gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An investigation of factors determining growth and form of bacterial colonies (1968)

Chapter 1.' loss of contents through diffusion, this corresponds to a thermodynamic increase in entropy.The opposing reactions are the synthetic reactions of the cell and various repair processes (Pirt 1965, 'maintenance energy!), these are entropy reducing reactions.When bacterial cells are placed on a gel surface, these two types of reaction compete; if the degrading process is sufficiently fast the cell never divides, but dies, However, if the synthetic reactions are fast enough the cell will divide and a colony subsequently forms.Nutrient media, such as meat broth, increase the rate of the synthetic reactions of the cells because the average lag times and mean generation times, (Chapter 2), are reduced while the degredati'e reactions, as we have defined them, are independent of the nutrient source and hence remain approximately -constant.This explains the higher viability which is obtained on nutrient media compared with minimal media.The viability of organisms should, therefore, always be related to the conditions under which it is measured.The formation of a colony by an organism generally classifies it as belonging to a non-motile species, although non-motile mutants of motile organisms have been reported, Arnistrong et al.(1967).The colonies formed by a particularorganism are usually characteristic in appearance for that species and the literature contains many descriptions of the colonies produced by various organisms under certain conditions, (Wilson and Miles, 1957 ;Burrows, 1955).Because
Development of phased mission analysis method for large plants. (1986)

A plant reliability analysis method using both prime implicant sets in an event tree and minimal cut sets in a fault tree is developed for probabilistic safety assessment. The method can evaluate not only common mode failures in different systems, but also phased mission analysis problems in different phases. Applicability of the method is confirmed for phased mission analysis problems taking the FBR plant decay heat removal system as an example.
Analysis of Negative-Resistance Photodiodes (1964)

Photodetectors for the detection of microwave-modulated optical radiation have recently received increasing attention. Passive microwave photodiodes (containing no negative resistance or other gain-producing mechanism) have been recently developed and some experimental work has been presented on active parametric photodiodes. An active photodetector is one in which a gain-producing mechanism, such as a negative resistance, appears.
Superbalanced steady state free precession (2011)

Steady state free precession (SSFP) signal theory is commonly derived in the limit of quasi-instantaneous radiofrequency (RF) excitation. SSFP imaging protocols, however, are frequently set up with minimal pulse repetition times and RF pulses can thus constitute a considerable amount to the actual pulse repetition time. As a result, finite RF pulse effects can lead to 10-20% signal deviation from common SSFP theory in the transient and in the steady state which may impair the accuracy of SSFP-based quantitative imaging techniques. In this article, a new and generic approach for intrinsic compensation of finite RF pulse effects is introduced. Compensation is based on balancing relaxation effects during finite RF excitation, similar to flow or motion compensation of gradient moments. RF pulse balancing, in addition to the refocusing of gradient moments with balanced SSFP, results in a superbalanced SSFP sequence free of finite RF pulse effects in the transient and in the steady state; irrespective of the RF pulse duration, flip angles, relaxation times, or off-resonances. Superbalancing of SSFP sequences can be used with all quantitative SSFP techniques where finite RF pulse effects are expected or where elongated RF pulses are used.
Equations Underlying the Electricity Model (2009)

Abstract This section provides a detailed description of the differential equations that underlie NeuroDynamix II simulations for the seven models. In addition, the rational behind some of these specific equations is presented. This chapter describes the elementary equations, based on Ohm's law, for simple electrical circuits. Because there are no time-dependent variables, no numerical integration is required.
Research on the origin, and on the impact of post-harvest handling and manufacturing on the presence of ochratoxin A in coffee Part A Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment (2002)

The major risk factors and processing steps that can lead to contamination of green coffee with ochratoxin A (OTA) have been identified. Surveys of the green coffee production chain indicate that Aspergillus ochraceus and A. carbonarius are the most potent OTA producers on coffee. Both have been successfully grown in vitro on green coffee and coffee cherries, respectively, producing high amounts of OTA (5-13 mg kg-1). The so-called dry processing of coffee, which is cherry drying, was identified as one of the steps during which OTA formation can take place, particularly under humid tropical conditions. Cherries contain sufficient amounts of water to support mould growth and OTA formation during the initial 3-5 days of drying on the outer part of the cherries. Not surprisingly, after dehulling, husks can be highly contaminated with OTA, as also indicated by its enhanced concentration in soluble coffees adulterated with husks and parchment. A minimum water activity of 0.80 (about 14% MC) is required for in vitro OTA production on green coffee, a fact that does not rule out the possibility of OTA contamination due to improper transportation and storage of green coffee. However, this appears not to be a major route for OTA contamination of coffee. OTA contamination can clearly be minimized by following good agricultural practice and a subsequent post-harvest handling consisting of appropriate techniques for drying, grading, transportation and storage of green coffee; these procedures are well established.
A Novel, Rapid, Multiparametric Approach for Flow Cytometric Analysis of Intranuclear Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (1999)

This report describes a novel, reliable, and simplified approach for determination of intranuclear terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) expression. This approach utilizes standard permeabilization/fixation solutions to reliably detect intracellular antigens with minimal alterations in the light scatter properties of the analyzed cells. In contrast to other described methods, fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-TdT antibody is added to previously analyzed and permeabilized cells after a leukemic cell population has been identified using characteristic surface staining patterns. The method eliminates the need for additional sample preparation or cumbersome permeablization steps and can easily be incorporated into any clinical laboratory's existing flow cytometry panels. Sixty-eight cases were analyzed with this method, including 31 acute myelogenous leukemias, 30 acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and 7 chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. To confirm the validity of the method, parallel immunoperoxidase staining and microscopic evaluation of cytocentrifuge test sample preparations were performed. Statistical analysis of the results reveals the method to be highly sensitive and specific, demonstrating exact correlation to the microscopic method. The ease and expeditiousness of this new procedure allows TdT testing to be routinely incorporated into the immunophenotyping repertoire of a busy clinical laboratory. In addition, the method should be readily adaptable to analyze a variety of other clinically relevant intranuclear and intracytoplasmic antigens.
Agarose-Based Haemoperfusion Columns For The Removal Of Excess Ldl-cholesterol From Whole Blood (1984)

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by elevated levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), tendon xanthomas and premature coronary atherosclerosis (Mabuchi et al., 1983). This abnormality is inherited as an incompletely dominant strain, resulting in a deficiency of cell surface receptors and defective binding of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to these receptors (Goldstein et al., 1975).KeywordsHigh Density LipoproteinFamilial HypercholesterolemiaAgarose BeadFamilial HypercholesterolemiaFamilial Hypercholesterolemia PatientThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The ambitions of adolescents born with exstrophy: a structured survey (2004)

This study confirms the anecdotally reported strong resilience and personality of adolescents with exstrophy. The domains that patients considered important were not those that their carers might have expected or that are used in standard quality-of-life instruments. No morbidity was identified by the two instruments used. In exstrophy, and perhaps in other uncommon conditions, the patients' views of relevant domains should be considered in assessing quality of life.
BIOMECHANICAL STABILITY OF INTRAMEDULLARY NAILED HIGH PROXIMAL THIRD TIBIAL FRACTURES WITH CEMENT AUGMENTED PROXIMAL SCREWS (2008)

Intramedullary nailed high proximal tibial fractures rely on the proximal screw-bone interface to provide stability, which can be insufficient in low-density bones. This study investigated the biomechanics of proximal screw cement augmentation in intramedullary nailing of high proximal tibial fractures. Mechanical stability in flexion/extension, varus/valgus and torsion was tested on six pairs of cadaveric proximal tibiae, with/without cement augmentation. Cement augmentation significantly increased construct stability in torsion and demonstrated a trend towards improved varus/valgus stabilization. Surprisingly, cement augmentation significantly decreased stability in flexion/extension, suggesting the potential benefits of cement augmentation may be limited in intramedullary nailed high proximal tibial fractures. This study assessed the biomechanical effects of augmenting proximal screws with cement in intramedullary nailing of high proximal third tibial fractures. While increased biomechanical stability was seen in torsion and varus/valgus, the reduction in stability in flexion/extension suggests that there may be limited benefit in cement augmentation in the nailing of high proximal tibia fractures. High proximal tibial fractures fixed with intramedullary nailing rely primarily on proximal screw fixation to provide stability. Cement augmentation of the proximal screws may provide needed increased construct stability in low-density tibiae. Cement augmentation provided a significant increase in construct stability in torsion (37.5% ± 8.0%, p Reamed intramedullary nails (Zimmer, MDN) were implanted into six pairs of elderly cadaveric fresh-frozen proximal tibiae and secured using four proximal screws (two transverse, two oblique, 4.5mm diameter). Bone cement was injected into the screw holes just prior to screw insertion to augment the bone-screw interface in one tibia from each pair. Specimen stability was tested in flexion/extension and varus/valgus loading to 12Nm and in torsion to 7Nm. Displacement data was generated and analyzed using a repeated measures design. We hypothesized that intramedullary nail-bone construct stability would be increased with cement augmentation, particularly in low-density specimens. While construct stability was improved in torsion and varus/valgus, surprisingly stability consistently decreased in flexion/extension.
An Analysis of the CAVES Attestation Protocol using CPSA (2012)

This paper describes the CAVES attestation protocol and presents a tool-supported analysis showing that the runs of the protocol achieve stated goals. The goals are stated formally by annotating the protocol with logical formulas using the rely-guarantee method. The protocol analysis tool used is the Cryptographic Protocol Shape Analyzer.
Evaluation of current techniques for Ab initio protein structure prediction (1995)

The results of a protein structure prediction contest are reviewed. Twelve different groups entered predictions on 14 proteins of known sequence whose structures had been determined but not yet disseminated to the scientific community. Thus, these represent true tests of the current state of structure prediction methodologies. From this work, it is clear that accurate tertiary structure prediction is not yet possible. However, protein fold and motif prediction are possible when the motif is recognizable similar to another known structure. Internal symmetry and the information inherent in an aligned family of homologous sequences facilitate predictive efforts. Novel folds remain a major challenge for prediction efforts.
Intrinsic projections within visual cortex: evidence for orientation-specific local connections. (1985)

The functional organization of intrinsic connections within area 18 of cat visual cortex was studied using combined electrophysiological and anatomical techniques. Physiological recordings were first used to map the distribution of orientation preference, ocular dominance, and receptive-field location relative to the cortical surface. Next, localized injections of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase were made into physiologically identified regions within area 18. We found that (i) the local cortical interconnections are made preferentially between cell populations with orthogonal preferred orientations and are independent of the ocular dominance of the cortical cells, (ii) the map of visual space in the cortex is anisotropic with the magnification factor for vertical at least twice that for horizontal visual space, and (iii) the pattern of cortical projections compensates for the functional asymmetry so that a population of interconnected cells represents a roughly circular region of visual space.
Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions with Heterocyclic Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexenes. – A Contribution to the <i>syn – anti</i> Selectivity of <i>cis</i>‐3,4‐Disubstituted Cyclobutenes (1987)

Abstract In order to examine the possible preference for anti or syn attack in bicyclic cyclobutenes, a series of heterocyclic bicyclo[2.2.0]hexenes, 3 – 8 , has been subjected to the reaction towards 1,3‐dipoles, particularly diazoalkanes. All dipolar cycloadditions exclusively lead to anti ‐configurated tricyclic products with varying regiochemistry in the cases of 4 – 8 . Similarly, the Pd‐catalyzed methylene transfer reactions only yield anti products. These results are in remarkable contrast to the known cycloaddition of, e.g., dichlorocyclobutene ( 1 ) or the carbonate 24 .
Multimodular Architecture fir Remote Sensing Options. (1991)

The epidemiologies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in South Asia are not well defined. Small studies suggest that there is a predominant affliction of younger individuals and presence of risk factors beyond the traditional ones like diabetes and hypertension. The underprivileged poor who do not have access to healthcare facilities are affected disproportionately, present late, and lack means to afford treatment. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is not widely available and is mostly delivered through expensive private-sector hospitals. There are no CKD detection or prevention programs, and reimbursement for RRT is not available to most people. As more patients present for treatment, the limited infrastructure will come under further strain. There is an urgent need to identify unique preventable risk factors related to causation and progression of CKD and to institute appropriate care. South Asian countries need local solutions by tapping into local resources as well as innovating and coordinating so that a comprehensive care plan can be put in place. New models of integrated noncommunicable disease care delivery through manpower restructuring and technological support will help reduce the disease burden.
Effect of chronic sodium depletion on cerebrospinal fluid and plasma catecholamines. (1981)

To test the role of central neurogenic factors in sodium-depleted states, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine were measured in mongrel dogs first on a normal sodium intake (65 mEq sodium/day) and then on a 21-day regime of low sodium diet (4 mEq/day combined with diuretics). Plasma catecholamines were measured in the same group of dogs. Three weeks of sodium depletion supplemented with diuretics caused a 24-fold increase in plasma renin activity, hemoconcentration, and elevated serum protein concentration. Both plasma and CSF sodium decreased significantly. After sodium depletion, plasma norepinephrine rose 76% but epinephrine and dopamine did not change. The same pattern was observed whether samples were obtained in conscious or anesthetized animals. In CSF, norepinephrine rose 44% during sodium depletion, while epinephrine and dopamine remained unchanged. The CSF norepinephrine was related inversely to the CSF sodium concentration and directly to plasma renin activity. These observations support the view that the combined procedure of restricted dietary sodium intake and diuretic therapy causes alterations in CSF norepinephrine in a direction compatible with possible overactivity of central noradrenergic neurons.
Fabrication of an Optimal Urethral Graft Using Collagen-Sponge Tubes Reinforced with Copoly(L-Lactide/ε-Caprolactone) Fabric (2007)

An ideal biomaterial for urethral reconstruction has not been developed. To create a urethral graft biomaterial with optimal biodegradability and biocompatibility, a copoly(L-lactide/epsilon-caprolactone) [P(LA/CL)] fabric tube was combined with a type I collagen sponge. The P(LA/CL) fibers were knitted into a vascular stent style (Type 1) or weaved into a mesh style (Type 2) to prepare P(LA/CL) tubes. The tubes were dipped in aqueous collagen solution and lyophilyzed to prepare the P(LA/CL)-collagen sponge graft. The grafts were applied to a 1.5-cm rabbit urethral defect (n = 14 for each condition), and tissue repair was evaluated using urethrographical, urethroscopical, and histological examination 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Although epithelialization was observed after 1 month in all Type 1 grafts, stenoses, fistulae, or stone formation was seen in 7 of the rabbits. In some cases, P(LA/CL) fibers prolapsed into the urethral lumen, causing stone formation. Only 3 rabbits survived for 6 months, and 2 of these had stenoses. For the Type 2 graft, all urethras were patent, without fistulae or stenoses, over the entire observation period. Histologically, urethral structure was disorganized for the Type 1 graft, whereas the urethral tissue on the Type 2 graft was slightly fibrotic but completely epithelialized and supported by a regenerated smooth muscle layer at 6 months. These findings suggest that creation of a scaffold suitable for urethral tissue regeneration will depend not only on the biomaterial composition, but also on the fabrication technique.
Which Parameters Affect the Response of the Channel Biosensor? (2003)

Abstract The important parameters in defining the response of the portable channel biosensor described previously are explored by connecting the portable flow cell to a gravity feed flow system and using a highly defined enzyme immobilization protocol which ensures the enzyme reaction is a surface reaction. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized by covalent attachment to a self‐assembled monolayer modified gold surface. As a glucose solution flowed down the rectangular duct defined by the flow cell, it passed over the enzyme layer where the enzyme reaction produced hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide was swept further downstream to the detector electrode. The response of such an enzyme electrode was shown to be limited by mass transport of the cosubstrate oxygen to the enzyme layer. Increasing the amount of oxygen in the sample meant the response of the biosensor became limited by the enzyme kinetics. The influence of parameters such as flow rate, height of the channel, enzyme layer length and the gap between the enzyme layer and the detector electrode were explored.
Motor resonance evoked by observation of subtle nonverbal behavior (2013)

This study was designed to combine two, otherwise separated, fields of research regarding motor resonance and mimicry by adopting a naturalistic mimicry paradigm while probing motor resonance with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). At stake was whether the motor system resonates instantaneously with unobtrusive nonverbal behavior of another person. We measured excitability in the left and right hand while participants viewed sequences of video clips and static images. In the video clips an actor performed several clerical tasks, while either inconspicuously touching his face (face-touching (FT) condition) or not (no face-touching (NFT) condition). We found that excitability was higher in the FT condition than in the NFT and baseline conditions. Furthermore, our data showed a general heightened excitability in the left motor cortex relative to the right. Taken together, the results suggest that observed hand-face gestures--even though outside the primary focus of attention and occurring inconspicuously throughout an ongoing action setting--can cause instantaneous resonant activity in the observer's motor system. It thus supports the idea of motor resonance involvement in mimicry and demonstrates that this can be studied using a naturalistic mimicry paradigm.
Characteristic T cell dysfunction in patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (chronic infectious mononucleosis). (1985)

We evaluated immune functions in 16 patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (chronic infectious mononucleosis). Chronic infectious mononucleosis is an illness characterized primarily by chronic and occasionally disabling fatigue and other constitutional complaints, only sometimes beginning with an episode of acute infectious mononucleosis, and associated with an abnormal pattern of serum antibodies to EBV. In these patients, the frequency of circulating EBV-infected B cells that manifested spontaneous outgrowth in vitro was comparable to that found in EBV-seropositive normals, and the levels of EBV-specific suppressor activity were also normal. Upon stimulation with polyclonal activators, unseparated cells from these patients produced a relatively normal number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. However, when purified T cells from these patients were mixed with normal mononuclear cells in co-culture, immunoglobulin production was strikingly suppressed. The degree of this T cell suppression correlated directly with the abnormally elevated titer of antibody to the early antigens of EBV. Interestingly, during normal convalescence from acute EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis a period is also seen during which T cells suppress the response of allogeneic but not autologous cells. Thus, from an immunologic viewpoint, patients with chronic active EBV infection appear "frozen" in a state typically found only briefly during the convalescence from acute EBV infection.
Structure-Based Detection of Orthosteric and Allosteric Pockets at Protein–Protein Interfaces (2018)

International audience
Synthesis of 4-(3'-[125I]iodoanilino)-6,7-dialkoxyquinazolines:radiolabeled epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinaseinhibitors (1999)

The preparation of two radioiodinated analogs of theepidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFrTK) inhibitorPD153035(4-(3'-bromoanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline) are reportedherein. The two analogs,4-(3'-[125I]iodoanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline and4-(3'-[125I]iodoanilino)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline, were synthesizedviaiododestannylation of the corresponding4-(3'-trimethylstannylanilino)-6,7-dialkoxyquinazolines to form thedesired I-125 labeled products in good yield and high radiochemicalpurity (>99 percent).