gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhomogeneous broadening of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi><mml:mo>∕</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>quantum wells (2005)

We report a low-temperature photoluminescence study of a series of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}$ quantum wells of various widths $L$ and with $x$ ranging from 0.11 to 0.25, grown by molecular beam epitaxy on silicon (111) substrates. Such quantum wells are subject to an important Stark effect owing to the large macroscopic polarization (piezoelectric and spontaneous) difference between wells and barriers. Due to the opposite actions of carrier confinement and of the Stark effect on the quantum well transition energies, it appears that around a certain thickness ${L}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}26\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, these transition energies are independent of the barrier composition, at least in the $x$ range studied. This has already been reported in similar structures grown on sapphire [Grandjean et al., J. Appl. Phys. 86 3714 (1999)]. In such quantum wells, the inhomogeneous broadening originates essentially from well width fluctuations and alloy composition fluctuations. The effect of the latter is then expected to be minimum near $L={L}_{0}$. We show that it is indeed the case by studying the well width and barrier composition dependence of the linewidth of the quantum well luminescence lines, for samples grown on both Si and sapphire. The $x$ dependence of the minimum linewidth at $L\ensuremath{\sim}{L}_{0}$ allows to estimate a very small variance of the well width distribution $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L}\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}})$, and this is discussed in relation with scanning tunneling microscopy images of GaN surfaces. Afterwards, using the fact that confinement energies in wide wells become nearly independent of well width, the variance of barrier composition fluctuations within the excitonic lateral extension is estimated from the $L$ dependence of linewidths at each barrier composition. The values we obtain for this excitonic lateral extension are in agreement with variationnal calculations of the in-plane exciton Bohr radius in such heterostructures.
A ring type step-up switched-capacitor dc-dc converter that has low inrush current at start-up and low current ripple in the steady state (1999)

A novel type dc-dc converter is presented that consists of n ring-shaped capacitors connected by switches. The proposed method is totally different from conventional switched capacitor (SC) transformers. Although converters using SC do not contain both inductors and resistors, and the magnetic field generated is extremely slight, they have the following disadvantages: (1) The inrush current is large, (2) the input and output current ripples are large, and (3) the driving circuit becomes complex because a lot of floating switches are needed. Because only one capacitor is charged at one time in the proposed converter and all floating switches form a totem-pole connection with grounded switches, the inrush current and the input current ripple are small, and the driving circuit becomes simple. The proposed converter has the following advantages compared with the conventional SC converters: (1) The inrush current is small, (2) the input and output current ripples are small, (3) the number of switches is less than that of the conventional SC converters, (4) it is easy to drive the switches, and (5) the proposed circuit is suitable for fabricating in an IC form together with other signal circuits (such as system-on-chip) because the proposed circuit has no magnetic parts (such as a coil or a transformer) and the magnetic field generated is extremely small. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 82(4): 25–38, 1999
Macrocyclic Polymers (2008)

Abstract Macrocyclic polymers, defined as polymers having more than 20 atoms in a ring structure, have been known for many decades. Theories of macrocycle formation via ring‐chain equilibration or end‐to‐end cyclization were developed in the 1950's, and soon followed by isolation, characterization, and synthesis of macrocyclic polymers. Both high molecular weight (Mn > 10,000Da) and oligomeric macrocycles have been intensively studied in the past 20 years. Although much of the research has been academic, macrocyclic polymers are now commercially available as well. This article details some of the recent synthetic efforts aimed at macrocyclic polymer generation, and also describes utilization of macrocyclic oligomers as substrates for ring‐opening polymerization.
Control of the secondary cross-flow instability using localized suction (2012)

Abstract Transition control by suction in a three-dimensional boundary-layer flow subject to cross-flow instability is investigated using direct numerical simulation. Whereas the classical application of (homogeneous) suction at the wall is aimed at modifying the quasi-two-dimensional base flow to weaken primary cross-flow instability, here the three-dimensional nonlinear disturbance state with large-amplitude steady cross-flow vortices (CFVs) is controlled. Strong, localized ‘pinpoint’ suction is shown to be suitable for altering the CFVs and the associated flow field such that secondary instability is weakened or even completely suppressed. Thus significant delay of transition to turbulence can be achieved.
Completely model-free determination of the level density, radiative strength functions and their main peculiarities (2007)

The level density and radiative strength functions obtained for the compound nuclei 40 K, 60 Co, 71,74 Ge, 80 Br, 114 Cd, 118 Sn, 124,125 Te, 128 I, 137,138,139 Ba, 140 La, 150 Sm, 156,158 Gd, 160 Tb, 163,164,165 Dy, 166 Ho, 168 Er, 170 Tm, 174 Yb, 176,177 Lu, 181 Hf, 182 Ta, 183,184,185,187 W, 188,190,191,193 Os, 192 Ir, 196 Pt, 198 Au, 200 Hg precisely reproduce the intensities of two-step cascades, density and total radiation widths of neutron resonance. For 21 nuclei cascade populating ability 100 of their excited levels were also reproduced. The averaged strength functions values and the deviations of the level density from the interpolating exponential dependence suggest that below B n a sharp change in the structure of excited levels is observed at two excitation energies at least.
ChemInform Abstract: Baker′s‐Yeast‐Mediated Reduction of Sulfur‐Containing Compounds (2014)

Abstract Review: 149 refs.
Calicheamicin (1994)

Organic chemists have long been intrigued by the rich structural complexity of compounds obtained from natural sources. Secondary metabolites, isolated from fermentation broths of microorganisms, have been especially rewarding, not only because of their interesting chemistry but also because of their important uses in medicine and agriculture. The unprecedented enediyne antitumor antibiotics, calicheamicin γ 1 I (1) (Lee et al., 1987a,b, 1991), esperamicin A1 (2) (Golik et al., 1987a,b) dynemicin (3) (Konishi et al., 1989) and neocarzinostatin (4) (Edo et al., 1985) (Figure 3.1) are some of the most remarkable fermentation products to be isolated in many years. The seminal feature of these agents is that they bind to duplex DNA and, upon bioreductive activation, initiate oxidative strand cleavage by means of a transient diradical intermediate which abstracts proximal hydrogen atoms from the targeted deoxyribose sugars. The DNA cleavage of calicheamicin (Zein et al., 1988b), esperamicin (Fry et al., 1986; Long et al., 1989; Sugiura et al., 1989; Uesawa and Sugiura, 1991) and dynemicin (Shiraki and Sugiura, 1990; Sugiura et al., 1990) is mediated by a transient p-benzyne, whereas that of neocarzinostatin (Myers et al., 1988; Myers and Proteau, 1989; Dedon and Goldberg, 1990; Kappen et al., 1991) is mediated by an unsymmetrical indenyl diradical (p. 243).
Analysis of Surface Permanent Magnet Machines With Fractional-Slot Concentrated Windings (2006)

This paper presents a closed-form analytical technique for analyzing surface PM machines equipped with fractional-slot concentrated windings. Since this class of winding configuration deviates significantly from conventional sinusoidal distributions, classical steady-state phasor or dq analytical techniques cannot be used to provide accurate results. The presented analytical model provides a fast and reliable method to analyze and compare candidate machine designs. Stator slotting effects are taken into consideration and a wide range of concentrated winding configurations can be analyzed. This technique is capable of analyzing the machine both below (constant-torque) and above (flux-weakening) base speed. Average torque, cogging torque, and ripple torque are all evaluated. Analytical results are verified using finite element analysis.
Preparation and Properties of Asymmetric Synthetic Membranes Based on Lipid and Polymer Self-Assembly (2018)

Cell membrane asymmetry is a common structural feature of all biological cells. Researchers have tried for decades to better study its formation and its function in membrane-regulated phenomena. In particular, there has been increasing interest in developing synthetic asymmetric membrane models in the laboratory, with the aim of studying basic physical chemistry properties that may be correlated to a relevant biological function. The present article aims to summarize the main presented approaches to prepare asymmetric membranes, which are most often made from lipids, polymers, or a combination of both.
Boulevard: Affective Adaptive User Interface (2014)

Applications had grown into complex applications, where such complexity negatively impacts usability by owing to provide single static user interface that should meet all users. We focus on adaptive user interfaces, which automatically customize user interface without direct user's invitation. In our previous work we have developed a novel adaptive interface called Boulevard, a panel container with a user interface automatically personalized to an individual user. We present our work-in-progress focused on enhancing Boulevard by utilization of affective computing and eye tracking, since considering user's current emotional state and point of gaze may play important role for performance of adaptive user interface.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐TRANS‐CHRYSANTHEMIC ACID (1980)

Abstract Das Diol (I) liefert bei der katalytischen Hydrierung das 1,4‐cis‐Diol (IIa), dessen Monoacetat (IIb) mit den aktivierten Essigester‐Derivaten (III) zu (IVa) und (IVb) kondensiert werden.
Fluorinated tricyclic neuroleptics with prolonged action: 3-Fluoro-8-halogeno derivatives of 10-piperazino-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepins (1981)

Reactions of (4-fluoro-2-iodophenyl)acetic acid with 4-fluoro and 4-bromothiophenol gave the acids IIIa and IIIc which were cyclized to 3-fluoro-8-halogenodibenzo[ b,f ]thiepin-10(11 H )-ones IVa and IVc . The title compounds Ia and IIc were obtained via the intermediates VIac and VIIac . Reactions of (4-fluoro-2-mercaptophenyl)acetic acid or 6-fluorobenzo[ b ]thiophen-2(3 H )-one with 4-chloronitrobenzene afforded the nitro acid IIIe which was reduced to the amino acid IIIf . Cyclization gave the amino ketone IVf which was transformed to the iodo ketone IVd . Proceeding via the intermediates VId and VIId led to the final product IId . Compounds Ia and IIcd have strong central depressant and cataleptic activity; prolongation of the effect is connected merely with the central depressant component of the action.
Criteria for compulsory admission in some European countries (2011)

Compulsory admission to mental health facilities is a controversial topic, as it impinges on personal liberty and the right to choose, and it carries the risk of abuse for political, social and other reasons (Gostin, 2000). However, involuntary admission can prevent harm to self and others, and assist people in attaining their right to health, which, due to their mental disorder, they are unable to manage voluntarily. Since the 1950s and 1960s, the delivery of mental health has shifted from a paternalistic emphasis on the need to treat those who are not able to look after themselves, to the rights of patients who have a mental illness. The Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness ('the MI Principles') adopted by the United Nations in 1991 play an important role in raising awareness about the human rights of people with mental health problems. They provide guidance on areas such as the procedures for involuntary admission to mental health facilities and standards of care (Knapp <i>et al</i>, 2007). Legal frameworks for involuntary placement of those who are mentally ill have been reformed in many European countries. Most regulate compulsory admission and treatment by special mental health laws. Only Greece, Spain, Italy and those member states of the European Union (EU) that joined in 2004 and 2007 have no separate laws (Dressing & Salize, 2004).
Nucleic Acid Hybridization with RNA Immobilized on Filter Paper (1972)

RNA has been immobilized in a manner suitable for use in molecular hybridization experiments with dissolved RNA or DNA by a nonaqueous solid-phase reaction with carbonyldiimidazole and RNA "dry coated" on cellulose or, preferably, on previously activated phosphocellulose filters. Immobilization of RNA does not appear to alter its chemical character or cause it to acquire affinity for unspecific RNA or DNA. The versatility and efficiency of this method make it potentially attractive for use in routine analytical or preparative hybridization experiments, among other applications.
Keratinocytes in culture accumulate phagocytosed melanosomes in the perinuclear area (2009)

There are many techniques for evaluating melanosome transfer to keratinocytes but the spectrophotometric quantification of melanosomes incorporated by keratinocyte phagocytosis has not been previously reported. Here we describe a new method that allows the spectrophotometric visualization of melanosome uptake by normal human keratinocytes in culture. Fontana-Masson staining of keratinocytes incubated with isolated melanosomes showed the accumulation of incorporated melanosomes in the perinuclear areas of keratinocytes within 48 h. Electron microscopic observations of melanosomes ingested by keratinocytes revealed that many phagosomes containing clusters of melanosomes or their fragments were localized in the perinuclear area. A known inhibitor of keratinocyte phagocytosis which inhibits protease-activated receptor-2, i.e., soybean trypsin inhibitor, decreased melanosome uptake by keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that our method is a useful model to quantitate keratinocyte phagocytosis of melanosomes visually in vitro.
New Preparations of Lignin Polymer Models under Conditions that Approximate Cell Wall Lignification (1995)

Summary Lignin polymer model Guaiacyl-type lignin polymer models were prepared from coniferin by the action of s-glucosidase and Dehydrogenation polymer peroxidase, with hydrogen peroxide generated in situ through the action of oxygen and glucose oxidase of monolignols (DHP) Coniferin on the glucose liberated from the coniferin, Polylignols were also prepared from coniferyl alcohol using Monolignols glucoside procedures modified to more closely correspond to conditions prevailing in the cell wall environment. The structure of these novel polylignols approximated that of native lignin more closely than did the Coniferyl alcohol 13 C NMR structure of polylignols prepared by the conventional method from coniferyl alcohol.
Prone position may increase temperature around the head of the infant (1998)

Recommendations to adopt the supine position were followed by a dramatic decrease of SIDS. But no explanation has been given for the association between SIDS and the prone position nor for its decrease in the supine position. We report data on an infant and a mannequin demonstrating an increase in temperature around the head in the prone position. A 4-month-old boy presented an acute life-threatening event related to temperature after febrile otitis despite treatment: 40.5 degrees C, heart rate 280 bpm with circulatory failure and cardiorespiratory arrest requiring resuscitation. There were no seizures. Blood and CSF cultures were negative. The course under antibiotics was favourable. On d 3, we measured temperature at several sites on and around the heat. Temperatures were higher in the prone than in the supine position in pericephalic areas: +1 degrees C (supracephalic), +2.5 degrees C (peritemporal), and +3.5 degrees C (submandibular). In a thermoregulated room, we used a mechanically ventilated mannequin of an infant. The prone position was also associated with an increase in temperature around the head: +3.3 degrees C (supracephalic), +1.8 degrees C (peritemporal), and +1.1 degrees C (submandibular). Changing from the supine to prone position thus increased temperature around the head (infant and mannequin). To our knowledge, this has not been reported before. SIDS is related to factors modifying temperature status and environment. Furthermore, evacuation of heat is mandatory for an infant. We think the increase in temperature around the head in the prone position is due to the absence of convective fluxes, and speculate it could impair thermolysis.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Hydrocarbons in Crude Palm Kernel Oil (1993)

Abstract A method for the determination of hydrocarbons (HCs) in crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) is described. HCs are extracted from CPKO by passing through a silica gel column by using n-hexane as the eluting agent. The eluate is collected for analysis. Identification and confirmation of the HCs in the eluate are performed with the aid of a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector, and the HCs in CPKO are quantitated by comparison of peak areas with reference to an external standard, eicosane (C20H42). Recoveries and coefficients of variation for 5 samples of oil spiked with 1 - 300 μg/g eicosane were 70.0-86.6% and 3.5-13.2%, respectively. The method was used for the analysis of CPKO suspected of being contaminated with mineral oil.
GPS Integrity Monitoring with an Aerodynamic Model and Low Quality INS (2007)

For civilian general aviation, the Ground-based Regional Augmentation System (GRAS) is a cost-effective system (compared to Space-Based Augmentation Systems) which is able to provide a high degree of GPS accuracy and integrity to meet aviation requirements for all modes of flight down to Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV). However, since GRAS corrections are transmitted to aircraft from ground-based VHF broadcast stations, the GRAS signal-in-space may not always be received. The signal may be masked by surrounding terrain when an aircraft is on approach, or there may be gaps in the network coverage. During a GRAS outage an alternative integrity monitoring system is required to allow continuous navigation. Another requirement is that a backup integrity monitoring system must be as low cost as possible. Building upon work presented in Greer et al. (2006), a new method is investigated which involves using a combination of GPS, low performance (low-cost) Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Inertial Navigation Sensors (INS), and an aerodynamic model of the aircraft. This information is combined in an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The novel aspect of this architecture is the inclusion of an aerodynamic model for the GPS integrity monitoring. During a GRAS outage, the aerodynamic model brings a greater level of robustness to the integrity monitoring procedure than the low quality inertial sensors can provide alone. This method is also highly autonomous because all measurements are local to the aircraft, without requiring external aids. By computer simulation it is shown that the aerodynamic model may replace the MEMS INS as a source of dynamic information in the EKF. This allows the benefits of using an EKF and filtered fault detection algorithm to be obtained. It is shown that a more stable and lower HPL is achieved under changing satellite conditions than a GPS-only RAIM algorithm.
Direct-coupled DC-40 GHz amplifier for high-speed data communication system (2003)

The millimeter wave transport over fiber needs more and more bandwidth according to SONET norm which must be able to propagate baseband modulated digital signal. This paper presents a modulator driver which is a direct-coupled amplifier to overcome the frequency limitations due to the link capacitors. A two stages DC-40 GHz GaAs P-HEMT amplifier including a level shift cell has been designed using the real frequency synthesis method.
On the Convergence of Karhunen-Loeve Series Expansion for a Brownian Particle (1993)

A linear Langevin equation for the velocity of a Brownian particle is considered. The equation of motion is solved and the Karhunen-Loeve expansion for the particle velocity is derived. The mean-square velocity as obtained by the truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion is compared with the exact solution. It is shown, as the number of terms in the series increases, the result approaches that of the exact solution asymptotically.
Sub-surface and infaunal foraminifera of Kelantan Delta, east coast Peninsular Malaysia: their potential for interpretation of sea-level change (2013)

Distribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera from the upper 50cm of mangrove sediment in the Kelantan Delta, northeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia were investigated and the results used to interpret past environmental change and reconstruct historical trends. Short cores (50 cm) were taken from three sites (Che Minah, Timun, and Terendak Islands) during field sampling in August 2009. Substrate sediment was dominated by silty mud. Salinity was recorded in situ during field sampling and ranged from 4 to 25 ppt. Lowest salinity was reported in Timun Island where the value ranged between 4 to 5 ppt and heavy rainfall that took place just before the sampling might be responsible for this. Salinity in Che Minah and Terendak Islands ranged from 17 to 25 ppt. Eighteen agglutinated and one calcareous foraminifera species representing two sub orders and five families were observed. All were benthic and dominated by Arenoparrella mexicana. All species documented are common in the mangrove environment. Che Minah Island showed the lowest species richness (9 species encountered), while the highest species richness was documented in Timun Island (17 species). A considerable number of infaunal foraminifera (Rose Bengal – stained) were also discovered at the 40 50 cm depth in the cores. These were exclusively Miliammina fusca. Presence of infaunal foraminifera can alter the composition of dead assemblages in subsurface sediments and affect the accuracy of paleo-environmental interpretations. Thus, the presence of infaunal Miliammina fusca in this study area suggests that their modern counterparts living in the surface sediment are not reliable as paleosea level index points.
Histone-Like Proteins of the Dinoflagellate <i>Crypthecodinium cohnii</i> Have Homologies to Bacterial DNA-Binding Proteins (2003)

The dinoflagellates have very large genomes encoded in permanently condensed and histoneless chromosomes. Sequence alignment identified significant similarity between the dinoflagellate chromosomal histone-like proteins of Crypthecodinium cohnii (HCCs) and the bacterial DNA-binding and the eukaryotic histone H1 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis also supports the origin of the HCCs from histone-like proteins of bacteria.