gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring Boolean and non-Boolean computing with spin torque devices (2013)

In this paper we discuss the potential of emerging spin-torque devices for computing applications. Recent proposals for spin-based computing schemes may be differentiated as `all-spin' vs. hybrid, programmable vs. fixed, and, Boolean vs. non-Boolean. Allspin logic-styles may offer high area-density due to small form-factor of nano-magnetic devices. However, circuit and system-level design techniques need to be explored that leaverage the specific spin-device characterisitcs to achieve energy-efficiency, performance and reliability comparable to those of CMOS. The non-volatility of nano-magnets can be exploited in the design of energy and area-efficient programmable logic. In such logic-styles, spin-devices may play the dual-role of computing as well as memory-elements that provide field-programmability. Spin-based threshold logic design is presented as an example. Emerging spintronic phenomena may lead to ultra-low-voltage, current-mode, spin-torque switches that can offer attractive computing capabilities, beyond digital switches. Such devices may be suitable for non-Boolean data-processing applications which involve analog processing. Integration of such spin-torque devices with charge-based devices like CMOS and resistive memory can lead to highly energy-efficient information processing hardware for applicatons like pattern-matching, neuromorphic-computing, image-processing and data-conversion. Towards the end, we discuss the possibility of applying emerging spin-torque switches in the design of energy-efficient global interconnects, for future chip multiprocessors.
Beitrag zur Messung der Probentemperatur in der Hochtemperaturmikroskopie (1966)

Untersuchungen über Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten an einer Schnellregelheizkammer für Hochtemperaturmikroskopie. Mögliche Fehlmessungen durch schlechten thermischen Kontakt zwischen Probe und Thermoelement sowie durch Temperaturunterschiede zwischen Probenoberfläche und Probeninnerem. Einfluß eines Strahlungsschutzes auf die Temperaturmessung. Vorschlag einer geänderten Probenform.
Computer simulation of a 360° field-of-view ‘‘top-hat’’ electrostatic analyzer (1988)

Via computer simulation, we have studied the characteristics of the ‘‘top-hat’’ electrostatic analyzer, which has in principle a 360° field of view in the acceptance plane. Explicit details are given on how the simulation calculations were done. A finite-difference method employing a polar mesh was used for the computation of the electrostatic field inside the analyzer. A three-dimensional ray-tracing technique was used for computation of the particle trajectories. The analyzer was found to have the following properties: (1) the exit angular response is extremely sharp (±1°) and can be made sharper by truncating the turn angle of the analyzer to an angle ≂90°θ0/2, where θ0 is the half-angle subtended by the top-hot; (2) there is no energy-angle skewing for particle beams parallel to the acceptance plane; (3) transmission can be maximized for normal incidence with respect to the analyzer axis; (4) the exit velocity distribution is peaked fairly sharply in one direction and can be made sharper by imposing an entrance mask; (5) the analyzer has a large geometric factor.
Induction of Necrosis in Human Neutrophils by<i>Shigella flexneri</i>Requires Type III Secretion, IpaB and IpaC Invasins, and Actin Polymerization (2000)

Infection by Shigella flexneri is characterized by infiltration of neutrophils in the intestinal mucosa and by a strong inflammatory reaction. Although neutrophils are constitutively programmed to die by apoptosis, we show that isolated human neutrophils undergo necrosis 2 h after infection with virulent S. flexneri strain M90T but not with the virulence plasmid-cured strain BS176. This was demonstrated by the release of azurophil granule proteins concomitant with the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), disruption of the plasma membrane, and absence of DNA fragmentation. Mutants with the mxiD1 gene, coding for an essential component of the secretion type III machinery, or the genes coding for IpaB or IpaC invasins deleted were not cytotoxic. Neutrophil necrosis occurred independently of the bacterial ability to leave phagosomes, and it involved actin polymerization, as the addition of cytochalasin D after phagocytosis of Shigella inhibited the release of LDH. In conclusion, Shigella kills neutrophils by necrosis, a process characterized by the release of tissue-injurious granular proteins. This probably contributes to disruption of the epithelial barrier, leading to the dysentery observed in shigellosis and allowing Shigella to enter its host cells.
Channel allocation and transmission power management scheme in software defined network-based WLAN environments (2017)

Wireless local area network (WLAN) uses carrier sens multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) to share wireless medium. However, in dense WLAN environment, it occurs interference between WLAN nodes such as access points (APs) and stations (STAs). For resolving this problem, we propose management of WLAN APs by using open network operating system (ONOS) controller which is one of software defined network (SDN) controller. Based on this, we propose a channel and transmission power control of WLAN AP in order to optimize the channel. Experimental results shows that our proposed scheme can improve performance of WLAN in terms of data rate.
Baseline Sister Chromatid Exchange in Human Cell Lines with Different Levels of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (1991)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a chromatin enzyme which adds long chains of ADP-ribose to various acceptor proteins in response to DNA strand breaks. Its primary function is unknown; however, a role in DNA repair and radiation resistance has been postulated based largely on experiments with enzyme inhibitors. Recent reports of mutant cell lines, deficient in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity, have supported previous studies with inhibitors, which suggests the involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in maintaining baseline levels of sister chromatid exchanges. Mutant cells with even slightly depressed enzyme levels show large elevation of baseline sister chromatid exchanges. Since intracellular poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase levels can vary greatly between different nonmutant cell lines, we surveyed levels of baseline sister chromatid exchange in normal and tumor human cell lines and compared them with endogenous levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Despite 10-fold differences in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, the baseline level of sister chromatid exchanges remained relatively constant in the different cell lines (0.13 +/- 0.03 SCE/chromosome), with no indication of a protective effect for cells with high levels of the enzyme.
Transition-metal silacyclohexyl derivatives. Crystal and molecular structure of carbonyl(η-cyclopentadienyl)(1 -phenyl-1 -silacyclohex-1 -yl)-(triphenylphosphine)iron(<scp>II</scp>) (1982)

Synthesis of transition-metal silacyclohexyl complexes (1-metallo-1-silacyclohexanes) is reported via two established preparative routes: (a) reaction of 1-chloro-1 -silacyclohexanes with [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2]– to give Si–Fe compounds [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2{[graphic omitted]H2}] R2= H, (8); R2= Me, (9); R2= Ph (10)] followed by photochemical substitution with PPh3 to give the corresponding complexes [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)(PPh3){[graphic omitted]H2}][R2= H, (11); R2= Me, (12); R2= Ph (13)] which are chiral at Fe; (b) hydrosilylation at the metal to give mononuclear complexes [Co(CO)4{[graphic omitted]H2}][ R2= Me, (14) R2= Ph, (15), R2= Cl (16)] and [Mn(CO)5{[graphic omitted]H2}][R2= Me, (17); R2= Ph (18)] from [Co2(CO)8] or [Mn2(CO)10], binuclear complexes [{M(CO)4[[graphic omitted]H2]}2][M = Ru, R2= Me, (19), or Ph, (20); M = Os, R2= Me, (21)] with linear Si–M–M–Si skeletons from [Ru3(CO)12] or [Os3(CO)12], or [Os(CO)4{[graphic omitted]H2}2](22). Infrared and 1H, 13C, and 31P n.m.r. spectral data are reported, including resolution of diastereotopic shifts in 13C n.m.r spectra for compounds (12) and (13) arising from asymmetry at the iron centre. The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound (13) has been determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction; the silacyclohexyl substituent adopts a flattened chair conformation with Si–Fe = 2.366(2)Å. Angles at Fe between the three different unidentate ligands are markedly distorted from 90°[97.2(2), 98.43(6), and 83.2(2)°]; this is interpreted in terms of steric congestion about the asymmetric metal centre and accordingly moderated reactivity of complex (15) towards a variety of reagents is observed compared with [Co(CO)4(SiMe3)].
Organic-silicate Composite Coated Ni-Zn Plated Steel Sheet with High Corrosion Resistance for Automobile Bodies (1986)

As zinc rich paint coated steel sheet, such as Zincrometal, affords excellent corrosion resistance even without finish painting, it is employed extensively as corrosion resistant precoated steel sheet for automobile bodies as well as zinc and zinc alloy plated sheet. However, when zinc rich paint coated steel sheet is pressformed, many problems arise. The coating film tends to peel and corrosion resistance of the formed areas deteriorates. Another problem is poor weldability.In order to improve these unsatisfactory performances of the product, we have developed Ni-Zn plated sheet coated with a new organic-silicate composite entirely different from zinc rich paint film.The new coating consists of two layers on Ni-Zn alloy plated steel sheets. The lower layer is an inorganic chromate film and the upper layer is an organic-silicate composite film of colloidal silica which is chemically combined with organic materials. The new product is superior to zinc rich paint coated steel sheets in corrosion resistance, powdering and weldability due to excellent performances of thin (about 1μm) organic-silicate composite film.
Isolation, Characterization, and Culture of Epithelial Stem Cells (2004)

It is well accepted that homeostasis of continuously renewing adult tissues, such as the epidermis, is maintained by somatic stem cells. These are undifferentiated, self-renewing cells, which also produce daughter transit amplifying (TA) cells that make up the majority of the proliferative cell population in the tissues. Although still proliferative in nature, it is thought that TA cells can undergo only a finite number of cell divisions before they commit to leave the proliferative compartment and move toward terminal differentiation. Stem cells, on the other hand, have been assumed to persist throughout the lifetime of the organism. We directly demonstrated the presence of putative stem cells in the proliferative compartment of murine epithelia in 1981 when we identified a small population of label-retaining cells (LRCs) in mouse stratified squamous epithelia. Since then, we have developed the method described here to isolate this population of epidermal stem cells (EpiSC). We showed that EpiSC are all keratin 14+ and thus of keratinocyte origin and not of mesenchymal or hematopoietic origin. We have also demonstrated that EpiSC can regenerate the epidermis, that they can permanently express a recombinant gene in the regenerated tissue, and that while the majority of EpiSC reside in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, they are not held out of the cell cycle, that they express proliferating genes and the mitotic cyclin B1 protein. Recently, we have shown that EpiSC have the capacity to alter their cell fate in vivo if placed into stress environments, i.e. after irradiation or wounding or when injected into a developing blastocyst environment. Thus being able to isolate EpiSC is critical for testing their use in cell and gene therapy.
Development of a support environment for first year students taking materials science/engineering (2008)

This paper is based on the experience acquired in teaching materials science/engineering to first year university students. It has been observed that students struggle with some of the fundamental materials concepts addressed in the module/course. This applies to delivered lectures but extends to the incorporation of tutorial sessions provided after lectures. Moreover, when students miss a lecture or seminar the acquisition and application of knowledge and concepts becomes problematic. Consequently, or perhaps inevitably, these students perform poorly in their assessments and their motivation for the subject suffers. A careful analysis of this situation and of the nature of interaction and engagement was performed to gain an insight into the reasons for this lack of performance. A common factor is that students do not dedicate sufficient time for reading and consolidation using the chapters/sections prescribed after each topic. They also do not attempt solving tutorial problems outside the formal contact hours. This reflection and personal evaluation is difficult to administer, resource intensive and yet potentially enables each student to monitor and evaluate their own learning and understanding. A multimedia learning technology‐based environment was created in which students could engage. This was located within the University of Wolverhampton Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) called WOLF. The students were able to progress independently but with access to tutor and peer support, help and advice. The use of non‐text animations and structures was used and seen as fundamental by the students in enhancing the taught course and in developing a deeper understanding of complex atomic and crystal structures.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of PhoK, an extracellular alkaline phosphatase from<i>Sphingomonas</i>sp. BSAR-1 (2009)

Alkaline phosphatases (APs) are widely distributed from microbes to humans and are involved in several important biological processes such as phosphate nutrition, signal transduction and pathogenesis. Alkaline phosphatases are also useful in various industrial applications and in recombinant DNA technology. A new AP enzyme from Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1, termed PhoK, has been shown to be useful in uranium bioprecipitation. PhoK was expressed, purified and crystallized. The crystals belonged to space group P4(3)2(1)2 or P4(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 87.37, c = 168.16 A, and contained one enzyme molecule in the asymmetric unit. Native diffraction data have been collected to 1.95 A resolution at the ESRF.
Cytapheresis for the Treatment of Myeloperoxidase Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody‐Associated Vasculitis: Report of Five Cases (2002)

To minimize the adverse effects of high-dose administration of steroids and cyclophosphamide in patients with myeloperoxidase (MPO) antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), granulocytapheresis (GCAP) or leukocytapheresis (LCAP) was performed to reduce inflammation. Four patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and one patient with pulmonary hemorrhage due to MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis were treated by cytapheresis. The prednisolone (PSL) dose was 0.28 +/- 0.15 mg/kg/day (mean +/- SD) (range 0.18-0.50 g/kg/day). In the 4 RPGN patients, the peak serum creatinine level was 3.7 +/- 1.9 mg/dl (range 1.7 to 5.6 mg/dl). GCAP was performed in 3 RPGN patients and in 1 pulmonary hemorrhage patient. LCAP was performed in 1 RPGN patient. In the 4 RPGN patients, renal function improved after combined therapy with cytapheresis and corticosteroids. In the pulmonary hemorrhage patient, evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage on chest computed tomography scanning diminished after combined therapy with cytapheresis and corticosteroids. Cytapheresis, when combined with a low-dose or intermediate-dose PSL regimen, is effective in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis.
Automated electronic reminders to prevent miscommunication among primary medical, surgical and anaesthesia providers: a root cause analysis (2012)

In this case report, the authors present an adverse event possibly caused by miscommunication among three separate medical teams at their hospital. The authors then discuss the hospital's root cause analysis and its proposed solutions, focusing on the subsequent hospital-wide implementation of an automated electronic reminder for abnormal laboratory values that may have helped to prevent similar medical errors.
Studies on virulence of HIV and development nonvirulent live AIDS vaccine using monkeys (2004)

A great effort for developing AIDS vaccine has been carried out in the world, designed by various new ideas based on basic research information obtained in recent virology and immunology. Withall it, to obtain effective AIDS vaccine is considered skeptical. One of the reasons of its difficulty is a lack of experimental animals susceptible to HIV-1. In our laboratory, we have succeeded in developing chimeric SIV having 3' half of HIV-1 genome including env (SHIV), which is infectious to macaque monkeys. One of SHIVs has been proved nonpathogenic in monkeys from various aspects and it afforded protective immunity to monkeys against pathogenic SHIV challenge infection. Now, we are trying to develop anti-HIV live attenuated vaccines using the nonpathogenic SHIV as a starting material. In the history of virus vaccine, live attenuated vaccines have been proved most effective in measles and polio-myelitis. However, it is not clear whether nonpathogenic HIV exists or not. Futhermore, even if nonpathogenic HIV could be obtained, there is possibility that it will easily mutate to pathogenic one. Therefore, to develop live attenuated AIDS vaccine is considered dangerous. In this article, We will introduce our research on SHIV pathogenicity using monkeys and hypothesize possibility to obtain nonpathogenic HIV which is speculated from the origin and evolution of HIV/SIV. To clarify virulence and nonvirulence of HIV and to obtain nonpathogenic virus are not only applied research but also basic science to dissolve the fundemental question why HIV can induce the disease.
Aggregate frequency width, nuclear hyperfine coupling and Jahn–Teller effect of Cu<sup>2+</sup>impurity ion ESR in SrLaAlO<sub>4</sub>dielectric resonator at 20 millikelvin (2017)

The impurity paramagnetic ion, [Formula: see text] substitutes Al in the [Formula: see text] single crystal lattice, this results in a [Formula: see text] elongated octahedron, and the resulting measured g-factors satisfy four-fold axes variation condition. The aggregate frequency width of the electron spin resonance with the required minimum level of impurity concentration has been evaluated in this single crystal [Formula: see text] at 20 millikelvin. Measured parallel hyperfine constants, [Formula: see text], were determined to be [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] for the nuclear magnetic quantum number [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] respectively. The anisotropy of the hyperfine structure reveals the characteristics of the static Jahn-Teller effect. The second-order-anisotropy term, [Formula: see text], is significant and cannot be disregarded, with the local strain dominating over the observed Zeeman-anisotropy-energy difference. The Bohr electron magneton, [Formula: see text], (within [Formula: see text] so-called experimental error) has been found using the measured spin-Hamiltonian parameters. Measured nuclear dipolar hyperfine structure parameter [Formula: see text] shows that the mean inverse third power of the electron distance from the nucleus is [Formula: see text] a.u. for [Formula: see text] ion in the substituted [Formula: see text] ion site assuming nuclear electric quadruple moment [Formula: see text] barn.
La formation des problematiques dans les organisations une analyse des structures matricielles (1998)

Ce travail commence par l'analyse des origines du concept systemique de complexite dans le domaine de la theorie des organisations. Il montre que cette notion systemique de complexite est a l'origine d'une serie de theories organisationnelles qui pronent l'ac, cord entre l'organisation et son environnement. Les organisations matricielles, apparues dans les annees 60, furent l'un des exemples les plus clairs d'une orientation de design structurel selon laquelle la complexite des structures organisationnelles doit suivre la complexite de l'environnement selon la loi de la variabilite requise ii y a cependant des raisons qui nous menent a penser que d'autres elements que l'adap, tation a la complexite environnementale sont a l'origine des dynamiques de choix struc, turaux des organisations. En adoptant une methodologie constructiviste fondee sur des entretiens semi-directifs et l'analyse de representations pictographiques, nous avons conduit deux etudes de cas dans des organisations ayant adopte des structures matricielles (le fabricant de moteurs diesel wartsila diesel et un laboratoire de recherche appliquee d'ibm a la gaude), et une etude de cas dans une organisation qui, en depit des conditions theoriquement favorables, n'adopte pas une structure matricielle (ferrovie dello stato, la societe natio, nale des chemins de fer italiens). L'analyse conjointe de ces trois cas nous a permis de generer une theorie alternative sur l'adoption des structures matricielles. Nos donnees montrent que les organisations adop, tent (ou n'adoptent pas) des structures matricielles en reponse a des problematiques creees par les membres de l'organisation. Ces problematiques - des ensembles semi- structures de problemes concrets, vecus au quotidien - sont le resultat de l'interpretation que les managers font de leur environnement. Dans les organisations etudiees, deux types de problematique ont ete observees : les problematiques de coordination - qui met, tent l'accent sur la necessite de cohesion entre les membres de l'organisation - et les pro, blematiques d'autonomie - qui mettent l'accent sur les besoins de liberte et d'indepen, dance entre les membres de l'organisation. En ce qui concerne les organisations matri, cielles, nous observons que les problematiques de coordination favorisent l'adoption de structures matricielles, tandis que les problematiques d'autonomie tendent a
Citations Prize 2013 (2014)

Physics in Medicine and Biology (PMB) awards its 'Citations Prize' to the authors of the original research paper that has received the most citations in the preceding five years (according to the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)). The lead author of the winning paper is presented with the Rotblat Medal (named in honour of Professor Sir Joseph Rotblat, a Nobel Prize winner who also was the second—and longest serving—Editor of PMB, from 1961–1972). The winner of the 2013 Citations Prize for the paper which has received the most citations in the previous five years (2008–2012) is Figure. Four of the prize winning authors. From left to right: Thomas Istel (Philips), Jens-Peter Schlomka (with medal, MorphoDetection), Ewald Roessl (Philips), and Gerhard Martens (Philips). Title: Experimental feasibility of multi-energy photon-counting K-edge imaging in pre-clinical computed tomography Authors: Jens Peter Schlomka1, Ewald Roessl1, Ralf Dorscheid2, Stefan Dill2, Gerhard Martens1, Thomas Istel1, Christian Baumer3, Christoph Herrmann3, Roger Steadman3, Gunter Zeitler3, Amir Livne4 and Roland Proksa1 Institutions: 1 Philips Research Europe, Sector Medical Imaging Systems, Hamburg, Germany 2 Philips Research Europe, Engineering & Technology, Aachen, Germany 3 Philips Research Europe, Sector Medical Imaging Systems, Aachen, Germany 4 Philips Healthcare, Global Research and Advanced Development, Haifa, Israel Reference: Schlomka et al 2008 Phys. Med. Biol. 53 4031–47 This paper becomes the first to win both this citations prize and also the PMB best paper prize (The Roberts Prize), which it won for the year 2008. Discussion of the significance of the winning paper can be found in this medicalphysicsweb article from the time of the Roberts Prize win (http://medicalphysicsweb.org/cws/article/research/39907). The author's enthusiasm for their prototype spectral CT system has certainly been reflected in the large number of citations the paper subsequently has received. Our warm congratulations go to the winning authors.