gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modelling market shares by segments using volatility (1999)

This paper presents the results of market share modelling for individual segments of the UK tea market using scanner panel data. The study is novel in its introduction of the use of volatility as one of the bases for segmentation, others being usage, loyalty or switching between product types and product forms. The segmentation is undertaken on an a priori, quasi-experimental basis, allowing nested tests of constancy of elasticities across segments. The estimated equations (using seemingly unrelated regressions) benefit from extensive specification, including four diff erent forms for the price variable, four variables for promotion, and six for product characteristic, distribution and macroeconomic variables. Tests for the constancy of the parameters across segments show the segmentation to be successful.
Effects of VEGF121 and/or VEGF165 gene transfection on collateral circulation development. (2000)

Our results show that direct intramuscular injection of naked DNA encoding VEGF121 or VEGF165, individually or in combination, is an effective method for gene transfer in an animal model of ischemic limbs and results in augmented collateral vascular development and tissue perfusion.
Einfluß der Distanz des Prolincarbonyls vom β- und γ-Kohlenstoff auf die Lage der13C-NMR-Signale (1975)

Aussagen zur räumlichen Struktur des Prolins in Peptiden lassen sich durch 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie gewinnen. Jetzt wurde eine Beziehung gefunden, mit der die Größe des Diederwinkels ψ aus der Lage der β-C- und γ-C-Signale abgeleitet werden kann.
Ethanol metabolism and alcoholic liver disease. (1990)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biochemistry of ethanol metabolism and reviews the current hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Excessive ethanol consumption has diverse effects on many organs, but it is mainly metabolized in the liver. Advances in the knowledge of the pathways of ethanol metabolism have highlighted mechanisms for ethnic differences in ethanol tolerance and predisposition to ALD. ALD is a result of many interrelated mechanisms and different pathogenic processes in its generation are of varying importance in different individuals. Both ethanol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, can affect cell membranes, intracellular enzymes, the immune response, hepatic fibrogenesis, and tissue oxygenation. This chapter reviews the multifactorial relationships between the effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde in liver damage. Chronic alcohol abuse causes the depletion of many vitamins and trace elements and can result in protein-energy malnutrition in extreme cases. Moreover, an excessive consumption of ethanol leads to tissue damage. However, the nature of that damage and the susceptibility of specific organs may be determined by genetic factors.
High-quality compression of MWD signals (2004)

Abstract Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) services efficiently support drilling decisions and are emerging as a powerful option on well sites. Presently, the main drawbacks of MWD equipment are the low data bandwidth of standard telemetry systems (up to 10 bits/s), and the high cost of storage memory in the downhole tool. Both these limitations can be reduced using data compression. We investigate the application of a lossy compression algorithm based on the wavelet transform to data recorded downhole while drilling. The user can select the maximum level of noise in the reconstructed signal; the compression ratio is adapted automatically. Numerical tests based on real field data achieve compression ratios up to 15:1 without noticeable signal degradation. This allows a significant increase in downhole acquisition time and in real-time information transmission rate through the telemetry system. We present signal-quality indicators to analyze the performance of the compression. The algorithm is simple enough to be embedded in current-generation downhole equipment without major modifications. This implementation can also be achieved using specialized hardware, lowering the computational requirements and synchronization issues of the downhole main controller.
Poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) and some soluble crystalline copolymers (1961)

Abstract Poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) has been prepared by polymerizing the monomer over a catalyst made from titanium tetrachloride and lithium aluminum tetradecyl. The molecular weight of the crystalline polymer was invariably too high for fiber preparation, even when polymerization variables were varied drastically, so a technique for thermal cracking was developed. By heating grease‐free, crystalline poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) in a vacuum at about 280°, it was possible to lower smoothly the molecular weight of the polymer to any desired value, without undesirable crosslinking or by‐product formation. The polymer was melt‐spun by conventional techniques to highly oriented, tough fibers. Copolymerization of 10–25% 1‐hexene and other linear 1‐olefins with 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene gives products which are still high‐melting, but which are readily soluble in such solvents as cyclohexane or chloroform, in contrast to the homopolymer which is only slightly soluble. Polymerization in solvents for the copolymer gave solutions which were converted to fibers and film without intermediate isolation of polymer or removal of the catalyst. An interesting terpolymer in which divinylbenzene was the third component was found to be initially soluble, but was readily crosslinked at elevated temperature.
Effects of phenolic acids on ammonia oxidation by terrestrial autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms (1991)

It has been hypothesized that vegetation in certain ecosystems inhibits nitrification in soil by producing phenolic compounds that inhibit oxidation of ammonia by nitrifying microorganisms. This hypothesis is based largely on a report that very low concentrations (10−6 M–10−8 M) of several phenolic acids (notably ferulic acid) completely inhibited NO2− production in an aqueous suspension of soil treated with (NH4)2SO4 and a nutrient solution suitable for growth of Nitrosomonas and other autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms. To evaluate this hypothesis, we determined the effects of three ohenolic acids (ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric on nitrite production by representatives of three genera of terrestrial autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms (Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, or Nitrosolubos) grown on a defined medium containing NH4+. We found that nitrite production by the Nitrososspira was not inhibited by ferulic acid, caffeic acid, or p-coumaric acid at concentrations of 10−6 or 10−5 M and was only slightly inhibited when these acids were at a concentration of 10−4 M. We also found that ferulic acid did not markedly inhibit nitrite production by the three genera of nitrifying microorganisms studied, even when its concentration was as high as 10−3 M. These observations invalidate the hypothesis tested because the phenolic acids studied did not significantly retard ammonia oxidation by autotrophic microorganisms even when their concentration in cultures of these microorganisms greatly exceeded their concentrations in soils.
<i>Escherichia coli</i> HdeB Is an Acid Stress Chaperone (2006)

We cloned, expressed, and purified the hdeB gene product, which belongs to the hdeAB acid stress operon. We extracted HdeB from bacteria by the osmotic-shock procedure and purified it to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Its identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. HdeB has a molecular mass of 10 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which matches its expected molecular mass. We purified the acid stress chaperone HdeA in parallel in order to compare the two chaperones. The hdeA and hdeB mutants both display reduced viability upon acid stress, and only the HdeA/HdeB expression plasmid can restore their viability to close to the wild-type level, suggesting that both proteins are required for optimal protection of the bacterial periplasm against acid stress. Periplasmic extracts from both mutants aggregate at acidic pH, suggesting that HdeA and HdeB are required for protein solubilization. At pH 2, the aggregation of periplasmic extracts is prevented by the addition of HdeA, as previously reported, but is only slightly reduced by HdeB. At pH 3, however, HdeB is more efficient than HdeA in preventing periplasmic-protein aggregation. The solubilization of several model substrate proteins at acidic pH supports the hypothesis that, in vitro, HdeA plays a major role in protein solubilization at pH 2 and that both proteins are involved in protein solubilization at pH 3. Like HdeA, HdeB exposes hydrophobic surfaces at acidic pH, in accordance with the appearance of its chaperone properties at acidic pH. HdeB, like HdeA, dissociates from dimers at neutral pH into monomers at acidic pHs, but its dissociation is complete at pH 3 whereas that of HdeA is complete at a more acidic pH. Thus, we can conclude that Escherichia coli possesses two acid stress chaperones that prevent periplasmic-protein aggregation at acidic pH.
A Case Study on Development of a Model to Test Tax Shifting (2006)

The purpose of the research is to develop a model testing tax incidence phenomenon due to tax law changes, especially due to enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1984. Namely, I perform a kind of case study which may be applied to other tax law changes or reforms. When such a model is developed we examine how the series of the event that led to adoption of the 1984 Act(Tax Reform Act of 1984) can affect the stock returns of U.S. life insurance companies. The changes in security returns related to tax law changes provide direct evidence concerning the shifting of the corporate tax. If the burden of the tax law change is placed upon equity in the form of reduced expected future earnings and dividends, then we would expect to observe negative unexpected returns on the announcement of a new law that increases taxes. However, if the burdens are shifted to other stakeholders, we would not expect to observe abnormal returns in response to proposed tax law changes. To test tax shifting due to tax law changes, first, I develop a model utilizing an event study. Secondly, using cross-sectional regression analyses another model is developed to find the sources of tax shifting found in the first stage.
The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. (2001)

Sambucus nigra L. products - Sambucol - are based on a standardized black elderberry extract. They are natural remedies with antiviral properties, especially against different strains of influenza virus. Sambucol was shown to be effective in vitro against 10 strains of influenza virus. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, Sambucol reduced the duration of flu symptoms to 3-4 days. Convalescent phase serum showed a higher antibody level to influenza virus in the Sambucol group, than in the control group. The present study aimed to assess the effect of Sambucol products on the healthy immune system - namely, its effect on cytokine production. The production of inflammatory cytokines was tested using blood - derived monocytes from 12 healthy human donors. Adherent monocytes were separated from PBL and incubated with different Sambucol preparations i.e., Sambucol Elderberry Extract, Sambucol Black Elderberry Syrup, Sambucol Immune System and Sambucol for Kids. Production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8) was significantly increased, mostly by the Sambucol Black Elderberry Extract (2-45 fold), as compared to LPS, a known monocyte activator (3.6-10.7 fold). The most striking increase was noted in TNF-alpha production (44.9 fold). We conclude from this study that, in addition to its antiviral properties, Sambucol Elderberry Extract and its formulations activate the healthy immune system by increasing inflammatory cytokine production. Sambucol might therefore be beneficial to the immune system activation and in the inflammatory process in healthy individuals or in patients with various diseases. Sambucol could also have an immunoprotective or immunostimulatory effect when administered to cancer or AIDS patients, in conjunction with chemotherapeutic or other treatments. In view of the increasing popularity of botanical supplements, such studies and investigations in vitro, in vivo and in clinical trials need to be developed.
Merits of Spread Spectrum (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Jamming immunity Low probability of detection Signal structure secrecy Electromagnetic compatibility Propagation effects in wireless systems Diversity Multipath diversity and RAKE receiver Problems
Interpretasiemoontlikhede van name en datums op Ou-Kaapse meubels (2013)

The possibilities of interpretation of names and dates on Old Cape furniture
During an extensive investigation project on Old Cape furniture names and dates on furniture led to several questions about their significance. Owners, collectors and even dealers often make the wrong conclusions about inscriptions on furniture. An extensive knowledge of furniture styles is a requirement to come to valid conclusions. It is also necessary to undertake genealogical research to obtain more information on the names. In the absence of church pews, members of a congregation carried their own chairs to church services and often left them there. For that purpose the chairs were identified by the names of the owners and the birth dates of the women that often appeared on the back rests of the chairs. It could, however, not be assumed that the piece was necessarily a when it was marked with a name or a date. Each piece of furniture with an inscription should be investigated thoroughly before findings about them are made known.
Tydens 'n omvattende ondersoek na Ou-Kaapse meubels het verskeie vrae oor name en datums op meubels by die navorser opgeduik. Daar is ondervind dat eienaars, versamelaars en handelaars dikwels foutiewe afleidings oor die inskripsies op meubels maak. 'n Grondige kennis van meubelstyle is nodig om geldige afleidings te maak. Daarbenewens is dit ook nodig om genealogiese navorsing te doen om meer oor die name te wete te kom. By die afwesigheid van kerkbanke het lidmate kerkstoele saamgeneem kerk toe en dikwels hulle name en die geboortedatums van die vroue op die stoele aangebring. Maar daar kan nie altyd aanvaar word dat wanneer daar 'n naam of datum op 'n stoel verskyn, dat dit 'n kerkstoel was nie. Oor elke enkele meubelstuk met 'n inskripsie op moet eers deeglike navorsing gedoen word voordat uitsprake daaroor gemaak word.
Forecasting Promotional Sales Within the Neighbourhood (2019)

Promotions are a widely used strategy to engage consumers and as such, retailers dedicate immense effort and resources to their planning and forecasting. This paper introduces a novel interpretable machine learning method specifically tailored to the automatic prediction of promotional sales in real-market applications. Particularly, we present fully automated weighted k-nearest neighbors where the distances are calculated based on a feature selection process that focuses on the similarity of promotional sales. The method learns online, thereby avoiding the model being retrained and redeployed. It is robust and able to infer the mechanisms leading to sales as demonstrated on detailed surrogate models. Also, to validate this method, real market data provided by a worldwide retailer have been used, covering numerous categories from three different countries and several types of stores. The algorithm is benchmarked against an ensemble of regression trees and the forecast provided by the retailer and it outperforms both on a merit figure composed not only by the mean absolute error but also by the error deviations used in the retail business. The proposed method significantly improves the accuracy of the forecast in many diverse categories and geographical locations, yielding significant and operative benefits for supply chains. Additionally, we briefly discuss in the Appendix how to deploy our method as a RESTful service in a production environment.
Genetic Difference between Europeans and Indians: Tissue and Blood Types (1992)

When Columbus reached America, the continent probably was inhabited by 15 to 30 million natives. Mexico now has 68 different Indian tribes classified from a linguistic point of view; 5 million people speaking different languages are registered. However, the Mexican population is mainly composed of Mestizos (95%), who have a triracial admixture of Caucasian genes coming from the Spanish conquerors, black genes from the African slaves brought by the Spaniards to America, and an Oriental gene-pool derived from the natives. The admixture started around 1500, but at present it may be very difficult to distinguish phenotypically one group from another, and the Mestizos from the Indians. Therefore, polymorphic systems like the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or several blood markers are very valuable tools and crucial elements to trace human migrations, to define degree of admixture, and to explore the impact of genetics on the epidemiology of the different populations. The distribution of blood group systems throughout western Europe is very homogeneous. In contrast, in the Mongolian the A2 subgroup and the S allele almost disappear compared with European Caucasian. Although homogeneity also exists in Orientals, several groups have a very particular pattern, such as the Senoi from Malay, the Tharons from Burma and the Ainu from Japan. We analyzed four Mexican Indian tribes, and as in Amerindians group 0 is extremely high, almost all are kappa; Fya is increased as in Mongolians, and Dia is an Oriental and Amerindian marker. The distribution of Lu and Kp suggests that the environment might have influenced the variability of these antigens found in Indians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Antimony δ doping by low energy implantation in molecular-beam epitaxy Si layers (1993)

Silicon layers, δ doped, have been processed by molecular-beam epitaxy with an implantation of 1 keV Sb ions during Si growth interruption. Characterization of these layers shows that all the implanted ions are incorporated and are electrically active. The thickness of the ‘‘doped plane’’ can be estimated between 2 and 5 nm. Carrier mobility enhancement is observed in these layers for longitudinal transport.
Instrumentation for a next-generation x-ray all-sky monitor (1999)

We have proposed an x-ray all-sky monitor for a small satellite mission that will be ten times more sensitive than past monitors and that opens up a new band of the soft x-ray spectrum (0.1–3.0 keV) for study. We discuss three approaches to the construction of the optics. The first method, well within the reach of existing technology, is to approximate the lobster-eye geometry by building crossed arrays of planar reflectors, this gives great control over the reflecting surface but is limited in terms of resolution at the baseline 4 arc minute level. The second method is to use microchannel plates; this technology has the potential to greatly exceed the baseline resolution and sensitivity but is yet to be fully demonstrated. The third method, while still in its infancy, may yet prove to be the most powerful; this approach relies on photolithography to expose a substrate that can then be developed and replicated. The scientific case for this mission is almost too broad to state here. The instrument we describe will allow investigation of the long term light curves of thousands of AGN, it will detect thousands of transients, including GRBs and type II supernova, and the stellar coronae of hundreds of the brightest x-ray stars can be monitored. In addition the classical objectives of all-sky monitors—long-term all-sky archive and watchdog alert to new events—will be fulfilled at an unprecedented level. We also note that by opening up a little-explored band of the x-ray sky the opportunity for new discovery is presented. A satisfying example of entering new territory while still retaining the guarantee of expanding the domain of existing research.
Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk from dairy cows with chronic sub-clinical mastitis (2005)

New tools are needed to detect chronic sub-clinical mastitis, especially in automatic milking systems. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA) are the two most sensitive bovine acute phase proteins, and their concentrations increase in milk from cows with clinical mastitis and in milk from cows with experimentally induced chronic sub-clinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the potential for haptoglobin and SAA in milk as indicators of chronic sub-clinical mastitis. Quarter milk samples were collected from 41 cows with a mean composite milk somatic cell count (CSCC) above 300,000 cells/mL during at least two months prior to sampling. Quarter milk samples were also taken from eleven cows with a mean CSCC below 80,000 cells/mL during at least two previous months. These samples were analysed for haptoglobin, SAA, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity and bacterial growth. The samples were grouped according to their ATP, haptoglobin and SAA status. ATP+ samples had ATP > 2 x 10(-10) mol/mL, Hp+ and SAA+ samples had detectable levels of haptoglobin (> or = 0.3 mg/L) and SAA (> or = 0.9 mg/L), respectively. In udder quarter samples from healthy cows, 42 out of 44 samples belonged to the ATP-Hp-SAA- group. Among cows with chronic sub-clinical mastitis, the ATP+Hp+SAA+ group contained 66 out of 164 samples while 44 samples belonged to the ATP+Hp-SAA- group. Detectable levels of haptoglobin and SAA were found in 92 and 80 samples, respectively. Growth of udder pathogens was detected in 28 samples and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria. In conclusion, haptoglobin and SAA concentrations below the detection limit were considered as good indicators of healthy udder quarters. A substantial variation in haptoglobin and SAA concentrations in milk was observed in udder quarters with chronic sub-clinical mastitis.
Sampling frequency requirements for identification and compensation of nonlinear systems (2002)

Nonlinear systems usually cause spectral spreading resulting in an output signal bandwidth that is greater than the input signal bandwidth. When identifying and compensating such systems by digital processing methods, it has been common practice to see the sampling frequency at the Nyquist rate of the output signal. The aim of this paper is to show that sampling at the Nyquist rate of the output signal is usually not necessary, and that a nonlinear system can be identified and compensated at the Nyquist rate of the input signal. We do this by invoking Zhu's (see IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems-II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing., vol.39, no.8, p.587-588, 1992) generalised sampling theorem, and by giving three examples of nonlinear system identification and compensation. The first two examples involve known nonlinearities, the first memoryless, the second with memory. The third example deals with real data from an unknown nonlinearity in a radio frequency amplifier. For each example, identification and compensation are carried out for two input signal bandwidths, one causing the distortion terms of interest to be aliased, while for the other, they are not. The results show successful identification and compensation in both cases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>