gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Newer aspects of the chemical structure and biological activity of bacterial endotoxins. (1985)

Gram-negative bacteria express at their surface various amphiphiles among which the lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins, O-antigens) have been studied most intensively. Lipopolysaccharides consist of a heteropolysaccharide portion (O-specific chain and core) which is responsible for the O- (and R-) antigenic properties and a covalently bound lipid component, termed lipid A, which contains the endotoxic principle of lipopolysaccharides. The detailed chemical structure of a large number of O-chains and the general architecture of the core oligosaccharide has been established. Recent analyses of the enterobacterial inner core region indicate the presence of a linear trisaccharide of alpha 2.4-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) residues of which only the reducing group is believed to be located in the main core chain. This KDO residue which provides the link between the polysaccharide and the lipid A component appears to be involved in a recently detected ubiquitous immunodeterminant expressed by lipopolysaccharides of various origin. The chemical structure of enterobacterial lipid A's is now known in some detail. Lipid A of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Proteus consists of a beta 1.6-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide which carries four (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl groups in positions 2, 3, 2' and 3' and two phosphoryl residues in positions 1 and 4'. Up to three of the hydroxy fatty acids (positions 2, 2' and 3') are, at their 3-hydroxyl groups, acylated by non-hydroxylated acyl residues, and to phosphoryl groups non-acylated, nitrogen-containing residues such as 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinopyranose and phosphorylethanolamine may be bound. The hydroxyl group in position 4 of the glucosamine disaccharide is free and that in position 6' serves as the attachment site for KDO (i.e. the polysaccharide component) in lipopolysaccharide. Based on this structure lipid A analogues have been chemically synthesized and analysed for endotoxic activity in vivo and in vitro. In two test systems (pyrogenicity, local Shwartzman reaction) the synthetic part structures exhibited weak or no endotoxic activity, as did a precursor of lipid A biosynthesis which is structurally identical to one of the analogues. In many other systems, however, including lethal toxicity, B-lymphocyte mitogenicity, macrophage activation, induction of cross tolerance, expression of lipid A antigenicity, the synthetic materials were of comparable activity as bacterial free lipid A. These findings support the structural proposals made for lipid A and they prove the previous hypothesis that the endotoxic principle is embedded in lipid A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Tandem Ring‐Opening–Ring‐Closing Metathesis for Functional Metathesis Catalysts (2016)

Abstract Use of a tandem ring‐opening–ring‐closing metathesis (RORCM) strategy for the synthesis of functional metathesis catalysts is reported. Ring opening of 7‐substituted norbornenes and subsequent ring‐closing metathesis forming a thermodynamically stable 6‐membered ring lead to a very efficient synthesis of new catalysts from commercially available Grubbs’ catalysts. Hydroxy functionalized Grubbs’ first‐ as well as third‐generation catalysts have been synthesized. Mechanistic studies have been performed to elucidate the order of attack of the olefinic bonds. This strategy was also used to synthesize the ruthenium methylidene complex.
Clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients with family history. (1998)

This study was conducted to acquire information as to the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients with family history. Of 583 patients with breast cancer, 60 (10.3%) had family history in at least one relative within the second-degree. The affected family member was most frequently a sister (43%), followed by the mother (23%) and an aunt (20%). Comparison of the data for the patients between with and without family history revealed no significant differences for any of mean age, menopausal status, histological type, histological staging, and estrogen receptor status. Although the sample size was small, neither the survival rate nor the bilaterality of disease was influenced by the family history of breast cancer.
H2 production from water-gas shift reaction over supported platinum catalysts using simulated waste-derived syngas (2013)

Although fuel cell is an attractive technology to produce clean energy, it requires pure H2 as a fuel for its operation. Currently, the requirement is being fulfilled by the fuel processors, which generate hydrogen from hydrocarbons through reforming reactions [1 3]. However, the CO level present in the reformed gas (ca.10%) is sufficient enough to poison the Pt electrode in fuel cell [4]. Hence, the CO level should be below 10 ppm before entering the fuel cell system. This triggered an immense interest towards water-gas shift (WGS) reaction (CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g), H= 41.2 KJ/mol). Due to the exothermic and reversible nature of WGS reaction, higher CO conversion is favorable at lower temperatures. But at lower temperatures the reactant gases are not active enough to reach the chemical equilibrium. In another word, the reaction is kinetically limited. Hence, in general, WGS reaction is carried out at two different temperature ranges; high temperature shift (HTS, 350 500 C) using Fe2O3 Cr2O3 catalyst and low temperature shift (LTS, 190 250 C) using CuO ZnO Al2O3 catalyst [5]. Recently, waste to energy has attracted substantial attention due to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental issues [6, 7]. In general, based on the organic nature, the waste consists of wide range of gases including CO2, CH4, N2 and H2 etc. Therefore, production of hydrogen from the waste through catalytic reactions such as steam reforming of methane (SRM) and/or WGS requires more active and robust catalysts to withstand severe conditions. In the last few years, novel catalyst compositions have been intensively investigated to overcome the limits of the available catalysts. Together with gold [8], platinum supported on ceria [9–11], titania [12], zirconia [13] or mixed oxide of ceria-zirconia [14], have been intensively studied. Especially, supported Pt catalysts have received much interest during last decades due to their outstanding catalytic performance for WGS reaction. To the best of our knowledge, there are a few reports available on the WGS reaction study using simulated wastederived synthesis gas. Compared to a typical synthesis gas, the waste-derived synthesis gas consists of CO, CH4, CO2, and H2. The presence of higher concentration of CO together with other gases makes the system more severe. Therefore, it is important to develop a stable and active WGS catalyst. Hence, the objective of the present study is to prepare highly active supported Pt catalysts and to screen the support to get the maximum CO conversion with 100% selectivity to CO2 in WGS of simulated waste-derived synthesis gas under severe conditions. The effect of support on the catalyst properties have been characterized and related to the activity results in WGS.
Unusually Large Tunneling Effect on Highly Efficient Generation of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Isotopes in pH-Selective Decomposition of Formic Acid Catalyzed by a Heterodinuclear Iridium−Ruthenium Complex in Water (2010)

A heterodinuclear iridium-ruthenium complex [Ir(III)(Cp*)(H(2)O)(bpm)Ru(II)(bpy)(2)](SO(4))(2) {1(SO(4))(2), Cp* = eta(5)-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine} acts as the most effective catalyst for selective production of hydrogen from formic acid in an aqueous solution at ambient temperature among catalysts reported so far. An unusually large tunneling effect was observed for the first time for the catalytic hydrogen production in H(2)O vs D(2)O.
Effects of low‐level energy lasers on the healing of full‐thickness skin defects (1983)

Effects of low-level helium-neon laser radiation were compared on (1) wounds that closed primarily by contraction and (2) the breaking strength of straight-line incisions. Circular full-thickness skin defects in rabbits received dosages of 1.1 J/cm2 during a 30-min exposure every third day, and 2.2 J/cm2 during a 3-min exposure twice daily until wound closure. No significant differences in healing were observed between laser-treated wounds and untreated control wounds. Conversely, rat skin incisions exposed to 2.2 J/cm2 for 3 min twice daily for 14 days demonstrated a 55% increase in breaking strength over control rats (p less than 0.01); 28 days postoperatively, this difference in breaking strength diminished to a nonsignificant 16% increase over the control rats. Increasing the dosage to 4.5 J/cm2 yielded a nonsignificant 17% increase over the control rats 14 days postoperatively. HeNe laser irradiation of wounds increases certain aspects of healing in the early stages, but not to such a degree as to be clinically applicable. More detailed research is indicated to obtain optimal exposure levels necessary to accelerate wound healing significantly.
Improvement in the Effectiveness of Ozonation of Drinking Water Through the Use of Hydrogen Peroxide (1985)

Abstract Addition of hydrogen peroxide to water during ozonation increases the rate of oxidation of organic compounds and ozone transfer. Coupling ozone with hydrogen peroxide can increase the efficiency of a drinking water treatment line, for example in removing THM precursors. To optimize this oxidation process, the quantity of hydrogen peroxide added and the point of injection must be carefully selected. Key Words: OzoneHydrogen PeroxideOzone/Hydrogen PeroxideOxidation of Organic MatterPotable Water TreatmentTrihalomethanesTrihalomethane Formation Potential
Perioperative use of somatosensory evoked responses in aneurysm surgery (1984)

Somatosensory evoked potentials have been recorded during 34 operations for intracranial aneurysm. The central conduction time (CCT), the time between the N14 peak (recorded at C-2) and the N20 peak (recorded at the cortex) in response to median nerve stimulation, has been found to be increased by administration of halothane, by brain retraction, and by temporary vascular occlusion in some instances. Increase of CCT to more than 10 msec, or disappearance of the response was associated in two cases with postoperative neurological deficit, neither permanent. In a further case, prolongation of CCT was used as a guide to the repositioning of an imperfectly placed clip on a middle cerebral artery aneurysm. The value of the technique as a perioperative monitoring system is discussed.
5-Methoxy-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1<i>H</i>-indole (2010)

The title compound, C(18)H(19)NO(4), was prepared as an indole derivative with possible anti-mitotic properties. The planes of the indole and trimethoxy-phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 45.35 (5)° with one another. In the crystal, mol-ecules related by a twofold screw axis exhibit arene C-H⋯arene-π inter-actions which are 3.035 (1) Å in length.
A low-power high-speed comparator for analog to digital converters (2016)

A low-power high-speed two-stage dynamic comparator is presented. In this circuit, PMOS transistors are used at the input of the first and second stages of the comparator. At the evaluation phase, the second stage is activated after the first stage with a predetermined delay to achieve a controllable pre-amplifier gain. Also, the first stage is turned off after the delay to reduce overall power consumption. Simulation results in 0.18 μm CMOS technology, prove that the proposed circuit reduces the power consumption by a factor of two and reduces comparison time as large as 210ps in the same budget of offset voltage compared to the conventional circuit. Moreover, the offset voltage and power consumption of the comparator trades with the speed which is simply controlled by the delay of the second stage. As a result, a low-power comparator for given offset and speed requirements can be designed efficiently.
Relation of chain constitution with phase structure in blends: compatibility of two phases in blends of polyamide with low-density polyethylene and its ionomers (2000)

Pressed films of binary blends (polyamide with low-density polyethylene or Surlyn) and ternary (polyamide with low-density polyethylene and Surlyn or a graft-copolymer of acrylic acid onto low-density polyethylene) were examined by dynamic mechanical analysis, thermally stimulated current, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The variation of the glass transition temperature for two phases in the blends was studied by dynamic mechanical analysis and thermally stimulated current. X-ray scattering from the relation of the phases was analyzed using Porod's law and led to values of the interface layer in the blends. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 488–494, 2000
Toxicity profile and objective response of paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer. (2005)

Treatment with 1-hour weekly infusion of Paclitaxel is a well-tolerated chemotherapy with a substantial degree of efficacy in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Coherent control of reactive scattering at low temperatures: Signatures of quantum interference in the differential cross sections for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">HD</mml:mi></mml:math> (2020)

Fundamental entanglement related challenges have prevented quantum-interference-based control (i.e., coherent control) of collisional cross sections from being implemented in the laboratory. Here, differential cross sections for reactive scattering at low temperatures are shown to provide a unique opportunity to display such interference-based control by forming coherent superpositions of degenerate rotational states of reactant molecules $|jm\ensuremath{\rangle}$ with different $m$. In particular, we identify and quantify a unique signature of coherent control in reactive scattering with applications to $\mathrm{F}+ {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ H $+\mathrm{HF}$ and HF $+$ D $\ensuremath{\leftarrow}$ F $+\mathrm{HD} \ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{HD} +$ F at $11\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Control is shown to be extensive.
Effect of 5-azacytidine on gene expression in marrow stromal cells. (1989)

When exposed to 5-azacytidine, marrow stromal cells from active long-term marrow cultures and cell lines derived from simian virus 40-transformed stromal cells rapidly upregulated c-abl and interleukin-6 transcripts while downregulating the expression of collagen I, a major matrix protein. Similar effects occurred with interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha, although the time course was considerably prolonged.
Differential Processing of α- and β-Defensin Precursors by Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) (2009)

Proteolytic processing of defensins is a critical mode of posttranslational regulation of peptide activity. Because mouse alpha-defensin precursors are cleaved and activated by matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), we determined if additional defensin molecules, namely human neutrophil defensin pro-HNP-1 and beta-defensins, are targets for MMP-7. We found that MMP-7 cleaves within the pro-domain of the HNP-1 precursor, a reaction that does not generate the mature peptide but produces a 59-amino acid intermediate. This intermediate, which retains the carboxyl-terminal end of the pro-domain, had antimicrobial activity, indicating that the residues important for masking defensin activity reside in the amino terminus of this domain. Mature HNP-1 was resistant to processing by MMP-7 unless the peptide was reduced and alkylated, demonstrating that only the pro-domain of alpha-defensins is normally accessible for cleavage by this enzyme. From the 47-residue HBD-1 precursor, MMP-7 catalyzed removal of 6 amino acids from the amino terminus. Neither a 39-residue intermediate form of HBD-1 nor the mature 36-residue form of HBD-1 was cleaved by MMP-7. In addition, both pro-HBD-2, with its shorter amino-terminal extension, and pro-HBD-3 were resistant to MMP-7. However, human and mouse beta-defensin precursors that lack disulfide bonding contain a cryptic MMP-7-sensitive site within the mature peptide moiety. These findings support and extend accumulating evidence that the native three-dimensional structure of both alpha- and beta-defensins protects the mature peptides against proteolytic processing by MMP-7. We also conclude that sites for MMP-7 cleavage are more common at the amino termini of alpha-defensin rather than beta-defensin precursors, and that catalysis at these sites in alpha-defensin pro-domains results in acquisition of defensin activity.
Cutaneous Pneumocystis carinii Infection in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1991)

Extrapulmonary infection with Pneumocystis carinii is an uncommon event in which the skin may be affected rarely. All cases heretofore described in immunocompromised hosts have involved the external auditory canal and mastoid areas. We describe two patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and extrapulmonary cutaneous P carinii infection that involved the glabrous skin. The first was a 31-year-old white man seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus with prior episodes of P carinii pneumonia and infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare evaluated for translucent papules on the skin with an appearance similar to molluscum contagiosum infection. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous pneumocystosis. The second patient was a 36-year-old homosexual man with long-standing liver disease with a persistent cough, fever, and an abnormal chest roentgenogram. Cutaneous evaluation revealed a bluish macule on the sternal notch that on skin biopsy was diagnostic of cutaneous pneumocystosis. Treatment with intravenous pentamidine resulted in resolution of the pulmonary and cutaneous problems in both cases. Extrapulmonary P carinii infection may involve the skin at sites other than the external auditory canal and may have a nondescript appearance. Histologic findings are similar to those of pneumocystosis found elsewhere. Clinicians should be familiar with the nondescript nature of the eruption as skin biopsy may be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of systemic pneumocystosis.
Immunocytochemical analysis of receptors for estrogen and progesterone in fine‐needle aspirates from human breast carcinomas (1990)

Monoclonal antibodies were used for a preoperative analysis of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PgRs) in fine-needle aspirates from 44 primary human breast carcinomas. The semiquantitative receptor values obtained in cytologic specimens correlated well with those from enzyme immunoassay analysis on surgically removed tumor tissue (r = 0.74 for PgR; r = 0.75 for ER). Cytologic smears showed a heterogenous tumor cell distribution of ER and PgR in 29 and 23 cases, respectively. The results suggest that measurement of the ER and PgR in cytologic smears is an accurate and reliable technique that can be performed on a minimum amount of tissue.
Polyvinyl Alcohol in Medicine and Pharmacy: A Perspective (2013)

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is a synthetic hydrophilic linear polymer that generally exists as a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and vinyl acetate. Therefore, the structural properties of PVOH polymers primarily depend on the degree of polymerization and the degree of hydrolysis, i.e., the ratio of the two monomers. Due to reactive functional groups on its structure, PVOH undergoes chemical changes such as esterification and etherification, as well as physical changes such as crystallization and ion-polymer complexation. Both chemically and physically-modified PVOH structures have found applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical area. This article reviews the properties of PVOH in solid and solution states, PVOH hydrogels and cryogels, their biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, and their potential challenges.
Graphs and HPC: Lessons for Future Architectures. (2008)

Abstract not provided.
Formation of low-density InAs/InP(001) quantum dot arrays (2003)

Carrier transfer in low-density InAs/InP dot arrays with a multi-modal dot size distribution is studied by means of steady-state photoluminescence. The transition from saturation of the inter-dot carrier transfer to the unsaturated regime is surely observed by analyzing the shape of the luminescence signal for decreasing excitation densities. We unambiguously show that larger size dots provide a competing but saturable relaxation channel for smaller quantum dot ground states.
Temperature-dependent structural heterogeneity in calcium silicate liquids (2010)

X-ray diffraction measurements performed on aerodynamically levitated ${\text{CaSiO}}_{3}$ droplets have been interpreted using a structurally heterogeneous liquid-state model. When cooled, the high-temperature liquid shows evidence of the polymerization of edge shared Ca octahedra. Diffraction isosbestic points are used to characterize the polymerization process in the pair-distribution function. This behavior is linear in the high-temperature melt but exhibits rapid growth just above the glass transition temperature around $1.2{T}_{\text{g}}$. The heterogeneous liquid interpretation is supported by molecular-dynamics simulations which show the ${\text{CaSiO}}_{3}$ glass has more edge-shared polyhedra and fewer corner shared polyhedra than the liquid model.
The inquiry center (1991)

The inquiry center concept fosters the competencies needed to ask key questions and provide useful answers about a firm's markets and its products or services in a continuous process of learning and renewal.
Baboons as an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and vaccine development (2001)

Baboons (Papio cynocephalus) provide a valuable animal model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis because HIV-2 infection of baboons causes a chronic viral disease that progresses over several years before clinical signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) appear. Since HIV-2-infected baboons develop a chronic viral infection, insights into the immuno-biology of viral latency, clinical stages of disease, virus infection of lymphatic tissue and HIV transmission can be gained using this animal model. The development of an AIDS-like disease in baboons is viral isolate and baboon subspecies dependent. Thus, viral virulence factors and host resistance can be studied as well as the mechanisms of innate and acquired immunity. The control of virus infection is dependent upon cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic antiviral activity of CD8+ T cells. In this regard, some of the HIV-2-infected baboons develop potent antiviral cellular immune responses that have a similar magnitude to that found in HIV-1-infected long-term survivors (or non-progressors). In our laboratory, baboons have been used to study DNA vaccine strategies using new cationic liposome formulations and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and B7-2 as genetic adjuvants. The results demonstrate the value of using baboons as an animal model of AIDS pathogenesis and vaccine development.
[pyH+]2[CdNb2(py)4O2F10]2− (1996)

A new CdII/NbV compound, bis(pyridinium) decafluoro-2κ5F, 3κ5F-di-μ-oxo-1:2κ2O; 1:3κ2O-tetrakis(pyridine-N)cadmiumdiniobium(2—), (C5H6N)2[CdNb2F10O2(C5H5N)4], has been synthesized. The complex contains [CdNb2(py)4F10O2]2−, anions (py is pyridine) linked via the pyridinium cation through N—H+⋯F hydrogen bonding. The anion is composed of two [NbF5O1/2]− octahedra connected by O2− to a central [Cd(py)4O2/2] octahedron.