gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Grassroots organizations and influencing public policy processes: Lessons from around the world (1999)

This overview article for the Symposium on Grassroots Organizations and Public Policy Processes for the International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, addresses three questions: 1) To what extent are grassroots organizations (GOs) capable of having an impact on public policy processes9 2) How do they influence public policy processes? and 3) what lessons can we draw to inform GOs’ effectiveness in the future? More specifically, the article reviews the strategies of GOs presented in the eight articles included in the Symposium, examines the type of policy influence in which they engage, discusses the structures, resources, and tools they have at their disposal, and draws implications for GOs’ approaches to influencing public policy processes The Symposium and its analysis in this article reveals 1) the flexibility of GOs in adopting a variety of structures and strategies; 2) the resilience of GOs in operating in a range of political and cultural contexts with varied degrees of favorability, and 3) the resourcefulness of GOs in fully utilizing all their resources, gaining access to new ones, and conserving latent capacity for when it really counts.
Comparative Analysis of T Lymphocytes Recovered from the Lungs of Mice Genetically Susceptible, Resistant, and Hyperresistant to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> -Triggered Disease (2000)

Genetic control of susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) is being intensively studied, and immune responses to mycobacteria are considerably well characterized. However, it remains largely unknown which parameters of response distinguish resistant and susceptible TB phenotypes. Mice of I/St and A/Sn inbred strains and (A/Sn x I/St)F(1) hybrids were previously categorized as, respectively, susceptible, resistant, and hyperresistant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-triggered disease. In the present work we compared parameters of lung T cell activation and response following M. tuberculosis challenge. In all mice, the disease progression was accompanied by a marked accumulation in the lungs of activated CD4(+) (CD44(high)/CD45RB(low)) and CD8(+) (CD44(high)/CD45RB(+)) T cells capable of secreting IFN-gamma and of activating macrophages for NO production and mycobacterial growth inhibition. However, significantly more CD8(+) T cells were accumulated in the lungs of resistant A/Sn and F(1) compared with I/St mice. About 80% A/Sn and F(1) CD8(+) cells expressed CD44(high)/CD45RB(+) phenotype, while about 40% I/St CD8(+) cells did not express CD45RB marker at week 5 of infection. In contrast, in susceptible I/St mice lung CD4(+) cells proliferated much more strongly in response to mycobacterial sonicate, and a higher proportion of these cells expressed CD95 and underwent apoptosis compared with A/Sn cells. Unseparated lung cells and T cells of I/St origin produced more IL-5 and IL-10, respectively, whereas their A/Sn and F1 counterparts produced more IFN-gamma following infection. F(1) cells overall expressed an intermediate phenotype between the two parental strains. Such a more balanced type of immune reactivity could be linked to a better TB defense.
DNA hypermethylation near the transcription start site of collagen alpha2(I) gene occurs in both cancer cell lines and primary colorectal cancers. (2003)

Collagen production plays a significant role in tumor development, especially in breast cancer, hepatocarcinomas, and colorectal carcinoma. However, collagen production is decreased during oncogenic transformation of cells in culture. This study demonstrates that methylation of the collagen alpha2(I) gene transcription start site occurs frequently in human cancer cell lines (9 of 10), including breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and Hs578T), hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (SNU387, SNU449, SNU398, and PLC/PRF/5), a fibrosarcoma cell line (HT1080), and colorectal carcinoma cell lines (HCT116, SW480, and SW620). In addition, the collagen gene is more methylated in colorectal cancer tissues compared with normal mucosa. The increased DNA methylation of the collagen gene in cell lines is inversely correlated with collagen mRNA steady-state levels. Most importantly, treatment of fibrosarcoma or breast carcinoma cells with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, resulted in lower methylation and reactivation of the collagen gene in a dose-responsive manner. This is the first demonstration that the collagen alpha2(I) gene is methylated in multiple cancer cell lines correlating with loss of collagen expression and also methylated in primary cancer tissues. These data also suggest that methylation-induced repression of collagen transcription may be a frequent occurrence in cancer.
LOW-LEVEL INVERSION FREQUENCY IN THE CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES* (1961)

A tabulation of percent frequencies of inversion and/or isothermal conditions, based below 500 feet above station elevation, for Weather Bureau radiosonde stations in the contiguous United States for four observation times, provides a sampling of daytime and nighttime stability conditions for all time zones. These data are analyzed with respect to nighttime surface wind speed and cloud cover. Radiosonde data are compared to vertical temperature gradient data obtained from meteorologically instrumented towers and valley-ridge stations. Finally, an attempt is made to delineate geographically and climatologically, the percent frequency of low-level stability for the entire country.
A new pontoniine shrimp from the Great Barrier Reef (Crustacea. Decapoda. Palaemonidae) (2008)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Prognostic significance of benign proliferative breast disease (1993)

Benign proliferative breast disease recognized in biopsy specimens is associated with an increased risk of future breast cancer, but fine distinctions among levels of hyperplasia and atypia did not significantly distinguish risk among patients in this study.
Fucoxanthin Enhances the Level of Reduced Glutathione via the Nrf2-Mediated Pathway in Human Keratinocytes (2014)

Fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, is abundant in seaweed with antioxidant properties. This study investigated the role of fucoxanthin in the induction of antioxidant enzymes involved in the synthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH), synthesized by glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and glutathione synthetase (GSS), via Akt/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related (Nrf2) pathway in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Fucoxanthin treatment increased the mRNA and protein levels of GCLC and GSS in HaCaT cells. In addition, fucoxanthin treatment promoted the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of Nrf2, a transcription factor for the genes encoding GCLC and GSS. Chromatin immune-precipitation and luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that fucoxanthin treatment increased the binding of Nrf2 to the antioxidant response element (ARE) sequence and transcriptional activity of Nrf2. Fucoxanthin treatment increased phosphorylation of Akt (active form), an up-regulator of Nrf2 and exposure to LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitor, suppressed the fucoxanthin-induced activation of Akt, Nrf2, resulting in decreased GCLC and GSS expression. In accordance with the effects on GCLC and GSS expression, fucoxanthin induced the level of GSH. In addition, fucoxanthin treatment recovered the level of GSH reduced by ultraviolet B irradiation. Taken together, these findings suggest that fucoxanthin treatment augments cellular antioxidant defense by inducing Nrf2-driven expression of enzymes involved in GSH synthesis via PI3K/Akt signaling.
Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy with a visible continuum source (2004)

Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy is demonstrated using a photonic crystal fiber-based excitation source. A 38 cm-long section of photonic crystal fiber is pumped with femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser, and the resultant visible continuum is selectively filtered to provide the peak excitation wavelengths required for a range of fluorescently labeled biological tissue.
The history of somatostatin analogs. (2005)

In the middle of the last century, there was a spectacular progress in the discovery, characterization and synthesis of neuropeptides. This was only possible because increasingly sophisticated analytical and isolation technology was becoming available. The pituitary lobes have become a real treasure house for the detection of different peptides, but also other glands and organs in the gastrointestinal (GI) and central nervous system (CNS) tracts have contained an ever growing list of regulatory peptides with sometimes unknown functionality. The main burning issues were to elucidate their role in physiology and, case by case and based on their structure, whether it was possible to design useful drugs for human therapy. Both issues were and are still being dealt with, and the history of somatostatin and somatostatin analogs is a good example of how such issues are being tackled successfully. In 1973, Brazeau and Guillemin's search at the Salk Institute for a GHRH in extracts of thousands of sheep hypothalami was crowned by a surprise, the discovery of a GHRH antagonist, a 14-amino acid Cystin bridge-containing peptide which they called somatostatin. This neuropetide appeared to be widely distributed in animal and human organs in the periphery and CNS, suggesting its potential regulatory functions, yet a thorough characterization of its properties due to its extremely short half-life was not possible. More insight could only be feasible with the synthesis of stable and potent analogs, a program that soon started in different research centers around the world. After having elucidated the 3-dimensional structure, the enzymatic degradation pattern and minimal chain length for biological activity of the natural hormone, the synthesis of a large number of analogs was started as early as 1974. The approach of the Sandoz team was to start with a hexapeptide lead structure Cys-Phe-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys and, by systematic elongation of the N and C terminals, in 1980 they managed to characterize the most stable and active analog with the following structure: H-DPhe-Cys-Phe-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-OI-Octreotide. It was more potent in inhibiting GH in vivo compared to the native hormone. It demonstrated sufficient stability in vivo and, therefore, it was selected for clinical studies. In 1988, the first registration was obtained for treating acromegaly and carcinoid tumors. Since then, different depot preparations have been made available. Other analogs with similar structures have been also synthesized and are commercially available. The so-called targeting approach takes advantage of the presence of somatostatin receptors on different tumors. By coupling octreotide structural elements to so-called cage molecules complexing B or Y emitting isotopes, also the detection of somatostatin receptor containing tumors could be visualized and treated. The use of different somatostatin derivatives found its way since then both in basic research and in human therapy, and it is still opening new and exciting prospects.
Combination of carbon nanotube reinforced hollow fiber membrane microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for extraction and determination of some nitroaromatic explosives in environmental water (2013)

A novel method was demonstrated for the determination of seven nitroaromatic components in environmental water samples using a combination of carbon nanotube reinforced hollow fiber membrane microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). With this methodology, functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) immobilized into the pore structure of a polymeric membrane were evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of these nitroaromatic explosives. This was accomplished by circulating–flowing an aqueous dispersion of the MWCNTs through a polypropylene hollow fiber placed into an ultrasonic bath using an HPLC pump. Under ultrasonic agitation, MWCNTs were forced into and trapped within the pore structure in both sides of the polypropylene fiber. The membrane extraction used in this research is a three-phase supported liquid membrane consisting of an aqueous (donor phase), organic solvents/nano sorbent (membrane) and organic (acceptor phase) system operated in the direct immersion sampling mode. In order to obtain high efficiency of this novel technique, the main parameters were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method presents good level of repeatabilities (RSDs less than 5.7%). Calculated calibration curves gave good levels of linearity with correlation coefficient values of between 0.9937 and 0.9968. Limit of detections (LODs) ranged from 0.03 ng mL−1 (for 2,6-dinitrotoluene) to 0.94 ng mL−1 (for 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene). The proposed method was subsequently used successfully for the determination of all the analytes at trace levels in samples obtained from environmental waters.
Effect of cofactors, oestrogens and magnesium ions on the activity and stability of human glutamate dehydrogenase (1964)

sheep homozygous for Hb-B to the stress of severe experimental anaemia has been reinvestigated.
Residual inflammation and viral reservoirs (2015)

Residual inflammation during ART is likely to be a critical parameter contributing to HIV persistence. Therefore, reducing inflammation may be an efficient way to interfere with the maintenance of the HIV reservoir in virally suppressed individuals on ART.
Stronger user authentication for web browser (2010)

Passwords are the most popular authentication mechanism on the Internet. People have to remember many passwords for their many online accounts. However, selecting and keeping track of all the passwords that are required to maintain a person's online identity becomes a cumbersome task. In this paper, we propose a password protocol that allows a user to securely login multiple web accounts using the same password. Our aim is to make web authentication more secure and more convenient. Each online account of a user is protected by a unique password generated from the user's single password using a combination of the password entered by the user, data associated with the web site, and a random string generated by the extension itself from a passphrase entered by the user. Compromising a user's password at one site does not allow the attacker to login at another site. Our method is secure against dictionary attacks, password phishing, and many other exploits. Working transparently, our method minimizes changes to user experience. It is easy to deploy as it can be implemented as a browser extension and requires no change on web servers.
Further observations on the utility of N<sub>2</sub>-fixing micro-organisms in the phyllosphere of cereals (1986)

SUMMARY The utility of spraying some Na-fixing micro-organisms on rice (cv. Masuri and IR-26) and wheat (cv. Sonalika) leaves grown both in N 2 -less sand culture and under field conditions was examined. All the growth variables studied, including dry weight, chlorophyll content and N content of plants, were enhanced appreciably in N-less sand culture and under field conditions. The yield of rice cv. IR-26 per unit area was more than doubled or nearly so with Pseudomonas azotocolUgans, Ps. azotogensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae KUPBR 2 , K. pneumoniae KUP 4 , KUP 6 D, KUP 7 D, Azospirillum brasilense, Xanthobacter fiavus and K. rubiacearum . When rice cv. Masuri was used the grain weight was doubled by A. brasilense, Ps. azotocolUgans, Ps. azotogensis , KUPBR 2 , and KUP 6 D. Grain N content was increased appreciably in mostcases. The organisms also reduced acetylene to ethylene in the phyllosphere. In wheat cv. Sonalika grown in N-less sand culture, KUP 4 , KUPBR 2 , P s . azotocolligans, A. brasilense, X. flavus , and KUP 6 D each doubled the N content of plants. Under field conditions P s . azotocolligans gave the highest grain yield although grain yield was doubled by a large number of strains. N content of grains was also increased appreciably, the best result being given by KUP 4 .
Noble gas solubility in super-critical water: implications for inert gas studies and geochronology (1984)

Los gases inertes exhiben idealmente solubilidad infinita en agua supercrítica. Las implicaciones de este fenómeno son discutidas en el contexto del reestablecimiento del sistema K-Ar durante metamorfismo regional y emplazamiento de granitos. Las abundancias de los gases inertes en rocas y lutitas del suelo marino, posiblemente puedan ser interpretadas como consecuencia (al menos en parte) de partición entre agua y fases silicatos en las que los gases inertes ligeros son tomados preferentemente en agua. El desempeño del agua supercrítica como un medio de transporte para gases inertes, ofrece una importante alternativa a los procesos poco probables de difusión volumétrica a bajas temperaturas.
A New Tomato NAC (NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2) Transcription Factor, SlNAC4, Functions as a Positive Regulator of Fruit Ripening and Carotenoid Accumulation (2013)

Fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a complicated development process affected by both endogenous hormonal and genetic regulators and external signals. Although the role of NOR, a member of the NAC domain family, in mediating tomato fruit ripening has been established, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To explore further the role of NAC transcription factors in fruit ripening, we characterized a new tomato NAC domain protein, named SlNAC4, which shows high accumulation in sepal and at the onset of fruit ripening. Various stress treatments including wounding, NaCl, dehydration and low temperature significantly increased the expression of SlNAC4. Reduced expression of SlNAC4 by RNA interference (RNAi) in tomato resulted in delayed fruit ripening, suppressed Chl breakdown and decreased ethylene synthesis mediated mainly through reduced expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes of system-2, and reduced carotenoids by alteration of the carotenoid pathway flux. Transgenic tomato fruits also displayed significant down-regulation of multiple ripening-associated genes, indicating that SlNAC4 functions as a positive regulator of fruit ripening by affecting ethylene synthesis and carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, we also noted that SlNAC4 could not be induced by ethylene and may function upstream of the ripening regulator RIN and positively regulate its expression. Yeast two-hybrid assay further revealed that SlNAC4 could interact with both RIN and NOR protein. These results suggested that ethylene-dependent and -independent processes are regulated by SlNAC4 in the fruit ripening regulatory network.
The Acoustic Reflectometer as a Screening Device (1985)

Sixty children (120 ears) were evaluated using reflectometry, pure tones, immittance, otologic examination, and pure-tone air and bone conduction thresholds. Comparisons were made between the various screeners. Reflectometry was found to be the least sensitive and the least specific of the procedures. Results were then examined within each diagnostic category to determine test agreement with the otologists' judgments. The reflectometer categorization was found to be inconsistent with the otologic findings. Finally, the reflectometer was compared to each of the other screener results and pure-tone thresholds. The test results were significantly correlated but showed high over- and under-referral rates for the reflectometer. Seventy-eight children and adults (156 ears) were screened in a second study. Again, the acoustic reflectometer did not perform adequately as a general screening tool. When only cases of middle ear effusion were screened, the acoustic reflectometer did not perform as well as immitance.
Inhalation Risk Assessment at the Environmental (2005)

Extrapolation) ..............................................................................................23 1.3 Inhalation Risk Assessments in the Offi ce of Pesticide Programs .........................................25
Enterprise resource planning growth in India: A global competitive advantage (part II) (1999)

The increasingly sophisticated and competitive Indian economy is faced with life in the global fast lane. The transition to an open economy has thrust India into the information age, an age that is forcing Indian firms to cope with a deluge of new information relationships. In order to keep up with the global advances, numerous Indian industries are implementing or considering ERP to compete in the global business environment. Several examples of successful implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning in India are discussed.
Removal of hydrocarbon contaminant film from spacecraft optical surfaces using a radiofrequency-excited oxygen plasma (1972)

Results of a study on the feasibility of removing contaminant films from optical surfaces in vacuum, using an oxygen plasma, are discussed. Contaminant films were deposited onto optical surfaces from butadiene and methane gases at a pressure of about 4 torr in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Optical surfaces evaluated included ultraviolet-reflecting mirrors, gratings, quartz disks, and spacecraft thermal control surfaces. In general, it was found that contaminants could be removed successfully from surfaces using an oxygen plasma. Exceptions were the white-paint thermal control surfaces, which, when contaminated, degraded further during exposure to the oxygen plasma.
ADP Receptors-Targets for Developing Antithrombotic Agents (2003)

Platelet P2 receptors--P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1--constitute the means by which adenine nucleotides can activate platelets. Coactivation of the Galphaq-coupled P2Y1 and Galphai2-coupled P2Y12 receptors is necessary for ADP-mediated platelet activation, which forms the basis of using P2 antagonists as antithrombotic drugs. P2Y1 receptor antagonists inhibit platelet activation, while P2Y1 knockout mice show longer bleeding times than normal mice but few other problems; however, its ubiquitous expression in other tissues renders P2Y1 questionable as an antithrombotic target. The P2Y12 receptor is expressed nearly exclusively in platelets and brain, making it an attractive antithrombotic target. Antagonists for the P2Y12 receptor have been developed that either require metabolic activation to covalently inhibit P2Y12 and are irreversible, or simply are competitive in nature and thus reversible. Ticlopidine and clopidogrel are irreversible P2Y12 antagonists and have been repeatedly proven as clinical antithrombotic agents. In addition, a recently reported P2Y12 antagonist, CS-747, shows promise as a future antithrombotic drug. The AR-C series of compounds represent reversible P2Y12 antagonists and have been used extensively to characterize the function of P2Y12 in platelets. Clinical studies show that AR-C69931MX is as effective as clopidogrel; furthermore, the combination of AR-C69931MX (cangrelor) and clopidogrel confers greater antagonism of P2Y12 than either antagonist alone. The P2X1 receptor is a calcium channel that functions to potentiate agonist-induced platelet shape change, and its inhibition or loss has little if any effect on hemostasis. A combination of P2Y1 and P2Y12 antagonists may represent an additional course of antithrombotic treatment.