gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The knowledge and practices of urologists in the United States (US) about standardization of PSA assays. (2011)

207 Background: PSA assays can be calibrated to either the WHO or the Hybritech standard. Studies of PSA-based prostate cancer screening have used Hybritech-standardized assays and prostate cancer risk calculators are based on these studies. Testing of patient samples with a WHO calibrated assay gives values that are 22% lower than from those with Hybritech-calibrated assays. Up to 60% of the labs in the US use WHO calibrated assays. We evaluated whether US urologists are aware of the different calibrators and the differences in PSA values. Methods: A random sample of 1,742 US urologists were invited by email to participate in a web-based survey of their knowledge and practices regarding PSA assay standardization. No mention was made of assays or calibration in the invitation. 419 responses were received. Results: Many (56%) US urologists thought that different standards may lead to clinically relevant differences in PSA values. Although 62% reported awareness of the two PSA calibrators, 67% did not know the difference between the two. Only 17% correctly reported the difference between the two standards. Nationally almost 60% of the labs use WHO standardized assays, but in this survey only 5% of the urologists thought that the hospital where they practice used a WHO standardized assay. The rest reported either not knowing the standard (46%) or use of the Hybritech standard (49%). The majority of urologists did not look at the reference range (64%) or for the PSA standard (74%) in the lab reports. Only 25% reported considering the PSA-calibration in their clinical decisions about prostate biopsy, but only a third of them correctly knew the difference between the calibrators. Conclusions: Many US urologists are unaware of the difference caused by WHO versus Hybritech based PSA-assay calibration. Although 60% of clinical laboratories use WHO-calibrated assays, only 5% of urologists are aware of this use in their practice, and a majority of urologists could not correctly explain the difference between the different calibrators. A greater awareness is needed amongst US urologists about the different PSA calibrators, the calibrator in use at their practice, and means to account for different calibrators in clinical decision making. [Table: see text]
A Coordination Perspective on Software System Design (1997)

In large software systems the identification and proper management of interdependencies among the pieces of a system becomes a central concern. Nevertheless, most traditional programming languages and tools focus on representing components, leaving the description and management of interdependencies among components implicit, or distributed among the components. This paper identifies a number of problems with this approach and proposes a new perspective for designing software, which elevates the representation and management of component interdependencies to a distinct design problem. A core element of the perspective is the development of design handbooks, which catalogue the most common kinds of interconnection relationships encountered in software systems, as well as sets of alternative coordination protocols for managing them. The paper presents SYNTHESIS, a software development environment based on this perspective. A number of experiments performed using SYNTHESIS as well as some...
Acute appendicitis in pregnancy: complications and subsequent management. (1993)

Pregnancy should not deter a surgeon from removing an appendix, once the diagnosis is suspected; no pregnancy was affected by removal of a normal appendix. We recommend that prophylactic antibiotics and tocolytic drugs be given in all cases. Simultaneous caesarean section should be done only if there are obstetric indications.
Tension Transients in Single Isolated Smooth Muscle Cells (1983)

Tension transients were recorded in a single smooth muscle cell. The transient contains a linear elastic response and a biphasic recovery that appear to originate from the cross-bridges. A comparison of transients in smooth and fast skeletal muscle fibers suggests that the cross-bridge in smooth muscle is more compliant than the cross-bridge in striated muscle and that transitions between several cross-bridge states occur more slowly in smooth muscle than in striated muscle.
Reconstruction of feature volumes and feature suppression (2002)

This paper describes a systematic algorithm for reconstructing the feature volume from a set of faces in a solid model. This algorithm serves a dual purpose. Firstly, the algorithm generates the feature volume by extending or contracting the neighboring faces of the set of faces. Secondly, the algorithm may also be used to remove (or suppress) the face-set from the model. The algorithm uses a divide-and-conquer strategy and geometric cues to identify the correct topology. It robustly handles a wide class of feature volumes with complex topology and geometry. A simplified version of the algorithm has also been presented to handle volumes resulting from 2.5D features.
Macromolecular Nanotechnology Effect of carbon nanotubes on mechanical and electrical properties of polyimide/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites (2007)

AbstractMulti-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) reinforced polyimide nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ polymer-ization using 4,4 0 -oxydianilline, MWNTs, and pyromellitic dianhydride followed by casting, evaporation and thermal imi-dization. A homogeneous dispersion of chemically modiﬁed MWNTs was achieved in polyimide matrix as evidenced byscanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The incorporation of the modiﬁed MWNTs enhanced themechanical properties of the polyimide due to the presence of strong interfacial interaction between the polymer matrixand the nanotubes in polymer composites. The resultant polyimide/MWNTs nanocomposites were electrically conductivewith signiﬁcant conductivity enhancement at 3 wt% MWNTs, which is favorable for many practical uses. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Polyimide; Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; In situ polymerization; Mechanical properties; Electrical conductivity 1. IntroductionSince the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)in 1991 by Iijima [1], they have received much atten-tion for their many potential applications such asnanoelectronic and photovoltaic devices [2,3],superconductors [4], electromechanical actuators[5], electrochemical capacitors [6], nanowires [7],and nanocomposite materials [8,9]. Carbon nano-tubes have been recognized as a potential candidatefor the reinforcement of polymeric materials due totheir excellent physical, mechanical properties,nanometer scale diameter and high aspect ratio[10,11]. Major problem is the diﬃculty in dispersionof CNT in a polymer matrix due to its strong vander Waals interactions. Another issue is the weakinterfacial interaction between CNT and polymer.The chemical modiﬁcation of the nanotubes is oneof the most important approaches to overcomethese problems [12,13]. Generally it arises from thefunctional groups such as –COOH or –OH on thecarbon nanotubes, which are derived by the oxida-tion of the carbon nanotubes. Other approacheshave been proposed for homogeneous dispersionof CNT in polymer matrices, including the direct
Hemi‐ or homozygosity: a requirement for some but not other p53 mutant proteins to accumulate and exert a pathogenetic effect (1993)

Activating mutations within the p53 gene cause stabilization and therefore increased steady-state levels of the p53 protein; some, but not all, also result in the generation of an epitope recognized by the antibody pAB240. We have shown here that in 70% of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, but not in normal EBV transformed B cell lines, p53 protein is readily detectable by Western blot analysis using either an antibody directed against the 240 epitope or an antibody against wild-type p53. Genomic analysis of these BL cell lines demonstrated the presence of mutations within the p53 gene in all cell lines with detectable p53 protein. We have also shown that in the cell lines ST486, Raji, and TE 110, which are heterozygous for a neutral sequence codon polymorphism (Arg/Pro) that causes altered migration of an otherwise normal protein and also contain a heterozygous mutation, only the protein derived from the mutated allele is stabilized. Thus the dominant effect of the mutations present in these cell lines apparently does not result from sequestering of the normal protein by the abnormal protein, and therefore presumably is a consequence of a gain-of-function resulting from the mutation. Although all cell lines with stabilized p53 also contained p53 mutations, three lymphoid tumors (two cell lines and one fresh B-CLL) with a heterozygous mutation at codon 248 did not express elevated levels of p53. In contrast, p53 was readily detectable in Western blot analysis from cell lines KK124, Namalwa, and CA46, which had homo- or hemizygous mutations at codon 248, and from PP1084, a cell line with a codon 273 mutation and a carboxyl-terminal truncation in the other allele. These results suggest that mutations at codon 248, unlike those in cell lines ST486 and TE110, are stabilizing only in the absence of the wild-type p53. Heterozygous mutations at codons 248 have been described in the germline of individuals belonging to cancer-prone families described by Li and Fraumeni (see ref 18), but tumors detected in such individuals are homozygous, i.e., contain only mutated p53. This is consistent with the possibility that such mutations exert a pathogenetic effect only in the absence of the wild-type protein, and are coupled to our findings that stabilization of p53 is a necessary component of the oncogenic pathways relevant to p53. However, whereas some mutations are stabilizing in the presence of the normal p53 protein, others are stabilizing only in the homozygous state.
Lectin-like transcript-1 (LLT1) and exosomal PCNA inhibit NK cell effector function against prostate cancer cells (TUM2P.892) (2014)

Abstract NK cell functions are regulated by inhibitory and activating receptors binding corresponding ligands on the surface of target cells, providing vital first line defenses against infections and cancer. In order to establish and grow, cancer cells must escape NK cell-mediated killing. By altering the expression of ligands for NK cell receptors (down-regulating activating ligands and up-regulating inhibitory ligands) cancer cells may evade NK mediated killing. Here we have examined the expression of LLT1 (Lectin-like transcript-1 or CLEC2D), a ligand for the NK cell inhibitory receptor NKRP1A (CD161) as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a ligand for NKp44 on surface of prostate cancer cell DU145. Expression of LLT1 on DU145 cell inhibited NK cell cytolytic activity though NKRP1A (CD161). Similarly, expression of exosomal PCNA by DU145 inhibited NK cell cytotoxicity through NKp44. The association of HLA I and PCNA on DU145 forms an inhibitory ligand for NKp44. Blocking the inhibitory signals by anti-LLT1 and anti-NKp44 monoclonal antibodies enhanced the killing of prostate cancer cells by NK cells. Thus tumor cells may use multiple pathways to inhibit NK effector function and combinatorial targeting of these pathways could lead to efficient elimination of cancer cells.
Time aberrations of uniform fields: An improved reflectron mass spectrometer for an atom-probe field-ion microscope (1993)

The mass resolution of the atom-probe field-ion microscope is limited by the time resolution of the ion-separating spectrometer. Time aberrations of uniform fields are investigated in general in order to characterize the optimal performance of high-transmission, high-mass resolution, multistage reflectron lenses. Correction of higher order time aberrations greatly improves the mass resolution. For an ion beam with an energy distributed uniformly about some nominal energy, E0±dE, mass resolutions (base width) of m/dm=848, 1344, 2151, 3571 can be achieved for single-, double-, triple- and quadruple-stage reflectron mass spectrometers when dE=0.1E0. A unique design example employing both second- and third-order time correction is given for an atom-probe field-ion microscope.
von Willebrand Factor Activity Detected in a Monoclonal Antibody-based ELISA: an Alternative to the Ristocetin Cofactor Platelet Agglutination Assay for Diagnostic Use (1997)

Summary The monoclonal antibody RFF-VIII:R/1 recognises an epitope on von Willebrand factor involved in its interaction with GPIbα. A two-site, solid phase ELISA has been established using RFF-VIII:R/1 as the solid-phase, capture antibody and an enzyme-conjugated, polyclonal antibody to human VWF, which provides an assay for VWF functional activity with a detection limit of 0.5 U/dl VWF and an interassay %CV<10. Plasma from 192 VWD patients (48 studied retrospectively; 144 prospectively) showed VWF levels of <50 U/dl in type 1 patients (n = 156), <25 U/dl in type 2A (n = 26) and <35 U/dl in type 2B (n = 8) which, in type 1 and 2A patients, correlated with RiCoF activity (r >0.82). In plasma from patients with type 1 VWD values of VWF in the Mab-based ELISA were similar to levels of VWF:Ag measured in a polyclonal antibody-based ELISA (r >0.87) but were significantly lower than VWF:Ag in type 2A and 2B plasmas (p <0.0005), allowing discrimination of variant VWD. The Mab-based ELISA has advantages of sensitivity and reproducibility over the RiCoF assay to measure VWF activity and can be used to analyse stored samples. In conjunction with an ELISA for VWF:Ag and VWF multimer analysis, it provides a reliable method, for the laboratory diagnosis of VWD.
Metabolic and Structural Recovery of Left Ventricular Canine Myocardium from Regional Complete Ischemia (1975)

The capacity for recovery of the normothermic left ventricular myocardium from a regional complete ischemia (RCI) was investigated using changes in the myocardial metabolic status (ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate (CrP), free creatine, glycogen, glucose, lactate) and alterations of the morphology as parameters. In dogs, an area of the anterior wall of the left ventricular myocardium was temporarily deprived completely of its blood supply by 5--7 overlapping ligatures extending into the heart cavity. The metabolites of the adenylic acid-CrP system returned to normal tissue levels after 30 and 60 min of RCI within 14 and 35 days of recovery, respectively; restoration averaged 82% after 100 min, 74% after 140 min, and 38% after 180 min of RCI after 5 weeks of recovery. At the same time glycogen amounted to 163% after 100 min, 114% min, and 65% after 180 min of RCI. The biochemical data correlated well with the structural changes in the affected myocardium, especially with the amount of de- and regenerating heart muscle cells. These obviously were functionally defect and were not comparable with normal structured and functioning heart muscle cells.
Synthesis of methacrylate derivatives oligomers by dithiobenzoate‐RAFT‐mediated polymerization (2008)

Because of a production error, author Elham Hosseini Nejad's name appeared incorrectly. The family name of the author was published as Nejad. The correct family name of the author is Hosseini Nejad. The error has been corrected in the online version of the article. Citations to the article should use the original volume, issue, and page numbers.We apologize for the error and any inconvenience it may have caused.
Characterization of deep etched holes arrays as grating couplers between optical fibers and nanophotonic waveguides (2009)

Experimental results of grating couplers composed of holes arrays that fabricated at the same time as waveguides were presented. This design does not require additional process for couplers fabrication, yet achieved 30% coupling efficiency.
225. Vibrational spectra of pseudo-halide complexes. Part II. Planar and octahedral isocyanate complexes (1965)

D. Forster and D. M. L. Goodgame, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 1286 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650001286
Dense‐gas solvent‐solute clusters at near‐infinite dilution: EPR spectroscopic evidence (1993)

Abstract The nitrogen hyperfine splitting constant of ditertbutyl nitroxide radicals was measured with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy at near‐infinite dilution in near‐critical and supercritical ethane, as well as in liquid propane, liquid isobutane, and several nonhydrogen bonding liquid solvents. While the measurements in the liquids are described well by the theory of McRae, large deviations from the liquid behavior are observed in supercritical ethane. The deviations are used as a measure of the effective local density of the solvent around the solute. At the two temperatures investigated, T r = 1.009 and T r = 1.084, the local density enhancement, defined as the ratio of local to bulk densities, exhibits a maximum of about 3 occurring around 1/2 the critical density. The maximum is removed well from the critical density, where the maximum of the isothermal compressibility is observed. Local density enhancements are short‐range effects and do not correlate well with the development of long‐range critical phenomena. Local density enhancement data in ethane are compared with the prewetting transition that has been observed in nearcritical ultrapure argon.
Environmental Management and Emergency Response Planning for Pipelines Using Geomatics Technologies (1998)

The challenge in pipeline emergency response planning is to respond effectively and efficiently to emergencies or incidents which may occur over a wide geographic area with variable degrees of potential human exposure and environmental sensitivities. The type and level of response is dictated by the nature and extent of the emergency, as well as the location of sensitive environmental and human resources. Access and use of both spatial and temporal information in responding to the emergency must therefore be efficient and subsequent decisions and actions clearly understood and passed on from a management/co-ordination level to the field operations. One means of increasing the efficiency in this process is through the use of geomatics technologies (i.e., geographic information system (GIS). Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) data, image processing software) integrated with a database holding both spatial and non-spatial information.
CO2 Separation through Carbon Tubular Membranes: Effect of Polymer Composition (2016)

Carbon membrane can be regarded as the future of the separation media in gas separation process due to its high gas separation performance, ease process ability, and moderate energy requirement as compared to conventional separation. In this study, the influence of the polymer (Matrimid 5218) composition; 5wt%, 10wt%, 13wt%, 15wt%, and 18wt%, on the gas permeation properties was investigated. The supported polymer precursor was prepared by coated the polymer solution on TiO2 –ZrO2 tubes by using dip-coating method before undergoes carbonization at 850°C under Nitrogen atmosphere. Pure gas permeation tests were performed by using CH4, and CO2, at room temperature and pressure of 8 bars. It was found that polymer composition plays a significant role in the carbon membrane preparation. The highest CO2/CH4 selectivity of 83.30 was obtained for carbon membrane prepared from 15wt% polymer composition.
Erbium Doped Fiber Laser Mode Locked by Graphene in Carboxymethylcellulose Polymer Composite (2014)

We have presented and demonstrated efficient mode locking of erbium doped fiber laser using graphene carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) polymer composites. The laser gives out soliton pulse with duration of ~837 fs, and 0.19 nJ pulse energy.
Role and therapeutic targeting of miR-21 in bladder cancer. (2015)

e15542 Background: MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple types of cancer, including bladder cancer. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) has been identified to have oncogenic function in most human cancers, by regulating essential signaling pathways. However, its role in bladder cancer oncogenesis has not been well studied. Thus, our aim was to evaluate miR-21 expression levels in different stages of human bladder cancer initiation and progression and examine the effectiveness of a novel miR-21 chemical inhibitor to suppress bladder cancer growth. Methods: MiR-21 expression was examined by real-time PCR in RNAs derived from 5 normal and 12 bladder cancer tissues and in a large panel of 28 bladder cancer cell lines. Suppression of miR-21 expression by a locked nucleic acid miR-21 (LNA-miR-21) was assessed by real-time PCR. The activity of the LNA-miR-21 chemical inhibitor in T24 bladder cancer cells was assessed by both cell growth and colony formation assays. Results: MiR-21 was found to be 5-fold up-regulated in bladder cancer relative to normal tissues. Furthermore, we identified that miR-21 expression was increased (3-fold) in advanced relative to early stage bladder tumors, suggesting its potential involvement in bladder cancer progression. MiR-21 was detected in all 28 bladder cell lines, with highest levels ( > 10-fold increase) in six (T24, 1A6, 5367, EJ28, SCABER, SW13) bladder cancer cell lines. Treatment with the LNA-miR-21 in T24 bladder cancer cells suppressed > 90% miR-21 expression levels, 72h post treatment. LNA-miR-21 suppressed ( > 60%) the growth of T24 cells in two-dimensional culture, 72h post treatment. Treatment with LNA-miR-21 reduced ( > 75%) the ability of T24 cells to form colonies in three-dimensional culture (soft agar). Conclusions: Our data revealed that miR-21 expression is up-regulated during human bladder cancer initiation and progression. Furthermore, we found that a novel miR-21 chemical inhibitor is highly effective in suppressing miR-21 expression and blocking the tumorigenicity of bladder cancer cells. Therefore, our studies identify that the novel microRNA-chemical compound could have therapeutic potential in bladder cancer and warrants further investigation in vivo models of this disease.
A new sensing scheme for 3D active antenna (2002)

This paper discusses a new sensing scheme for 3D active antenna that can detect not only the contact location between an insensitive flexible beam and an object but also the normal direction of the object's surface where the beam makes contact. The active antenna is simply composed of an insensitive flexible beam, actuators to move the beam, position sensors to measure the rotational angle of the beam, and a moment sensor. In our former work (Kaneko and Kanayama, 1995), we have shown that both the normal direction and the contact distance can be obtained by more than three times pushing motions. Through the mathematical formulation between the pushing geometry and the contact force, we newly find that both the normal direction and the contact distance can be determined by just one time pushing motion, even though a lateral slip between the beam and an object appears during the pushing motion. We further verify the working principle by experiments.
Interaction between bitter taste receptor gene TAS2R38 and obesity-related gene TMEM with respect to energy intake in an adult population (2016)

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Two Models of Nonadaptive Group Testing for Designing Screening Experiments (2001)

We discuss two non-standard models of nonadaptive combinatorial search which develop the conventional disjunct search model of Du and Hwang (1993) for a small number of defective elements contained in a finite ground set or a population. The first model called asearch of defective supersets (complexes)was suggested in D’yachkovetal. (2000c,d). The second model which can be called asearch of defective subsets in the presence of inhibitorswas introduced for the case of an adaptive search by Farachetal. (1997) and De Bonis and Vaccaro (1998). For these models, we study the constructive search methods based on the known constructions for the disjunct model from Kautz and Singleton (1964) and from D’yachkovetal. (2000a,b).