gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Threshold Lasing From Monolithic Nanostructured Porous Silicon Hybrid Microcavities (2018)

Here we demonstrate low-threshold lasing from fully-transparent nanostructured porous silicon (PSi) monolithic microcavities (MCs) infiltrated with a polyfluorene derivative, namely poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO). The hybrid laser supports single-mode blue lasing at the resonance wavelength of 466 nm, with line width of ~1.3 nm and lasing threshold as low as 5 nJ (i.e. fluence of 15 µJ/cm2), which is among the lowest values of state-of-the-art PFO-based lasers.
Tungsten metal gate etching in Cl2∕O2 inductively coupled high density plasmas (2008)

Plasma etching of W in a poly-Si∕TiN∕W∕HfO2 gate stack is investigated in Cl2∕O2 based plasmas. Preliminary studies have illustrated the issues induced with the introduction of a metal layer in the gate stack. Based on scanning electron microscopy observations, the authors first show that a mixture of Cl2, O2, and NF3 is required to successfully pattern the W layer without damaging the HfO2, poly-Si, and TiN profiles. For a better understanding of etch mechanisms, W etching is studied on blanket wafers and etch rates are presented and discussed with respect to the plasma parameters. The evolution of the etch rates as a function of O2 ratio in Cl2∕O2 and Cl2∕O2∕NF3 plasmas is interpreted. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that the introduction of O2 in Cl2 leads to the creation of a thick WOClx deposit on the gate sidewalls. However, the WOCl deposition can be controlled and eliminated by adding fluorine in the plasma during W etching.
Closed Loop Adaptive Refinement of Dynamical Models for Complex Chemical Reactions (2008)

Abstract : This research is concerned with the development of a systematic method for efficiently performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of complex chemical reactions and optimizing the underlying potential energy surfaces (PESs), ultimately using suitable laboratory data in a closed loop fashion. Two main objectives of the research are to (a) identify key parameters of each PES based on the global non-linear input-output Random Sampling High Dimensional Model Representation (RS-HDMR) mapping technique [1-7] and (b) use the RS-HDMR maps to efficiently capture the PES observable relationships [8-10]. The RS-HDMR analysis in turn provides essential information for subsequent full implementation of PES optimization within the proposed adaptive closed-loop learning algorithm in conjunction with laboratory feedback. In this project we have (1) formulated a fully equivalent operational model (FEOM) based on RS-HDMR, in place of the time-consuming Newton equations of motion for performing multi-dimensional MD simulations, and (2)performed detailed studies on intermolecular energy transfer for the model systems.
A conformal CPW folded slot antenna array printed on a Kapton substrate (2012)

In this paper, a newly developed two element conformal folded slot antenna array is introduced. To preserve the flexibility of the array, a coplanar waveguide transmission line is used to feed both elements of the array. Measurements show that a very good impedance match between the source and antenna exists for various bend angles. Furthermore, measurements of the radiation pattern show that for various bend angles of the antenna away from the transmitter, the broadside radiation is only slightly affected. Finally, several designs are simulated to show how various aspects of the antenna geometry affect the input impedance. Overall, good agreement between measurements and simulation is observed.
Forensic Drug Testing For Opiates. II. Metabolism and Excretion Rate of Morphine In Humans After Morphine Administration (1991)

Urine levels of free and total morphine were determined by GC/MS for four male subjects who received single doses of 20 mg of morphine sulfate intramuscularly. Peak concentrations were observed within 10 h for both conjugated and free morphine; thereafter, levels declined rapidly. Initially, free morphine represented from 25 to 34% of the total amount of morphine present, but this ratio declined after 12 h to an average of only 5.9% of total morphine. Free morphine accounted for an overall mean of 6.8% of the dose excreted in urine and conjugated morphine for 58.6%. The mean excretion half-life for free morphine was 6.6 h and for conjugated morphine was 8.2 h. The lower concentration and shorter half-life of free morphine resulted in a shorter detection time for free morphine versus total morphine at a 300-ng/mL cutoff. An equivalent detection time for free morphine was obtained when its cutoff was lowered to 25 ng/mL. The possibility that morphine is metabolized to codeine was unequivocally ruled out by the finding of an absence of codeine at or above the LOD of the GC/MS assay in all clinical specimens collected after morphine administration.
Tipificación de «Arnica montana» L. (Asteraceae) (2014)

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Comprehensive Neurosurgery Board Review (2019)

This text summarizes all the important facts that need to be memorized and understood for the American Neurosurgical Board Exam, following the organization of the seven large topics of which the exam is composed. It provides a comprehensive preparation tool for residents.
A facial recognition technique employing Frequency Domain Thresholding and Quantization (FD-TQ) (2012)

A facial recognition technique employing Frequency Domain Thresholding and Quantization (FD-TQ) is presented in this paper. The algorithm has attractive properties with respect to storage requirements and computational complexity in both the training and testing modes, which make the technique particularly suitable for large data bases. The new algorithm is applied to ORL, Yale and FERET data bases. The experimental results confirm the significant reduction in the storage and computational requirements compared with recently reported techniques, without sacrificing the recognition accuracy.
Adaptive predistorter using NLMS algorithm for nonlinear compensation in visible‐light communication system (2014)

A predistortion method using the adaptive normalised least mean square (NLMS) algorithm is proposed for the estimation of light‐emitting diode distortion. The light emission characteristic could change nonlinearly depending on conditions of the physical environment, such as temperature variation, which cannot be ignored, especially in the case of high‐power emissions. Instead of using the fixed values of the conventional memory look‐up‐table (LUT) for nonlinearity compensation, the proposed adaptive NLMS‐based predistorter immediately estimates the distortion change according to environmental changes. The simulation results show that the proposed method has better performance than the conventional predistorter employing an LUT.
Development and initial validation of the Bedside Paediatric Early Warning System score (2009)

We developed and performed the initial validation of the Bedside PEWS score. This 7-item score can quantify severity of illness in hospitalized children and identify critically ill children with at least one hours notice. Prospective validation in other populations is required before clinical application.
ras oncogene p21 as a tumor marker in the cytodiagnosis of gastric and colonic carcinomas (1987)

This study was undertaken to determine whether the expression of ras oncogene product p21 can be used as a tumor cell marker of gastric and colonic carcinoma in brush smears. To detect p21 an immunocytochemical assay with RAP-5 monoclonal antibody was used. Benign epithelial gastric cells obtained from normal gastric mucosa or benign gastric lesions reacted negatively in 12 out of 13 cases. Similarly, benign epithelial colonic cells from normal colon or benign colonic lesions were negative for p21 in nine out of ten cases. Weakly positive reaction, confined to a few cell clusters only, was observed in one smear of a benign gastric ulcer and one smear of chronic ulcerative colitis. All 20 smears from colonic carcinoma and all 20 smears of gastric carcinoma contained cells that stained positively for p21, and the degree of tumor differentiation had no impact on the staining pattern. The results recorded in this study show that the immunocytochemical assay for the ras oncogene product may prove to represent a new tool for the cytodiagnosis of gastric and colonic carcinomas.
Thermosensitive and Cell-Adhesive Pluronic Hydrogels for Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (2007)

Pluronic F127 has received increasing attention over many years as drug delivery systems, biomaterials, and hydrogels for tissue engineering. In this study, we synthesized temperature-sensitive and cell-adhesive triblock F127 copolymers, in which Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide ligand was grafted to Pluronic F127-4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride (4-META) to obtain F127-META-RGD. The chemical structures of the F127-META-RGD block copolymers were confirmed by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, and GPC. The resultant F127-META-RGD showed very similar thermosensitive behaviors to F127 and F127-META. The critical micelle temperature (CMT) of the F127 copolymers decreased in the order of F127 < F127-META < F127-META-RGD, whereas the particle size followed an opposite trend. Interactions between the F127 copolymers and adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) were evaluated in terms of cell adhesion and proliferation on the hydrogel. These thermosensitive RGD-grafted Pluronic hydrogels that display the enhanced cell adhesiveness, are expected to be useful as a functional injectable scaffold for tissue engineering.
NON-PARAMETRIC MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION (1963)

Abstract : Given that a distribution function is a member of a subclass of absolutely continuous measures, the problem of nonparametric estimation is considered, with the method of maximum likelihood, of the underlying density function of a given sample of independent identically distributed random variables. Sufficient conditions on the space of probability densities and its topology are given for the consistency of such an estimate.
Thermodynamic of Liquid Iron Ore Reduction by Hydrogen Thermal Plasma (2018)

The production of iron using hydrogen as a reducing agent is an alternative to conventional iron- and steel-making processes, with an associated decrease in CO2 emissions. Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) of iron ore is the process of using hydrogen in a plasma state to reduce iron oxides. A hydrogen plasma arc is generated between a hollow graphite electrode and liquid iron oxide. In the present study, the thermodynamics of hydrogen thermal plasma and the reduction of iron oxide using hydrogen at plasma temperatures were studied. Thermodynamics calculations show that hydrogen at high temperatures is atomized, ionized, or excited. The Gibbs free energy changes of iron oxide reductions indicate that activated hydrogen particles are stronger reducing agents than molecular hydrogen. Temperature is the main influencing parameter on the atomization and ionization degree of hydrogen particles. Therefore, to increase the hydrogen ionization degree and, consequently, increase of the reduction rate of iron ore particles, the reduction reactions should take place in the plasma arc zone due to the high temperature of the plasma arc in HPSR. Moreover, the solubility of hydrogen in slag and molten metal are studied and the sequence of hematite reduction reactions is presented.
Chemistry of Verongida Sponges. 9. Secondary Metabolite Composition of the Caribbean Sponge <i>Aplysina cauliformis</i> (1999)

A detailed analysis of the secondary metabolites of the sponge Aplysina cauliformis has been performed. Eight compounds were identified, two of which (13 and 14) are new bromotyrosine derivatives whose structures were determinated from spectroscopic evidence, including 2D NMR. The new compounds were analyzed for cytotoxic activity, and compound 14 was shown to inhibit mammalian protein synthesis and cell proliferation.
Theta/gamma networks with slow NMDA channels learn sequences and encode episodic memory: role of NMDA channels in recall. (1996)

This paper examines the role of slow N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels (deactivation approximately 150 msec) in networks that multiplex different memories in different gamma subcycles of a low frequency theta oscillation. The NMDA channels are in the synapses of recurrent collaterals and govern synaptic modification in accord with known physiological properties. Because slow NMDA channels have a time constant that spans several gamma cycles, synaptic connections will form between cells that represent different memories. This enables brain structures that have slow NMDA channels to store heteroassociative sequence information in long-term memory. Recall of this stored sequence information can be initiated by presentation of initial elements of the sequence. The remaining sequence is then recalled at a rate of one memory every gamma cycle. A new role for the NMDA channel suggested by our finding is that recall at gamma frequency works well if slow NMDA channels provide the dominant component of the EPSP at the synapse of recurrent collaterals: The slow onset of these channels and their long duration allows the firing of one memory during one gamma cycle to trigger the next memory during the subsequent gamma cycle. An interesting feature of the readout mechanism is that the activation of a given memory is due to cumulative input from multiple previous memories in the stored sequence, not just the previous one. The network thus stores sequence information in a doubly redundant way: Activation of a memory depends on the strength of synaptic inputs from multiple cells of multiple previous memories. The cumulative property of sequence storage has support from the psychophysical literature. Cumulative learning also provides a solution to the disambiguation problem that occurs when different sequences have a region of overlap. In a final set of simulations, we show how coupling an autoassociative network to a heteroassociative network allows the storage of episodic memories (a unique sequence of briefly occurring known items). The autoassociative network (cortex) captures the sequence in short-term memory and provides the accurate, time-compressed repetition required to drive synaptic modification in the heteroassociative network (hippocampus). This is the first mechanistically detailed model showing how known brain properties, including network oscillations, recurrent collaterals, AMPA channels, NMDA channel subtypes, the ADP, and the AHP can act together to accomplish memory storage and recall.
Mutations in the <i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</i> Type III Secretion System Needle Protein, YscF, That Specifically Abrogate Effector Translocation into Host Cells (2006)

The trafficking of effectors, termed Yops, from Yersinia spp. into host cells is a multistep process that requires the type III secretion system (TTSS). The TTSS has three main structural parts: a base, a needle, and a translocon, which work together to ensure the polarized movement of Yops directly from the bacterial cytosol into the host cell cytosol. To understand the interactions that take place at the interface between the tip of the TTSS needle and the translocon, we developed a screen to identify mutations in the needle protein YscF that separated its function in secretion from its role in translocation. We identified 25 translocation-defective (TD) yscF mutants, which fall into five phenotypic classes. Some classes exhibit aberrant needle structure and/or reduced levels of Yop secretion, consistent with known functions for YscF. Strikingly, two yscF TD classes formed needles and secreted Yops normally but displayed distinct translocation defects. Class I yscF TD mutants showed diminished pore formation, suggesting incomplete pore insertion and/or assembly. Class II yscF TD mutants formed pores but showed nonpolar translocation, suggesting unstable needle-translocon interactions. These results indicate that YscF functions in Yop secretion and translocation can be genetically separated. Furthermore, the identification of YscF residues that are required for the assembly of the translocon and/or productive interactions with the translocon has allowed us to initiate the mapping of the needle-translocon interface.
Comparison of Complement Fixation and Fluorescent Immunoassay (FIAX) for Measuring Antibodies to Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus (1981)

An automated fluorescent immunoassay system (FIAX) was compared with complement fixation (CF) for measuring antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in clinical specimens. Compared with CF the specificity of FIAX (ability to detect a negative titer) was 95% for CMV and 92% for HSV. The sensitivity of FIAX (ability to detect a positive titer) was 98% for CMV and 95% for HSV. When paired samples were tested for significant titer rises, the concordance of the two assays for CMV was 96% and for HSV 80%. The FIAX assay was found to be reproducible when sera were tested within the same laboratory and in two different laboratories. The assay is fast, simple to perform, and not affected by anticomplementary activity. It is seen as a useful alternative to CF testing in a clinical virology laboratory.
Nonlinear Dynamic Viscoelastic Model for Osteoarthritic Cartilage Indentation Force (2011)

Biomechanical properties and dynamic response of soft tissues as articular cartilage remains issues for attention. Currently, linear isotropic models are still used for cartilage analysis in spite of its viscoelastic nature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose a nonlinear viscoelastic model for cartilage indentation that combines the geometrical parameters and velocity of the indentation test with the thickness of the sample as well as the mechanical properties of the tissue changing over time due to its viscoelastic behavior. Parameters of the indentation test and mechanical properties as a function of time were performed in Laplace space where the constitutive equation for viscoelasticity and the convolution theorem was applied in addition with the Maxwell model and Hayes et al. model for instantaneous elastic modulus. Results of the models were compared with experimental data of indentation tests on osteoarthritic cartilage of a unicompartmental osteoarthritis cases. The models showed a strong fit for the axial indentation nonlinear force in the loading curve (R2 = 0.992) and a good fit for unloading (R2 = 0.987), while an acceptable fit was observed in the relaxation curve (R2 = 0.967). These models may be used to study the mechanical response of osteoarthritic cartilage to several dynamical and geometrical test conditions.
Investigations of the Copper Bromide−2,2‘-Dipyridyl System:  Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Molecular Cu<sub>3</sub>Br<sub>4</sub>(C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub>N<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, One-Dimensional CuBr<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub>N<sub>2</sub>), and Two-Dimensional [Cu<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub>N<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>][Cu<sub>4</sub>Br<sub>6</sub>] (1999)

The hydrothermal reactions of CuBr(2), CuBr, and 2,2'-dipyridyl have resulted in the synthesis of three new compounds. Cu(3)Br(4)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2) (1) is a molecular phase; CuBr(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2)) (2) is a one-dimensional chain structure; and [Cu(2)(OH)(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)][Cu(4)Br(6)] (3) crystallizes in a two-dimensional sheet structure. All three compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data for 1, triclinic, space group P&onemacr; (No. 2) with a = 10.604(2) Å, b = 11.642(2) Å, c = 11.688(2) Å, alpha = 61.965(5) degrees, beta = 68.965(5) degrees, gamma = 69.523(5) degrees, Z = 2; 2, monoclinic, space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 16.766(4) Å, b = 9.287(2) Å, c = 7.392(2) Å, beta = 110.536(6) degrees, Z = 4; 3, monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n (No. 14) with a = 10.907(3) Å, b = 6.0677(13) Å, c = 21.620(5) Å, beta = 90.542(4) degrees, Z = 4.
Phase‐transfer catalysis in the <i>N</i>‐benzylation of adenine (1981)

Abstract A convenient phase‐transfer catalysis in the N ‐benzylation of adenine is described. The benzylation of adenine with benzyl halides in a two‐phase system containing phase‐transfer catalyst gave 9‐benzylated adenines as a major product accompanied with 3‐benzylated adenines.
Cytometric analysis of ventricular myocyte nuclei in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a tool for evaluation of disease progression? (1995)

The progression of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) is governed by factors that remain obscure. The disease pathway toward cell degeneration or death results in irreversible myocyte change including nuclear cytometric alterations which may be evaluable and ultimately correlated with other measures of disease evolution. Using a novel image cytometry system, we analysed differences in ventricular myocyte nuclear morphology and DNA content and distribution in right and left ventricular free wall myocardium and in ventricular septal myocardium from 11 normal and 13 IDC human autopsy hearts. Nine morphological features of IDC myocyte nuclei differed significantly (P < 0.001) from normal. These were used to establish a classification matrix and cytometry-based assessment and allowed correct categorization of left and right ventricular and ventricular septal myocyte nuclei in concordance with their respective pathological diagnosis (i.e. normal or IDC) 71%, 81% and 77% of the time. Additionally, four photometric features were significantly different (P < 0.005) in IDC versus normal hearts, as were three discrete texture features (P < 0.001). Thus, the spectrum of myocyte nuclei seen in IDC have highly characteristic and measurable morphologic, photometric and texture features. Our findings indicate the potential value of cytometry in the classification of myocytes with regards to a disease continuum and suggest its applicability in both clinical and experimental studies.
Optimal design of electromagnetically actuated MEMS cantilevers (2018)

In this paper we present the numerical and experimental results of a design optimization of electromagnetic cantilevers. In particular, a cost-effective technique of evolutionary computing enabling the simultaneous minimization of multiple criteria is applied. A set of optimal solutions are subsequently fabricated and measured. The designed structures are fabricated in arrays, which makes the comparison and measurements of the sensor properties reliable. The microfabrication process, based on the silicon on insulator (SOI) technology, is proposed in order to minimize parasitic phenomena and enable efficient electromagnetic actuation. Measurements on the fabricated prototypes assessed the proposed methodological approach.
Analysis of adaptive routing schemes in multirate loss networks (2002)

As technology evolves, it is now feasible to implement sophisticated adaptive routing scheme on networks which support different kind of services with heterogeneous bandwidth characteristics. Adaptive routing can increase the network throughput by routing calls to less congested paths. It can also be used to bypass transmission facility failures. In this paper, we analyze and compare two adaptive routing schemes. The first is called the maximum mean time to blocking (MTB) routing which is based on the mean time to blocking measure of a link. This measure captures the traffic rates, bandwidth characteristic and link capacity information and reflects more accurately the congestion status of different paths. The second is the M/sup 2/ routing, which is a modification of the least loaded routing (LLR). Aggregation of link status information can significantly reduce signalling traffic. We show in this paper that with properly designed aggregation, the aggregated M/sup 2/ and MTB routings can have performance that approach that of the non-aggregated schemes. The use of complete sharing and restricted access policies together with trunk reservation control in multirate loss networks are also studied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>