gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Test generation for non-separable RTL controller-datapath circuits using a satisfiability based approach (2004)

We present a satisfiability-based algorithm for automatically generating test sequences that target gate-level stuck-at faults in a circuit by using its register-transfer level (RTL) description. Our methodology exploits a popular, unified RTL circuit representation, called assignment decision diagrams, for its analysis and justifies module-level precomputed test vectors on this representation. Test generation proceeds by abstracting the components in this unified representation using input/output propagation rules, so that any justification/propagation event can be captured as a Boolean implication. Consequently, we reduce RTL test generation to a satisfiability (SAT) instance that has a significantly lower complexity than the equivalent problem at the gate-level. Using the state-of-the-art SAT solver ZCHAFF, we show that our RTL test generator can outperform gate-level sequential automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) in terms of both fault coverage and test generation time (two-to-three orders of magnitude speed-up), in comparable test application times. Furthermore, we show that in a bi-level testing scenario, in which RTL ATPG is followed by gate-level sequential ATPG on the remaining faults, we improve the fault coverage even further, while maintaining a high speed-up in test generation time (nearly 29X) over pure gate-level sequential ATPG, at comparable test application times.
Anticonvulsant semicarbazides (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnticonvulsant semicarbazidesWilliam E. Coyne and John W. CusicCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 6, 1158–1160Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00312a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00312a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Geodetic Control from Doppler Satellite Observations for Lines Under 200 KM (1973)

Results of Doppler satellite observations, taken at seven stations in Maritime Canada, and of seven translocation pairs between these stations are presented. The difference between the satellite-determined and terrestrial (conventionally determined) coordinates for each of the seven stations is taken as a measure of the datum translation components between the satellite (geocentric) and terrestrial (nongeocentric) datums. The average of the seven sets of translation components found for the North American Datum is x0 = —35 m, y0 = 164 m, and z0 = 186 m. The seven translocation interstation vectors ranged in length from 14 m to 196 km, and were compared with terrestrial interstation vectors computed from Maritime Scientific Adjustment (MSA) coordinates. The two sets of interstation vectors agreed in length to within an average of 185 m, the greatest difference being 5.07 m, and agreed in component values to within an average of 1.94 m, the greatest difference being 4.39 m.
NIMBLE@ITCECNOGRID VS ALCHEMI.NET: A PERFORMANCE COMPARISON (2011)

The present research work includes the development of a novel toolkit namely Nimble@ITCEcnoGrid for calculating the pi() value up to 120 decimal places after decimal. Alchemi.NET is the other popular toolkit based on Windows Platform for doing the same purpose. There is a very interesting comparison between Nimble@ITCEcnoGrid toolkit and Alchemi toolkit as both runs on Windows Operating System. A test bed is build to compare the performance of the two toolkits. The research paper also includes the tables and the graph to illustrate the superiority of Nimble@ITCEcnoGrid.
Anatomization and protection of mobile apps' location privacy threats (2015)

Mobile users are becoming increasingly aware of the privacy threats resulting from apps' access of their location. Few of the solutions proposed thus far to mitigate these threats have been deployed as they require either app or platform modifications. Mobile operating systems (OSes) also provide users with location access controls. In this paper, we analyze the efficacy of these controls in combating the location-privacy threats. For this analysis, we conducted the first location measurement campaign of its kind, analyzing more than 1000 free apps from Google Play and collecting detailed usage of location by more than 400 location-aware apps and 70 Advertisement and Analytics (A&A) libraries from more than 100 participants over a period ranging from 1 week to 1 year. Surprisingly, 70% of the apps and the A&A libraries pose considerable profiling threats even when they sporadically access the user's location. Existing OS controls are found ineffective and inefficient in mitigating these threats, thus calling for a finer-grained location access control. To meet this need, we propose LP-Doctor, a light-weight user-level tool that allows Android users to effectively utilize the OS's location access controls while maintaining the required app's functionality as our userstudy (with 227 participants) shows.
Excitotoxic Versus Apoptotic Mechanisms of Neuronal Cell Death in Perinatal Hypoxia / Ischemia (2004)

Hypoxic / / ischemic (H / I)neuronal degeneration in the developing central nervous system (CNS)is mediated by an excitotoxic mechanism,and it has also been reported that an apoptosis mechanism is involved.However,there is much disagreement regarding how excitotoxic and apoptotic cell death processes relate to one another.Some authors believe that an excitotoxic stimulus directly triggers apoptotic cell death,but this interpretation is largely speculative at the present time.Our findings support the interpretation that excitotoxic and apoptotic neurodegeneration are two separate and distinct cell death processes that can be distinguished from one another by ultrastructural evaluation.Here we review evidence supporting this interpretation,including evidence that H / I in the developing CNS triggers two separate waves of neurodegeneration,the first being excitotoxic and the second being apoptotic.The first (excitotoxic)wave destroys neurons that would normally provide synaptic inputs or synaptic targets for the neurons that die in the second (apoptotic)wave.Since neurons,during the developmental period of synaptogenesis,are programmed to commit suicide if they fail to achieve normal connectivity,this explains why neuroapoptosis occurs following H / I in the developing CNS.However,it does not support the interpretation that H / I directly triggers apoptotic neurodegeneration.Rather,it documents that H / I directly triggers excitotoxic neurodegeneration,and apoptotic neurodegeneration ensues subsequently as the natural response of developing neurons to a specific kind of deprivation -loss of the ability to form normal synaptic connections.
Isoelectric focusing of dansylated amino acids in immobilized pH gradients (1986)

Abstract The 21 free amino acids commonly encountered in proteins have been transformed into “carrier ampholyte” species by reacting their primary amino groups with dansyl chloride. These derivatives can thus be focused in an immobilized pH gradient covering the pH 3.1 to 4.1 interval, except for arginine, which still retains a p I of 8.8. Due to their inherent fluorescence, the dansyl derivatives are revealed in UV light, with a sensitivity of the order of 2–4 ng/mm 2 . All nearest neighbors are separated except for the following couples: Asn‐Gln, Gly‐Thr, Val‐Ile and Cys‐Cys 2 , with a resolving power, in a Δp I scale, of the order of 0.0018 pH units. Except for a few cases (notably the aromatic amino acids) the order of p I values is well correlated with the p K values of carboxyl groups, suggesting that the latter are not altered by dansylation. From the set of p K COOH ‐p I values of the different amino acids, the p K of the tertiary amino group in the dansyl label has been calculated to be 5.11 ± 0.06. Knowing the p K of the amino‐dansyl and the p I of the excess, free dansyl label (p I = 3.34) we have derived, for its sulfonic acid group, a p K of 1.57.
Just noticeable differences of spatial cues in echoic and anechoic acoustical environments (2016)

The perceptual limits for detecting changes in binaural cues also define the boundaries for the perception of differences in spatial impression. This study reports just noticeable differences for interaural time delays (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs) of the early part and for the interaural cross-correlation (IACC) of the early and diffuse part of binaural room impulse responses. The results show that ITDs only allow a high accuracy in localization in anechoic environments, whereas ILDs show a higher robustness against reverberation. Subjects are rather insensitive to changes in IACC, only changes that bring the IACC close to one are detectable.
Cardiovascular effects of sildenafil in experimental ischemia–reperfusion (reply to “Sildenafil-induced cardioprotection in rabbits, by Kukreja, R.C., Ockaili, R., Salloum, F., Xi, L.”) (2003)

In their letter to the editor, Kukreja, Ockaili, Salloum and Xi comment on our recently published study in which intravenous application of 1.45 or 0.7 mg/kg sildenafil 30 min prior to coronary artery occlusion did not reduce myocardial infarct size in an experimental rabbit model of 30 min ischemia followed by 180 min of reperfusion Since our results contrast with a recent investigation by this research group [2] that described pronounced infarct size reduction after pretreatment with sildenafil in a very similar model, the authors are ''puzzled by our negative findings''. Indeed, we appreciate the editorial decision from Cardiovascular Research to publish our results, as in these days publication bias in favor of positive results occasionally makes it difficult to publish ''negative findings''. We believe that the constructive debate, initiated by Kukreja et al. in this letter to the editor, may encourage this editorial policy.
Phosphorylation Status of RNA Polymerase II Carboxyl-terminal Domain in Porcine Oocytes and Early Embryos (2012)

Fertilization of the oocyte commences embryogenesis during which maternally inherited mRNAs are degraded and the embryonic genome is activated. Transcription of embryonic mRNA is initiated by embryonic genome activation (EGA). RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) is responsible for the synthesis of mRNAs and most small nuclear RNAs, and consists of 12 subunits, the largest of which characteristically harbors a unique C-terminal domain (CTD). Transcriptional activity of RNA Pol II is highly regulated, in particular, by phosphorylation of serine residues in the CTD. Here, we have shown the presence of RNA Pol II CTD phosphoisoforms in porcine oocytes and preimplantation embryos. The distribution pattern as well as phosphorylation dynamics in germinal vesicles and during embryogenesis differed in developmental stages with these isoforms, indicating a role of RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation at the serine residue in transcriptional activation during both oocyte growth and embryonic genome activation. We additionally examined the effects of the RNA Pol II inhibitor, α-amanitin, on embryo development. Our results show that inhibition of polymerase, even at very early stages and for a short period of time, dramatically impaired blastocyst formation. These findings collectively suggest that the functionality of maternal RNA Pol II, and consequently, expression of early genes regulated by this enzyme are essential for proper embryo development.
Functional reconstitution of an immunoglobulin antigen receptor in T cells. (1992)

Humoral immune responses are initiated by binding of antigen to the immunoglobulins (Igs) on the plasma membrane of B lymphocytes. On the cell surface, Ig forms a complex with several other proteins, two of which, MB-1 and B29, have been implicated in receptor assembly. We have reconstituted Ig receptor function in T lymphocytes by transfection of cloned receptor components. We found that efficient transport of IgM to the surface of T cells required coexpression of B29. Furthermore, IgM and B29 alone were sufficient to reconstitute antigen-specific signal transduction by Ig in the transfected T cells. Crosslinking of IgM with either antireceptor antibodies or antigen induced a calcium flux, phosphoinositol turnover, and interleukin secretion in T cells. These experiments establish a requirement for B29 in Ig receptor function, and suggest that the signaling apparatus of T and B cells is structurally homologous.
Delimited Polyacenes: Edge Topology as a Tool To Modulate Carbon Nanoribbon Structure, Conjugation, and Mobility (2018)

Carbon nanoribbons offer the potential of semiconducting materials that maintain the large charge-carrier mobilities of graphene. Here, starting with polyacene as a reference, we present a theoretical investigation as to how polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inserted into the polymer structure modulate the edge topology of the zigzag polyacene. The variations in edge topology, in turn, produce nanoribbon structures that have electronic properties that span insulators to narrow-gap semiconductors. Clear connections are made among foundational models in aromatic chemistry, namely, descriptions in terms of Clar formulas and bond-length alternation patterns, and the nanoribbon electronic, phonon, and charge-carrier mobility characteristics. These relationships, for systems that are synthetically feasible from bottom-up, solution-based approaches, offer a priori and rational design paradigms for the creation of new nanoribbon architectures.
Block-Sparse Signals: Uncertainty Relations and Efficient Recovery (2010)

We consider efficient methods for the recovery of block-sparse signals-i.e., sparse signals that have nonzero entries occurring in clusters-from an underdetermined system of linear equations. An uncertainty relation for block-sparse signals is derived, based on a block-coherence measure, which we introduce. We then show that a block-version of the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm recovers block -sparse signals in no more than steps if the block-coherence is sufficiently small. The same condition on block-coherence is shown to guarantee successful recovery through a mixed -optimization approach. This complements previous recovery results for the block-sparse case which relied on small block-restricted isometry constants. The significance of the results presented in this paper lies in the fact that making explicit use of block-sparsity can provably yield better reconstruction properties than treating the signal as being sparse in the conventional sense, thereby ignoring the additional structure in the problem.
Sequence of a psaC Gene from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 (1994)

The psaC gene encodes PsaC, the apoprotein for the terminal iron-sulfur clusters, FA and Fg, in the PSI reaction center of cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants. PsaC functions as a membrane-bound oxidoreductase, accepting electrons from the F, iron-sulfur cluster located on the PsaA/ PsaB heterodimer and donating them to the soluble electron transfer proteins Fd and flavodoxin (reviewed in Bryant, 1992). The objective of our work is to clarify the role of PsaC in linear and cyclic electron transfer. The experimental organism is Syneckococcus sp. PCC 6301, a unicellular, freshwater cyanobacterium that is used extensively for physiological, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies of photosynthesis. The PSI complex of Syneckococcus sp. PCC 6301 is widely used in structural and functional studies of the FA and FB ironsulfur clusters
Pseudomonas helleri sp. nov. and Pseudomonas weihenstephanensis sp. nov., isolated from raw cow's milk (2015)

Analysis of the microbiota of raw cow's milk and semi-finished milk products yielded seven isolates assigned to the genus Pseudomonas that formed two individual groups in a phylogenetic analysis based on partial rpoD and 16S rRNA gene sequences. The two groups could be differentiated from each other and also from their closest relatives as well as from the type species Pseudomonas aeruginosa by phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization and average nucleotide identity (ANIb) values calculated from draft genome assemblies. ANIb values within the groups were higher than 97.3 %, whereas similarity values to the closest relatives were 85 % or less. The major cellular lipids of strains WS4917T and WS4993T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol; the major quinone was Q-9 in both strains, with small amounts of Q-8 in strain WS4917T. The DNA G+C contents of strains WS4917T and WS4993T were 58.08 and 57.30 mol%, respectively. Based on these data, strains WS4917T, WS4995 ( = DSM 29141 = LMG 28434), WS4999, WS5001 and WS5002 should be considered as representatives of a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas helleri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Pseudomonas helleri is strain WS4917T ( = DSM 29165T = LMG 28433T). Strains WS4993T and WS4994 ( = DSM 29140 = LMG 28438) should be recognized as representing a second novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas weihenstephanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Pseudomonas weihenstephanensis is strain WS4993T ( = DSM 29166T = LMG 28437T).
Catalytic ozonation of an organophosphorus pesticide using microporous silicate and its effect on total toxicity reduction (2002)

Catalytic ozonation is promising as one of the advanced oxidation processes because of its effective use of ozone and its improved treatability of organic compounds through radical reactions. In this article, we investigated the feasibility of microporous silicates as a potential catalyst for a catalytic ozonation process. Organophosphorus insecticide, dichlorvos (DDVP), was employed as a model chemical for assessing conventional ozonation and catalytic ozonation, because its oxidative intermediate is toxic and is not degraded by direct ozonation. It was found that ozone was well adsorbed and simultaneously decomposed in microporous silicates, resulting in the production of possible radical species. In the presence of microporous silicates, radical reactions by decomposed ozone were evidenced by phosphate ion release that shows a degradation of a toxic intermediate of DDVP. Accordingly, cytotoxicity was successfully decreased. In a continuous treatment process combining a conventional ozonation vessel and a microporous silicate column for an effective use of residual ozone, enhanced degradation of DDVP was demonstrated by a decrease of DOC, an increase of the PO4(3-) concentration and reduction in the cytotoxicity. This new treatment mechanism is likely to be promising as an advanced water treatment process particularly when we think about better toxicity reduction of wastewaters.
Heterogeneous palladium-catalyzed oxidative benzylation via benzylic C(sp3)-H activation (2020)

Cross dehydrogenative coupling is a powerful means to form carbon-carbon bonds. This transformation avoids the use of pre-functionalized starting materials like organometallic reagents and organic halides contributing to overall efficiency. However, these reactions are predominantly catalyzed by homogeneous catalysts. Herein, we describe a novel benzylation of sterically
The standardized fish bioassay procedure for detecting and culturing actively toxic Pfiesteria, used by two reference laboratories for atlantic and gulf coast states. (2001)

In the absence of purified standards of toxins from Pfiesteria species, appropriately conducted fish bioassays are the "gold standard" that must be used to detect toxic strains of Pfiesteria spp. from natural estuarine water or sediment samples and to culture actively toxic Pfiesteria. In this article, we describe the standardized steps of our fish bioassay as an abbreviated term for a procedure that includes two sets of trials with fish, following the Henle-Koch postulates modified for toxic rather than infectious agents. This procedure was developed in 1991, and has been refined over more than 12 years of experience in research with toxic Pfiesteria. The steps involve isolating toxic strains of Pfiesteria (or other potentially, as-yet-undetected, toxic Pfiesteria or Pfiesteria-like species) from fish-killing bioassays with natural samples; growing the clones with axenic algal prey; and retesting the isolates in a second set of fish bioassays. The specific environmental conditions used (e.g., temperature, salinity, light, other factors) must remain flexible, given the wide range of conditions from which natural estuarine samples are derived. We present a comparison of information provided for fish culture conditions, reported in international science journals in which such research is routinely published, and we provide information from more than 2,000 fish bioassays with toxic Pfiesteria, along with recommendations for suitable ranges and frequency of monitoring of environmental variables. We present data demonstrating that algal assays, unlike these standardized fish bioassays, should not be used to detect toxic strains of Pfiesteria spp. Finally, we recommend how quality control/assurance can be most rapidly advanced among laboratories engaged in studies that require research-quality isolates of toxic Pfiesteria spp.
Low-voltage electron beam lithography resist processes: top surface imaging and hydrogen silisesquioxane bilayer (2004)

A hydrogen silisesquioxane (HSQ) bilayer process and a top surface imaging (TSI) process are investigated for application as low-voltage electron beam resist systems. Namatsu, van Delft, and others have reported printing exceptionally small features using high-voltage electron beam exposure of HSQ at high-exposure doses (~2000 µC/cm2 at 100 kV). The shallow penetration depth of low-voltage electrons results in greatly reduced dose requirements, and smooth, high-resolution images are generated at 1 kV with an exposure dose of less than 60 µC/cm2. HSQ's high silicon content enable it to be used in a bilayer form utilizing reactive ion etching with an oxygen plasma, thus generating high aspect ratio images. TSI has been studied in the past by numerous researchers at low voltages using various TSI schemes. We investigate the use of a chemically amplified TSI resist process based on poly (t-BOC-hydroxystyrene). The effect of base quencher loading in the resist formulation on line edge roughness and resolution is investigated, and is found to have a dramatic influence. High-resolution, high aspect ratio images are printed down to 40 nm, and exhibit only moderate levels of line edge roughness. Furthermore, proximity effects at 1, 2, and 3 kV are examined and compared to simulation.
Cytokines and neurodegeneration (2002)

This chapter examines the role of cytokines in neurodegeneration, considering the methodological approaches and evidence for their contribution, likely mechanisms of expression and action, and clinical relevance. It discusses the synthesis of cytokine in neurodegenrative conditions, neuroprotective effects of cytokines, neurotoxic actions of cytokines, and mechanisms of cytokine involvement in neurotoxicity. The chapter also provides a diagram showing cytokine involvement in acute neurodegeneration.