gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Delivery of Targeted Nanoparticles Across the Blood-Brain Barrier Using a Detachable Targeting Ligand (2016)

Chronic diseases of the central nervous system are poorly treated due to the inability of most therapeutics to cross the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is an anatomical and physiological barrier that severely restricts solute influx, including most drugs, from the blood to the brain. One promising method to overcome this obstacle is to use endogenous solute influx systems at the blood-brain barrier to transport drugs. Therapeutics designed to enter the brain through transcytosis by binding the transferrin receptor, however, are restricted within endothelial cells. The focus of this work was to develop a method to increase uptake of transferrin-containing nanoparticles into the brain by overcoming these restrictive processes. To accomplish this goal, nanoparticles were prepared with surface transferrin molecules bound through various liable chemical bonds. These nanoparticles were designed to shed the targeting molecule during transcytosis to allow increased accumulation of nanoparticles within the brain. Transferrin was added to the surface of nanoparticles through either redox or pH sensitive chemistry. First, nanoparticles with transferrin bound through disulfide bonds were prepared. These nanoparticles showed decreased avidity for the transferrin receptor after exposure to reducing agents and increased ability to enter the brain in vivo compared to those lacking the disulfide link. Next, transferrin was attached through a chemical bond that cleaves at mildly acidic pH. Nanoparticles containing a cleavable link between transferrin and gold nanoparticle cores were found to both cross an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier and accumulate within the brain in significantly higher numbers than similar nanoparticles lacking the cleavable bond. Also, this increased accumulation was not seen when using this same strategy with an antibody to transferrin receptor, indicating that behavior of nanoparticles at the blood-brain barrier varies depending on what type of targeting ligand is used. Finally, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with dopamine and utilizing a superior acid-cleavable targeting chemistry were investigated as a potential treatment for Parkinson’s disease. These nanoparticles were capable of increasing dopamine quantities in the brains of healthy mice, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this design. Overall, this work describes a novel method to increase targeted nanoparticle accumulation in the brain.
Ribonucleoprotein particles with LINE-1 RNA in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. (1991)

The LINE-1 repeat family is interspersed throughout mammalian genomes and is thought to be the result of duplicative transposition of LINE-1 sequences via an RNA intermediate. This report describes a ribonucleoprotein particle with LINE-1 RNA in the mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line F9. This ribonucleoprotein particle is a potential intermediate in the transposition of LINE-1 in the mouse genome.
Amorphous&#8212;Crystalline heterojunction transistors (1976)

The characteristics of a new hybrid amorphous-crystalline three-terminal device are described in detail. The device uses a threshold-switching-type chalcogenide glass as the emitter, with a p-type crystalline-silicon base and an n-type silicon collector. When the amorphous emitter is in the off state, the small-signal current gain is significantly smaller than unity. However, once the voltage across the glass is sufficient to produce the on state, the device operates as a transistor with gains well in excess of unity. (Small-signal gains of up to 15 have already been observed in unoptimized configurations.) Under certain conditions, the high-gain on state can be preserved after the switching pulse is removed, suggesting memory-type applications. Previous results on amorphous-crystalline heterojunctions are used to construct a band model for the transistor. This model is used to analyze the steady-state and pulsed-mode characteristics of the device. Recent studies of the on-state current density and carrier concentration are used to calculate the expected gain as a function of current and base doping concentration, with results in good agreement with the experimental data. The behavior of the devices provides another confirmation of the electronic nature of threshold switching in chalcogenide glasses.
State Estimation for Smart Distribution Substations (2012)

In the upcoming smart grid environment many more measurements will be available, which can be locally processed by the so-called substation state estimator (SSE). Distribution substations serve energy to a large set of feeders, each one delivering power to a certain number of secondary transformers. In this context, the SSE may have to deal with a huge network model, comprising several hundred or even thousand buses. Taking advantage of the weak electrical coupling existing among the set of feeders connected to the same or adjacent substations, a two-stage procedure is proposed in this paper to efficiently solve the SSE. In the first stage the overall SE is decomposed into <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> + <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</i> WLS subproblems ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</i> being the total number of feeders and substations, respectively), which are then solved in a decoupled manner. The second stage, involving a linear WLS problem, consists of coordinating the solution provided by each subsystem (feeder or substation). The proposed solution scheme has a number of advantages, as shown by the case studies.
A combined directional and faulted phase selector element based on incremental quantities (2001)

In this paper, differential incremental or superimposed voltage and current quantities are used in order to determine directionality of a fault in a network. It is shown that this can be accomplished by performing three scalar products between three voltage and current phasor pairs. The relative levels of these same three scalar products can be furthermore used to identify the faulted phases. While, in ultra-high-speed directional comparison relays, superimposed voltage and current had to be treated in the time domain in order to get speed. In this paper, all computations are done in the frequency domain.
Photoconductivity of Zinc Selenide Crystals and a Correlation of Donor and Acceptor Levels in II-VI Photoconductors (1958)

Photosensitive crystals of zinc selenide have been prepared by incorporating suitable proportions of Group VII donors (e.g., bromine) and either Group I acceptors (copper or silver) or Group V acceptors (antimony or arsenic) in crystals prepared from the vapor phase. Photoconductivity phenomena characteristic of other II-VI photoconductors, such as (a) variation of photocurrent with a power of light intensity greater than unity, (b) temperature quenching of photoconductivity, and (c) infrared quenching of photoconductivity, are also found for zinc selenide. Sensitizing centers in ZnSe: Br: Cu and ZnSe: Br: Ag have levels lying at the same distance above the top of the valence band (0.6 ev) as sensitizing centers in CdSe, even though the band gap of ZnSe is 50% larger than that of CdSe. Crystals with Group V acceptors are characterized in addition by a long-wavelength spectral response, out to 1.4 microns, associated with levels lying about 1.3 ev above the top of the valence band. By a consideration of known data on the conductivity, photoconductivity, and luminescence of II-VI compounds, a consistent correlation of donor and acceptor levels in these materials is possible.
A comparative study on electric and gas engine heat pump (2019)

The paper compares heat pumps driven by electric motors (EHP) with heat pumps driven by gas engines (GEHP). GEHPs are still a novelty on the Polish HVACR market - therefore, the subject of the study is to indicate whether in Polish climatic conditions their use is profitable. A thorough analysis of the energy consumption of selected devices was carried out due to the consumption of utilities needed for their propulsion and the related costs. This has been done by calculating seasonal efficiency coefficients and using an innovative method of comparative modifiers allowing for unification of the performance of EHP and GEHP pumps. The results obtained include average energy efficiency coefficients, operating costs and payback times. Discussion of the calculation results proved that under certain assumptions GEHP pumps may be competitive with EHP heat pumps due to the possibility of managing waste heat at high temperatures.
Multiway calibration. Multilinear PLS (1996)

A new multiway regression method called N-way partial least squares (N-PLS) is presented. The emphasis is on the three-way PLS version (tri-PLS), but it is shown how to extend the algorithm to higher orders. The developed algorithm is superior to unfolding methods, primarily owing to a stabilization of the decomposition. This stabilization potentially gives increased interpretability and better predictions. The algorithm is fast compared with e.g. PARAFAC, because it consists of solving eigenvalue problems. An example of the developed algorithm taken from the sugar industry is shown and compared with unfold-PLS. Fluorescence excitation—emission matrices (EEMs) are measured on white sugar solutions and used to predict the ash content of the sugar. The predictions are comparable by the two methods, but there is a clear difference in the interpretability of the two solutions. Also shown is a simulated example of EEMs with very noisy measurements and a low relative signal from the analyte of interest. The predictions from unfold-PLS are almost twice as bad as from tri-PLS despite the large number of samples (125) used in the calibration. The algorithms are available from World Wide Web: hhtp:\\newton.foodsci.kvl.dk\foodtech.
A genome-wide analysis of common fragile sites: What features determine chromosomal instability in the human genome? (2012)

Chromosomal common fragile sites (CFSs) are unstable genomic regions that break under replication stress and are involved in structural variation. They frequently are sites of chromosomal rearrangements in cancer and of viral integration. However, CFSs are undercharacterized at the molecular level and thus difficult to predict computationally. Newly available genome-wide profiling studies provide us with an unprecedented opportunity to associate CFSs with features of their local genomic contexts. Here, we contrasted the genomic landscape of cytogenetically defined aphidicolin-induced CFSs (aCFSs) to that of nonfragile sites, using multiple logistic regression. We also analyzed aCFS breakage frequencies as a function of their genomic landscape, using standard multiple regression. We show that local genomic features are effective predictors both of regions harboring aCFSs (explaining ∼77% of the deviance in logistic regression models) and of aCFS breakage frequencies (explaining ∼45% of the variance in standard regression models). In our optimal models (having highest explanatory power), aCFSs are predominantly located in G-negative chromosomal bands and away from centromeres, are enriched in Alu repeats, and have high DNA flexibility. In alternative models, CpG island density, transcription start site density, H3K4me1 coverage, and mononucleotide microsatellite coverage are significant predictors. Also, aCFSs have high fragility when colocated with evolutionarily conserved chromosomal breakpoints. Our models are predictive of the fragility of aCFSs mapped at a higher resolution. Importantly, the genomic features we identified here as significant predictors of fragility allow us to draw valuable inferences on the molecular mechanisms underlying aCFSs.
Fault Location with Current Monitoring (2005)

Recently there has been renewed interest in fault detection in static CMOS circuits through current monitoring (“Iddq testing”). It is shown that accurate defect (diagnosis miay be performed with a combination of current and voltage observations. The proposed system combines a simple single fault model for test generation with a more realistic multiple defect model for diagnosis. ‘The associated hardware is sufficiently simple that on-board implementation is possible.
The Design of Michell Optimum Structures (1960)

The fundamental problem of structural design is the determination of structures of minimum weight which safely equilibrate a given system of external forces. The classical theorem of Michell gave basic requirements for such a structure. The first part of this paper analyses the geometrical layout of two-dimensional structures which\nsatisfy these requirements, making use of the analogy with the theory of plane plastic flow. Expressions for the calculation of sizes and the total volume of the structural members are developed. Method of graphical construction of the structural layout is also given.
The Future of Public Health Informatics: Alternative Scenarios and Recommended Strategies (2014)

Participants developed recommendations for the public health informatics field and for public health overall in the coming decade. These included the need to rely more heavily on intersectoral collaborations across public and private sectors, to improve data infrastructure and workforce capacity at all levels of the public health enterprise, to expand the evidence base regarding effectiveness of informatics-based public health initiatives, and to communicate strategically with elected officials and other key stakeholders regarding the potential for informatics-based solutions to have an impact on population health.
Kunst voor iedereen. Hoe kunst ‘inclusief’ gemaakt kan worden (2010)

Hoofdstuk 1 in Kansen in kunst.\nHet boek dat voor u ligt is het resultaat van Kunst Inclusief, een tweejarig project dat mede dankzij subsidie\nvan het RAAK-fonds tot stand is gekomen. Uitgangspunt voor het project was de vraag hoe mensen met\neen beperking volwaardig kunnen deelnemen aan de kunsten in al haar verschijningsvormen (beeldende\nkunst, theater, muziek, taal) en welke veranderingen dat vraagt bij de professionals en de instellingen/centra\ndie zich bezighouden met zorg en kunstbeoefening. Met het project werd beoogd meer mogelijkheden te\ncreëren, zodat mensen met een beperking in staat zijn hun talenten te ontwikkelen en door middel van hun\ntalenten beter kunnen participeren in de samenleving
LTE-A an overview and future research areas (2011)

This paper gives an overview of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), which is being developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE constitutes the latest step towards the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile communications. Particular attention is given to the requirements and targets of LTE, its use of multiple antenna techniques, and to the Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) modulation scheme used in the LTE uplink. Furthermore new future research areas are proposed here.
The C++ Programming Language (1985)

The new C++11 standard allows programmers to express ideas more clearly, simply, and directly, and to write faster, more efficient code. Bjarne Stroustrup, the designer and original implementer of C++, has updated his definitive reference and tutorial for everyone who uses the language and needs to understand its latest version. The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition, delivers meticulous, richly explained, and integrated coverage of the entire language—its facilities, abstraction mechanisms, standard libraries, and key design techniques. Throughout, Stroustrup presents concise, “pure C++11” examples, which have been carefully crafted to clarify both usage and program design. To promote deeper understanding, the author provides extensive cross-references, both within the book and to the ISO standard.
Inhibition of TRPV1 channels by a naturally occurring omega-9 fatty acid reduces pain and itch (2016)

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel is mainly found in primary nociceptive afferents whose activity has been linked to pathophysiological conditions including pain, itch and inflammation. Consequently, it is important to identify naturally occurring antagonists of this channel. Here we show that a naturally occurring monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, inhibits TRPV1 activity, and also pain and itch responses in mice by interacting with the vanilloid (capsaicin)-binding pocket and promoting the stabilization of a closed state conformation. Moreover, we report an itch-inducing molecule, cyclic phosphatidic acid, that activates TRPV1 and whose pruritic activity, as well as that of histamine, occurs through the activation of this ion channel. These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of oleic acid inhibition of TRPV1 and also into a way of reducing the pathophysiological effects resulting from its activation.
Some aspects of wound healing research: a review. (1975)

Mammalian response to injury essentially is that of tissue repair and re-epithelialization. The most important component of repair tissue is collagen, and after injury collagen turnover is greatly increased. Collagen biosynthesis is initiated by nuclear DNA of fibroblasts; the steps in biosynthesis are complex but studies of collagen biosynthesis may eventually have clinical potential. Normally, wound healing lasts for up to 2 years but nutritional and metabolic factors, such as malnutrition, delay healing; hyperalimentation would likely be beneficial under these conditions. Other factors that influence wound healing are the oxygen tension in tissues, the hemodynamic status, and the effects of substances such as cortisone, vitamins A and C, and zinc.
A quasi-matrix ferroelectric memory for future silicon storage (2003)

This paper describes a quasi-matrix (Q-matrix) ferroelectric memory unit for future silicon storage media which consists of multiple ferroelectric capacitors that store individual bits and share one access transistor. Disturb degradation and cross-talk effects are suppressed to an acceptable level. The capacitors can be multi-stacked, increasing packing density by a number of times.
New types of recording differential thermobalances (1958)

The paper describes two types of thermobalances which automatically record both the differential and cumulative weight losses during pyrolysis of samples. In both balance systems displacement of the balance beam due to changes in the weight of sample is converted into an electrical signal; the amplified signal operates the servo-mechanism which applies the counterbalancing force at the necessary rate. However, the servo-mechanisms differ in the two types. In one, an analytical balance is adapted so that the sample is counterbalanced by the suspended electrode of a silver coulometer; the controlling current passing through the cell gives a measure of the rate at which the sample loses weight. In the other, a servo-motor rotates the head of a torsion balance to maintain equilibrium; the rate of weight loss is proportional to the speed of the motor and to the voltage applied to it. Alternative control circuits are mentioned. The present torsion-type differential thermobalance can record total weight changes up to 0.5 g at a maximum rate of 30 mg per minute. The cumulative change in weight is registered to the nearest 0.1 mg on the dial counters and 1 mg on the recorder chart; the differential weight change can be read to within 0.2 mg per minute. As the differential weight loss is sensitive to variations in heating rate, a linear-rate controller capable of high accuracy was specially designed for use with the thermobalance.
Uncertainty analysis for angle calibrations using circle closure (1998)

We analyze two types of full-circle angle calibrations: a simple closure in which a single set of unknown angular segments is sequentially compared with an unknown reference angle, and a dual closure in which two divided circles are simultaneously calibrated by intercomparison. In each case, the constraint of circle closure provides auxiliary information that (1) enables a complete calibration process without reference to separately calibrated reference artifacts, and (2) serves to reduce measurement uncertainty. We derive closed-form expressions for the combined standard uncertainties of angle calibrations, following guidelines published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and NIST. The analysis includes methods for the quantitative evaluation of the standard uncertainty of small angle measurement using electronic autocollimators, including the effects of calibration uncertainty and air turbulence.
Regulation of γ-Secretase Activity in Alzheimer's Disease (2007)

The gamma-secretase complex is an intramembrane aspartyl protease that cleaves its substrates along their transmembrane regions. Sequential proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein by beta- and gamma-secretase produces amyloid beta-peptides, which are the major components of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. The gamma-secretase complex is therefore believed to be critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Here we review the range of factors found to affect the nature and degree of gamma-secretase complex activity; these include gamma-secretase complex assembly and activation, the integral regulatory subunit CD147, transient or weak binding partners, the levels of cholesterol and sphingolipids in cell membranes, and inflammatory cytokines. Integrated knowledge of the molecular mechanisms supporting the actions of these factors is expected to lead to a comprehensive understanding of the functional regulation of the gamma-secretase complex, and this, in turn, should facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Red cell selectivity in malaria: a study of multiple-infected erythrocytes (1999)

To characterize red cell susceptibility to invasion in malaria, a selectivity index (SI) was calculated as the ratio of observed number of multiple-infected red cells to that expected from a random process (Poisson distribution). In patients with falciparum malaria (n = 100) SI decreased with increasing parasitaemia (P < 0.001), and correlated inversely with plasma lactate concentrations, chosen prospectively as a measure of disease severity (r = -0.36, P < 0.001). For parasitaemias < 5%, the SI was lower in patients with severe malaria (geometric mean 1.35; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.80) than in uncomplicated malaria (2.31; 1.89-2.81; P = 0.003), despite similar parasite counts. The geometric mean (range) SI in vivax malaria (n = 20), 7.69 (1.67, 29.75), was significantly greater than that in falciparum malaria at comparable parasitaemias (< or = 2%), 2.44 (0.45, 14.05), P < 0.001, suggesting that about 13% of circulating erythrocytes were susceptible to invasion by Plasmodium vivax. This translates into susceptibility for about 2 weeks after emergence from the bone marrow, if age is the sole determinant of this process. In falciparum malaria selectivity was inversely proportional to severity; lack of selectivity could reflect either a 'favourable' host red cell phenotype, or an indiscriminate parasite population. Both are dangerous for the host.