gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rheology of Crosslinked Foams (1996)

Summary The rheology of foam fracturing fluids has been previously described as a yield-pseudoplastic fluid for a broad range of qualities, linear gel concentrations, and temperatures. With the increased use of foams for fracturing with higher proppant concentrations, crosslinking agents are often added. Because the viscous character of the external phase of the foam strongly influences the viscous properties of the foam, the viscosity of the foam will increase if the external phase is crosslinked. Rheological properties of 25%- to 75%-quality N2 foams containing borate-crosslinked guar were measured on the recirculating flow-loop viscometer at temperatures from 75 to 300°F. When polymer was crosslinked in the foam, viscosity increased by factors of 3 to 10 or more over foams that contained only linear gel. The fluid viscosity developed in a foam is a product of gas quality, external phase fluid viscosity, and crosslinking of the polymer in the external phase. The extent to which each of these factors is important depends upon both the quality and the concentration of the crosslinked polymer. Viscosity resulting from borate crosslinking is a stronger factor than either quality or linear polymer concentration. Borate crosslinking influence is greatest at low quality and at high polymer concentration.
Zunehmende Tendenz zu späteren Geburten und Kinderlosigkeit bei Akademikerinnen: eine Kohortenanalyse auf der Basis von Mikrozensusdaten (2004)

Obwohl sich die Geburtenziffern in Westdeutschland nach einem Hoch in den 1960er Jahren schon seit Mitte der siebziger Jahre auf einem relativ niedrigen Niveau stabilisiert haben und in den letzten Jahren kein nennenswerter Rückgang zu beobachten ist, findet das Thema in der öffentlichen wie in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion derzeit beträchtliche Beachtung. Vor dem Hintergrund der defizitären Rentenkassen stehen dabei die kinderlosen Frauen und hier vor allem die Akademikerinnen im Zentrum des Interesses, welche Prognosen zufolge zu über 40 Prozent zeitlebens kinderlos bleiben werden. Frauen mit höherer beruflicher Qualifikation verweilen nicht nur länger im Bildungssystem, sondern die Investitionen in die Ausbildung gehen auch mit einer verstärkten Orientierung auf Beruf und Karriere einher. Die Beispiele der skandinavischen Länder oder auch Frankreichs zeigen jedoch, dass eine Karriereorientierung von hochqualifizierten Frauen keinesfalls gleichbedeutend mit einem Verzicht auf eine Familiengründung sein muss. Unter den in Deutschland gegebenen gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen lassen sich Beruf und Mutterschaft für Frauen jedoch nur unter hohen Kosten vereinbaren, weshalb die Konzentration auf eine der beiden Alternativen häufig sinnvoller erscheint (Huinink 2002).
katG Mutation of Isoniazid-Resistant Isolated from Tuberculosis Patients (2006)

Background: The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an increasing problem in developed and developing countries. The aims of the present study were to identify various types of mutations in katG region from 28 MDR strains isolated from sputum of tuberculosis patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight rifampin-resistant strains isolated from sputum of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis were obtained from various geographic regions of Iran. Drug susceptibility was determined by using the BACTEC system. DNA extraction, standard PCR identification, katG gene amplification, DNA sequencing and analysis were done. Results: There was no mutation in 2 strains. In 20 strains, mutation was shown to be in codon 315. Three types of mutations were detected consisting of AGC→ACC (Ser→Thr) (80%), AGC→AGG (Ser→Arg) (5%) and AGC→AAC(Ser→Asn) (15%).Furthermore, one type of mutation was seen in codons 311, 299, and 323. Twelve strains showed one mutation in codon 315 (46%), 7 strains 2 mutations (27%), 5 isolate 3 mutations (19%) and in 2 strains 4 mutations (8%) were observed in different codons. Nine silent mutations was demonstrated in codon 311(GAC→TAC ). Conclusion: This research demonstrated that mutations were mostly seen in codons 315 and 299 indicating resistance to
A review of smart volume controllers for consumer electronics (2005)

This paper reviews various schemes for smart acoustic volume controllers (SVCs) for consumer electronics such as televisions, car stereo systems, CD players, AM/FM radio, telephones, mobile phones etc. There are several instances of applications of smart volume controllers in consumer electronic devices. In car stereo systems, the volume level automatically dips when the system detects the telephone ringing. The mobile with smart volume controller provides an improved speech quality even in the presence of high background noises levels. The smart volume controller for television evens out any variations in volume levels from one channel to another and program to program, thus delivering an improvement in perceived quality to the consumer. The smart volume controllers can be personalized to suit the individual's hearing requirements. This paper also reviews several soft computing techniques for smart volume control such as fuzzy logic control, neural control, neuro-fuzzy control etc.
In vivo and in vitro reactivation of latent pseudorabies virus in pigs born to vaccinated sows. (1984)

Latency of pseudorabies virus (PRV) was established in 8 of 9 pigs born to 2 vaccinated sows. Pigs had high, low, or no maternal antibody titers at the time of the initial inoculation. At postinoculation months 3 to 4, latent PRV could be reactivated in vivo by the administration of large doses of corticosteroids. In most pigs, the stress-simulating treatment resulted in recrudescence of virus shedding after lag periods of 4 to 11 days. In 3 pigs, virus shedding was without clinical signs of disease, whereas clinical signs that developed in 4 pigs appeared to be due to the corticosteroid treatment, rather than to the reactivation of PRV. Pigs with a log10 neutralizing antibody titer of less than or equal to 2.55 at the onset of corticosteroid treatment had a booster response. Reactivated PRV spread to sentinel pigs housed with the inoculated pigs. Reactivation of PRV was also demonstrated in vitro. Explant cultures of trigeminal ganglia from pigs killed between postinoculation months 4 to 5 produced infectious virus. Restriction endonuclease analysis indicated that the reactivated PRV was indistinguishable from virus isolated shortly after the primary infection. Seemingly, pigs with maternal antibodies can become latently infected and therefore may be regarded as potential sources of dissemination of PRV.
Purification, amino acid sequence and mode of action of bifidocin B produced by Bifidobacterium bifidum NCFB 1454 (1999)

Bifidocin B produced by Bifidobacterium bifidum NCFB 1454 was purified to homogeneity by a rapid and simple three step purification procedure which included freeze drying, Micro-Cel adsorption/desorption and cation exchange chromatography. The purification resulted in 18% recovery and an approximately 1900-fold increase in the specific activity and purity of bifidocin B. Treatment with bifidocin B caused sensitive cells to lose high amounts of intracellular K+ ions and u.v.-absorbing materials, and to become more permeable to ONPG. Bifidocin B adsorbed to the Gram-positive bacteria but not the Gram-negative bacteria tested. Its adsorption was pH-dependent but not time-dependent. For sensitive cells, the adsorption and lethal action of bifidocin B was very rapid. In 5 min, 95% of bifidocin B adsorbed onto sensitive cells. Several salts inhibited the binding of bifidocin B, which could be overcome by increasing the amount of bifidocin B added. Pre-treatment of sensitive cells and cell walls with detergents, organic solvents or enzymes did not cause a reduction in subsequent cellular binding of bifidocin B, but cell wall preparations treated with methanol:chloroform and hot 20% (w/v) TCA lost the ability to adsorb bifidocin B. Also, the addition of purified heterologous lipoteichoic acid to sensitive cells completely blocked the adsorption of bifidocin B. The amino acid sequence indicated that the bacteriocin contained 36 residues. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis yielded a sequence of KYYGNGVTCGLHDCRVDRGKATCGIINNGGMWGDIG. Curing experiments with 20 micrograms ml-1 acriflavine yielded cell derivatives that no longer produced bifidocin B but retained immunity to bifidocin B. Production of bifidocin B, but not immunity to bifidocin B, was associated with a plasmid of about 8 kb in this strain.
Constructing an Immersive Poetry Learning multimedia environment using ontology-based approach (2008)

Chinese has a rise in popularity due to the spring up of the Chinese language education. In the poetry of the Tang Dynasty, there is a lot of information in the limited number of Chinese characters. Therefore, how to assist learners in understanding of the background story and emotional feature of poetry is a challenging issue. In this paper, to support the poetry appreciation learning, our idea is to provide the Immersive Poetry Learning with multimedia properties: the Vision such as scenic spot, the Reading with occasional poetry, and the Emotional Reinforcement such as background music. To construct the immersive poetry learning with multimedia environment, the Learning Context ontology, the Poetry Noun Ontology and the Music Emotion ontology are defined to annotate the context information poetry contents and music emotional properties. Thus, the Ontology-based Immersive Poetry Learning system can base on the learner contexts to generate the coherent poetry and music by the ontology mapping.
A User''s Guide to the Zwikker-Kosten Transmission Line Code (ZKTL) (1997)

This user''s guide documents updates to the Zwikker-Kosten Transmission Line Code (ZKTL). This code was developed for analyzing new liner concepts developed to provide increased sound absorption. Contiguous arrays of multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) liner elements serve as the model for these liner configurations, and Zwikker and Kosten''s theory of sound propagation in channels is used to predict the surface impedance. Transmission matrices for the various liner elements incorporate both analytical and semi-empirical methods. This allows standard matrix techniques to be employed in the code to systematically calculate the composite impedance due to the individual liner elements. The ZKTL code consists of four independent subroutines: 1. Single channel impedance calculation - linear version (SCIC) 2. Single channel impedance calculation - nonlinear version (SCICNL) 3. Multi-channel, multi-segment, multi-layer impedance calculation - linear version (MCMSML) 4. Multi-channel, multi-segment, multi-layer impedance calculation - nonlinear version (MCMSMLNL) Detailed examples, comments, and explanations for each liner impedance computation module are included. Also contained in the guide are depictions of the interactive execution, input files and output files.
Modal analysis of wind turbine tower (2010)

As the support structure of wind turbine, the tower bears alternating loads of wind when the wind turbine runs. To ensure the reliability of the wind turbine, it's necessary to carry out modal analysis on the tower, and this would prevent the natural frequency of the tower close to the rated speed of wind turbine. In this paper, finite element analysis of the tower is solved using ANSYS, and the natural frequencies and modes of the tower are presented. After comparing the results of three models, a simple model for modal analysis, which can be calculated in short time, is finally determined.
On the $1.1$ Edge-Coloring of Multigraphs (1990)

A new upper bound is proved for the chromatic index $q^* ( G )$ of multigraphs $G = ( V,E )$. Let $d ( G )$ be the maximum degree of G, and let \[ p ( G ) = \text{MAX} \{ \lceil 2 | E(X) |/ ( | X | - 1) \rceil :X \subset V, | X | \ne 1\,\text{and odd} \} \] where $E( X )$ is the set of edges in the subgraph of G induced by X. The upper bound is expressed in terms of the two trivial lower bounds $d ( G )$ and $p ( G )$ as follows: \[ q^* ( G )\leqq \text{MAX} \{ p ( G ), \lfloor 1.1 d ( G ) + 0.8 \rfloor \}. \] The proof yields an algorithm which edge-colors any given multigraph G with at most $\lfloor 1.1q^* ( G ) + 0.8 \rfloor $ colors. The running time is $O ( | E | ( d ( G ) + | V | ) )$ and the storage space is $O ( | E | )$.
Sub-Wavelength Texturing for Solar Cells Using Interferometric Lithography (2006)

We have employed Interferometric Lithography (IL) for sub-wavelength surface texturing on large area silicon substrates. Low defect density Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) processes have been developed to transfer the pattern into the silicon using SF 6 plasma. Reflection measurements on the sub-wavelength textured surface have been carried out and show a substantial reduction from ~30% to below 4% over the spectrum range from 400nm to 1200nm. IL is a mask-less lithography technique which is used to define periodic patterns. The theoretical limit of the pitch size of the structure is half of the wavelength of the light source. Hence, the sub-wavelength patterns can be achieved easily. Moreover, sub-wavelength texturing requires short RIE processes; most of the plasma-induced damage on the silicon surface can be avoided.
都市河濱地區的陸域鳥種豐富度：探討面積、隔離度、生產力、異質性及干擾假說 (2014)

The relationship between bird species richness （BSR） and urban environment is important for concerns about the negative impact of urbanization. However, recent studies have started to focus on the maintenance of urban BSR in the face of increasing human population and expanding cities, and have proposed hypotheses that could lead to an increase in BSR. Cities are typically located near large water bodies. Urban riparian zone is the hotspot of BSR. Compared with urban green spaces, riparian zones have contiguous and larger areas. In addition, habitat heterogeneity caused by irregular flood and disturbance provides various resources for birds, with many specialists living only in this area. We examined patterns of habitat use by birds at the local and landscape level during 3-6 months 2013 at 72 riparian plots along an urban gradient in Taipei city. Using generalized linear regression, we test the hypothesis of area （surrogated by width of riparian）, isolation （surrogated by distance from mountain）, productivity [surrogated by normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）], heterogeneity （surrogated by habitat heterogeneity index and tree diversity）, and disturbance （surrogated by percentage of built area） respectively for BSR and bird guilds. Besides, ranking the relative importance of environmental factors by Akaike weight. We found that distance from mountain was the most important predictor of BSR. We suggest isolation is the primary process of BSR. Tree diversity, the second most important factor, was positively correlated with BSR; on the other hand, habitat specialist prefer the higher NDVI, and the distance from mountain are most important factor for habitat generalist. The results of this study to clarify the effects of environmental factors on the riparian zone of BSR and bird guild in Taipei, and construct relative importance of hierarchy. We also suggest establish connectivity with mountain, and improve habitat quality inside the riparian zone. It will effectively maintain and increase BSR. for building a biodiversity-friendly city.in Taipei
Diagnosis and initial management of cerebellar infarction (2009)

Summary Cerebellar infarction is an important cause of stroke that often presents with common and non-specific symptoms such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting, unsteady gait, and headache. Accurate diagnosis frequently relies on careful attention to patients' coordination, gait, and eye movements—components of the neurological physical examination that are sometimes omitted or abridged if cerebellar stroke is not specifically being considered. The differential diagnosis is broad, and includes many common and benign causes. Furthermore, early-stage posterior fossa ischaemia is rarely seen with brain CT—the most commonly available initial imaging test that is used for stroke. Insufficient examination and imaging can result in misdiagnosis. However, early correct diagnosis is crucial to help prevent treatable but potentially fatal complications, such as brainstem compression and obstructive hydrocephalus. The identification and treatment of the underlying vascular lesions at an early stage can also prevent subsequent occurrences of stroke and improve patients' outcomes. Here, we review the clinical presentation of cerebellar infarction, from diagnosis and misdiagnosis to patients' monitoring, treatment, and potential complications.
2-mercaptoethanol restores the ability of nuclear factor κB (NF κB) to bind DNA in nuclear extracts from interleukin 1-treated cells incubated with pyrollidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). Evidence for oxidation of glutathione in the mechanism of inhibition of NFκB by PDTC (1996)

The metal chelator and anti-oxidant pyrollidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) has been used extensively in studies implicating reactive oxygen intermediates in the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B). In agreement with other studies, we have shown that PDTC inhibits NF kappa B activation in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 (IL1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). However, we have found that the inhibition was reversed by treatment of inhibited nuclear extracts with the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol. This was observed in extracts prepared from IL1-treated EL4.NOB-1 thymoma cells and TNF-treated Jurkat E6.1 lymphoma cells. These results suggested that the inhibition was caused by oxidation of NF kappa B on a sensitive thiol, possibly on the p50 subunit (which was detected in NF kappa B complexes in both cell types), and not by inhibition of the activation pathway. The possibility that PDTC was acting as a pro-oxidant was therefore investigated. PDTC caused an increase in oxidized glutathione, suggesting that it acts as an oxidizing agent in the cells tested rather than as an anti-oxidant. Similar results were obtained with diamide, a compound designed to oxidize glutathione. Finally, an increase in the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione was shown to inhibit NF kappa B-DNA binding in vitro. On the basis of these results we suggest that, while NF kappa B activation is unaffected by PDTC, DNA binding is inhibited through a mechanism involving a shift towards oxidizing conditions, and that this is the mechanism of action of both PDTC and diamide in the cells tested here.
Heat‐resistant epoxy‐boroxine foams for high temperature applications (1965)

Abstract Foams are produced by mixing an epoxy resin, a primary polyamine and a trialkoxyboroxine without applied heat. The reaction heat evolved, predominantly from the reaction between the boroxine and the amine, speeds up the gelation of the epoxy resin and simultaneously evaporates methanol, a by‐product, to form the foam, leading to the formation of a highly crosslinked polymer. A theory for the mechanism involves the chemical properties of intermediates, the basicity of the nitrogens, the acidity of the borons, and the mode of curing of the epoxy resin. The physical properties can be varied using different epoxies, amines and boroxines and different proportions. With a typical mixture, the foams produced have densities and thermal conductivities similar to polystyrene foam but have heat resistance up to 300°C. Adhesion to various substrates is excellent. Compression strengths are low but can be increased by the addition of fillers. The foams are self‐extinguishing. Potential applications and method of dispensing the foams are suggested.
Dual Carrier Modulation Demapping Methods and Performances for Wireless USB (2014)

Abstract — Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) was chosen as the higher data rate modulation scheme for MB-OFDM (Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) in the UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) radio platform ECMA-368. ECMA-368 has been chosen as the physical implementation for high data rate Wireless USB (W-USB) and Bluetooth 3.0. In this paper, different demapping methods for the DCM demapper are presented, being Soft Bit, Maximum Likely (ML) Soft Bit and Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR). Frequency diversity and Channel State Information (CSI) are further techniques to enhance demapping methods. The system performance for those DCM demapping methods simulated in realistic multi-path environments are provided and compared1. Index Terms — DCM, Soft-Bit, ML Soft-Bit, LLR.
Intelligent multiparameter sensing with fiber Bragg gratings (2008)

An approach to achieve intelligent sensing of multiple environmental parameters with a single-fiber sensor system is demonstrated through the use of multiplexed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with coatings of different polymers and specifications. Using three FBGs of either acrylate or polyimide coating and polyimide coatings of different thicknesses, in situ discrimination of saccharinity, salinity, and temperature from the changes in the optical responses of the Bragg wavelengths of the gratings has been realized with sensitivities of 1.10×10−3 nm/%, 3.80×10−3 nm/% (blueshift), and 1.10×10−2 nm/°C (redshift), respectively.
비등방성 결합 교대 =1/2 XY 스핀열의 열역학적 특성 (2011)

The thermodynamic properties of a trimeric S=1/2 XY spin chain, where unit cells of the ferro-antiferro-antiferromagnetic interaction bonds are displaced alternately, is calculated analytically by using the Jordan-Wigner fermionic transformation. The anisotropy in the coupling bonds causes some unusual characteristics in the specific heat, the magnetization, and the magnetic susceptibility.
Manipulating meat quality and composition (1999)

Meat quality describes the attractiveness of meat to consumers. The present paper focuses on two major aspects of meat quality, tenderness and flavour. Both aspects of quality can be influenced by nutrition, principally through its effects on the amount and type of fat in meat. In several countries, high levels of intramuscular fat (marbling fat), i.e. above 30 g/kg muscle weight in longissimus, are deemed necessary for optimum tenderness, although poor relationships between fat content and tenderness have generally been found in European studies, where fat levels are often very low, e.g. below 10 g/kg in UK pigs. Muscle lipid may be a marker for red oxidative (type 1) muscle fibres which are found at higher concentrations in tender muscles and carcasses. Nutritional treatment can be used to manipulate the fatty acid content of muscle to improve nutritional balance, i.e. increase the polyunsaturated (PUFA): saturated fatty acid value and reduce the n-6:n-3 PUFA value. Increasing PUFA levels may also change flavour because of their greater susceptibility to oxidative breakdown and the generation of abnormal volatile compounds during cooking. This situation particularly applies to the n-3 PUFA which are the most unsaturated meat lipids. In pigs, a concentration of 3 mg alpha-linolenic acid (18:3)/100 mg in muscle and fat tissue fatty acids can easily be achieved by including whole linseed in the diet. This level has led to abnormal odours and flavours in some studies, but not in others. In cattle and sheep, feeding whole linseed raised 18:3 concentrations in muscle fatty acids from about 0.7 mg/100 mg to > 1 mg/100 mg. As with pigs, this diet also increased levels of long-chain n-3 PUFA formed from 18:3, including eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5). Although this increase led to greater oxidative breakdown of lipids during storage and the generation of large quantities of lipid-derived volatile compounds during cooking, there were no deleterious effects on odour or flavour. When 18:3 levels are raised in lamb and beef because of grass feeding, the intensity of the flavours increases in comparison with grain-fed animals which consume and deposit relatively more linoleic acid (18:2). In ruminants, very high levels of 18:2 produced by feeding protected oil supplements cause the cooked beef to be described as oily, bland or pork-like.