gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical model of optical coherence tomographic vibrography imaging to estimate corneal biomechanical properties (2014)

Most techniques measuring corneal biomechanics in vivo are biased by side factors. We demonstrate the ability of optical coherence tomographic (OCT) vibrography to determine corneal material parameters, while reducing current prevalent restrictions of other techniques (such as intraocular pressure (IOP) and thickness dependency). Modal analysis was performed in a finite-element (FE) model to study the oscillation response in isolated thin corneal flaps/eye globes and to analyse the dependency of the frequency response function on: corneal elasticity, viscoelasticity, geometry (thickness and curvature), IOP and density. The model was verified experimentally in flaps from three bovine corneas and in two enucleated porcine eyes using sound excitation (100-110 dB) together with a phase-sensitive OCT to measure the frequency response function (range 50-510 Hz). Simulations showed that corneal vibration in flaps is sensitive to both, geometrical and biomechanical parameters, whereas in whole globes it is primarily sensitive to corneal biomechanical parameters only. Calculations based on the natural frequency shift revealed that flaps of the posterior cornea were 0.8 times less stiff than flaps from the anterior cornea and cross-linked corneas were 1.6 times stiffer than virgin corneas. Sensitivity analysis showed that natural vibration frequencies of whole globes were nearly independent from corneal thickness and IOP within the physiological range. OCT vibrography is a promising non-invasive technique to measure corneal elasticity without biases from corneal thickness and IOP.
Evidence for near-Surface NiOOH Species in Solution-Processed NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Selective Interlayer Materials: Impact on Energetics and the Performance of Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics (2011)

The characterization and implementation of solution-processed, wide bandgap nickel oxide (NiOx) hole-selective interlayer materials used in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are discussed. The surface electrical properties and charge selectivity of these thin films are strongly dependent upon the surface chemistry, band edge energies, and midgap state concentrations, as dictated by the ambient conditions and film pretreatments. Surface states were correlated with standards for nickel oxide, hydroxide, and oxyhydroxide components, as determined using monochromatic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ultraviolet and inverse photoemission spectroscopy measurements show changes in the surface chemistries directly impact the valence band energies. O2-plasma treatment of the as-deposited NiOx films was found to introduce the dipolar surface species nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH), rather than the p-dopant Ni2O3, resulting in an increase of the electrical band gap energy for the near-surface region from 3.1 to 3.6 eV via a vacuum level shift. Electron blocking properties of the as-deposited and O2-plasma treated NiOx films are compared using both electron-only and BHJ devices. O2-plasma-treated NiOx interlayers produce electron-only devices with lower leakage current and increased turn on voltages. The differences in behavior of the different pretreated interlayers appears to arise from differences in local density of states that comprise the valence band of the NiOx interlayers and changes to the band gap energy, which influence their hole-selectivity. The presence of NiOOH states in these NiOx films and the resultant chemical reactions at the oxide/organic interfaces in OPVs is predicted to play a significant role in controlling OPV device efficiency and lifetime.
SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL NONSYMMETRIC DIHETARYLETHENES WITH 1,3-THIAZOLE BRIDGE (2017)

1,3- 2017 . .. 1 , .. 1 ,
Acoustic Load Considerations for Spacecraft Structures (1986)

An analytical model to predict the space averaged sound pressure levels in the payload bay of the Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle at lift-off was developed. A modified form of the model can also be used to predict vibration levels of the orbiter mid fuselage and to evaluate noise control concepts for the interior of the proposed Aft Cargo Carrier (ACC). The analytical model is presented and predicted payload bay sound pressure levels are compared with launch data for an empty bay. Estimated and measured sound pressure levels for regions above large diameter payloads are found to be significantly higher than those for the empty bay. The use of helium as a purge gas to reduce sound pressure levels in the ACC is proposed.
The processing of receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]somatostatin by RINm5F insulinoma cells. (1986)

The peptide somatostatin (SRIF) is secreted by delta cells of the endocrine pancreas and inhibits the secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. We have previously shown that [125I-Tyr11]SRIF binds to specific, high affinity receptors on RINm5F insulinoma cells and that these receptors mediate the action of SRIF to inhibit insulin release. In the present study we investigated the processing of receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF in this clonal cell line. Surface-bound and internalized peptides were distinguished by the ability of an acid/salt solution (0.2 M acetic acid, 0.5 M NaCl, pH 2.5) to dissociate only exposed ligand-receptor complexes. Surprisingly, greater than 80% of saturably bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF was removed by this acid wash independent of the time or temperature of the binding incubation. In contrast, the processing of receptor-bound [125I]EGF (epidermal growth factor) in RINm5F cells was markedly temperature-dependent. Although over 90% of saturably bound [125I]EGF was dissociated by acid after a 4 degrees C binding incubation, less than 10% was removed by acid treatment after 37 degrees C binding. The radioactivity released upon dissociation of receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and shown to consist of a mixture of intact peptide (40%) and [125I]tyrosine (60%). However, neither the rate of [125I-Tyr11]SRIF dissociation nor its degradation were affected by NH4Cl, methylamine, or leupeptin at concentrations which inhibited the lysosomal degradation of [125I] EGF. Of 11 other protease inhibitors tested, only the metalloendoprotease inhibitor, phosphoramidon, substantially reduced the degradation of receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF. These data indicate that, unlike [125I] EGF, receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF is not rapidly internalized by RINm5F cells and is degraded by a nonlysosomal process which may involve a metalloendoprotease.
Effect of Ethylene Oxide and Gamma (γ-) Sterilization on the Properties of a PLCL Polymer Material in Balloon Implants (2019)

Poly-l-lactide-<i>co</i>-ε-caprolactone (PLCL) is a unique polymer containing both polylactic acid and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) chain units, and thus it has better flexible and biodegradable properties. Based on these unique properties of PLCL, we have developed balloons that are now widely used in treating major medical problems [<i>Biomaterials</i> <b>2016,</b> <i>105,</i> 109-116]. One of the most important considerations needed for balloons is to ensure that the material properties remain similar after undergoing ethylene oxide (EtO) or gamma (γ-) sterilization treatments. From the biotechnological point of view, we focused on analyzing the vital molecular properties of the PLCL material after sterilization, such as changes in crystallinity, molecular weight distributions (<i>M</i> <sub>w</sub>, <i>M</i> <sub>n</sub>, and polydispersity index), and inherent viscosity (η). Analysis of the data reveals that EtO sterilization does not engender any change in crystallinity, melting temperature (<i>T</i> <sub>m</sub>), molecular weights, and η of the polymer. On the contrary, γ-radiations induce chain scission and consequential decrease of ∼33 and ∼15% in molecular weights and η values, respectively. Based on our observations, we recommend EtO sterilization instead of γ-radiation for PLCL. This ensures prolonged stability of the polymer against degradation in a biological environment, long-shelf life, and absolute assurance that balloon failures do not occur after implantation.
Comparative Genomics to Develop a Specific Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> (2019)

<i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that proliferates in the xylem vessels of tomato, causing bacterial wilt and canker symptoms. Accurate detection is a crucial step in confirming outbreaks of bacterial canker and developing management strategies. A major problem with existing detection methods are false-positive and -negative results. Here, we report the use of comparative genomics of 37 diverse <i>Clavibacter</i> strains, including 21 strains sequenced in this study, to identify specific sequences that are <i>C. michiganensis</i> detection targets. Genome-wide phylogenic analyses revealed additional diversity within the genus <i>Clavibacter</i>. Pathogenic <i>C. michiganensis</i> strains varied in plasmid composition, highlighting the need for detection methods based on chromosomal targets. We utilized sequences of <i>C. michiganensis</i>-specific loci to develop a multiplex PCR-based diagnostic platform using two <i>C. michiganensis</i> chromosomal genes (<i>rhuM</i> and <i>tomA</i>) and an internal control amplifying both bacterial and plant DNA (16s ribosomal RNA). The multiplex PCR assay specifically detected <i>C. michiganensis</i> strains from a panel of 110 additional bacteria, including other <i>Clavibacter</i> spp. and bacterial pathogens of tomato. The assay was adapted to detect the presence of <i>C. michiganensis</i> in seed and tomato plant materials with high sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, the described method represents a robust, specific tool for detection of <i>C. michiganensis</i> in tomato seed and infected plants.
Development and characterization of five rainbow trout pituitary single-cell clone lines capable of producing pituitary hormones (2010)

Five single-cell clone lines (mRTP1B, mRTP1E, mRTP1F, mRTP1K, and mRTP2A) have been developed from adult rainbow trout pituitary glands. These cell lines have been maintained in a CO(2)-independent medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for more than 150 passages. At about 150 passages, the doubling time of each single-cell clone in a CO(2)-independent medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 20 degrees C was 3.6+/-0.7, 2.8+/-0.7, 3.2+/-0.8, 5.5+/-0.6, and 6.6+/-0.6 days respectively. Each single-cell clone contains 60+/-2 chromosomes, which is within the range of the 2N chromosome numbers reported for rainbow trout. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that in addition to expressing gh, prolactin (prl), and estradiol (E(2)) receptor alpha (e2ralpha or esr1) genes, each single-cell clone line also expressed other pituitary-specific genes such as tsh, gonadotropin 1 (gth-1 or fshb), gonadotropin 2 (gth-2 or lhb), somatolactin (sl or smtl), proopiomelanocortin-B (pomcb), and corticosteroid receptor (cr or nr3c1). Immunocytochemical analysis showed that all the five single-cell clones produced both Gh and Prl. Furthermore, the expression of gh and prl genes in the single-cell clone lines is responsive to induction by E(2), dexamethasone, and o,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. All together, these results confirm that each of the single-cell clones was derived from rainbow trout pituitary glands. These single-cell clone lines not only can be used to study factors that regulate the expression of pituitary hormone genes, but can also be developed as a rapid screening system for identifying environmental endocrine disruptors.
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran as an Alternative to Dichloromethane in 2-Phase Reactions (2003)

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) has proven to be a superior solvent to methylene chloride in some 2-phase reactions from process and environmental perspectives.
Experimental constant beamwidth transducer (1982)

The theory of a broadband constant beamwidth transducer (CBT) which is based on Legendre function shading of a spherical cap was described in a previous report [P. H. Rogers and A. L. Van Buren, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 38–43 (1968)]. Theoretical calculations showed the CBT to have uniform acoustic loading, extremely low sidelobes, virtually no nearfield, an essentially constant beam pattern for all frequencies above a certain cutoff frequency, and a flat transmitting current response over a broad band for piezoelectric drive. In this paper we present experimental results obtained for a prototype CBT based on fifth-order Legendre function shading. The transducer is a spherical cap with a diameter of 30.5 cm and a total cap angle of 50 degrees. The spherical cap is an aluminum plate in which 849 lead zirconate-titanate disks, 0.635 cm in diameter and 0.318 cm thick, are arranged in 16 circular bands with each disk isolated from the plate by corprene. Measurements on the CBT showed it to possess very low sidelobes and a nearly constant beamwidth over the frequency range from 20 to 140 kHz and for ambient pressures up to 3.4 MPa.
Alkyne Carbonylation by Radicals: Tin‐Radical‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Methylene Amides from 1‐Alkynes, Carbon Monoxide, and Amines (2005)

Die konvergente Synthese von α-Methylenamiden beruht auf einem Hybridkonzept: Carbonylhaltige Radikalspezies aus der radikalischen Carbonylierung von Alkinen werden ionisch mit Aminen abgefangen (siehe Schema). Eine Vielzahl substituierter terminaler Alkine reagiert unter CO-Überdruck mit Bu3SnH und 2,2′-Azobisisobutyronitril in Gegenwart eines großen Amin-Überschusses in guten Ausbeuten zu den α-Methylenamiden.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Pyrrolidinyl Sordaricin Derivatives as Antifungal Agents. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Automatic 3D Morphological Design through Evolution (2005)

In this paper we address the automation of morphological design as a part of a complete automatic design system that considers the divergent and convergent stages of the design process through evolutionary procedures. The system provides a way to contemplate the introduction of aesthetic elements. This is a difficult problem within an automatic design system, as aesthetics are subjective and depend on the opinions of humans and humans do not usually agree. The objective here is to be able to obtain the best possible aesthetic solutions for a given set of humans through the introduction of a set of man machine interfaces that allow the system to extract information on their relative opinions without explicitly asking them, and combines them with the engineering information provided by other simulators that participate in the design process.
Ultracold photoassociation spectroscopy: Long-range molecules and atomic scattering (2006)

Photoassociation is the process in which two colliding atoms absorb a photon to form an excited molecule. The development of laser-cooling techniques for producing gases at ultracold $(<1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK})$ temperatures allows photoassociation spectroscopy to be performed with very high spectral resolution. Of particular interest is the investigation of molecular states whose properties can be related, with high precision, to the properties of their constituent atoms with the ``complications'' of chemical binding accounted for by a few parameters. These include bound long-range or purely long-range vibrational states in which two atoms spend most or all of their time at large internuclear separations. Low-energy atomic scattering states also share this characteristic. Photoassociation techniques have made important contributions to the study of all of these. This review describes what is special about photoassociation spectroscopy at ultracold temperatures, how it is performed, and a sampling of results including the determination of scattering lengths, their control via optical Feshbach resonances, precision determinations of atomic lifetimes from molecular spectra, limits on photoassociation rates in a Bose-Einstein condensate, and briefly, production of cold molecules. Discussions are illustrated with examples on alkali-metal atoms as well as other species. Progress in the field is already past the point where this review can be exhaustive, but an introduction is provided on the capabilities of photoassociation spectroscopy and the techniques presently in use.
High‐Density Etching of Group III Nitride Ternary Films (1996)

Due to their wide bandgaps and high dielectric constants, group III nitrides have made significant impact on the compound semiconductor community as blue, green, and ultraviolet light emitting diodes and for their potential use in laser structures and high temperature electronics. Processing of these materials, in particular wet and dry etching, has proven to be extremely difficult due to their inert chemical nature. We report electron cyclotron resonance etching of and as a function of temperature, RF power, pressure, and microwave power. Etch conditions were characterized for rate, profile, and sidewall and surface morphology and compared to etch data for GaN, InN, and AlN. Atomic force microscopy was used to quantify root‐mean‐square roughness of the etched surfaces. We observed consistent trends for the InAlN films where the etch rates increased with increasing concentration of In. The trends were less consistent for the InGaN etch rates.
PopBots: Designing an Artificial Intelligence Curriculum for Early Childhood Education (2019)

PopBots is a hands-on toolkit and curriculum designed to help young children learn about artificial intelligence (AI) by building, programming, training, and interacting with a social robot. Today’s children encounter AI in the forms of smart toys and computationally curated educational and entertainment content. However, children have not yet been empowered to understand or create with this technology. Existing computational thinking platforms have made ideas like sequencing and conditionals accessible to young learners. Going beyond this, we seek to make AI concepts accessible. We designed PopBots to address the specific learning needs of children ages four to seven by adapting constructionist ideas into an AI curriculum. This paper describes how we designed the curriculum and evaluated its effectiveness with 80 Pre-K and Kindergarten children. We found that the use of a social robot as a learning companion and programmable artifact was effective in helping young children grasp AI concepts. We also identified teaching approaches that had the greatest impact on student’s learning. Based on these, we make recommendations for future modules and iterations for the PopBots platform.
Effect of symmetry on the electronic DOS, charge fluctuations and electron-phonon coupling in carbon chains (2016)

A theoretical model is provided to address the parameters influencing the electronic properties of kink-structured carbon chain at 0K. It is studied by the principle of DFT and solving the numerical 1D time-independent Schrödinger equation of electron and phonon simultaneously. Two different lengths of branches A and B, are occupied alternatively to generate the asymmetric carbon chain. The ratio of the asymmetric branch length,RAB=A/B, plays an important role in the electronic density of states DOS around Fermi level Ef . The highest DOS(Ef) occurs if the RAB equals to 2 and while the Fermi level coincides with the Von-Hove singularity at RAB=3. The location of the singularity point relative to the Ef is controllable via branch length interestingly. By comparison with the symmetric case, tuning the branch length asymmetrically shows a stronger impact to shift the Ef to the singularity point. The numerical solution of the 1D time independent Schrodinger equation of phonon indicates that the kink reinforces the charge fluctuations but the fluctuations are minimized when the RAB goes up. Based on the simulation results, the electron phonon coupling of the carbon nanowire decreases with chain length. In comparison to the symmetric structure, the electron phonon coupling of the asymmetric carbon chain is higher. The maximum electron phonon coupling of the asymmetric carbon chain takes place at RAB=2 . However, the weakening of the electron phonon coupling is observed owing to ultrahigh concentration of kinks. The reduction of the electron phonon coupling of the carbon chain is occurred under pressure.
Genetics of carbon metabolism in methylotrophic bacteria (1990)

The application of genetic techniques to the methylotrophic bacteria has greatly enhanced studies of these important organisms. Two methylotrophic systems have been studied in some detail, the serine cycle for formaldehyde assimilation and the methanol oxidation system. In both cases, genes have been cloned and mapped in Methylobacterium species (facultative serine cycle methanol-utilizers). In addition, methanol oxidation genes have been studied in an autotrophic methanol-utilizer (Paracoccus denitrificans) and three methanotrophs (Methylosporovibrio methanica, Methylomonas albus and Methylomonas sp. A4). Although much remains to be learned in these systems, it is becoming clear that the order of C1 genes has been conserved to some extent in methylotrophic bacteria, and that many C1 genes are loosely clustered on the chromosome. Operons appear to be rare, but some examples have been observed. The extension of genetic approaches to both the obligate and facultative methylotrophs holds much promise for the future in understanding and manipulating the activities of these bacteria.
The Interaction of Dietary Cholesterol and Specific Fatty Acids in the Regulation of LDL Receptor Activity and Plasma LDL‐Cholesterol Concentrationsa (1993)

From these brief considerations, it is clear that the steady-state LDL-cholesterol concentration is determined in a powerful way by the interaction of dietary cholesterol and specific fatty acids. There appear to be only a few saturated fatty acids and an even lesser number of unsaturated fatty acids that significantly interact with cholesterol in the liver cell to alter hepatic LDL receptor activity. These effects are uniformly seen in most experimental animals and in humans under circumstances where the experiments are properly designed. Future work is urgently needed to define the metabolic effects of the more unusual fatty acids (e.g., the trans fatty acid) and the more intimate details of how these substances regulate LDL receptor activity in the cell. It is also of considerable importance to extend these studies to the members of the same species that exhibit variable responses to these same dietary lipids. It is now clear that the magnitude of these specific responses to dietary cholesterol and specific fatty acids varies in different individuals with different genetic backgrounds from the same species. Elucidating the reasons for this variability is another area of research of considerable importance to human biology.
Connecting bright and dark states through accidental degeneracy caused by lack of symmetry (2018)

Coupled excitonic structures are found in natural and artificial light harvesting systems where optical transitions link different excitation manifolds. In systems with symmetry, some optical transitions are allowed, while others are forbidden. Here we examine an excitonic ring structure and identify an accidental degeneracy between two categories of double-excitation eigenstates with distinct symmetries and optical transition properties. To understand the accidental degeneracy, a complete selection rule between two arbitrary excitation manifolds is derived with a physically motivated proof. Remarkably, symmetry analysis shows that the lack of certain symmetry elements in the Hamiltonian is responsible for this degeneracy, which is unique to rings with size N = 4l + 2 (l being an integer).