gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing the potential impact of non-proprietary drug copies on quality of medicine and treatment in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: the experience with fingolimod (2014)

Nonproprietary fingolimod copies produced by processes less well controlled than or altered from proprietary production processes may reduce product reproducibility and quality, potentially presenting risks to patients. Safety data and risk-minimization strategies for proprietary fingolimod may not apply to the nonproprietary fingolimod copies evaluated here. Market authorization of nonproprietary fingolimod copies should require an appropriate RMP to minimize risks to patients.
Malaria parasites target the hepatocyte receptor EphA2 for successful host infection (2015)

The invasion of a suitable host hepatocyte by mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium sporozoites is an essential early step in successful malaria parasite infection. Yet precisely how sporozoites target their host cell and facilitate productive infection remains largely unknown. We found that the hepatocyte EphA2 receptor was critical for establishing a permissive intracellular replication compartment, the parasitophorous vacuole. Sporozoites productively infected hepatocytes with high EphA2 expression, and the deletion of EphA2 protected mice from liver infection. Lack of host EphA2 phenocopied the lack of the sporozoite proteins P52 and P36. Our data suggest that P36 engages EphA2, which is likely to be a key step in establishing the permissive replication compartment.
Long‐term lamivudine treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B: durability of therapeutic responses and safety (2007)

Lamivudine has been demonstrated safe and efficacious in the short term in a large cohort of children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but optimal duration of treatment has not been elucidated and limited data on the safety of long-term lamivudine administration have been reported. In addition, the durability of favourable therapeutic outcomes after lamivudine therapy in children has not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the safety of lamivudine and the durability of clinical responses in a group of children who received up to 3 years of treatment for CHB. One hundred and fifty-one children from centres in nine countries who had previously received lamivudine in a large prospective trial were enrolled. During the first year, children had been randomized to either lamivudine or placebo treatment. Subsequently, in a separate extension study, those who remained hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive were given lamivudine for up to 2 years and those who were HBeAg negative were observed for additional 2 years. Results of these studies have been previously reported. In this study, these children were followed for 2 additional years. Data gathered from medical record review included weight, height, signs and symptoms of hepatitis, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, serologic markers, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels and serious adverse events (SAEs). Other pharmacological treatments for CHB were allowed according to the practices of individual investigators and were documented. Subjects were divided into two groups for analysis, those who had achieved virological response (VR), defined as HBeAg negative and undetectable HBV DNA by the bDNA assay by the end of the extension study at 3 years, and those who had not. In those who had achieved VR by the end of the extension study, long-term durability of HBeAg seroconversion was 82% and >90% in those who had received lamivudine for 52 weeks and at least 2 years respectively. This compares to 75% for those who had achieved seroconversion after placebo. In those who had not achieved VR by the end of the extension study, an additional 11% did so by the end of the study; they had all received lamivudine in the previous trial, and none had received further treatment during the study. Eight children lost hepatitis B surface antigen during the study and all had received lamivudine at some point during the previous trials. Evaluation of safety data revealed no SAEs related to lamivudine. There was no effect of treatment on weight or height z scores. Clinically benign ALT flares (>10 times normal) were seen in 2% of children. Favourable outcomes from lamivudine treatment of CHB in children are maintained for at least several years after completion of treatment. Up to 3 years of lamivudine treatment is safe in children.
Impact of Human Cytomegalovirus Latent Infection on Myeloid Progenitor Cell Gene Expression (2004)

Herpesviruses establish lifelong latent infections in their hosts. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) targets a population of bone marrow-derived myeloid lineage progenitor cells that serve as a reservoir for reactivation; however, the mechanisms by which latent CMV infection is maintained are unknown. To gain insights into mechanisms of maintenance and reactivation, we employed microarrays of approximately 26,900 sequence-verified human cDNAs to assess global changes in cellular gene expression during experimental CMV latent infection of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GM-Ps). This analysis revealed at least 29 host cell genes whose expression was increased and six whose expression was decreased during CMV latency. These changes in transcript levels appeared to be authentic, judging on the basis of further analysis of a subset by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR. This study provides a comprehensive snapshot of changes in host cell gene expression that result from latent infection and suggest that CMV regulates genes that encode proteins involved in immunity and host defense, cell growth, signaling, and transcriptional regulation. The host genes whose expression we found altered are likely to contribute to an environment that sustains latent infection.
Determination of Domain Sizes in Compatibilized Polystyrene−(Ethylene-Propylene Rubber) Blends by Measurements of <sup>1</sup>H Spin Diffusion (1998)

The size of domains in a series of compatibilized polystyrene−(ethylene-propylene rubber) blends were measured by solid-state NMR spin diffusion measurements. The average diameter of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) particles in the blends was observed to decrease as the concentration of interfacial agent was increased up to ca. 15% (weight/volume of EPR) and remained constant upon further addition of interfacial agent. Comparison of the domain sizes obtained from NMR measurements with those obtained from scanning electron microscopy measurements suggests that the NMR technique can be used to confirm large-scale phase separation and investigate the trends in domain sizes in immiscible blends. It was found, however, that in these blends the spin diffusion is slow due to the large size of the domains; as a consequence the uncertainty of the size obtained from 1H spin diffusion is fairly large. It was also found that mechanical grinding of the NMR samples can produce changes in the phase structure of the blends.
Regulation and functional significance of utrophin expression at the mammalian neuromuscular synapse (2000)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the absence of full-length dystrophin molecules in skeletal muscle fibers. In normal muscle, dystrophin is found along the length of the sarcolemma where it links the intracellular actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, via the dystrophin-associated protein (DAP) complex. Several years ago, an autosomal homologue to dystrophin, termed utrophin, was identified and shown to be expressed in a variety of tissues, including skeletal muscle. However, in contrast to the localization of dystrophin in extrajunctional regions of muscle fibers, utrophin preferentially accumulates at the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction in both normal and DMD adult muscle fibers. Since it has recently been suggested that the upregulation of utrophin might functionally compensate for the lack of dystrophin in DMD, considerable interest is now directed toward the elucidation of the various regulatory mechanisms presiding over expression of utrophin in normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle fibers. In this review, we discuss some of the most recent data relevant to our understanding of the impact of myogenic differentiation and innervation on the expression and localization of utrophin in skeletal muscle fibers.
Concurrence of Multifocal Motor Neuropathy and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (2011)

The concurrence of MMN and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in our patient is significant for understanding the immunological characteristics of the two diseases.
Nature of fetal hemoglobin in the Greek type of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin with and without concurrent β-thalassemia (1970)

The fetal hemoglobin in the affected members of three Greek families with the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin has only gamma-chains of the type with alanine in position 136. Although certain Negro families had been considered to have only this type of gamma-chains in their fetal hemoglobin, further studies required that they be reclassified. Consequently, the Greek cases are the sole examples of this class among the heterozygotes for the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. In Greek double heterozygotes for beta-thalassemia and the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin is increased above the level of hemoglobin F in simple heterozygotes and gamma-chains with glycine in position 136 become apparent. In these individuals, gamma-chains with alanine in position 136 apparently derive from the chromosome for the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and are present in the hemoglobin F with gamma-chains of both types from the chromosome for beta-thalassemia. When these data are correlated with earlier knowledge of the genetic state of the Greek individuals, modifications of our previous ideas about deletions as the genetic basis of the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin must be considered.
Progesterone Potentiates IP<sub>3</sub>-Mediated Calcium Signaling Through Akt/PKB (2008)

The activity of cells critically depends on the control of their cytosolic free calcium ion (Ca(2+)) concentration. The objective of the present study was to identify mechanisms of action underlying the control of the gain of intracellular Ca(2+) release by circulating gonadal steroid hormones. Acute stimulation of isolated neurons with progesterone led to IP(3)R-mediated Ca(2+) transients that depend on the activation of the PI3 kinase/Akt/PKB signaling pathway. These results were confirmed at the molecular level and phosphorylation of IP(3)R type 1 by Akt/PKB was identified as the mechanism of action. Hence, it is likely that circulating gonadal steroid hormones control neuronal activity including phosporylation status through receptor- and kinase-mediated signaling. With a direct control of the gain of the Ca(2+) second messenger system as a signaling gatekeeper for neuronal activity the present study identifies a novel pathway for interaction of the endocrine and central nervous system.
Clinical relevance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase for alloimmunity and transplantation (2008)

This review focuses on the nature and mechanisms of IDO-mediated immune regulation in alloimmunity and transplantation and outlines its clinical relevance and therapeutic implications.
Further evidence for the presence of cannabinoid CB<sub>1</sub> receptors in guinea‐pig small intestine (1996)

1. CP 50,556, CP 55,940, nabilone, CP 56,667, delta 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabinol each inhibited electrically-evoked contractions of the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea-pig small intestine in a concentration-related manner. The IC50 values of these cannabinoids, respectively 3.45, 3.46, 30.61, 162.94, 214.63, and 3913.5 nM, correlate well with previously obtained potency values for displacement of [3H]-CP 55,940 from cannabinoid binding sites. 2. Electrically-evoked contractions of the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation were also inhibited by AM 630 (6-iodo-pravadoline) and by WIN 55,212-2 (IC50 = 1923.0 and 5.54 nM, respectively). The present finding that AM 630 is an agonist, contrasts with a previous observation that it behaves as a cannabinoid receptor antagonist in the mouse isolated vas deferens. 3. SR141716A produced dose-related parallel rightward shifts in the log concentration-response curves of CP 55,940, WIN 55,212-2, THC and AM 630 for inhibition of electrically-evoked contractions of the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation. SR141716A (1 microM) did not reverse the inhibitory effects of normorphine and clonidine on electrically-evoked contractions or potentiate the contractile response to acetylcholine. 4. Doses of naloxone and yohimbine that reversed the inhibitory effects of normorphine or clonidine on electrically-evoked contractions of the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation did not affect the inhibitory response to WIN 55,212-2. 5. Electrically-evoked release of acetylcholine from strips of myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle was decreased by 200 nM CP 55,940 and this inhibitory effect was almost completely reversed by 1 microM SR141716A. Acetylcholine-induced contractions were not affected by 200 nM CP 55,940. 6. These results support the hypothesis that guinea-pig small intestine contains prejunctional cannabinoid CB1 receptors through which cannabinoids act to inhibit electrically-evoked contractions by reducing release of the contractile transmitter, acetylcholine. 7. THC was found to be more susceptible to antagonism by SR141716A than CP 55,940 or AM 630, raising the possibility that guinea-pig small intestine contains more than one type of cannabinoid receptor. 8. At concentrations of 10 nM and above, SR141716A produced small but significant increases in the amplitude of electrically-evoked contractions of the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation suggesting that this tissue may release an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist or that some cannabinoid receptors in this tissue are precoupled and that SR141716A can reduce the number of receptors in this state.
Measurement of Schottky barrier height tuning using dielectric dipole insertion method at metal–semiconductor interfaces by photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical characterization techniques (2013)

Schottky barrier height (ΦSBH) tuning from the insertion of dipole providing materials at the TaN/Si and TaN/GaAs interface are investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical techniques. In-situ processing and characterization of these contact interfaces is utilized to gain understanding of the formation of the dipole at the AlOx/SiO2 interface. Changes in both the band bending and vacuum work function by the insertion of AlOx/SiO2 at the interface are observed on both Si and GaAs substrates and are correlated with a large reduction in the ΦSBH on Si. Applications of this contact scheme for contact resistivity reduction, extremely shallow junctions, and Schottky barrier metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect devices are also discussed.
Digital cordless technology is not only the wave of the future; digital standards are being translated into products today. (1992)

igital cordless telephony is no longer a thing of the future. After a decade of research and development, technical standards are being translated into products and commercially viable networks. This article addresses the role of digital cordless technology in the transition to the personal communications system (PCS) era. Although this role cannot be predicted with certainty — markets will make their own decisions — we can identify a range of technical, service, implementation, and market issues that will influence it. This discussion is limited to digital cordless systems. Although analogue cordless systems, CT1, are already in widespread usage and still undergoing significant developments and enhancements, digital technology is the wave of the future. This article focuses on developments in Europe, where the development of cordless standards was pioneered. Advanced microcellular radio technologies are also being explored in North America and Japan, but Europe remains unique in having established accepted standards to facilitate volume markets. 1 Because PCS, personal communications networks (PCN), and cordless access have been subject to widely differing perceptions, this article includes a review of the evolution of the pan-European digital cordless standards, as well as a brief summary of these standards — CT2 and DECT — and a description of industry progress in equipment availability and service implementation. The conventional European model of the digital cordless telephony marketplace has envisaged three overlapping applications — domestic, business, and public access (Telepoint). A discussion of this model and the progress to date in addressing each of these applications is also included. Wireless data networking has emerged as a new opportunity of the 1990s — European cordless standards were designed with such needs in mind, and cordless LAN products to the DECT standard have already been announced. This article presents a view of the role of CT2 and DECT technology for such applications and the implications for cordless integrated services. Finally, this article looks beyond today’s technology at current European activities to standardize a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), ITU activities on Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems (FPLMTS), and possible scenarios for the role of cordless technology over the next decade.
Electron transport in N,N′-bis(2-phenethyl)-perylene-3,4: 9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (1993)

By time-of-flight techniques, electron mobilities have been measured in vapor deposited films of the title compound. The results were compared to predictions of the disorder formalism, due to Bässler and co-workers, and models based on polaron formation. The results lead to the conclusion that fluctuations in hopping site energies are the major contribution to the activation energy. For consistency between experiment and predictions of the formalism, however, an additional source of activation is required. The source of this activation is believed due to either polaron formation or trapping. The width of the hopping site manifold, σ, is determined as 0.080 eV and the positional disorder parameter, Σ, as 1.0. The interpretation of these results by a model in which transport occurs only by polaron displacement leads to inconsistencies with both the temperature and field dependencies of the mobility.
Generalization of the Maggi-Rubinowicz Theory of the Boundary Diffraction Wave—Part I† (1962)

As a first step towards a generalization of the Maggi-Rubinowicz theory of the boundary diffraction wave, a new vector potential W(Q,P) is associated with any monochromatic scalar wavefield U(P). This potential has the property that the normal component of its curl, taken with respect to the coordinates of any point Q on a closed surface S surrounding a field point P, is equal to the integrand of the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral; that is, curlQW(Q,P)·n=14π{U(Q)∂∂n(exp(iks)s)−exp(iks)s∂∂nU(Q)}.where s is the distance QP and ∂/∂n denotes the differentiation along the inward unit normal n to S.Further it is shown that the vector potential always has singularities at some points Q on S and that the field at P may be rigorously expressed as the sum of disturbances propagated from these points alone.A closed expression for the vector potential associated with any given monochromatic wavefield that obeys the Sommerfeld radiation condition at infinity is derived and it is shown that in the special case when U is a spherical wave, this expression reduces to that found by G. A. Maggi and A. Rubinowicz in their researches on the boundary diffraction wave.
Asymptotic Analysis of LMMSE Multiuser Receivers for Multi-Signature Multicarrier CDMA in Rayleigh Fading (2004)

This paper considers a multicarrier (MC) code-division multiple-access system where each user employs multiple signatures. The receiver is linear and minimizes the mean square error of the data estimate. Both multiple-user and single-user systems are considered, as well as single and multiple signatures per user. In each case, an asymptotic analysis is used to derive the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) as a function of the system loading, the noise power, and the fading properties of the channel. Asymptotic in this case means that the number of independent subcarriers and number of signatures per user each tends to infinity with fixed ratio. The associated bit-error rate (BER) is evaluated for binary phase-shift keying symbols. Simulations show that the asymptotic SINRs and BERs derived in each case are accurate for realistic finite systems.
Measurement of a 2-meter flat using a pentaprism scanning system (2005)

A scanning pentaprism system may be used as an absolute test for an optical flat. Such a system was built and used to test a 2-meter flat mirror. This system uses light from an autocollimator that is reflected from 2 pentaprisms to project reference beams of light onto the flat mirror. The light reflected from the mirror back through the pentaprisms provides information on low order optical aberrations in the flat mirror. We report results of the test on a 2-meter flat.
Automated in-line measurement of nuclear fuel pellets (1979)

HEDL is currently developing, fabricating, and evaluating automated fuel fabrication equipment with the goals of reduced personnel exposure, improved safeguards/accountability and improved fuel performance. One of the automated equipment items which has been fabricated is a fuel pellet inspection system. This system inspects fuel pellets for surface flaws and measures pellets for length, diameter, and weight at a rate of one pellet per second. The inspected pellets are sorted automatically and the results of the inspection are transmitted to a central computer for trend analysis and verification of accountability data. 11 figures.
Environmental Benefits of Restoring Sediment Continuity to the Kansas River (2016)

Purpose: This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) summarizes the environmental benefits that could be gained by restoring sediment continuity from the Kansas River watershed to the Kansas River by passing sediment through, rather than trapping sediment in, large Federal reservoirs. The effort was conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Kansas City (NWK), and supported by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Regional Sediment Management (RSM) Program. The section of this CHETN titled “In-Reservoir Effects of Sediment Accumulation” explains the water quality and ecological effects of reservoir aging by sediment accumulation. The section titled “Downstream Channel Effects” cites specific ecological effects from unnaturally low turbidity levels in the Kansas River. The section titled “Sediment Quality and Timing” describes the natural quantity and timing of sediment delivery that can be used as a reasonable upper bound for all sediment recharge activities. Socioeconomic considerations, including impacts to water supply, flood risk management, recreation, and navigation support have been addressed by others and are not discussed here. This technical note documents multiple environmental benefits that could result from reservoir sediment management that removes sediment from major Federal reservoirs and recharges sediment to the Kansas River. The same may be true for other USACE reservoirs and their downstream receiving channels in historically turbid systems.