gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory synaptogenesis in mouse somatosensory cortex (1997)

It is widely believed that inhibitory synapses are not present or present in only small numbers in the rodent cerebral cortex during the early postnatal period when the cortex is being innervated by thalamocortical fibers. Quantitative electron microscopy was carried out on the posteromedial barrel subfield of mouse somatosensory cortex from postnatal day 4 (P4) when thalamocortical innervation of the barrels is becoming established, through to sexual maturity (>P32), and in adulthood. Both asymmetrical (putatively excitatory) and symmetrical (putatively inhibitory) synapses were present in all layers from P4. The symmetrical synapses were immunoreactive for GABA at all ages. There was a progressive increase in both asymmetrical and symmetrical synapses up to P32, density in all layers increasing 16-fold, with the production of asymmetrical synapses leading and greatly outstripping that of symmetrical. From P32 to P120, the oldest age studied, synaptic numbers declined by 18% to 13 times the P4 level, but this affected predominantly layers II/III, IV and V, and mainly involved asymmetrical synapses. The relative percentage of asymmetrical to symmetrical synapses from P4 to P8 was 57%/43% but at P32 it was 89.5%/10.5% and in adulthood 85.4%/14.6%. These data indicate that inhibitory synaptogenesis in the rodent cortex begins earlier than previously thought, a basis for inhibition being present from the earliest period. Pruning of all synapses occurs well after thalamocortical innervation is established and inhibitory synapses are less affected by the pruning process.
Why Do the Majority of Marketing Programs in Hospitals Fail? (1984)

No abstract available for this article.
Marketing Analytics for Data-Rich Environments (2016)

The authors provide a critical examination of marketing analytics methods by tracing their historical development, examining their applications to structured and unstructured data generated within or external to a firm, and reviewing their potential to support marketing decisions. The authors identify directions for new analytical research methods, addressing (1) analytics for optimizing marketing-mix spending in a data-rich environment, (2) analytics for personalization, and (3) analytics in the context of customers’ privacy and data security. They review the implications for organizations that intend to implement big data analytics. Finally, turning to the future, the authors identify trends that will shape marketing analytics as a discipline as well as marketing analytics education.
The cylindrical omnidirectional patch antenna (2001)

The need for omnidirectional (in the azimuth plane) antennas with narrow beams in the elevation plane, for wireless applications has increased considerably. The antennas are used in many frequency bands anywhere from 0.8 to 6 GHz, in a variety of configurations. The different collinear-array configurations are designed using back-to-back wide-beam elements or by simply using radiating elements with an intrinsic omnidirectional pattern. The motivation for this work was to devise a radiation element which has an omnidirectional pattern in the azimuth plane and allows for the design and fabrication of arrays that can be easily integrated with other collinear arrays to generate a multitasking omnidirectional antenna. The element proposed in this paper is a patch, which was built in a cylindrical geometry rather than a planar one, and which generates an omnidirectional pattern in the azimuthal plane.
Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in an Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>−SiO<sub>2</sub> Composite Prepared by a Sol−Gel Method (1998)

An Fe2O3−SiO2 composite was prepared by a gelation method that adopts tetraethoxysilane and iron(III) nitrate as starting materials. The dried gel was treated at increasing temperatures, and the samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. Nanometer size (3−4 nm) X-ray-amorphous iron(III) oxide particles are observed in the samples treated at low temperature. These particles display superparamagnetic behavior in the Mössbauer spectra and susceptibility measurements, and their magnetic moments indicate antiferromagnetic clustering. The occurrence of two sites for iron ions, one in the bulk and one on the surface of nanoparticles, is suggested by EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. Heating of the samples to higher temperatures (T > 700 °C) gives rise to a small increase of the particle size. Simultaneously XRD and TEM exhibit the formation of γ-Fe2O3 crystalline particles, Mössbauer spectra reveal a large change in the magnetization, magnetic measurements show the transition from antiferro- to ferrimagnetic behavior, and the signals of ferrimagnetic resonance appear in the EPR spectra. Superparamagnetic relaxation in these particles was investigated by ac susceptibility measurements and paramagnetic resonance experiments at variable temperatures. Further increase in temperature gives rise to the formation of α-Fe2O3. Atomic reorganization processes taking place during these transitions are discussed.
Development of Assay Methods for Endogenous Inorganic Sulfur Compounds and Sulfurtransferases and Evaluation of the Physiological Functions of Bound Sulfur (2008)

Inorganic sulfur compounds, such as S(2-), SO(3)(2-) and S(2)O(3)(2-), are produced from sulfur- containing amino acids as intermediary metabolites in mammalian tissues through complex pathways and are ultimately incorporated into sulfate. Reduced sulfur is also produced via the desulfuration of cysteine by several sulfurtransferases present in mammalian tissues; these enzymes include gamma-cystathionase (gamma-CST), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). This reduced sulfur is then incorporated into pools of active reduced sulfur (sulfane sulfur; polysulfides, polythionates, thiosulfate, thiosulfonates and elemental sulfur) that are involved in the detoxication of cyanide and in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur cluster. Sulfane sulfur is labile and is reduced to H(2)S by reducing agents. The physiological function of these sulfur species is less clear. We have found that a reduced sulfur species is commonly present in mammalian sera and tissues as a high molecular weight material and as both a high and a low molecular weight material, respectively; we designated this sulfur species as "bound sulfur." Bound sulfur can be easily liberated as sulfide by reduction with DTT. This review describes sensitive and specific assay method for determining the presence of inorganic sulfur compounds as well as bound sulfur and related sulfurtransferases in biological samples. The physiological functions of bound sulfur in rat tissues were also evaluated using these assay methods. Bound sulfur was found to be located primarily in the rat liver cytosolic fraction in the form of high molecular weight components. The capacity of bound sulfur production was enriched in the cytosol fraction and depended on gamma-CST. Bound sulfur also affected redox regulation by modifying active thiol residues in some liver cytosol enzymes and effectively inhibited cytochrome P-450-dependent lipid peroxidation induced by CCl(4) and t-BuOOH.
Hyperfiltration studies. XI. Salt-rejection properties of dynamically formed hydrous zirconium(IV) oxide membranes (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHyperfiltration studies. XI. Salt-rejection properties of dynamically formed hydrous zirconium(IV) oxide membranesA. J. Shor, K. A. Kraus, William T. Smith Jr., and James S. Johnson Jr.Cite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1968, 72, 6, 2200–2206Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100852a055https://doi.org/10.1021/j100852a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Glomerular filtration rate what is the rationale and justification of normalizing GFR for body surface area? (2007)

80 ml/min/1.73 m 2 and 75 ml/min/1.73 m 2 respectively for a 55-year-old prospective kidney donor. The 9.1 ml/min difference between the absolute GFR and the GFR indexed for BSA prompted further consideration of the validity and rationale for indexing GFR to BSA. There are several formulae that estimate BSA from measures of height and weight in the literature and in this man, with height 1.65 m and weight 86 kg, we found that the application of six previously published height–weight formulae to estimate BSA [3–8] gave a range of indexed GFR of 72.0 to 77.9 ml/min/1.73 m 2 . In other words, indexing GFR for BSA in this man reduced the value for GFR by between 9.1 and 15 ml/min depending on which BSA formula was used and greatly influenced the decision about his suitability as a kidney donor. Several authors have questioned the validity of indexing GFR for BSA and the generalizability of the supporting studies from the last century to the increasingly obese population [9–12]. The purpose of this review is to explore the physiological plausibility of using BSA as an appropriate way to index measured GFR, the validity of the methods that
Technical approaches for high-average-power free-electron lasers (2002)

Free-electron-laser (FEL) oscillators have only recently achieved their original promise as producers of high-power, short-wavelength, tunable radiation. Room-temperature accelerator systems have generally had limited duty factor due to excessive Ohmic losses on cavity walls. The application of superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) technology has now permitted an increase by more than two orders of magnitude in FEL average power due just to increased duty factor in continuous-wave operation. A concurrent technical development that leveraged the high efficiency of SRF linacs was the demonstration of beam energy recovery while lasing. This leads to high overall efficiency and scales favorably to systems with even higher average power. This paper will discuss the issues relating to high-average-power light sources. The planned and demonstrated performance of several FEL facilities will illustrate the sizable advantages that superconducting radio frequency offers for high average flux and output multiplexing for several simultaneous users. An important new class of light sources, energy-recovering linacs, will be introduced.
Role of <i>N</i> γ-Acetyldiaminobutyrate as an Enzyme Stabilizer and an Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of Hydroxyectoine (1999)

Strain CHR63 is a salt-sensitive mutant of the moderately halophilic wild-type strain Halomonas elongata DSM 3043 that is affected in the ectoine synthase gene (ectC). This strain accumulates large amounts of Ngamma-acetyldiaminobutyrate (NADA), the precursor of ectoine (D. Cánovas, C. Vargas, F. Iglesias-Guerra, L. N. Csonka, D. Rhodes, A. Ventosa, and J. J. Nieto, J. Biol. Chem. 272:25794-25801, 1997). Hydroxyectoine, ectoine, and glucosylglycerate were also identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as cytoplasmic organic solutes in this mutant. Accumulation of NADA, hydroxyectoine, and ectoine was osmoregulated, whereas the levels of glucosylglycerate decreased at higher salinities. The effect of the growth stage on the accumulation of solutes was also investigated. NADA was purified from strain CHR63 and was shown to protect the thermolabile enzyme rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase against thermal inactivation. The stabilizing effect of NADA was greater than the stabilizing effect of ectoine or potassium diaminobutyrate. A (1)H NMR analysis of the solutes accumulated by the wild-type strain and mutants CHR62 (ectA::Tn1732) and CHR63 (ectC::Tn1732) indicated that H. elongata can synthesize hydroxyectoine by two different pathways-directly from ectoine or via an alternative pathway that converts NADA into hydroxyectoine without the involvement of ectoine.
Research on vibration suppression of wind turbine blade based on bamboo wall three-layer damping structure (2017)

As wind turbine blades tend to be long and narrow, the demand for its properties of bending resistance and vibration suppression is improving day by day. Mimicking the three-layer structure (the outer skin, the middle, the inner skin) of bamboo, this paper puts forward a new damping structure with the blade as a basic layer, one transitional layer and one free damping layer added to it. The formula of the structural loss factor is deduced by vibration differential equations. Then combined with the formula, the models of airfoil flutter and damping vibration suppression and related data, the numerical simulation is done using Matlab/Simulink Software. Consequently, the comparison diagrams of swing and wave velocity responses and their displacement responses between conditions with and without the new damping structure are gained, which indicates that the property of vibration suppression of wind turbine blades with the new damping structure is significantly improved.
The Effect of Clodronate on the Integrity and Viability of Rat Small Intestine in Vitro-A Comparison with EDTA (2005)

Although substances, which can increase the paracellular permeability of intestinal mucosa, could be very helpful for increasing the bioavailability of hydrophilic drugs, they are not used therapeutically due to the possibilities of acute or long-term toxicity (intestinal inflammations due to penetration of bacterial fragments into subepithelial spaces). In this paper the abilities of a calcium chelator EDTA and clodronate (a first generation bisphosphonate) to increase the paracellular permeability were assessed using rat jejunum in side-by-side diffusion chambers while the viability of the tissue was monitored by transepithelial potential difference. Although clodronate is less potent than EDTA in depleting calcium from the intestinal tissue, it significantly increased the paracellular permeability of viable rat jejunum "in vitro" when tested at 15 mM and higher concentrations (the highest therapeutic dose dissolved in 250 ml gives a 22 mM solution of clodronate). This effect was reversible under "high-calcium" conditions. Since clodronate therapy does not have any long-term consequences it was concluded that a safe, transient increase of small intestinal permeability is possible. However, the acute gastrointestinal undesired effects, which can develop during the therapy with high doses of clodronate, might also occur after oral applications of paracellular permeability enhancers. Namely, 30 mM and higher concentrations of clodronate caused a loss of the tissue viability in all rat jejunal segments tested in "in vitro" conditions. A similar effect was observed with much lower concentrations of EDTA.
Involvement of miR169 in the nitrogen‐starvation responses in Arabidopsis (2011)

Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate plant adaptive responses to nutrient deprivation. However, the functional significance of miRNAs in adaptive responses to nitrogen (N) limitation remains to be explored. The Arabidopsis miR169 was strongly down-regulated, whereas its targets, NFYA (Nuclear Factor Y, subunit A) family members, were strongly induced by nitrogen N starvation. Analysis of the expression of miR169 precursors showed that MIR169a was substantially down-regulated in both roots and shoots by N starvation. Accumulation of the NFYA family members was suppressed in transgenic Arabidopsis with constitutive expression of MIR169a. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MIR169a accumulated less N and were more sensitive to N stress than the wild type. N sensitivity of 35S::MIR169a might be attributable to impaired uptake systems. These results provide evidence that miRNAs have functional roles in helping plants to cope with fluctuations in N availability in the soil.
In-Process Thickness Monitor for Polycrystalline Silicon Deposition (1972)

An infrared interference method for monitoring the thickness of a film of polycrystalline silicon during its deposition on oxidized silicon is described. With this method, deposition can be terminated when the desired film thickness is obtained. Qualitative agreement has been found between the calculated and observed variations of the emitted intensity measured during deposition.
Delivery of esomeprazole magnesium through nasogastric and gastrostomy tubes using an oral liquid vehicle as a suspending agent in vitro (2006)

Administration of esomeprazole magnesium enteric-coated pellets dispersed in tap water or Ora-Plus through size 14 French nasogastric tubes in vitro delivered over 99% of capsule contents, regardless of the Ora-Plus concentration used. For immediate bedside administration, Ora-Plus at 50% concentration is a feasible alternative to water when delivering the pellets through size 14 French tubes, while 30% Ora-Plus is an alternative to water for all tubes studied.
A Review of Dissolved Gas Supersaturation Literature (1980)

Dissolved gas supersaturation is a condition that results from natural and human-caused processes. Supersaturation can result in gas bubble disease which has been described in a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. In recent years dissolved gas supersaturation resulting from dams and thermal discharges has produced mortalities of fish in several cases. This review discusses most of the available literature dealing with dissolved gas supersaturation and the recorded cases of gas bubble disease.
Microcomputer-Based Software for Chemical Structure Management: A Comparison (1987)

Four microcomputer-based structure management software programs were compared for hardware requirements and system features. These programs, ChemBase, ChemFile, ChemSmart, and PSIDOM, offer the capability not only to draw and store chemical structures, but also retrieve records via structure, substructure and text search techniques. The graphic quality of the records, system expertise, and price vary considerably among these products and as such offer the user a wide selection of products to choose from to meet his needs.
Automated threshold control for acquisition in spread spectrum packet radio communication (2002)

A novel automated threshold control (ATC) scheme for acquisition in direct-sequence spread-spectrum packet radio systems using a matched filter receiver is described. For received packets with different SNRs, the ATC algorithm is able to find a desired threshold value in one pseudonoise code period such that the probability of false acquisition is minimized and the probability of correct acquisition is maximized. It is shown that the proposed AT acquisition scheme is robust for receiving packets with a large amplitude dynamic range. Compared with the conventional constant threshold acquisition scheme, the new scheme only needs a few more logic units and a small memory unit for its implementation. A potential application of this algorithm is for code division multiple access (CDMA) systems where the equivalent SNRs of received packets fluctuate according to the amount of cochannel interference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TMV rules: A new standard in hot water design (2012)

A new Standard is being written to recognise Thermostatic Mixing Valves (TMVs). Jonathan Jackson spoke with Tim Fisher about the reasons behind this new Standard.
Detoxification of white phosphorus in soil (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetoxification of white phosphorus in soilHinrich L. Bohn, Gordon V. Johnson, and Joan H. CliffCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1970, 18, 6, 1172–1173Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60172a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60172a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
GaN microwave electronics (1998)

In this paper, recent progress of AlGaN/GaN-based power high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMT's) is reviewed. Remarkable improvement in performances was obtained through adoption of high Al contents in the AlGaN layer. The mobility in these modulation-doped structures is about 1200 cm/sup 2/.V/sup -1/.s/sup -1/ at 300 K with sheet densities of over 1/spl times/10/sup 13/ cm/sup -2/. The current density is over 1 A/mm with gate-drain breakdown voltages up to 280 V. F/sub t/ values up to 52 GHz have been demonstrated. Continuous wave (CW) power densities greater than 3 W/mm at 18 GHz have been achieved.
Ceramic surface polariton sensor (2000)

The feasibility of an alternative surface polariton sensor is demonstrated. Existing surface plasmon resonance (SPR-) sensors use the surface of a thin metal film as detector. The critical condition for this excitation is a large negative real part of the dielectric function (epsilon) <SUB>1</SUB>((omega) ), which is characteristic for good metals in the visible and near UV range. This condition is also fulfilled in the infrared region for many compounds with partly ionic binding. Multilayer calculations are used to show that a ceramic film can be used as a sensor surface. In the calculations, the Kretschmer configuration is used to demonstrate the excitation of a surface polarion beyond the critical angle of incidence, sensitive to minute changes in refractive index near the free surface. Optimization with respect to film thickness and excitation wavelength within the Reststrahlen Band region is discussed.