gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Permeabilizing action of polyethyleneimine on Salmonella typhimurium involves disruption of the outer membrane and interactions with lipopolysaccharide (1998)

Polyethyleneimine (PEI), a polycationic polymer substance used in various bioprocesses as a flocculating agent and to immobilize enzymes, was recently shown to make Gram-negative bacteria permeable to hydrophobic antibiotics and to detergents. Because this suggests impairment of the protective function of the outer membrane (OM), the effect of PEI on the ultrastructure of Salmonella typhimurium was investigated. Massive alterations in the OM of PEI-treated and thin-sectioned bacteria were observed by electron microscopy. Vesicular structures were seen on the surface of the OM, but no liberation of the membrane or its fragments was evident. Since a potential mechanism for the action of PEI could be its binding to anionic LPSs on the OM surface, the interaction of PEI with isolated LPSs was assayed in vitro. The solubility of smooth-type LPSs of Salmonella, regardless of the sugar composition of their O-specific chains, was not affected by PEI, nor was that of Ra-LPS (lacking O-specific chains but having a complete core oligosaccharide). PEI strongly decreased the solubility of rough-type LPSs of the chemotypes Rb2 and Re, whereas it had only a weak effect on the abnormally cationic Rb2-type pmrA mutant LPS, suggesting that the negative charge to mass ratio of LPS plays a critical role in the interaction.
An unusual thiol-driven fumarate reductase in Methanobacterium with the production of the heterodisulfide of coenzyme M and N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine-O3-phosphate (1989)

An unusual fumarate reductase was purified from cell extracts of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and partially characterized. Two coenzymes previously isolated from cell extracts, 2-mercaptoethane-sulfonic acid (HS-CoM) and N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine-O3-phosphate (HS-HTP), were established as direct electron donors for fumarate reductase. By measuring the consumption of free thiol, we determined that fumarate reductase catalyzed the oxidation of HS-CoM and HS-HTP; by the direct measurement of succinate and the heterodisulfide of HS-CoM and HS-HTP (CoM-S-S-HTP), we established that these compounds were products of the fumarate reductase reaction. A number of thiol-containing compounds did not function as substrates for fumarate reductase, but this enzyme had high specific activity when HS-CoM and HS-HTP were used as electron donors. HS-CoM and HS-HTP were quantitatively oxidized by the fumarate reductase reaction, and results indicated that this reaction was irreversible. Additionally, by measuring formylmethanofuran, we demonstrated that the addition of fumarate to cell extracts activated CO2 fixation for the formation of formylmethanofuran. Results indicated that this activation resulted from the production of CoM-S-S-HTP (a compound known to be involved in the activation of formylmethanofuran synthesis) by the fumarate reductase reaction.
The Detection and Analysis of Chitinase Activity from the Yeast Form of Candida albicans (1984)

Chitinase activity was detected in the supernatant fraction of a high-speed centrifugation preparation of broken Candida albicans yeast cells. The enzyme showed peak activity during the rapid budding phase of growth and was found to parallel the chitin synthase activity. The optimum conditions for the hydrolysis of chitin, regenerated from acetylation of chitosan, were determined. Analysis of the kinetics of the enzyme-substrate interaction and a measurement of their binding suggests that an equilibrium binding situation exists and that the kinetics follow a Langmuir isotherm interaction.
Identification of insulin binding sites in isolated cells from rat submaxillary gland. (1988)

Isolated cells from rat submaxillary gland bound 125I-labelled insulin in a time-dependent process that reached a maximum at 30-40 min at 25 degrees C. The radioactivity bound to cells could be dissociated by dilution of the binding site-hormone complex with the incubation buffer. The presence of unlabelled insulin in the incubation buffer inhibited 125I-labelled insulin degradation according to the amount of hormone added. After 10 min of incubation at at 25 degrees C, radioactivity associated to cells was almost exclusively identified as intact 125I-labelled insulin. With increasing times, a greater contribution of final products of degradation in total radioactivity bound to cells was observed; nevertheless, in the presence of unlabelled insulin the radioactivity associated to low molecular weight products markedly decreased. Equilibrium binding data analysis gave rise to a non-linear Scatchard plot, whose high affinity component showed a dissociation constant of 6.6 +/- 0.4 nM. These observations are consistent with the presence of insulin binding sites in rat submaxillary gland cells which are similar in their characteristics to those identified in other tissues.
Customer Satisfaction Incentives (1994)

Customer satisfaction incentive schemes are increasingly common in a variety of industries. We offer explanations as to how and when incenting employees on customer satisfaction is profitable and offer several recommendations for improving upon current practice. Faced with employee groups (including managers) who may have shorter time horizons than the firm, such systems enable a firm to use customer reaction to monitor implicitly how employees allocate effort between the short and long terms. These systems can be used to encourage employees to make tradeoffs that are in the best interests of the firm. We derive optimal reward systems for an equilibrium in which the firm maximizes profits, employees maximize their expected utility, and customers choose purchase quantities based on initial reputations, employee efforts (both ephemeral and enduring), and price. The formal model shows how the reliance placed on customer satisfaction in an incentive scheme should depend upon the precision with which customer satisfaction is measured and the extent to which employees focus on the short term. Recommendations for improving upon current practice include: measure customers, former customers, and potential customers; measure satisfaction with competitors' products; disaggregate satisfaction to reflect better the performance of employee groups, and, when different customer segments have different switching costs or they vary in the precision with which their satisfaction can be measured, then measure the segments separately and assign different weights in the incentive plan. Throughout the paper we interpret the formal results based on our experience with actual firms and the current literature. We close with a brief discussion of on-going research at field sites.
Back-reflection effect on the long-wavelength spectral response of solar cells (1978)

Using a simple n-on-p model for a solar cell the author has calculated the effect of back-reflection on the long-wavelength spectral response of solar cells. This is found to be significant, depending, as expected, predominantly on the thickness of the cell, and it is proposed that back-reflection might be another factor to be considered in designing solar cells.
The Effect of Refining and Carboxymethyl Treatment on Morphology and Crystal Structure of Sugarcane Bagasse Fibers (2015)

The sugarcane bagasse fiber was treated by beating, refining and carboxymethylated modification in this study, the changes of morphology and crystal structure were investigated by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The experimental results revealed that the carboxymethyl modified reaction between fiber micro fibril layer was homogeneous and in a equably low substitution degree in prerequisites of the preservation of fiber length of carboxymethylated sugarcane bagasse fiber after pretreatment of beating and refining. When the carboxymethyl substitution degree is lower than 0.5, the crystal structure of original fiber can be kept in modified cellulose fiber. The fiber structure became loose by pretreatment of beating and refining, and the carboxymethyl modified reaction was conducted between fiber micro fibril layer, which contributed to the hydration of fiber micro fibril layer and weaken the interlayer binding force, thus creating possibilities for dissociation of flexible fiber micro fibril and preparation of nanofibers with excellent dispersing performance.
Modeling Short-Run Cost and Production Functions Using Sheppherdâ€™s Lemma in Computerized Business Simulations (1991)

The paper develops an algorithm to model short-run cost and production functions using Sheppardâ€™s lemma in computerized business simulations. The algorithm is derived utilizing duality theory to maintain consistency between the production technology and cost relationships of the firm. The short-run cost function is shown to depend on: variable factor prices, the production rate, and the level of the fixed factors. Sheppardâ€™s Lemma is applied to derive the cost minimizing input demand levels based on the characteristics of the short-run cost function. A recommended system of equations is presented and discussed to simulate the theoretical model of the firm. A numerical example is given to illustrate how the parameters of the equation set can be estimated and how the functions behave. The system is shown to be flexible and may be applied to model a wide array of cost structures.
Retinal Oxygen (2003)

We reviewed research on retinal oxygen (O2) distribution and use, focusing on O2 microelectrode studies in animals with circulatory patterns similar to those of humans. The inner and outer halves of the retina are different domains in terms of O2. Understanding their properties can suggest mechanisms of and therapies for retinal diseases. Inner retinal PO2 averages about 20 mm Hg. Effective O2 autoregulation of the retinal circulation ensures that inner retinal PO2 is relatively uninfluenced by systemic hypoxia and hyperoxia and increased intraocular pressure in healthy animals. Failures of the retinal circulation lead to tissue hypoxia that underlies the vasoproliferation in diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. Choroidal blood flow is not regulated metabolically, so systemic hypoxia and elevated intraocular pressure lead to decreases in choroidal PO2 and photoreceptor O2 consumption. The same lack of regulation allows choroidal PO2 to increase dramatically during hyperoxia, offering the potential for O2 to be used therapeutically in retinal vascular occlusive diseases and retinal detachment.
Primary fit of the Lord cementless total hip: A geometric study in cadavers (1988)

Two Lord prostheses, bilaterally implanted in cadavers, were sectioned. The contact areas between bone and prosthesis were studied and measured using a specially developed reproducible method. Primary fixation of the femoral components appeared to be based principally on wedging of the prosthetic stem in the femoral shaft with a rather small contact surface. In both acetabuli the screw threads of the rings were only marginally in contact with the acetabular bone.
<title>System For The Automatic Analysis Of Interferograms Obtained By Holographic Interferometry</title> (1980)

Interferometry is a very precise measurement technique which has the great advantage of not disturbing the phenomenon being studied. The basis for measurement is generally a photographic print on which the interference fringes are recorded. The measurement itself is derived from the displacement of the fringes between two consecutive interferograms. So the operator must evaluate this displacement by fixing the position of the same fringe in the two photographs. A method of automatic analysis has been developed which uses a television camera linked to a microcomputer, in a system whose overall cost remains relatively modest. The interferogram is formed directly on the vidicon of the T.V. camera. At a moment fixed either by the operator or by a timer program, the signal delivered by the camera is digitalized for the space of one half-image, then stored in memory. The interface linking the camera to the computer was built up around an analogue-digital converter. The encoding distinguishes 16 shades of grey (4 bits), which are sufficient for an interferogram and allow a saving in memory space. An original program for picking out the position of the fringes provides a refinement in accuracy up to one hundredth of the fringe spacing, since it uses all the information contained in each "line" of the T.V. image, when fixing the position of the fringe. This system of analysis has been applied and tested with the holographic interferometry bench designed for studying solar heat collectors.
<title>State estimation for distributed systems with sensing delay</title> (1991)

Control of complex systems such as remote robotic vehicles requires combining data from many sensors where the data may often be delayed by sensory processing requirements. The number and variety of sensors make it desirable to distribute the computational burden of sensing and estimation among multiple processors. Classic Kalman filters do not lend themselves to distributed implementations or delayed measurement data. The alternative Kalman filter designs presented in this paper are adapted for delays in sensor data generation and for distribution of computation for sensing and estimation over a set of networked processors.
Design on Power-Rail ESD Clamp Circuit for 3.3-V I/O Interface by Using Only 1-V/2.5-V Low-Voltage Devices in a 130-nm CMOS Process (2006)

A new power-rail electrostatic discharge (ESD) clamp circuit for application in 3.3-V mixed-voltage input-output (I/O) interface is proposed and verified in a 130-nm 1-V/2.5-V CMOS process. The devices in this power-rail ESD clamp circuit are all 1-V or 2.5-V low-voltage nMOS/pMOS devices, which are specially designed without suffering the gate-oxide reliability issue under 3.3-V I/O interface applications. A special ESD detection circuit realized with the low-voltage devices is designed and added in the power-rail ESD clamp circuit to improve ESD robustness of ESD clamp devices by substrate-triggered technique. The experimental results verified in a 130-nm CMOS process have proven the excellent effectiveness of this new proposed power-rail ESD clamp circuit
RECENT MANAGEMENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF EXXON CORPORATION (1997)

The article briefly introduces the developing history and organizations of Exxon Corporation ,focuses on describing its worldwide oil and gas production, management activities, investment trends and leading technologies in the refining and petrochemical fields.
Improved images in 14. 5 MeV neutron radiography (1977)

The direct exposure and copper transfer methods of 14.5 MeV neutron radiography were investigated. The source of neutrons was the Texas-Nuclear Model 9505 neutron generator at the Nuclear Weapons Effects Laboratory at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR). The best radiographic contrast was obtained with the direct exposure method using Kodak Type AA Industrial X-ray film with calcium tungstate screens. The contrast sensitivity thus obtained appeared to be several times better than had been observed by earlier workers. Also, image sharpness was such that threads on bolts were clearly visible. Appreciable detail was observable in a variety of objects behind 20 cm of polyethylene. One mm diameter pins on an electronic tube were visible behind 9 cm of lead. Also, various objects were visible in a 16 mm slot in a 14 cm thick polyethylene block in front of which had been placed a 9 mm thick steel plate. This latter observation suggests using the technique for nondestructive testing of such objects as warheads and rocket motors up to several in. thick. Evidence is presented to show that the images were produced primarily by 14.5 MeV neutrons with only small, if any, contributions from gamma rays and thermal neutrons.
Dermatologists and anabolic-androgenic drug abuse. (1989)

The use of huge self-administered dosages of anabolic-androgenic steroids by athletes and body builders is widespread in the United States, increasing at a rapid rate among athletes of both sexes and involving an ever-expanding age group. Athletes are very wary of revealing steroid use to their physicians, so a high index of suspicion is a prerequisite in diagnosing the use of these agents. Since many of the side effects of steroids are manifested in the skin, dermatologists are in a unique and favorable position to detect their use, if they are aware of such clinical signs. Once alerted to this possibility during a dermatologic examination, the dermatologist has an excellent opportunity to make users aware of the potential hazards and dangers of taking such drugs. Counselling these athletes can do much to stem the tide against the rising problem of drug abuse. It is a worthwhile service to sports in general as well as to the patient's personal health. Many of our conclusions are based on our personal experience with elite and Olympic athletes in almost every sport, body builders, and junior high school, high school, and college students and athletes.
Experimental methods for engineers (1971)

1 Introduction 2 Basic Concepts 3 Analysis of Experimental Data 4 Basic Electrical Measurements and Sensing Devices 5 Displacement and Area Measurements 6 Pressure Measurement 7 Flow Measurement 8 The Measurement of Temperature 9 Thermal and Transport-Property Measurements 10 Force, Torque, and Strain Measurements 11 Motion and Vibration Measurement 12 Thermal and Nuclear-Radiation Measurements 13 Air-Pollution Sampling and Measurement 14 Data Acquisition and Processing 15 Report Writing and Presentations 16 Design of Experiments Appendix A-Conversion Factors and Material Properties Appendix B-Digital Imaging Systems
Don t Look Back in Anger (2019)

Arguably one of the most notorious movements of postwar architecture, I would like to emphasize the continued pertinence of Megastructures through the lens of its main tenets: The city, technology and the human condition. Despite its persistent labelling as utopian, the protagonists of the movement have committed themselves to seeking an adequate architectural response to the emerging challenges of urban settlements (the deliberate use of a seemingly old-fashioned term, highlights the discursive evolution of the eld) early on, a quest that presents itself as apodictic anticipation of the Urban Age3. Covering the technological and social aspects of the movement, I would like to shed some light on the entanglement of cybernetics and the notion of creative self-determination through participation. The anticipated hybridization of natural and technological agency in pro-actively constituting the environments we inhabit, came hand in hand with the rise of cybernetic networks and corresponding modes of power, issues at the heart of contemporary critical discourse on the future of the profession.
Real Exchange Rate Variation and Export Revenue: Asian Evidence (2007)

Exchange rate movements affect exports through depreciation (appreciation) and risk. Depreciation may raise exports but exchange rate risk could offset the positive effect. This paper investigates the net effect for eight Asian countries using a dynamic conditional correlation bivariate GARCH-M model that simultaneously estimates time-varying correlation and exchange rate risk. Depreciation and export revenue are positively related, as expected, for eight countries, but its contribution to export growth is weak. Exchange rate risk affects export revenue negatively or positively in sample countries except Korea. It contributes positively to export growth in Malaysia and the Philippines, leading to positive net effects. The risk has a negative impact for five countries, resulting in a negative net effect in Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and a zero net effect in Indonesia. Korea has no significant exchange rate risk estimates and an insignificant net effect. While in the countries the negative impact of exchange rate risk offsets, or even dominates, any positive contribution of depreciation, to reduce exchange rate fluctuation should be the goal of foreign exchange market intervention.
A CATALOGUE OF PAPERS CONCERNING THE DATES OF PUBLICATION OF NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS. FOURTH SUPPLEMENT (1962)

The Society for the Bibliography of Natural History began its publishing activity in 1936 by devoting the first part of its Journal (i.e. Volume 1: 1-30; October 1936) to a list of references to sources of information on the dates of issue of natural history works. This was compiled by F. J. Griffin, C. Davies Sherborn and H. S. Marshall. The utility of the catalogue to both zoological and botanical taxonomists concerned with problems of nomenclature and of citation in precise chronological sequence led to the issue of the first supplement in Volume 2, Part 1 (pp. 1-17; 1943), by F. J. Griffin, and of the second supplement in Volume 3, Part 1 (pp. 5-12; 1953), by W. T. Stearn and A. C. Townsend. The third supplement, by G. H. Goodwin, appeared in Volume 3, Part 4 (pp. 165174; 1957). It is proposed to issue the fifth supplement in Volume 5, Part 1. The Society would be grateful for copies of papers on dates of publication, or full bibliographic references to such papers, for inclusion in future supplements. They should be sent to the Librarian, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7, and marked for J. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. Bibliographical information is so widely scattered, and may occur in places so little expected, that systematic search for data relating to a particular problem can lead to much loss of time and small success; it is all too easy to overlook relevant material. Much information on botanical works is to be found in the periodicals Taxon (Utrecht) and Flora Malesiana Bulletin (Leyden) and the independent works Great Flower Books, 1700-1900 (London 1956), by S. Sitwell and W. Blunt, with a bibliography (pp. 47-85) compiled by Sabine Wilson under the direction of W. T. Stearn, who is responsible for most of the annotations, and Dates of Publications describing Musci, 1801-1821 (Troy, N.Y., U.S.A., 1959), by G. Sayre; it should be noted that many of the publications describing bryophytes that have been elucidated by Miss Sayre also describe other plants.
Inhalation injury as a prognostic factor for mortality in burn patients. (2011)

Inhalation injury greatly increases the incidence of respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. It is also the cause of most early deaths in burn victims. The aim of this research is to study the incidence, early diagnosis, complications, and management of inhalation injury and to discuss the relationship between inhalation injury and death in burn patients. The study included 130 burn patients (61 male and 69 female) with inhalation injury admitted to Menoufiya University Hospital Burn Center & Chest Department (Egypt) from January 2008 to January 2010. It was found that the presence of inhalation injury, increasing burn size, and advancing age were all associated with increased mortality (p < 0.01). The incidence of inhalation injury was 46.3% (the 130 patients came from a total number of 281 burn victims). The overall mortality rate among patients with inhalation injury was 41.5% (54/130) compared with 7.2% (11/151) among patients without inhalation injury. These statistics clearly indicate that inhalation injury was an important factor for predicting burn patient mortality. Approximately 80% of fire-related deaths are due not to the airway burn injury itself but to the inhalation of toxic products, especially carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide gases. Inhalation injury is generally caused by thermal burns, and is mostly confined to the upper airways. Major airway, pulmonary, and systemic complications occur after inhalation injury, and this increases the incidence of mortality among burn patients.