血清Ca値においては低下傾向は認めなかったが, 血清P値は有意な低下が認められ, また同様に血清Ca×P値においても有意な低下が認められた. 血清ALP値においても有意な低下傾向が認められ, 特に投与前に高値を示していた症例に低下傾向が著しかった. 血清C-PTH値は投与前高値を示していた症例に低下傾向は認められたが全症例においては有意差は認められなかった. 血清hydroxyproline (OH-pro) 値は有意な低下が認められた. 骨塩量の変化はdigital imaging processing (DIP) 法によるΣGS/Dで有意な改善傾向が認められた.以上より, 維持透析患者の骨変化に対するCT製剤の有用性が示唆された.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Thin Films in Recording Technology (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Preferences for Wastewater Management Programs in Rhode Island: Accounting for Shellfish, Drinking Water, and Strategic Behavior (2005)

of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies
Cold topics in networking (2008)

A major contribution to global warming has been the number of new workshops publishing proceedings with the prefix hot. In this article, I propose that we counter this trend in an attempt to remain carbon neutral with a set of 'anti-workshops' on cold topics. We suggest a number of heuristics for detecting when a topic has gone cold, and give some examples of the application of these heuristics. Of course, some cold topics warm up again, and so there is a risk of over dampening in our heuristic. Over a long period, dynamic equilibrium should be assured, but from time to time, our scheme may prejudice against surprising results in boring areas of communications research. Nevertheless, it may leave room for more surprising results in interesting areas of research, which cannot be a bad thing
Inside Cover: Ni‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Cycloisomerization of Dienes by Using TADDOL Phosphoramidites (Chem. Eur. J. 30/2015) (2015)

Through systematic variation of the amine moiety, the protecting group, and the aryl substituents, α,α,α,α-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol (TADDOL)-based phosphoramidites have been optimized for the Ni-catalyzed cycloisomerization of dienes. Diethyl diallylmalonate and other diallylic substrates including unsymmetrical dienes were converted to the corresponding exo-methylenecyclopentanes with unprecedented activities of up to ≈13 500 h−1, very high selectivities, and enantioselectivities of up to 92 % ee. For more details see the Full Paper by C. Schmitz, W. Leitner, and G. Franciò on page 10696 ff.
Magnetotransport properties of AlxGa1−xN∕AlN∕GaN heterostructures grown on epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN templates (2007)

We studied the low-temperature magnetotransport properties of AlxGa1−xN∕AlN∕GaN heterostructures with a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). Structures with different Al compositions were grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy on three types of templates: conventional undoped GaN, in situ epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN using a SiNx nanomask layer, and ex situ epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN (ELO-GaN) using a stripe-patterned SiO2 mask. All of the samples display Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillations that confirm the existence of 2DEGs. Field-dependent magnetoresistance and Hall measurements further indicate that the overgrown heterostructures have a parallel conducting layer in addition to the 2DEG. To characterize the parallel channel, we repeated the measurements after the 2DEG was etched away. 2DEG carrier density values were then extracted from the SdH data, whereas the zero-field 2DEG conductivity was determined by subtracting the parallel channel conductivity from the total. The quantitative mobility spectrum analysis could not be applied in some cases, due to a large contact resistance between the parallel channels. The resulting 2DEG mobility is about a factor of 2 higher in the ELO-GaN and SiN–GaN samples as compared to the standard control samples. The mobility enhancement is attributed to a reduction of threading dislocations by the two ELO techniques employed.
Modeling of voltage output charge-pump phase frequency detector in tuning loops (2005)

Resonant inverters mostly employ tuning loops based on a phase-locked-loop (PLL) circuit. Some commercially available PLL chips, frequently used in this application, include a voltage output charge-pump phase frequency detector (CP/PFD) rather than well-known current output CP/PFD, which complicates the analysis of the loop. We present a new model for voltage output CP/PFD and an analysis of a tuning loop using this model. The proposed model employs the resistance multiplication approach, which is applicable for the circuits containing periodically operated switches. It is shown that a voltage output CP/PFD in conjunction with a simple RC low-pass filter can be modeled using a dc voltage source, a phase error controlled resistor, and a capacitor. The theoretical study is verified by experimental results.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aromatic Fluoro Compounds by Nucleophilic Exchange of Nitro Groups by Fluoride. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Improvements of Via-Filling in Neutral Electroless Copper Plating for ULSI Metallization (2003)

The formation of LSI copper minute wiring by the electroless plating process is expected to become a dominant process for LSI interconnection because of the advantages in obtaining a film of uniform thickness on a dielectric film. Moreover, there is a possible application in three-dimensional wiring and three-dimensional mounting, which use the ball chip technology. However, the conformal deposition of metal basically takes place in electroless plating. The copper electroless deposition was done using neutral electroless plating after the copper seed layer of the sillicon wafer surface had pre-adsorbed PEG 4000 under the condition of coexistence with chloride ions. In the method utilizing pre-adsorption, a minute contacthole can be filled with copper without causing a seam due to the effect of the pre-adsorbed additive. The copper film obtained from this process is advantageous in electromigration (EM) resistance, because the priority orientation the (111) plane, which is the close-packed plane of the fcc structure, is shown and the crystallite size is 37nm. The specific resistance of the copper film is 1.85μΩ·cm.
S11---Principles and practice of experimental performance measurement and analysis of parallel applications (2006)

Application developers are facing new and more complicated performance tuning and optimization problems as architectures become more complex. In order to achieve reasonable performance on these systems, HPC users need help from performance analysis tools. In this tutorial we will introduce the principles of experimental performance instrumentation, measurement, and analysis, with an overview of the major issues, techniques, and resources in performance tools development, as well as an overview of the performance measurement tools available from vendors and research groups. In addition, we will discuss cutting edge issues, such as automatic performance analysis and analysis of grid applications. Our goals are twofold: first, we will provide background information about methods and techniques for performance measurement and analysis, including practical tricks and tips, so that you can exploit available tools effectively and efficiently. Second, you will learn about simple portable techniques for measuring the performance of your parallel application.