gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Principles of optical phase-locking: Application to internal mirror He-Ne lasers phase-locked via fast control of the discharge current (1987)

While phase-locking techniques have long been in routine use in the microwave frequency domain, the ten-thousand-fold increase of the carrier frequency in the visible domain brings new problems for effective optical phase control. Particularly robust locks can be based on combining phase-locking under quiescent conditions with an outer frequency-control loop which takes control when phase lock is lost. Electronic strategies for implementing this process are discussed. Diagnostic techniques to allow characterization of phase-lock performance of optical oscillators are presented and discussed using as an example the phase-locking of a low-cost internal mirror He-Ne laser tube. Effectively complete phase lock was possible using small variations of the discharge current to provide fast frequency control.
Comparison of Two Inventory Design Concepts in a Collaborative Virtual Reality Serious Game (2017)

Inventory design in games is crucial when it comes to managing in-game items efficiently. In multi-user settings, an additional goal is to support awareness concerning a co-player's inventory and his/her available actions. Especially in virtual reality (VR), presence and immersion are vital aspects of the experience, suggesting real-world metaphors for interface design. The presented work examines two basic inventory paradigms: an abstract menu-based inventory and a metaphoric virtual belt. Both systems are implemented in a serious game prototype for paramedic training in VR, then evaluated in a between-group design study with paramedic trainees inexperienced in VR technology. While both solutions offer comparable usability and presence scores, the results suggest future optimization.
Supranational study of population potential: Spain and France (2013)

Nowadays, people divide their activities into different spaces and times, often depending on information and transport networks. Moreover, each social group generates an interaction with others in terms of social, economic and functional activities. These relationships are complicated to display, however an approach can be made from potential models. Population potential is one of the most fruitful adaptations of Physics laws to the field of Human Geography.The gravity model suggests that two separate groups of people, say in two cities, generate a mutual interaction proportional to the product of their sizes, and that this interaction is impeded by the frictional effect of the intervening distance over which it must take place (Rich, 1980. Potential models in human geography. Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography, 26. University of East Anglia, Norwich).Population potential indicates the intensity of possible interactions between social or economic groups at different locations. Therefore, it is an index of the nearness of people to one another and a measure of the influence of people at a distance. This study uses a variant of the gravity model, adding the population of each cell to the total potential calculated for it.The result of this work is a raster map (5-km cell size) for Spain and France in 2008, at a scale of 1:5,350,000. This map uses a sequential color scheme to represent population potential and to illustrate the broad spatial distributions and interactions of population. This is a useful tool for functional and demographic analysis which supplements other population representations by density or symbol size.
Application Technology and Design Requirement of High Speed Railway Bridge Bearing (2011)

To meet the requirements of large bearing capacity and displacement of long-span bridge for high speed railway,the bearings shall have such performances as large tonnage,large displacement as well as anti-vibration in some level. However,due to limit of allowable design stress of material,the bearing with large tonnage is too big to change during operation,so the design of it shall take full consideration of structural durability. Meanwhile,the control of postconstruction settlement is especially rigorous in high speed railway,the height-adjustable bearings may be adopted at some special section. This paper presents some design requirements of high speed railway bearings,briefs its installation technology and provides advice for its application.
Estimation of hydraulic parameters from an unconfined aquifer test conducted in a glacial outwash deposit, Cape Cod, Massachusetts (2001)

An aquifer test conducted in a sand and gravel, glacial outwash deposit on Cape Cod, Massachusetts was analyzed by means of a model for flow to a partially penetrating well in a homogeneous, anisotropic unconfined aquifer. The model is designed to account for all significant mechanisms expected to influence drawdown in observation piezometers and in the pumped well. In addition to the usual fluid-flow and storage processes, additional processes include effects of storage in the pumped well, storage in observation piezometers, effects of skin at the pumped-well screen, and effects of drainage from the zone above the water table.
Switched Capacitor Chrominance Base-Band Delay Lines for Colour Decoders (1987)

One of the bottlenecks which arises when attempting to reach total integration of colour decoders in consumer CTV receivers is the chrominance delay line circuit, necessary in PAL and SECAM colour decoders.
Synthese von 4‐Penten‐4‐oliden (γ‐Methylen‐γ‐butyrolactonen) über 4‐Pentensäuren (1984)

Abstract 4‐Penten‐4‐olide (γ‐Methylen‐γ‐butyrolactone) 7 sind aus Allylalkoholen 1 durch Orthoester‐Claisenumlagerung und Hydrolyse zu 4‐Pentensäuren 5 , anschließende Iodlactonisierung und HI‐Abspaltung mit 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐en (DBU) in guter Gesamtausbeute und variablem Substitutionsmuster leicht zugänglich. — Die Iodlactonisierung unter kinetischer Kontrolle zeigt mäßige 1,2‐ oder 1,3‐asymmetrische Induktion (≳ 3:1 bzw. ca. 2:1). Die Zusammensetzungen der Iodlactongemische 6 sowie die relativen Konfigurationen werden aus 1 H‐ und 13 C‐NMR‐Daten abgeleitet. — Das Spirobipentenolid 13 wird in ähnlicher Weise aus Diallylmalonsäure‐diethylester ( 9 ) über 11 (durch Ester‐Iodlactonisierung) erhalten.
Effect of single‐mineral filler and hybrid‐mineral filler additives on the properties of polypropylene composites (2009)

Abstract The present study was carried out to determine the filler characteristics and to investigate the effects of three types of mineral fillers (CaCO 3 , silica, and mica) and filler loadings (10–40 wt%) on the properties of polypropylene (PP) composites. The characteristics of the particulate fillers, such as mean particle size, particle size distribution, aspect ratio, shape, and degree of crystallinity were identified. In terms of mechanical properties, for all of the filled PP composites, Young's modulus increased, whereas tensile strength and strain at break decreased as the filler loading increased. However, 10 wt% of mica in a PP composite showed a tensile strength comparable with that of unfilled PP. Greater tensile strength of mica/PP composites compared to that of the other composites was observed because of lower percentages of voids and a higher aspect ratio of the filler. Mica/PP also exhibited a lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) compared to that of the other composites. This difference was due to a lower degree of crystallinity of the filler and the CTE value of the mica filler. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the structure of fracture surfaces, and there was a gradual change in tensile fracture behavior from ductile to brittle as the filler loading increased. The nucleating ability of the fillers was studied with differential scanning calorimetry, and a drop in crystallinity of the composites was observed with the addition of mineral filler. Studies on the hybridization effect of different (silica and mica) filler ratios on the properties of PP hybrid composites showed that the addition of mica to silica‐PP composites enhanced their tensile strength and modulus. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Kinds of Rights in Country (2003)

Native title rights are rights recognised by Australian law, not customary law rights per se. They are attempts to recognise customary rights by translating them into legal terms. Native title is in this sense a ‘recognition space’. The terms of this recognition are those of the Native Title Act of 1993. Native title rights are products of a process in which evidence about indigenous cultural understandings and practices comes under legal scrutiny and is tested, usually by non-indigenous professionals. It is common for that body of information to be presented in the form of written and oral anthropological evidence, or anthropological evidence combined with that obtained directly from those whose native title application is being determined.
A new multilevel PWM method: a theoretical analysis (1992)

Generalization of the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) subharmonic method to control single-phase or three-phase multilevel voltage source inverters (VSI) is considered. An analytical expression of the spectral components of the output waveforms covering all the operating conditions is derived. The analysis is based on an extension of Bennet's method. The improvements in harmonic spectrum are pointed out, and several examples are presented, which prove the validity of the multilevel modulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character Frequencies Based on Film Subtitles (2010)

Our results confirm that word frequencies based on subtitles are a good estimate of daily language exposure and capture much of the variance in word processing efficiency. In addition, our database is the first to include information about the contextual diversity of the words and to provide good frequency estimates for multi-character words and the different syntactic roles in which the words are used. The word frequencies are freely available for research purposes.
Imbalanced Adversarial Learning for Weather Image Generation and Classification (2018)

Image classification is a fundamental and significant task which has many potential computer vision applications, such as classification with data augmentation. Weather classification is such a case of imbalanced distribution of labels, because some types of weather, such as rain and snow, are relatively rare compared to sunny and haze days, and haze days are relatively infrequent category compared to sunny days. In this paper, we propose a data augmentation method using generative adversarial networks (GAN). It can supplement and accomplish the diversity of image data. Specifically, we designed a framework, using a deep convolution generative adversarial networks (DCGAN) as a generator to generate images to balance the imbalanced data, and use the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model as a classifier to verify the classification results. In order to verify the performance of DCGAN, we also propose an evaluation method on three benchmark datasets as a comparative experiment. The empirical results demonstrate that Using DCGAN, high-quality weather pictures can be generated on weather data sets. Additionally, after using DCGAN based data augmentation technology, our classification accuracy has improved.
Sequential Disinfection of adenovirus type 2 with UV‐Chlorine‐Chloramine (2004)

Bench‐scale experiments determined the inactivation rates of adenovirus serotype 2 with low‐pressure, high‐output ultraviolet (UV) light, chlorine (Cl 2 ), and preformed chloramines. Studies with sequential chloramines were also done to mimic water treatment practices. Sequential experiments with adenovirus serotype 2 suspended in laboratory‐grade water and natural waters containing ammonia were exposed to either UV light followed by Cl 2 /chloramines or the reverse sequence. Adenovirus log reductions were quantified through cell culture techniques. A free Cl 2 C × T (concentration × time) of 1.22 mg‐min/L resulted in a 3.72‐log reduction, a preformed chloramine C × T of 264.5 mg‐min/L resulted in a 1.2‐log reduction, a sequential chloramine C × T of 40.5 mg‐min/L resulted in a 1‐log reduction, and a UV dose of 40 mJ/cm 2 resulted in a 1‐log reduction. Up to 4‐log reductions were achieved with a UV dose of 40 mJ/cm 2 followed by a sequential chloramine C × T of 27.2 mg‐min/L. This suggests that sequential disinfection may be the best option for dealing with UV‐resistant organisms such as adenoviruses.
Supporting team decision-making with consensus-relevant information (2002)

Many managerial and technical decision-making problems are complicated by at least two factors: (1) some of the evaluation criteria are qualitative/subjective; and (2) group decision-making is involved, thus requiring some means of aggregating individual ratings. In some situations where the consensus level is low group members might be interested in moving towards a higher level of consensus, but might not be sure of the direction in which they should move. In this paper we present an integrated framework for assessing group consensus, and supporting the building of group consensus.
Strain‐Induced Orientation‐Selective Cutting of Graphene into Graphene Nanoribbons on Oxidation (2011)

Cut to ribbons: Making atomically well-controlled graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is prerequisite for many graphene applications. Ab initio calculations reveal that, on applying a uniaxial external tensile strain, O atoms adsorbed on graphene form parallel epoxy chains, and subsequent cutting by oxygen attack gives GNRs instead of the quantum dots that are obtained from unstrained graphene (see picture).
The effects of treatment with aspirin and an antithrombotic agent SH1117 upon platelet thrombus formation in living blood vessels. (1977)

The work reported here describes an in vivo study, over several days in each animal, of the formation and behaviour of platelet thrombi in injured living blood vessels in response to topically applied adenosine diphosphate in rabbits which have been treated with oral doses of SH1117 alone or together with acetyl-salicylic (ASA) before and after i.v. injection of alloxan. These two substances SH1117 and ASA when given together display a synergism which is similar to that described for dipyridamole and ASA, but the antithrombotic action of SH1117 and ASA seems to be more profound. It may be of significance that oral SH1117 given alone appears to confer a degree of insensitivity of the injured vessel in its response to ADP, as such an effect is not displayed by dipyridamole.
Interpenetrating network hydrogel beads of carboxymethylcellulose and egg albumin for controlled release of lipid lowering drug (2010)

Novel interpenetrating network hydrogel beads of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and egg albumin loaded with a lipid lowering drug, simvastatin, were prepared by ionotropic gelation and covalent cross-linking method. The IPN beads were characterized by differential scanning colorimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry to understand the crystalline nature of the drug after entrapment into IPN matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to find the chemical stability of drug in the polymer matrix and scanning electron microscopy was performed to study the surface morphology. The ionically cross-linked beads were capable of releasing drug up to 7 h, whereas the drug release was extended up to 12 h in case of dual cross-linked beads. The beads which were prepared with higher concentration of glutaraldehyde released the drug more slowly. The release data were fitted to an empirical equation to determine the transport mechanism, which indicated the non-Fickian trend for drug transport.
Autophagy Gene Variant IRGM −261T Contributes to Protection from Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but Not by M. africanum Strains (2009)

The human immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) has been shown to be critically involved in regulating autophagy as a means of disposing cytosolic cellular structures and of reducing the growth of intracellular pathogens in vitro. This includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is in agreement with findings indicating that M. tuberculosis translocates from the phagolysosome into the cytosol of infected cells, where it becomes exposed to autophagy. To test whether IRGM plays a role in human infection, we studied IRGM gene variants in 2010 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and 2346 unaffected controls. Mycobacterial clades were classified by spoligotyping, IS6110 fingerprinting and genotyping of the pks1/15 deletion. The IRGM genotype -261TT was negatively associated with TB caused by M. tuberculosis (OR 0.66, CI 0.52-0.84, P(nominal) 0.0009, P(corrected) 0.0045) and not with TB caused by M. africanum or M. bovis (OR 0.95, CI 0.70-1.30. P 0.8). Further stratification for mycobacterial clades revealed that the protective effect applied only to M. tuberculosis strains with a damaged pks1/15 gene which is characteristic for the Euro-American (EUAM) subgroup of M. tuberculosis (OR 0.63, CI 0.49-0.81, P(nominal) 0.0004, P(corrected) 0.0019). Our results, including those of luciferase reporter gene assays with the IRGM variants -261C and -261T, suggest a role for IRGM and autophagy in protection of humans against natural infection with M. tuberculosis EUAM clades. Moreover, they support in vitro findings indicating that TB lineages capable of producing a distinct mycobacterial phenolic glycolipid that occurs exclusively in strains with an intact pks1/15 gene inhibit innate immune responses in which IRGM contributes to the control of autophagy. Finally, they raise the possibility that the increased frequency of the IRGM -261TT genotype may have contributed to the establishment of M. africanum as a pathogen in the West African population.
Long-term economic impact of countervailing duties on coated free sheet paper imported by the United States from China, the Republic of Korea, and Indonesia (2008)

The international effects of United States countervailing duties on imports of coated free sheet paper from China, the Republic of Korea, and Indonesia were predicted with the Global Forest Products Model, up to the year 2020. The results indicate that the production of printing and writing paper in China, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea would be lower. The trade balance would worsen in Korea and Indonesia. China, currently a net exporter would become a net importer. Concurrently, production and prices of chemical pulp would decrease substantially in China. However, because of lower prices in China, its domestic consumption of printing and writing paper would increase. In the United States, the duty would induce little increase in production or improvement of net trade. The main effect would be on the United States' source of imports. While the United States' imports of printing and writing paper from Korea, Indonesia, and China would decrease, the imports from Canada, Finland, Germany, and other sources would increase. Moreover, although imports of printing and writing paper from China would be reduced for a few years by the duty, they would start increasing again after less than a decade. The Canadian industry would gain the most from the duty. Canada's production of printing and writing paper would be nearly 9 percent higher. The United States would see some increases in producer revenues, consumer expenditures, and value-added, but they would be small compared to the increases in Canada.
Corneal Topography Following Reading (2002)

Purpose To investigate the effects of eyelid pressure on corneal topography after reading. Method Twenty young subjects (mean age 27 years) were recruited for the study. The subjects were selected so as to have normal ocular health, corneal topography within normal limits and to have a range of refractive errors. The experiment was conducted early in the morning, with subjects instructed not to perform any significant reading prior to the experiment. Corneal topography of one eye was measured 6 times using a videokeratoscope prior to reading and then again after a 60 minute reading task. To investigate the potential association between lid position during reading and changes in topography, the natural position of the eyelids and pupil was photographed in primary gaze and during the reading task. Results Twelve of the twenty corneas showed significant changes in topography immediately following reading, seven of which occurred within the central 4 mm of the cornea. The location of the changes corresponded closely to the angle and position of the subject's eyelids during reading. The topographical change was best described as a wave-like distortion which significantly altered some corneal wavefront Zernike coefficients. For a 4 mm pupil size the terms that changed significantly (t-tests) were primary astigmatism (p < 0.05), primary vertical coma (p < 0.001), trefoil (along 30°) (p < 0.05), and secondary astigmatism (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the changes in primary vertical coma and trefoil (along 30°). Corneal root-mean-square error (RMSE) was significantly increased for individual photopic pupil sizes (p = 0.013) as well as for fixed pupils of 5 mm (p = 0.036) and 6 mm (p = 0.022) respectively. Within the central 4 mm of the cornea there were significant changes in overall refractive power, astigmatism and the RMSE for some individuals. Conclusion The changes we observed in corneal shape seem to be directly related to the force exerted by the eyelids during reading. Since the cornea is the major light-refracting surface of the eye, eyelid forces can significantly change the optical characteristics of some eyes during reading. These findings may have important implications for the definition of refractive status and may also aid in the understanding of the relationship between reading and refractive error development.
Similarities between principal components of protein dynamics and random diffusion (2000)

Principal component analysis, also called essential dynamics, is a powerful tool for finding global, correlated motions in atomic simulations of macromolecules. It has become an established technique for analyzing molecular dynamics simulations of proteins. The first few principal components of simulations of large proteins often resemble cosines. We derive the principal components for high-dimensional random diffusion, which are almost perfect cosines. This resemblance between protein simulations and noise implies that for many proteins the time scales of current simulations are too short to obtain convergence of collective motions.
Automatic Performance Visualization of Distributed Real-Time Systems (2006)

For distributed real-time systems, adequate profiling tools are exceedingly rare. The sheer variety and low-level nature of these systems impede the adoption of standard, general-purpose tools for performance analysis and visualization. Although much research has been devoted to profiling parallel clusters and supercomputers, the literature virtually ignores the real-time domain. Correspondingly, a handful of commercial tools is available for profiling realtime software, but they invariably make a single-node assumption and are unable to cope with distributed environments. We examine the state of performance analysis and discuss why profilers are conspicuously absent in the field of distributed real-time systems. We then explore how developers of these systems could benefit from graphical profiling tools with automatic instrumentation and data collection. Toward that end, we demonstrate the prototype of a performance visualization tool called "Bacara", the second addition to our suite of tools for visual analysis of distributed real-time systems, or VADR (vamacr'der)