gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IR Thermography Applied to the Cultural Heritage Conservation (2012)

Thermal non-destructive testing is more and more applied even in the field of cultural heritage conservation. The main reason is the capability of inspecting large surfaces without any contact or damage. A large number of testing procedures and processing algorithms allows reaching reliable results both in laboratory or in situ. Well established or innovative techniques are based on the analysis of the thermal process during the quasi-steady or the transient regime. IR thermography may be applied qualitatively or under advanced processing, accordingly to particular demands. The quantitative use of thermography allows an effective investigation of the decay and identification of the causes of the material weakness. Furthermore, the knowledge of the hidden history of the monument is enhanced by a view in the IR. Thermal Non Destructive Testing could analyse different works of art and decay forms. Results given for the following case study are illustrated: fresco detachment sizing, classification and visualization of the building materials below the finishing layer, structural cracks identification for the seismic risk evaluation, monitor of the moisture of structures.
Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks (2003)

People who show good performance in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks can also make errors. Theories of human error fail to fully explain when and why good performers err. Some theories would predict that these errors are to some extent the consequence of the difficulties that people have in adapting to new and unexpected environmental conditions. However, such theories cannot explain why some new conditions lead to error, while others do not. There are also some theories that defend the notion that good performers are more cognitively flexible and better able to adapt to new environmental conditions. However, the fact is that they sometimes make errors when they face those new conditions. This paper describes one experiment and a research methodology designed to test the hypothesis that when people use a problem-solving strategy, their performance is only affected by those conditions which are relevant to that particular strategy. This hypothesis is derived from theories that explain human performance based on the interaction between cognitive mechanisms and environment.
A method of light reflectance measurement (2009)

The quality of light reflectance models in realistic image synthesis is directly related to the quality of computer generated images. In order to develop such models, actual light reflectance distribution data are required. One way to express the reflectance properties of a surface is called bidirectional reflectance distribution function, or BRDF. BRDF is a function with four degrees of freedom, two for the direction of incident light and two for the direction of reflected light. It requires acquiring large amount of data through measurements and the process is very time consuming. In this thesis, an automated measurement method is presented and implemented. A 3- channel CCD camera is calibrated and used as the light measuring device. The system used is called ACME (ACtive Measurement Facilities). Within ACME, all devices in the system are under robotics control. Experiments are written in Java, and can be loaded from any machine via Internet and run on the local server. Several material samples are measured by using this system including paper and silk, and reliable data were obtained. The overall error is estimated to be less than 8 % . It can be concluded that a CCD camera can be used to measure light reflectance properties for computer graphics, and it is relatively fast and convenient.
Co nanoparticle hybridization with single-crystalline Bi nanowires (2011)

Crystalline Co nanoparticles were hybridized with single-crystalline Bi nanowires simply by annealing Co-coated Bi nanowires at elevated temperatures. An initially near-amorphous Co film of 2-7 nm in thickness began to disrupt its morphology and to be locally transformed into crystallites in the early stage of annealing. The Co film became discontinuous after prolonged annealing, finally leading to isolated, crystalline Co nanoparticles of 8-27 nm in size. This process spontaneously proceeds to reduce the high surface tension and total energy of Co film. The annealing time required for Co nanoparticle formation decreased as annealing temperature increased, reflecting that this transformation occurs by the diffusional flow of Co atoms. The Co nanoparticle formation process was explained by a hole agglomeration and growth mechanism, which is similar to the model suggested by Brandon and Bradshaw, followed by the nanoparticle refinement.
Nimodipine decreases calcium action potentials in rabbit hippocampal CA1 neurons in an age‐dependent and concentration‐dependent manner (1994)

Intracellular recordings were made from rabbit hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro using slices from aging and young adult rabbits. Calcium action potentials were studied in the presence of 4 microns tetrodotoxin using electrodes filled with 2M CsCl. Increasing concentrations of the dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine were tested on the amplitude and time course of calcium action potentials. The calcium action potential (AP) consisted of two components: an initial fast phase followed by a slower plateau phase. No difference in the peak amplitude of the initial fast phase was observed between age groups. The amplitude and duration of the slower plateau phase of the calcium AP was significantly larger in aging neurons. Switching to a zero Ca2+ medium in the presence of 200 microns CdCl2 completely blocked the calcium AP. Nimodipine decreased the plateau phase of the calcium AP at concentrations as low as 100 nm in aging neurons and 10 microns in young neurons. Switching to higher concentrations of nimodipine did not reveal any substantially increased block of the calcium AP plateau phase. These data suggest that enhanced calcium influx through L-type calcium channels is largely responsible for the enhanced calcium action potentials observed in aging CA1 neurons. The action of nimodipine in reducing the plateau phase of the calcium action potential may underlie the drug's notable ability to improve learning in hippocampally dependent tasks in aging animals.
The role of biostatistics in the prevention, detection and treatment of fraud in clinical trials (1999)

Recent cases of fraud in clinical trials have attracted considerable media attention, but relatively little reaction from the biostatistical community. In this paper we argue that biostatisticians should be involved in preventing fraud (as well as unintentional errors), detecting it, and quantifying its impact on the outcome of clinical trials. We use the term 'fraud' specifically to refer to data fabrication (making up data values) and falsification (changing data values). Reported cases of such fraud involve cheating on inclusion criteria so that ineligible patients can enter the trial, and fabricating data so that no requested data are missing. Such types of fraud are partially preventable through a simplification of the eligibility criteria and through a reduction in the amount of data requested. These two measures are feasible and desirable in a surprisingly large number of clinical trials, and neither of them in any way jeopardizes the validity of the trial results. With regards to detection of fraud, a brute force approach has traditionally been used, whereby the participating centres undergo extensive monitoring involving up to 100 per cent verification of their case records. The cost-effectiveness of this approach seems highly debatable, since one could implement quality control through random sampling schemes, as is done in fields other than clinical medicine. Moreover, there are statistical techniques available (but insufficiently used) to detect 'strange' patterns in the data including, but no limited to, techniques for studying outliers, inliers, overdispersion, underdispersion and correlations or lack thereof. These techniques all rest upon the premise that it is quite difficult to invent plausible data, particularly highly dimensional multivariate data. The multicentric nature of clinical trials also offers an opportunity to check the plausibility of the data submitted by one centre by comparing them with the data from all other centres. Finally, with fraud detected, it is essential to quantify its likely impact upon the outcome of the clinical trial. Many instances of fraud in clinical trials, although morally reprehensible, have a negligible impact on the trial's scientific conclusions.
Direct and exact methods for the synthesis of discrete‐time proportional–integral–derivative controllers (2013)

This study presents a new set of formulae for the design of discrete proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers under requirements on steady‐state performance and robustness specifications, such as phase and the gain margins, as well as the gain crossover frequency. The proposed technique has the advantage of avoiding trial‐and‐error procedures or approximations connected to an a posteriori discretisation. This method can also be implemented as a graphical design procedure in the Nyquist plane. The plot of suitable regions can be used to check a priori if the problem leads to feasible values of the PID parameters.
Preparation, Characterisation and Thermal Properties of Hydrazinium Magnesium Sulfate (1981)

Abstract Hydrazinium magnesium sulfate, (N2H5)2Mg(SO4)2, has been prepared by dissolving magnesium powder in a solution of ammonium sulfate in hydrazine hydrate, by the reaction of ammonium magnesium sulfate with hydrazine hydrate, and by the cocrystallisation of dihydrazinium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. The product has been characterized by chemical analysis and infrared spectra. Thermal analysis of (N2H5)2Mg(SO4)2 by TG and DTA show exothermic decomposition at 302°C giving Mg(N2H4)SO4 as an intermediate and an endother-mic decomposition at 504°C producing MgSO4.
The sweet solution. (2001)

A patient suffered from a chronic, indolent diabetic foot ulcer related to diabetic neuropathy, vascular deficiency and prominent metatarsal. Despite debridement, removal of the metatarsal head and the usual medical dressings, the ulcer still was not healing 8 weeks postoperatively. Granulated sugar
[A polymerase chain reaction method for studying host persistence of pathogenic leptospira]. (1994)

Polymerase chain reaction has for the first time been shown to be applicable to indication of Leptospira interrogans in the organs of infected animals with acute or chronic leptospirosis (on the model of golden syrian hamsters). Polymerase chain reaction is superior to microscopic and bacteriological analyses in identification of leptospirae in organ suspensions. The sensitivity of the technique is 1-10 cells per sample in studies of kidney or brain suspensions or 100-1000 cells in studies of liver suspensions.
Treatment of polypoid lesions of gallbladder by Traditional Chinese Medicine (2009)

This article reviewed literatures on the treatment of polypoid lesions of gallbladder(PLG) with Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) in recent years. The research showed that TCM has satisfied therapeutic effects on PLG, which can avoid unnecessary operation. But the systemic theoretic and experimental studies have been insufficient, and further studies are needed.

Key words: 
Polypoid lesions of gallbladder: Traditional Chinese Medicine
A Ce‐Nb‐(Al) Oxide Porous Glass‐Ceramic (1982)

Substitution of the end‐member oxides in the ternary sodium borosilicate system diagram was studied. Replacing SiO 2 in this ternary system with a combination of CeO 2 and Nb 2 O 5 was found to produce glasses which, after heat treatment, decomposed into two immiscible microphases of which one is water‐soluble. The mode of phase decomposition is sensitive to impurities. The importance of crucible selection, e.g. Al 2 O 3 or Pt/Rh, is demonstrated by differences in pore size, surface area, heat resistance, and structure of the insoluble phase for a series of Ce 2 O 3 ‐Nb 2 O 5 and Ce 2 O 3 −Nb 2 O 5 −Al 2 O 3 glass‐ceramics. These new materials have a specific surface area of up to 217 m 2 /g and a pore radius of between 1.1 and 54.5 nm.
Development of a Catchment On-site Stormwater Detention Policy (1992)

The development of a catchment-based on-site stormwater detention (OSD) policy for the upper Parramatta River catchment in western Sydney is described. A method is presented for predicting the catchment-wide hydrologic impacts of randomly-located developments and site OSD storages using a computer rainfall-runoff model of the catchment. From an extensive series of computer simulations (with and without OSD) it is shown that, for this catchment, the discharge from each site must be limited to 80 I/sec/ha to prevent increases in flood peak discharges throughout the catchment for all storms up to, and including, the 1% AEP (annual exceedance probability) events. Important practical aspects of an OSD policy based on this approach are presented, and the benefits to developers and local authorities are outlined.
Konzeption und Aufbau des Buches (1999)

Damit Sie sich rasch orientieren können, ist das vorliegende Buch als Selbstlernprogramm aufgebaut. Theoretische Ausführungen sind zu Gunsten praktischer Handlungsempfehlungen auf ein Mindestmaß beschränkt worden. Abbildung 1 zeigt Ihnen den inneren Aufbau (Konzeption) des Ganzen.
Tracking membrane and secretory immunoglobulin α heavy chain mRNA variation during B‐cell differentiation by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (2001)

Primary transcripts for all Ig heavy chain isotypes are alternatively processed to encode either secreted or membrane forms of the same antibody and, in plasma cells, a shift towards the secreted form occurs. In principle, measuring the relative quantities of secreted and membrane forms for a particular isotype could monitor B-cell plasmacytoid differentiation. Ratios of alpha heavy chain mRNA secreted (alphas) to membrane (alpham) form were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; TaqMan) using an IgA plasma cell line (NCI-H929), a surface IgA+ line (Dakiki) and human tonsillar B cells. While NCI-H929 cells showed the highest alphas: alpham ratio as expected, alphas mRNA predominated for all unstimulated B cells and Dakiki cells. Treatment of B cells and Dakiki cells with IL-2 and IL-10 resulted in a further progression towards the alphas form, correlating with increased human plasma cell antigen-1 (HPC1) mRNA levels. However, alpha mRNA processing and HPC1 expression were independently regulated, as IFN-gamma treatment suppressed HPC1 levels while increasing alphas: alpham ratios. Cytokine-mediated increases in the alphas: alpham ratio resulted from strongly enhanced levels of alphas with relatively constant alpham values. Differentiation-related changes in mRNA processing can thus be tracked by automated quantitative PCR.
Synthesis and Characterization of Three Novel Amphiphilic Aminated Hypocrellins as Photodynamic Therapeutic Agents¶ (2003)

To improve the amphiphilicities and red absorption of the hypocrellins, three novel 2-amino-2-demethoxy-hypocrellins were synthesized by the mild reactions of hypocrellin B with 4-(2-amino-ethyl)morpholine, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine and 1-(2-amino-ethyl)piperazine, respectively. The structures of these derivatives were characterized with proton nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectra (MS). The ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence spectra of the derivatives were measured and the new amino-substituted hypocrellins showed strong absorption in the domain of the phototherapeutic window (600-900 nm). Their amphiphilicities evaluated via the partition coefficients between n-octanol and phosphate-buffered saline buffer improved remarkably. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping measurements were used to investigate the photodynamic action of the three compounds in the presence of oxygen. Singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2.-) generated by illuminating the hypocrellin derivatives in aerobic solution were observed.
Luminescence polarization of CdSe microcrystals (1992)

We have considered theoretically the polarization of the luminescence of small CdSe microcrystals due to the hexagonal structure of the lattice. We derive the energy spectrum and wave functions of holes in spherical microcrystals. It is shown that the value of the splitting between the A and B hole states in microcrystals could be five times smaller than the corresponding value of crystal-field splitting \ensuremath{\Delta} in bulk hexagonal semiconductors. The times of radiative recombination and the polarization of light connected with transitions between the electron and hole quantum size levels (QSL's) were calculated. The time dependence of the luminescence polarization has been found. At the first instant after short impulse excitation the degree of polarization should be equal to 13/51. It is shown that nonequilibrium electron-hole pairs, with long lifetimes, are formed in microcrystals as a result of the hole thermalization to the A state after excitation into the B state. The recombination of these states requires the participation of phonons, resulting in a strong dependence of the recombination rate on the temperature. The degree of luminescence polarization of these states depends on the type of phonons involved in optical transitions.
CHAPTER I (2013)

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Understanding Carbonate Equilibria by Measuring Alkalinity in Experimental and Natural Systems (2002)

Carbonate equilibria is a fundamental concept within the geosciences. An understanding of carbonate equilibria is necessary for geologic studies of weathering, surface and ground water chemistry, and global climate. Equilibria and acid-base relationships are difficult to understand without hands-on examples. Alkalinity titrations, in combination with theoretical calculations, offer a simple and inexpensive method to experiment with carbonate equilibria using both known standards and surface water samples. The acquired data provide a link between theory and application in geochemistry.
Model Estimation of Electric Power Systems by Phasor Measurement Units Data (2012)

Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in
Nanosized magnesium oxide as a highly effective heterogeneous base catalyst for the rapid synthesis of pyranopyrazoles via a tandem four-component reaction (2010)

A four-component reaction of hydrazine hydrate or phenyl hydrazine, ethyl 3-alkyl-3-oxo propanoate, aldehydes and malononitrile has been achieved in the presence of nanosized magnesium oxide as a highly effective heterogeneous base catalyst to produce of 6-amino-3-alkyl-4-aryl-5-cyano-1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives in excellent yields and in a short experimental time. This method is simple and rapid for focusing a pyrano ring with a pyrazole ring.
Integration of BMP, Wnt, and notch signaling pathways in osteoblast differentiation (2011)

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors that can commit to osteoblast, chondrocyte, adipocyte, and several other lineages. The proper utilization of stem cells for clinical applications requires an integrated understanding of multiple signal inputs that control maintenance of stemness, proliferation, commitment, and differentiation. Various signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of MSC differentiation; however, complexities of pathway interactions, as well as seemingly contradictory results in the literature, create an often confusing and disjointed knowledge base. Several recent publications explore the integration of signaling pathways such as BMP, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and Fibroblast Growth Factors in MSC osteoblast differentiation. The transcription factor Cbfa1/Runx2 has been implicated in these pathways as a potential focal point for signaling integration. This review will outline the current understanding of these pathways and indicate where both spatiotemporal effects during differentiation and comparable experimental conditions need to be considered in order to clarify the outcome(s) of differing regulatory levels of these signaling pathways.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF WELLBEING IN WIDOWED WOMEN (1996)

Changes in mental and physical health, morale and social functioning were assessed in a random sample of elderly women widowed during the course of an 8-year study, who were compared with never-married and still-married controls. The sample as a whole showed age-related declines in mental and physical health. As a function of ageing there were increases in personal disturbance and in physical health problems and declines in both morale and social engagement. However, over and above these age-related changes the widows showed significant changes in mental health. There were decreases in morale after widowhood, followed by slight increases in morale in the longer term. Similarly, there were increases in personal disturbance following widowhood, with slight decreases later. The results confirm that, even after several years, widowhood has differential effects on wellbeing and morale.
Photon Storage Ring (1989)

The proposed photon storage ring (PhSR) is composed of an electron storage ring (ESR) and a group of mirrors surrounding the electron orbit. The ESR in this case is of a type having no straight sections. In this system, synchrotron radiations are reflected back by the mirror to intersect the electron orbit again, and are consequently accumulated within the mirror. The PhSR functions like an undulator having an infinite number of periods, and thus specific wavelengths are enhanced. The wavelength is selected by the mirror radius regardless of the electron energy as long as the electron orbit curvature is kept unchanged. The generated synchrotron radiations are fully extracted through a simple opening on the mirror surface. A strong magnetic field can be introduced without any deterioration of the interference effect, which allows the radiation yield to be increased. A conceptual design of such a PhSR is described in this article.
Characterization of adsorbed intermediates on zinc oxide by infrared (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization of adsorbed intermediates on zinc oxide by infraredR. J. KokesCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1973, 6, 7, 226–233Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50067a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views272Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1007 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts