gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thatch Influence on Mobility and Transformation of Nitrogen Carriers Applied to Turf<sup>1</sup> (1980)

Abstract Thatch frequently exists as part of the edaphic environment of a turfgrass community and thus, should be considered when attempting to determine the fate of topically applied fertilizers in turf. The purpose of these investigations was to determine the influence of a thatch layer on the vertical mobility and transformation of soluble and slowly soluble N carriers following application. Measurements of N leaching, retention, and volatilization were made using cores of thatch and Flanagan silt loam (Aquic Argiudoll) soil extracted from fieldgrown turf of Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.). Urea was selected as the soluble N carrier, and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) was the slowly soluble N carrier. Application of urea resulted in 2.5 times as much N leaching and correspondingly lower N retention, in thatch than in soil. Where IBDU was used as the N source, leaching from the thatch was reduced from 81 to 5% of the applied N, and leaching from the soil was reduced from 32 to 23% compared to urea‐treated cores. In the volatilization studies, 39% of the applied N from urea was lost as ammonia from thatch cores compared to only 5% from the soil cores. Where IBDU was the N source, little N volatilization (4% from thatch, 2% from soil) occurred. In conclusion, where a substantial thatch layer exists, and turfgrass rooting is largely confined to the thatch layer, use of a slowly soluble N carrier might be preferable over soluble urea for reducing N losses due to leaching and volatilization. As an alternative, effective measures for controlling the thatch may result in greater efficiencies in the use of fertilizer N by the turfgrass community.
The Newly Developed Components for the Fuel Cell Vehicle, Mirai (2015)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Toyota Boshoku developed two completely new components for the fuel cell vehicle (FCV), Mirai. These are the fuel cell (FC) Separator, and Stack manifold.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The separators are made from stamped metal plates. The anode and cathode separators sandwich the MEA(Membrane Electrode Assembly) between them. It has flow paths for the hydrogen, air and FC coolant. The Anode Separator has hydrogen flow paths on one side, and cooling liquid flow paths on the other side. The pitch used in the flow paths is very fine and it improves both the uniformity of the gas flow and of the surface pressure on the MEA. Therefore, it has contributes to improve the electric power generation performance.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The FC Stack manifold is a component that attaches to the end of one side of the FC stack. It is a component that integrates end plate and pipes. The end plate is a portion of the FC stack which holds the fastening load of stack and is made of cast aluminum casting alloy. Pipes are for supplying hydrogen, air, coolant are made from resin for electrical insulation.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The FC Stack manifold that Toyota Boshoku developed is a product which integrates these components through injection molding the resin into the end plate. By integrating the pipes, it was possible to significantly reduce the component dimensions.</div></div>
New Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs (1995)

The new nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs have specific advantages over succinylcholine. Rocuronium has an onset of action that is almost as rapid as that of succinylcholine and may be useful in patients with residual gastric contents. This drug may replace vecuronium, since the two agents are otherwise similar. The onset of action of mivacurium is similar to that of atracurium, but recovery from the blockade is more rapid (if the plasma cholinesterase level is normal), making mivacurium useful for short procedures. Although pipecuronium and doxacurium have minimal effects on the cardiovascular system, their long and variable onset and duration of action limit their usefulness. The need for either drug is questionable. There is still a need, however, for a nondepolarizing drug that has an onset of action as rapid as that of succinylcholine but a duration of action similar to that of mivacurium, with no adverse cardiovascular effects and clearance from the body that is independent of organ function.
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Ytterbium in the Aluminum Chloride‐1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium Chloride Room Temperature Molten Salt (1996)

UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy and amperometric titration experiments indicate that the ytterbium(III) chloride is complexed as the ytterbium(III) hexachloride, , in basic aluminum chloride‐1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium chloride molten salt, and can be reduced to Yb(II) species via a quasi‐reversible one‐electron charge‐transfer process. The standard heterogeneous rate constant and cathodic transfer coefficient for the reduction of in 44.4/55.6 mole percent melt are and 0.59, respectively. The formal potential, E°', of this redox reaction is dependent upon the pCl of the basic melt, suggesting the loss of one chloride ion from during reduction to produce . In the basic melt, is slowly oxidized by some components of the melt. In acidic melt, Yb(III) is stable and can be electrochemically reduced to produce stable Yb(II) via a reversible one‐electron charge‐transfer process. The formal potential of the Yb(III)/Yb(II) redox couple in acidic melt is about 2.5 V more positive than the corresponding reaction in basic melt, indicating a significant change in the coordination sphere. Values of the Stokes‐Einstein product measured for the Yb(III) and Yb(II) species in these melts are comparable to those of transition metal chloro complexes with the same overall charge in the same melt.
Adaptive Electronic Dispersion Compensator for Chromatic and Polarization-Mode Dispersions in Optical Communication Systems (2005)

The widely-used LMS algorithm for coefficient updates in adaptive (feedforward/decision-feedback) equalizers is found to be suboptimal for ASE-dominant systems but various coefficient-dithering approaches suffer from slow adaptation rate without guarantee of convergence. In view of the non-Gaussian nature of optical noise after the square-law optoelectronic conversion, we propose to apply the higher-order least-mean 2 th-order (LMN) algorithms resulting in OSNR penalty which is 1.5–2 dB less than that of LMS. Furthermore, combined with adjustable slicer threshold control, the proposed equalizer structures are demonstrated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations to achieve better performance.
Scaling Machine Arithmetic (1971)

A general approach to the problem of scaling machine arithmetic is developed. This leads to the determination of inequalities that can serve as a basis for the derivation of systematic scaling techniques. The inequalities and techniques are shown to apply to complement arithmetic with either integral or fractional machine operations and to absolute value and sign arithmetic for both types of operations. A detailed discussion is presented for the case of complement integer arithmetic. The connections with floating point arithmetic are derived.
An irradiation facility for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy application based on a radio frequency driven D–T neutron source and a new beam shaping assembly (2002)

A line of the Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) research program aimed at the treatment of brain tumors, carried on at the Nuclear Departments of Pisa and Genova Universities (DIMNP and DITEC), is being focused on a new, H3(d,n)4He (D–T), accelerator-based neutron source concept, developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Simple and compact accelerator designs, using mixed D+ T+ ion beam with relatively low energy, ∼100 keV, have been developed which, in turn, can generate high neutron yields. New approaches have thus been started to design an epithermal neutron irradiation facility able to selectively slow the 14.1 MeV D–T neutrons down to the epithermal (1 eV–10 KeV) energy range. New neutron spectrum shifter and filtering materials, as well as different facility layout approaches have been tested. Possible beam shaping assembly models have also been designed. The research demonstrates that a D–T neutron source could be successfully implemented to provide a ∼1×109 n/cm2 s epithermal neutron flux, in spite of its hard spectrum, although a generator device, able to yield ∼1014 n/s is, at present, not yet available. The latest Monte Carlo simulation of an accelerator-based facility, which relies on a single or multiple rf driven DT fusion neutron generator, is presented.
Titin and myosin, but not desmin, are linked during myofibrillogenesis in postmitotic mononucleated myoblasts. (1986)

Monoclonal antibodies specific for the muscle protein titin have been used in conjunction with muscle-specific antibodies against myofibrillar myosin heavy chains (MHCs) and desmin to study myogenesis in cultured cells. Desmin synthesis is initiated in replicating presumptive myoblasts, whereas the synthesis of titin and MHC is initiated simultaneously in their progeny, the postmitotic, mononucleated myoblasts. Both titin and MHC are briefly localized to nonstriated and thereafter to definitively striated myofibrils. At no stage during myofibrillogenesis is either protein observed as part of a sequence of mini-sarcomeres. Titin antibodies bind to the A-I junction, MHC antibodies to the A bands in nascent, maturing, and mature myofibrils. In contrast, desmin remains distributed as longitudinal filaments until well after the definitive myofibrils have aligned laterally. This tight temporal and topographical linkage between titin and myosin is also observed in postmitotic, mononucleated myoblasts and multinucleated myotubes when myofibrillogenesis is perturbed with Colcemid or taxol. Colcemid induces elongating postmitotic mononucleated myoblasts and multinucleated myotubes to round up and form Colcemid myosacs. The myofibrils that emerge in these rounded cells are deployed in convoluted circles. The time required for their nonstriated myofibrils to transform into striated myofibrils is greatly protracted. Furthermore, as Colcemid induces immense desmin intermediate filament cables, the normal spatial relationships between emerging individual myofibrils is distorted. Despite these disturbances at all stages, the characteristic temporal and spatial relationship observed in normal myofibrils between titin and MHC is observed in myofibrils assembling in Colcemid-treated cells. Newly born postmitotic mononucleated myoblasts, or maturing myotubes, reared in taxol acquire a star-shaped configuration and are induced to assemble "pseudo-striated myofibrils." Pseudo-striated myofibrils consist of laterally aggregated 1.6-micron long, thick filaments that interdigitate, not with thin filaments, but with long microtubules. These atypical myofibrils lack Z bands. Despite the absence of thin filaments and Z bands, titin localizes with its characteristics sarcomeric periodicity in pseudo-striated myofibrils. We conclude that the initiation and subsequent regulation of titin and myosin synthesis, and their spatial deployment within developing sarcomeres are tightly coupled events. These findings are discussed in terms of a model that proposes interaction between two relatively autonomous "organizing centers" in the assembly of each sarcomere.
Study on the Production Methods and Application of Digital Orthoimage (2009)

This paper introduced the production method of digital orthophoto map and digital orthoimage products.Through an example of digital city,it decribed the application of digital orthophoto map.
E-COMMERCE MODEL DYNAMICS (2001)

In this paper three copolymers of polyhydroxyethylaspartamide (PHEA), bearing in the side chains polyethylene glycol (PEG) and/or hexadecylamine (C(16)) (PHEA-PEG, PHEA-PEG-C(16) and PHEA-C(16) respectively) have been studied as potential colloidal drug carriers for ocular drug delivery. The physical characterization of all three PHEA derivatives, using the Langmuir trough (LT) and micellar affinity capillary electrophoresis (MACE) techniques allowed to assume that whereas alone PHEA backbone is an inert polymer with respect to the interactions with lipid membranes and drug complexation, when PHEA chains are grafted with long alkyl chains like C(16) or in combination C(16) chains and hydrophilic chains like PEG, copolymers with lipid membrane interaction ability and drug complexation capability are obtained. In vitro permeability studies performed on primary cultured rabbit conjunctival and corneal epithelia cells, using PHEA-C(16) and PHEA-PEG-C(16) as micelle carriers for netilmicin sulphate, dexamethasone alcohol and dexamethasone phosphate, demonstrated that in all cases drug loaded PHEA-C(16) and PHEA-PEG-C(16) micelles provide a drug permeation across ocular epithelia greater than simple drug solutions or suspensions. In particular PHEA-PEG-C(16) acts as the best permeability enhancer in our experimental model. In vivo bioavailability studies conducted with PHEA-PEG-C(16) micelles loaded with dexamethasone alcohol, confirmed that this system also provides a drug bioavailability greater in comparison with that obtained with water suspension of the same drug after ocular administration to rabbits.
Positioning Names on Maps (1975)

Prof. Dr. Eduard Imhof, dean of European cartographers, has been an astute student of the esthetic-scientific characteristics of the cartographic method. In this paper published 13 years ago, he draws upon his long experience in map design and production to formulate a series of precepts about positioning or locating the lettering on maps in relation to the various functional aspects of the map and the individual named features. Noting that legibility and clarity of the map depend on good name positioning—each name having only one optimum position on the map—he encourages the use of a graphic draft of lettering to determine this position.
Fault tree analysis-using spreadsheet (2002)

Design considerations are given for fault-tree analysis (FTA) using spreadsheet software. The objective is to demonstrate, by means of examples, how microcomputer spreadsheet software can be used as an alternative to the mainframe commercial FTA package for designing the fault tree and performing tedious computations. Experiences in using this approach for fault tree analysis are described, and the sensitivity analysis of fault-tree research is addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analytic modeling of leakage current through multiple breakdown paths in SiO/sub 2/ films (2002)

We have investigated the multiple-event dielectric breakdown of ultra-thin SiO/sub 2/ films used as gate insulators in MOS devices. A theoretical framework, based on the physics of mesoscopic conducting systems, which explains the post-breakdown current-voltage characteristics is presented. In this approach, the breakdown path is treated as a three dimensional quantum point contact in which an effective potential barrier arises as a consequence of the quantization of the transverse momentum of the passing electrons. Hard breakdown corresponds to large spot areas and therefore to completely open conducting channels between the electrodes. On the contrary, soft breakdown is associated with smaller areas and therefore with more restricted conducting paths. An adiabatic formulation of the charge transport process not only yields an analytic expression for the gate leakage current, which improves our understanding of the oxide breakdown physics, but also a compact model well suited for incorporation in circuit simulators. In addition, it is shown that the model accounts for the so-called nonlinear hard breakdown conduction mode in a consistent manner and how its conceptual framework might be adapted to cover the stress-induced leakage current regime.
[Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Pathogenesis and epidemiology]. (1995)

Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) is an intestinal pathogen causing enteritis, with a similar pathogenic mechanism to that of Shigella, which causes an epithelial invasion of the large bowel leading to inflammation and ulceration of the mucosa. The patients often develop the symptoms of bacillary dysentery. The EIEC strains are atypical in their biochemical reactions and may ferment lactose late or not at all, are lysine decarboxilase negative, and non motile. In addition, most EIEC strains express somatic antigens which are either strongly related or identical to Shigella antigens. EIEC invasion is mediated by a large plasmid (140 MDa) coding for the production of several outer membrane proteins involved in invasiveness. These strains have been isolated with some regularity in South America, the Extreme Orient, and Eastern Europe. In Spain the incidence of enteroinvasive E. coli is extraordinarily low (0.2%), the serogroup O124 being the most frequently isolated. EIEC enteritis has been associated to sporadic cases occurring in travellers. Occasional outbreaks related to ingestion of contaminated water or food and person to person have been reported.
Combination of mass spectrometry and site‐specific NMR isotope analyses in the characterisation of amino acids (1991)

Abstract Experimental strategies have been developed which make amino acid probes accessible to the NMR study of site‐specific natural isotope fractionation. A multi‐isotope approach, based on combined mass spectrometry determination of hydrogen‐, carbon‐ and nitrogen‐overall isotope contents and on 2 H‐NMR determination of site‐specific hydrogen isotope ratios, shows that relatively wide ranges of variation are exhibited by the isotopic parameters of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, proline and lysine samples from different origins. Moreover, relatively large deviations with respect to a random distribution of deuterium among the molecular sites are quantified and compared. A noticeable enantiomeric imbalance at the methylenic site adjacent to the chiral centre is also detected in natural samples of L ‐glutamic and L ‐aspartic acids in particular. The results are analysed in terms of filiation criteria and technological effects. It is shown in particular that the C 3 or C 4 metabolic origin of the raw materials utilised in fermentation processes can be recognised. Principal component analyses involving the two mean isotopic variables δ 13 C and δ 15 N and the three site‐specific variables (D/H) x (D/H) β and (D/H) γ associated with positions α, β and γ of glutamic acids, for example, are helpful for interpreting the main discriminating factors. This approach provides the basis for new applications to origin recognition of fundamental constituents and metabolites of plant or animal species.
Are Cementoblasts a Subpopulation of Osteoblasts or a Unique Phenotype? (2005)

Experimental studies have shown a great potential for periodontal regeneration. The limitations of periodontal regeneration largely depend on the regenerative potential at the root surface. Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC), so-called bone-like tissue, may form instead of the desired acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC), and the interfacial tissue bonding may be weak. The periodontal ligament harbors progenitor cells that can differentiate into periodontal ligament fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblasts, but their precise location is unknown. It is also not known whether osteoblasts and cementoblasts arise from a common precursor cell line, or whether distinct precursor cell lines exist. Thus, there is limited knowledge about how cell diversity evolves in the space between the developing root and the alveolar bone. This review supports the hypothesis that AEFC is a unique tissue, while CIFC and bone share some similarities. Morphologically, functionally, and biochemically, however, CIFC is distinctly different from any bone type. There are several lines of evidence to propose that cementoblasts that produce both AEFC and CIFC are unique phenotypes that are unrelated to osteoblasts. Cementum attachment protein appears to be cementum-specific, and the expression of two proteoglycans, fibromodulin and lumican, appears to be stronger in CIFC than in bone. A theory is presented that may help explain how cell diversity evolves in the periodontal ligament. It proposes that Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and cells derived from it play an essential role in the development and maintenance of the periodontium. The role of enamel matrix proteins in cementoblast and osteoblast differentiation and their potential use for tissue engineering are discussed.
Memory-efficient and high-speed LDPC encoder (2010)

A memory-efficient and high-speed low-density parity-check (LDPC) encoder is proposed, which uses a memory efficient parity-check matrix, called a differential parity-check matrix. The partially parallel architecture is also proposed for use in high-speed encoding. The proposed two-stage cyclic shifter is appropriate for a differential parity-check matrix and partially parallel architecture with low complexity. The proposed LDPC encoder is implemented with a 21% reduction in memory. The speed of the proposed partially parallel LDPC encoder is three times faster than the existing serial LDPC encoder.
Taxation and the Location of U.S. Investment Abroad (1983)

Tax poLicy toward the overseas income of U.S. firms is an important issue since foreign investment accounts for a sizabLe fraction of total investment by U.S. firms. At present there is no consensus on the degree to which U.S. firms respond to tax incentives when
How may I help you? (2002)

We are interested in providing automated services via natural spoken dialog systems. There are many issues that arise when such systems are targeted for large populations of non-expert users. In this paper, we describe an experimental vehicle to explore these issues, that of automatically routing calls based on a user's fluently spoken response to open-ended prompts such as 'How may I help you?' A spoken dialog system for call-routing has been constructed, with subsequent processing for information retrieval and form-filling. To enable experimental evaluations, a database has been generated of 10000 fluently spoken transactions between customers and human agents. We report on preliminary experimental results for that database.
Neural Mechanisms and Delayed Gastric Emptying of Liquid Induced Through Acute Myocardial infarction in Rats (2014)

Gastric emptying of liquids induced through acute myocardial infarction in rats showed the involvement of the vagus nerve, alpha1- adrenergic receptors and PVN.
Asymmetric Fano resonance and bistability for high extinction ratio, large modulation depth, and low power switching (2006)

We propose a two-ring resonator configuration that can provide optical switching with high extinction ratio (ER), large modulation depth (MD) and low switching threshold, and compare it with two other conventional one-ring configurations. The achievable input threshold is n2IIN ~10-5, while maintaining a large ER (> 10dB) and MD (~ 1) over a 10-GHz (0.1 nm) optical bandwidth. This performance can also be achieved by the ring-enhanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and is one to two orders of magnitude better than the simple bus-coupled one-ring structures, because of the use of asymmetric Fano resonance as opposed to the usual symmetric resonance of a single ring. The sharpness and the asymmetricity of the Fano resonance are linked to the low switching threshold and the high extinction ratio, respectively, and also accounts for the different dependence on ring dimensions between the one- and two-ring structures.