gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coculture of Embryonic Stem Cells with Pulmonary Mesenchyme: A Microenvironment That Promotes Differentiation of Pulmonary Epithelium (2005)

Coculture of stem/progenitor cells with mature cells or tissues can drive their differentiation toward required lineages. Thus, we hypothesized that coculture of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells with embryonic mesenchyme from distal lung promotes the differentiation of pneumocytes. Murine ES cells were differentiated to embryoid bodies (EBs) and cultured for 5 or 12 days with pulmonary mesenchyme from embryonic day 11.5 or 13.5 murine embryos, in direct contact or separated by a membrane. Controls included EBs cultured alone or with embryonic gut mesenchyme. Histology revealed epithelium-lined channels in directly cocultured EBs, whereas EBs grown alone showed little structural organization. The lining cells expressed cytokeratin and thyroid transcription factor 1, an early developmental marker in pulmonary epithelium. Differentiation of type II pneumocytes specifically was demonstrated by the presence of surfactant protein C (SP-C) in some of the epithelial cells. None of these markers was seen in EBs cultured alone or with embryonic gut mesenchyme. Indirect coculture of EBs with lung mesenchyme resulted in a 14-fold increase in SP-C gene expression. Thus, provision of an appropriate microenvironment, in the form of pulmonary mesenchyme, appears to promote the differentiation of ES cells toward lung epithelium. Our findings may have applications in regenerative medicine strategies and the engineering of lung tissue.
Colocalization of ATP Release Sites and Ecto-ATPase Activity at the Extracellular Surface of Human Astrocytes (2003)

Extracellular ATP and other nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signaling factors in many tissues. Recent studies suggest that P2 nucleotide receptors and ecto-nucleotidases compete for a limited pool of endogenously released nucleotides within cell surface microenvironments that are functionally segregated from the bulk extracellular compartment. To test this hypothesis, we have used luciferase-based methods to continuously record extracellular ATP levels in monolayers of human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells under resting conditions, during stimulation of Ca2+-mobilizing receptors for thrombin or acetylcholine, and during mechanical stimulation by hypotonic stress. Soluble luciferase was utilized as an indicator of ATP levels within the bulk extracellular compartment, whereas a chimeric protein A-luciferase, adsorbed to antibodies against a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored plasma membrane protein, was used as a spatially localized probe of ATP levels at the immediate extracellular surface. Significant accumulation of ATP in the bulk extracellular compartment, under either resting (1-2 nm ATP) or stimulated (10-80 nm ATP) conditions, was observed only when endogenous ecto-ATPase activity was pharmacologically inhibited by the poorly metabolizable analog, betagamma-methylene ATP. In contrast, accumulation of submicromolar ATP in the cell surface microenvironment was readily measured even in the absence of ecto-ATPase inhibition suggesting that the spatially colocalized luciferase could effectively compete with endogenous ecto-ATPases for released ATP. Other experiments revealed a critical role for elevated cytosolic [Ca2+] in the ATP release mechanism triggered by thrombin or muscarinic receptors but not in basal ATP release or release stimulated by hypotonic stress. These observations suggest that ATP release sites are colocalized with ecto-ATPases at the astrocyte cell surface. This colocalization may act to spatially restrict the actions of released ATP as a paracrine or autocrine mediator of cell-to-cell signaling.
A gain of novel tissue specificity in the human Ly-6 gene E48 (1997)

The Ly-6 Ag family consists of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored surface proteins with a molecular mass of about 15 kDa. Seven members of the murine family have been characterized, and from five of these the genes have been cloned. Three members of the human family have been characterized: CD59, Ag E48, and the RIG-E or TSA-1/Sca-2 Ag. Most of the genes are expressed on lymphocytes, but some are expressed on other tissues as well. The mapped genes of the murine Ly-6 Ags, as well as of CD59, were shown to have a highly conserved structure, each consisting of four exons. The human E48 Ag was originally identified as a target Ag for radioimmunotherapy of patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The Ag is expressed on keratinocytes, but evidently not on lymphocytes. Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding the Ag revealed that this Ag is most likely the human homologue of the murine Ly-6 Ag, ThB. In this paper, we describe that, in contrast to all other Ly-6 genes, the gene encoding the human E48 Ag consists of only three exons. Sequences at the 5' end of the transcription start site were shown to drive keratinocyte-associated expression. These data suggest that the functional elimination of an ancestral Ly-6 exon 1 switched the expression from lymphocytes toward keratinocytes.
A graph model of the topology of physical, link and network layers of an enterprise network (2016)

Many network management tasks require a network topology graph as its input. However, the lack of standard methods of network elements detection, coupled with the incompleteness and heterogeneity of the available topology data, complicate the network topology discovery process. In these conditions it is rational to separate the task of collecting data about the current topology of the network from the tasks of analyzing the collected data and building a topology graph. This approach requires a definition of the modern enterprise networks topology graphs family. Contribution of the paper is the graph model of the topology of physical, link and network layers of a modern enterprise Ethernet and IP based network. A set of theorems proved in the paper allows to infer parts of the topology graph, which are not described by data available on the network devices. Three-step process of building a topology graph using the network data and inference procedures is also proposed in the paper.
Satellite Communication for PNG Universities and Research Institutes: A New Design (2009)

An academic and research satellite-based digital wide area network (WAN) has been established for universities and other national research institutions in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The network which is providing cost-efficient electronic digital communication and high speed Internet access is described for both client and server side installations. The network has the potential to unify the efforts of member institutions to educate the citizens of the nation, to gain the synergy available from collaboration, and to avoid wasteful duplication of scarce resources. Workings of government and academia, as well as general education can be enhanced and PNG can move forward swiftly to take advantage of the Information Communication Technology (ICT) revolution sweeping the world.
Modified Residual Fuel for Gas Turbines (1955)

Abstract Sodium in gas-turbine fuel causes rapid deposit formation as well as corrosion. Besides naturally contained sodium, sea-water contamination during transportation introduces additional amounts. In order to obtain the benefits of a low-sodium fuel, 90 per cent or more of the sodium is washed out of the fuel by a scheme described. The results of the desalting show that calcium also can be reduced substantially. Turbine tests of 50 to 1500 hr duration using these desalted fuels show that deposit can be almost eliminated by keeping both the sodium and the calcium below 10 parts per million. The steady-stage decrease in turbine efficiency resulting from burning these low-sodium, low-calcium fuels is shown to be about 2 per cent and the reduction in regenerator effectiveness about 5 points. A specification is proposed, defining a fuel which can be obtained at the point of use by means of the desalting method described and by adding a water solution of magnesium sulphate to the fuel just before it is burned. Treating vanadium-containing fuels with calcium or magnesium shows that, below 1650 F, magnesium is a better inhibitor than calcium and, since magnesium does not cause deposit, it is used. Lead in the fuel in sufficient quantities is shown to spoil, somewhat, the inhibition of vanadium by means of magnesium. There now appear to be at least two methods available for modifying residual fuel to make it suitable for long-life gas turbines, one of which is described herein.
Sliding contact characteristics between self-lubricating composite materials and copper (1993)

Previous investigations of a composite material (CM-1) containing 20% of MoS/sub 2/ and 20% of WS/sub 2/ showed that whereas the coefficient of friction was reduced to that between pure copper metals by the incorporation of solid lubricants, contact resistance was increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude due to the presence of copper oxide film. Coefficients of friction and contact resistivities of two types of composite materials CM-4 (WS/sub 2/ 8%) and CM-5 (WS/sub 2/ 45%), with low resistivities were measured simultaneously using an experimental tester. It was found that the contact resistances were reduced to as low as 1/10 that of CM-1. Although coefficients of friction of 0.4-0.5, which were slightly higher than that of CM-1
A Simple Method for the Preparation of YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>x</sub> Superconducting Wires and Tapes Using Common Polymers (1991)

Wires and tapes of YBa 2 Cu 3 O x (Y-123) type high temperature superconducting oxides (HITSO) have been prepared by annealing the (Y-123)-polymer (polyethylene or polymethyl methacrylate) composites at (500-800°C) for eight hours. The (HITSO) wires and tapes of different porosity thus obtained are characterized from the studies of electrical and magnetic properties. Increase of porosity has little effect on the superconducting transition temperature. Importance of these composites for making non-porous (HITSO) wires or tapes has also been discussed.
Low‐Dimensional Antiferromagnetic Oxides: An Overview (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Finite-Size Effects on the Magnetic Ordering Temperature AFM Anisotropy Interlayer Coupling in AFM–FM Bilayers and Multilayers Micromagnetic Structure at AFM–FM Interfaces Applications Conclusions References
Remote sensing of cloud properties using MODIS airborne simulator imagery during SUCCESS: 2. Cloud thermodynamic phase (2000)

Methods to infer cloud thermodynamic phase (ice or water) are investigated using multispectral imagery. An infrared (IR) trispectral algorithm using the 8.52‐, 11‐, and 12‐μm bands [ Ackerman et al. , 1990; Strabala et al. , 1994] forms the basis of this work and will be applied to data from the Earth Observing System (EOS) Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. Since the algorithm uses IR bands, it can be applied to either daytime or nighttime data and is not sensitive to the presence of cloud shadows. A case study analysis is performed with a MODIS airborne simulator (MAS) scene collected during the Subsonic Aircraft Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS) on April 21, 1996, at 2000 UTC. The scene under scrutiny is quite complex, containing low‐level broken water clouds, cirrus cells, cloud shadows, sub visual cirrus, and contrails. The IR trispectral algorithm is found to be less accurate in (1) regions where more than one cloud phase type occurs and (2) regions of thin cirrus overlying a lower‐level cloud layer. To improve the phase retrieval accuracy in these areas of difficulty, additional bands located at 0.65, 1.63, and 1.90 μm are incorporated. Radiative transfer (RT) calculations are performed to simulate the MAS bands using the cirrus and water cloud models detailed by Baum et al . [this issue]. The RT calculations are performed for single‐layer cirrus‐ and water‐phase clouds as well as for the case of thin cirrus overlying a lower‐level water droplet cloud. Both modeled results and application of the theory to a case study suggest that the cloud thermodynamic phase retrieval accuracy can be improved by inclusion of the visible and near infrared bands.
A VISUAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM BASED ON PRINCIPAL MOTION ANALYSIS FOR OPEN COUNTRY ——MOTION TARGET DETECTION, TRACKING AND PANORAMA GENERATION (2001)

In this paper, a visual surveillance system for open country is introduced, which is composed of motion target detection, tracking and panorama generation. A camera is mounted on a 360° controllable platform for a vehicle with its video signal and orientation data transferred to the computer at remote base via wireless communication channels. The computer automatically detects motion targets, and generates panorama with motion target mosaics in realtime. When a target is selected by an user, the computer will control the camera platform to track it. The affine motion model and robust parameter estimation method are used to analyse principal inter-frame motion which will be used for motion compensation before calculating difference picture to locate motion target via clustering. Then target is tracked robustly based on motion smoothness constraint. Programs are optimized which can run on a PC for 384×288 size of processed image with a speed of 12.5 Hz.
A Deep Learning and Depth Image based Obstacle Detection and Distance Measurement Method for Substation Patrol Robot (2020)

Abstract Recently, substation patrol robot is gradually used to replace the manual inspection in order to improve the inspection efficiency as well as security and automation level of substation maintenance. The research of obstacle avoidance is a hot spot in substation intelligent patrol robot area. The emerging new generation of artificial intelligence (AI) technology provides a new way to solve the obstacle detection and distance measurement problem. To realize accurate, effective and real-time response to the environmental changes, a novel obstacle avoidance method based on deep learning and depth image is proposed. The core of this method is pixel-level instance segmentation between obstacles and roads, along with a pixel-level matching of obstacles’ segmentation mask and depth data. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by actual tests in real substation environment.
A Simple and Analytical Design Approach for Input Power Matched On-chip CMOS LNA (2002)

A simple and analytical design approach for input power matched CMOS RF LNA circuits and their scaling for lower power consumption, is introduced. In spite of the simplicity of our expressions, it gives excellent agreement with numerical simulation results using commercial CAD tools for several circuit examples performed at 2.4GHz using 0.18µm CMOS technology. These simple and analytical results are extremely useful in that they can provide enough insights not only for designing any CMOS LNA circuits, but also for characterizing and diagnosing them whether being prototyped or manufactured.
Compression of nonlinearly chirped pulses using Gires–Tournois interferometers (1987)

In optical pulse compression experiments in the femtosecond regime, cubic phase distortion can adversely affect the compression ratio. This distortion arises from both the cubic phase of the grating pair used in such experiments and also from pulse propagation in the fiber, when taking into account the cubic order dispersion and shock terms. We numerically analyze how the cubic distortion, which leads to nonlinearly chirped pulses, can be compensated by Gires–Tournois interferometers. We discuss design considerations and show how the use of such interferometers can lead to even shorter optical pulses by utilizing more of its available bandwidth.
Studies on the Effect of N-fertilization and Weed Control Techniques on Weed Suppression, Yield and Nutrients Uptake in Sesame (Sesamum indicum) (2001)

A field experiment was carried out at Agra during rainy (kharif) seasons of 1995 and 1996 to assess the effect of nitrogen levels and different weed control techniques to Sesamum indicum on weed density, seed yield, nutrients depletion by weeds and net returns. Sixty kg N ha−1 registered highest yield (979 kg ha−1) and net returns (Rs. 10327 hd) in addition to higher N uptake by crop and N depletion by weeds. However, higher levels of N could not influence P and K removal by weeds significantly. Among different herbicidal treatments, application of fluchloralin at pre-planting @ 1.0 kg ha−1; followed by one manual weeding at 3 WAS gave maximum seed yield (756 kg ha−1) and net return (Rs. 9600 ha−1). Weed killing efficiency (39.81). seed yield response (kg of seed/kg N) and N uptake by crop were highest and NPK depletion by weeds was least with this treatment. Chemical weeds control was easier, time saving and less expensive as compared to manual weeding.
Effect of different packaging materials on shelf life of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.). (2015)

Mushroom fruit bodies have been known as a food source for thousands of years used in the preparation of many products such as pickles, mushroom vegetable salads, etc. However, due to short shelf-life, the produce remains acceptable for few hours only. Hence, in order to increase the storage life of the mushroom a study was carried out by using different packaging materials like PP, PVC and PET pouches and stored under different storage conditions. The results obtained from the above study has revealed that, the shelf life of the mushrooms has increased to 18 days under the refrigeration condition by using the polyethylene terepthalate packaging material and the quality analysis after the storage period showed that, colour ( L* value, 64.23), PLW (5.54 %), hardness (149.7 gf), nutritional parameters of protein (25.83 %), fat (1.94 %), fibre (9.31%), ash (10.35 %) and organoleptic score (7/9) and microbial load (4.19×10 3 cfu/g). The statistical analysis has showed the significant difference between the packaging material and storage days with all the quality parameters analysed in the present study.
Planning for the Future: An Investigation of Work-Bound Rural Youth (2012)

The purpose of this study was to explore the postsecondary educational and occupational expectations of workbound rural youth. Three groups of work-bound youth were identified (work-bound, work-bound with future educational plans, and work-bound but unsure/undecided about postsecondary education), and each group was compared to college-bound rural youth using results from a recent national investigation of the educational and occupational aspirations of rural youth. Results indicated that the majority of rural youth in this study planned to continue their education after high school (56%), followed by 34% who planned to work and further their education. Results of logistic regression analysis indicated that family characteristics and students’ schooling experiences were the strongest predictors of work-bound status. Work-bound youth were more likely to report greater family economic hardship, lower parental expectations for completing college, and more negative schooling experiences than college-bound rural youth.
Survey on Threats and Attacks on Mobile Networks (2016)

Since the 1G of mobile technology, mobile wireless communication systems have continued to evolve, bringing into the network architecture new interfaces and protocols, as well as unified services, high data capacity of data transmission, and packet-based transmission (4G). This evolution has also introduced new vulnerabilities and threats, which can be used to launch attacks on different network components, such as the access network and the core network. These drawbacks stand as a major concern for the security and the performance of mobile networks, since various types of attacks can take down the whole network and cause a denial of service, or perform malicious activities. In this survey, we review the main security issues in the access and core network (vulnerabilities and threats) and provide a classification and categorization of attacks in mobile network. In addition, we analyze major attacks on 4G mobile networks and corresponding countermeasures and current mitigation solutions, discuss limits of current solutions, and highlight open research areas.
Resistance to <i>Rotylenchulus reniformis</i> and <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> Race 3 in the Major Cotton Cultivars Planted Since 1950 (1999)

The southern root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 3 (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, are the most widespread and economically important nematode pests of Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Pima cotton ( G. barbadense L.) in the USA. Progress in the development of nematode‐resistant cotton cultivars is unclear. Plant breeders often have selected for nematode tolerance by measuring cotton yield in nematode‐infested fields but seldom have selected for resistance by measuring nematode reproduction. The objective of this research was to measure nematode reproduction to assess progress in the development of nematode resistance in cotton. Fiftyfive Upland and four Pima cotton cultivars, comprising the most widely planted cultivars in the USA each decade since 1950, were evaluated in growth chambers for resistance to M. incognita and R. reniformis . The cultivar Deltapine 16 served as the susceptible and the germplasm line Auburn 623 RNR as the resistant control. Reproduction by M. incognita on the cultivars ranged from 4 to 294% of that on Deltapine 16. All cultivars were highly susceptible to R. reniformis . A small increase was detected in the general level of resistance to M. incognita between 1950 and 1996, but only the recently released cultivars, Stoneville ‘LA887’, Paymaster ‘1560’, and CPCSD ‘Acala Nem‐X’, showed consistently high resistance. These cultivars were developed by measuring nematode reproduction in pots or root galling in field plantings, as well as yield and related agronomic traits.
Tentatives de Synthese de L'Oxagermetanne-1,3 Mise en Evidence Probable de la Formation de Germaethene (1988)

Abstract Attempts to synthesize the oxagermetane Me2GeCH2OCH2 are described. Classical routes to oxetane when applied to the dihalogenated germane Me2Ge(CH2Cl)2 lead to germoxanes (Me2GeO)n (n=3,4,5); an elimination reaction, with formation of formaldehyde and germaethene [Me2Ge=CH2], is observed instead of the expected cyclisation. The following compounds are also described: Me2Ge(CH2OCOCH3)2, Me2Ge(CH2OH)2, Me2Ge(CH2Cl) (CH2OH) et Me2Ge(CH2Cl) (CH2OSnBu3).
Automatic music classification and summarization (2005)

Automatic music classification and summarization are very useful to music indexing, content-based music retrieval and on-line music distribution, but it is a challenge to extract the most common and salient themes from unstructured raw music data. In this paper, we propose effective algorithms to automatically classify and summarize music content. Support vector machines are applied to classify music into pure music and vocal music by learning from training data. For pure music and vocal music, a number of features are extracted to characterize the music content, respectively. Based on calculated features, a clustering algorithm is applied to structure the music content. Finally, a music summary is created based on the clustering results and domain knowledge related to pure and vocal music. Support vector machine learning shows a better performance in music classification than traditional Euclidean distance methods and hidden Markov model methods. Listening tests are conducted to evaluate the quality of summarization. The experiments on different genres of pure and vocal music illustrate the results of summarization are significant and effective.