gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The critically ill patient with acute kidney injury (2009)

Abstract Chapter 1 covers the critically ill patient with acute kidney injury, including oliguria, classification, incidence and etiology of acute kidney injury, management, and clinical consequences.
Thermal mass-flow meter (1988)

A new thermal mass-flow meter for the measurement of fuel consumption in automobiles and light aircraft and of liquid flows in industrial processes has been designed. A maximum flow rate of 10 ml s-1 can be measured without having to resort to a bypass or to a very long measurement pipe. The nonlinearity is less than 1% for gasoline or kerosine. The measurement accuracy is relatively insensitive to viscosity and internal contamination of the meter. The response time is 10 s. The dimensions of the actual measurement device are 200*20*20 mm3. The tube connection has an inner diameter of 13 mm.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF COVALENT SOLVATION OF 6‐NITROAZOLOPYRIMIDINES (1982)

Abstract Die Aminopyrazole (I) und die Aminotriazole (IV) reagieren mit der Natriumverbindung (II) des Malon‐di‐aldehyds zu den 6‐Nitro‐azolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidinen (IIIa)‐(IIId) und (Va)‐(Vd).
Synthesis and Reactivity of Intramolecularly Stabilized Organotin Compounds Containing the C<i>,</i>N-Chelating <i>o</i>-Carboranylamino Ligand [<i>o</i>-C<sub>2</sub>B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>10</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>NMe<sub>2</sub>)-<i>C,N</i>]<sup>-</sup> (Cab<i><sup>C,N</sup></i>). X-ray Structures of (Cab<i><sup>C,N</sup></i>)SnR<sub>2</sub>X (R = Me, X = Cl; R = Ph, X = Cl), (Cab<i><sup>C,N</sup></i>)<sub>2</sub>Hg, and [(Cab<i><sup>C,N</sup></i>)SnMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> (2000)

A variety of organotin complexes, containing the o-carboranylamino ligand (CabC,N), has been prepared by the reaction of LiCabC,N (1) with organotin halides or tin tetrachloride. In this way, the tetraorganotin compound (CabC,N)SnMe3 (2), triorganotin halide (CabC,N)SnR2X (3: R = Me, X = Cl, 3a; R = Ph, X = Cl, 3b; R = Me, X = Br, 3c), diorganotin dichloride (CabC,N)SnPhCl2 (4), and monoorganotin trichloride (CabC,N)SnCl3 (5) have been synthesized and characterized. 1H and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy indicates that the tin center in the tetraorganotin compound 2 is tetracoordinate, whereas this center in mono-, di-, and triorganotin compounds 3−5 is pentacoordinate as a result of intramolecular Sn−N coordination. Complexes 3a,c were also formed by redistribution of (CabC,N)SnMe3 (2) with the corresponding Me2SnX2 (X = Cl, Br). The molecular structures of 3a,b were determined by X-ray analysis. As a result of the Sn−N interaction, the tin atoms in 3a,b exhibit distorted-trigonal-bipyramidal configurations with the electronegative atoms (N and Cl) in apical positions. The reaction of 2 equiv of 2 with HgCl2 resulted in transmetalation of (CabC,N)SnMe3 (2), giving the diorganomercury compound (CabC,N)2Hg (6). The structure of 6 was determined by an X-ray structural study. The mercury atom is four-coordinate, both nitrogen atoms being involved in intramolecular coordination. The reaction of 3c with Na in a 1:1 ratio afforded the bis(o-carboranylamino)distannane [(CabC,N)SnMe2]2 (7). The crystal structure of 7 was determined by an X-ray structural study. The two four-coordinate tin moieties exhibit approximately pseudotetrahedral geometries showing only negligible, if any, interactions between the tin atoms and the amino nitrogen atoms.
The role of γ-tubulin in mitotic spindle formation and cell cycle progression in <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> (1997)

gamma-Tubulin has been hypothesized to be essential for the nucleation of the assembly of mitotic spindle microtubules, but some recent results suggest that this may not be the case. To clarify the role of gamma-tubulin in microtubule assembly and cell-cycle progression, we have developed a novel variation of the gene disruption/heterokaryon rescue technique of Aspergillus nidulans. We have used temperature-sensitive cell-cycle mutations to synchronize germlings carrying a gamma-tubulin disruption and observe the phenotypes caused by the disruption in the first cell cycle after germination. Our results indicate that gamma-tubulin is absolutely required for the assembly of mitotic spindle microtubules, a finding that supports the hypothesis that gamma-tubulin is involved in spindle microtubule nucleation. In the absence of functional gamma-tubulin, nuclei are blocked with condensed chromosomes for about the length of one cell cycle before chromatin decondenses without nuclear division. Our results indicate that gamma-tubulin is not essential for progression from G1 to G2, for entry into mitosis nor for spindle pole body replication. It is also not required for reactivity of spindle pole bodies with the MPM-2 antibody which recognizes a phosphoepitope important to mitotic spindle formation. Finally, it does not appear to be absolutely required for cytoplasmic microtubule assembly but may play a role in the formation of normal cytoplasmic microtubule arrays.
Effect of retroviral integration on control of expression of a tumor marker in hela cells (1993)

Fusion between HeLa cells and normal human fibroblasts results in the suppression of tumorigenicity. Under prolonged culture conditions, rare tumorigenic segregants arise and have been shown to reexpress a cell surface antigen, p75, which is also present in the HeLa parent but not in the fibroblast parent or in the nontumorigenic HeLa x fibroblast hybrid. Expression of p75 strictly correlates with tumorigenicity in HeLa and human somatic cell hybrids, as has been shown by chromosomal segregation and after gamma-irradiation. Using insertional mutagenesis, we induced expression of p75 in the nontumorigenic hybrid. Three cell clones were isolated that expressed p75 at different levels. Two of these clones exhibited a high level of p75 expression and displayed an altered morphology similar to that of the previously characterized tumorigenic segregants and consistent with the appearance of tumorigenicity. When injected into athymic nude mice, two clones were found to be tumorigenic, one from the onset of subculturing and the second only after further propagation for approximately 50 population doublings. The third clone showed very low p75 expression, had no altered morphology, and was nontumorigenic.
Evaluation of the Ileal Absorption Capacity for Bile Acids in the Rabbit (1990)

The intestinal absorption of bile acids has so far been studied from the measurement of the biliary secretion after their intestinal infusion. In the present investigation, the ileal absorption capacity for two different bile acids has been evaluated by means of an intestinal perfusion technique and the simultaneous blood drainage from the mesenteric vein corresponding to the isolated loop. Taurocholic acid and unconjugated cholic acid were infused at different concentrations (0.5-10.0 mM), at a flow rate of 4 ml/min/cm intest. Taurocholic acid absorption increased to a maximum with dose, then reaching a plateau, suggesting that a saturable process had taken place. Cholic acid uptake showed a saturable, possibly active, process, together with a nonsaturable one. These results are consistent with the physicochemical properties of the two bile acids. The technique seems so far suitable for the study of the intestinal absorption of substances undergoing the enterohepatic circulation, since it provides a direct measure of the absorbed fraction, without any distortion arising from the hepatic uptake and biliary secretion.
A Numerical Model for Methane Production in Managed Sanitary Landfills (1989)

A mathematical model for the production and transport of biogenic gases in a landfill is developed based on earlier work on the Mountain View Landfill Project in California. The present model incorporates biokinetic model equations for the microbial landfill ecosystems dynamics in a multi-layer, time-dependent gas flow and production model. It is based on first principles of the physics, chemistry, and microbiological processes controlling the production and transport of biogenic gases in a porous media context such as a landfill. The model includes chemical/biokinetic feedback loops for chemical parameter influence on microbiological rate processes. The resulting integrated biokinetic/gas transport model is based on the first principles governing the biokinetics of municipal landfill environment, and the physics of gas-migration. The model was calibrated and verified using approximately 4 years of methane production data from the Mountain View Controlled Landfill Project. Hydrolysis rate appears to be the most sensitive parameter controlling gas generation production. The model can be used to predict the rate and total production of methane in a landfill.
Ribonucleoprotein Complex Formation by the Human Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase (1995)

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase (pol or RT), when expressed in Xenopus oocytes upon injection of synthetic minimal pol RNA (RT RNA), assembles into a higher molecular weight complex with the characteristics of a ribonuclear protein (RNP) complex. In vitro RNA competition binding data suggest that RT RNA is preferentially packaged into this complex even though it lacks the authentic viral encapsidation signal, epsilon, and viral capsid protein sequences. Consistent with this finding, the in vitro polymerase reaction performed in pol-expressing oocyte extracts generates primarily HBV-specific DNAs even when the pol template is challenged with a coinjected non-HBV competitor RNA. These results suggest that interaction between pol and its cognate RNA can be mediated by sequences other than the known packaging elements. We speculate that HBV RNP complexes containing at least polymerase and viral RNA may play a role in viral nucleocapsid assembly and may help to segregate HBV reverse transcription from the cellular milieu in vivo.
Diffractive ferroelectric liquid-crystal shutters for unpolarized light (1991)

Electro-optic modulators using ferroelectric liquid-crystal technology have generally been limited to use with polarized light. It is possible, however, to construct a diffractive array of ferroelectric liquid-crystal phase modulators that can act as a shutter for unpolarized light. We have built two types of polarization-independent diffractive shutter based on this principle. We describe their principles of operation and performance.
Digital CCTV processing in traffic management (1993)

Image processing is becoming an attractive option for a range of traffic management applications, where previously they would not have been considered on cost-benefit grounds. To date, applications of image processing have been mostly limited to freeway locations and urban areas where CCTV is already in place or is planned. With the advent of the first production samples of cameras 'on a chip', image processing could be on the threshold of a significant breakthrough in functional capability. The paper focuses on the development of a specific platform which is intended to address current traffic management applications.
Therapeutic apheresis for babesiosis (1998)

Infection with the tick-borne protozoa Babesia is becoming more common. Babesiosis is usually successfully treated with antibiotics but, in some cases, apheresis may also be indicated. We report two patients with babesiosis and hemolysis treated by apheresis and antibiotics. One case had traditional indications for red blood cell (RBC) exchange, and a second patient was treated with RBC exchange, and plasmapheresis for hemolysis, probably secondary to Babesia parasitemia. Case 1 involved a 44-year-old man with chronic relapsing pancreatitis who had become infected with Babesia from a unit of RBCs transfused during surgery. At 5 weeks after surgery, fever and severe hemolysis developed, along with a hemoglobin of 69 g/L; 30% of his RBCs were found to be infected with Babesia. This patient had several postoperative complications; the babesiosis was treated with clindamycin, quinine, and three RBC exchanges. Parasitemia fell to less then 1% of RBCs, but the patient died of pancreatitis. Case 2 was a 47-year-old man with a renal transplant who had been receiving immunosuppressive therapy for 8 years. He had a history of tick bites, fever, and hemolytic anemia. Analysis of a peripheral blood smear detected Babesia. He was initially treated with antibiotic therapy and two RBC exchanges. Hemolysis improved transiently but worsening parasitemia developed later, as well as an IgG RBC autoantibody. He was then treated by plasmapheresis and RBC exchange. Although his condition improved, he had a third hemolytic episode, which was treated with plasmapheresis and RBC exchange before the parasitemia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia disappeared. In conclusion, immunosuppressed or severely ill people who become infected with Babesia may benefit from RBC exchange or plasmapheresis, or both. J. Clin. Apheresis 13:32–36, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chlorinated corroles (2012)

Fully β-pyrrole chlorinated corrole was obtained via reaction of the cobalt(III) complex of 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole with chlorine. The structural and electronic effects of chlorination are reported, together with the coordination chemistry of this complex.
Acoustic microscopy and nonlinear effects in pressurized superfluid helium (1992)

The operation of an acoustic microscope having a resolution of 15 mm has been demonstrated. It uses as a coupling medium superfluid (4 )He colder than 0.9 K and pressurized to greater than 20 bar. The microscope has been used to image objects that show little or no contrast on a scanning electron microscope. In addition, the acoustic microscope has been used to study the properties of sound propagation in the coupling fluid. At low acoustic intensities, the coupling fluid has very low acoustic attenuation at the microscope's operating frequency (15.3 GHz), but near the focal point the acoustic intensity can be high enough that the helium behaves with extreme nonlinearity. In fact, this medium is capable of entering new regimes of nonlinear interaction. Plots of the received signal versus input power display a nearly complete source depletion at certain input power levels and a reconversion to the source frequency at higher power levels. Arguments that the process underlying this nonlinear behavior is harmonic generation are presented.
Experimental determination of the Onsager coefficients of transport for Ce0.8Pr0.2O2−δ (2010)

For a mixed oxide-ion and electron conducting oxide, with oxygen vacancies (V(O)) and electrons (e') or holes (h ) as charge carriers, a flux of (V(O)) (J(i)) can in principle be driven, not only directly by its own electrochemical potential gradient (inverted Delta eta(i)), but also indirectly by that of electrons (inverted Delta eta(e)), and vice versa for the flux of electrons (J(e)). It is common practice to assume that electrons and mobile ions migrate independently, despite the lack of experimental evidence in support of this. Here, all the Onsager coefficients, including the cross coefficients, have been measured for Ce(0.8)Pr(0.2)O(2-delta) within the a(O(2)) range 10(-21)-1 at 800 degrees C, using local ionic and electronic probes in a four-probe configuration. The cross coefficients of transport were found to be negligible in comparison to the direct coefficients in the a(O(2)) range 10(-21)-10(-4), but of the same order of magnitude as the direct coefficients for high a(O(2)) values (10(-2)-1). This is in contrast to the commonly used assumption that the two types of carriers migrate independently, i.e. that L(ie) = 0.
A Unified Approach to Asphaltene Precipitation: Laboratory Measurement and Modeling (1995)

Summary A unified approach to evaluating asphaltene precipitation based on laboratory measurement and modeling is presented. This approach used an organic deposition cell for measuring asphaltene drop out onset conditions. Asphaltene precipitation was detected by changes in optical fluorescence, electrical conductance, and visual observation. A series of experiments measured the effects of changing pressure, temperature and composition on asphaltene precipitation. A fully-compositional V-L-S mathematical model completed the analysis by matching the experimental results. The model was then used to forecast asphaltene precipitation under a variety of production scenarios including response to gas-lift operations, and to evaluate the possible location of a tar-mat. Introduction An organic deposition cell (ODC) was developed to experimentally detect asphaltene drop out onset. Two different detection techniques were incorporated into the cell. Fluorescence spectrometry has been used to study aromatic compounds. Fiber optics allowed application of this basic technique to asphaltene detection in the ODC. Conductance measurements were also incorporated into the ODC. Thermodynamic models have been used to predict asphaltene precipitation from reservoir crudes under a variety of conditions. Burke et al and others applied polymer solution theory to the prediction of asphaltene precipitation. While this technique has been very successful, it is limited in its capability to predict the amount of asphaltene precipitate and varying precipitate composition. It was therefore decided to use the more rigorous approach presented by Thomas et al to model asphaltene precipitation. This method is based on an earlier wax deposition model which allows a fully compositional representation of the asphaltene phase. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES The high-pressure (6000 psig) I high-temperature (250 F) ODC employed a piston to allow sample or chemical introduction and pressure/volume control(Figure 1). The piston was designed to minimize dead volume so that flashing during sample introduction was reduced. Heating elements and cooling coils were installed for temperature control. The sapphire window allowed limited visual inspection and the use of a flexible fiber optics probe for luminescence detection. The cell was rocked to allow sample mixing and could be inverted so the window was on top. Electrical conductance was measured between the cellwall and the conducting probe. The conductance values obtained included a high background contribution from the equipment.
Business Rules Enabled Semantic Service Discovery and Selection for B2B Integration (2010)

In service-oriented business applications, B2B integration happens when a service requester invokes services of one or more service providers. Typically, there are several candidate services with similar capabilities that can be chosen by a requester in order to serve his business needs. The selection of the service to be invoked may depend on different functional and non-functional properties. The nonfunctional properties usually address security, reliability, performance, and so forth. The functional properties address the business process interplay at the level of the technical Web service interface and the message choreography associated with it. At the technical integration level, the description of functional and non-functional service properties has been exhaustively addressed in the scientific literature in the past. The business level however, namely, the requester’s business need, the business meaning of an offered service, and the capability of a service provider to successfully perform the requested business transaction, has been rather ignored. This chapter describes a solution for service discovery and selection at the business level, that is, at the level of offered business capability of a service provider and the ability to serve a concrete requested business transaction. The proposed solution is based on semantic interpretation of offered service capabilities, contractual restrictions, business rules of the requestor specifying selection preferences, and the parameters of the run-time service request. The applicability of the proposed solution is demonstrated on a shipper-carrier integration scenario.
279. Studies of trifluoroacetic acid. Part II. Preparation and properties of some trifluoroacetyl esters (1950)

E. J. Bourne, C. E. M. Tatlow and J. C. Tatlow, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 1367 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500001367
Sets of integrating plasmids and gene disruption cassettes containing improved counter‐selection markers designed for repeated use in budding yeast (2002)

Counter-selection is a useful gene manipulation technique for repeated gene disruptions, gene shufflings and gene replacements in yeasts. We developed a novel counter-selection system using a galactose-inducible growth inhibitory sequence (Kawahata et al.1999. Yeast 15: 1-10). This counter-selection marker, named GAL10p-GIN11, has several advantages over previous counter-selection markers, i.e. use of an inexpensive galactose medium for counter-selection, combined use with any transformation markers for gene introduction, and no requirement of specific mutations in the host strains. The GIN11 sequence, which is a part of an X-element of the subtelomeric regions, contained a conserved autonomously replicating sequence, causing the possibility of inefficient chromosomal integration. We isolated GIN11 mutants that lost the replication activity but retained the growth-inhibitory effect when overexpressed. A mutant GIN11M86 sequence was selected and fused to the CUP1 promoter for the counter-selection on a copper-containing medium. The GALp-GIN11M86 and the CUPp-GIN11M86 were used for constructing sets of integrating plasmids containing auxotrophic markers involving HIS3, TRP1, LEU2, URA3 or ADE2, or a drug-resistant marker PGKp-YAP1. In addition, a set of gene disruption cassettes that contained each of the auxotrophic markers and the GALp-GIN11M86, which were flanked by direct repeats of a hisG sequence, were constructed. The counter-selectable integrating plasmids and the gene disruption cassettes can allow the markers to be used repeatedly for yeast gene manipulations.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Methyl α‐Amino Acids Using a Chiral Cu—Salen Complex as a Phase‐Transfer Catalyst. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Copolymerization of olefins and styrene with highly stereospecific catalyst composed of TiCl3 and TiMe2 (1989)

La presente etude consiste a appliquer des catalyseurs (TiCl 3 et TiMe 2 ) dans les syntheses fortuites des copolymeres de styrene et ethylene ou propylene. Cette co-polymerisation a ete realisee a 40˚C
La Flèche du temps, interview de Jean-Michel Besnier et Étienne Klein (1996)

Nouvel Kevin, Ruby Christian, Besnier Jean-Michel, Klein Étienne. La Flèche du temps, interview de Jean-Michel Besnier et Étienne Klein. In: Raison présente, n°119, 3e trimestre 1996. Des sciences dans l'histoire. pp. 115-121.