gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The new competitive and incentive approaches to health care cost containment / BEBR No. 854 (1982)

The new competitive and incentive approaches to health care delivery now being proposed have several new and interesting implica- tions that are explored in this paper.The dramatic changes, some of which are already underway, include the deregulation of hospitals with increasing new entry, the extension of the multiple choice of health care plans provided by employers with rebates to employees when less costly plans are chosen, and restructured cost-sharing for medicare and medicaid.All suggest that there will be entry of more hospitals in many communities, development of new combinations of health care plans, more subcontracting for health care delivery, and perhaps more use of anti-trust laws to preserve the competition.These all suggest the need for advance planning by hospitals, health care plans, physicians, and consumer groups to avoid the problems and to minimize the costs of cataclysmic change.The impetus for change, including the rising costs to the taxpayers, falling cost-effectiveness of health care, and problems of regulation are considered first in order to define the nature of some of the problems the "New Competition" seeks to address.But since competition also provides no complete panacea, the paper offers a prognosis of a mix of regulatory and competitive approaches.Voucher-Like Tax Credits -for the working poor, which may or may not be supported by President Reagan, would provide financial supplements if the employer's plan is stingy by means of a tax credit operated through the income tax system.Taken together, these have a number of new implications for health care delivery which will be explored below.First, however, the impetus for change and the nature of the problems to be addressed needs to be considered.These range from the rising costs to the taxpayers and falling cost effectiveness of health care delivery to the counter-productive effects of retrospective reimbursement and of many of the attendant regulations currently imposed on the hospitals.Although the "New Competition" offers many new opportunities, it also presents many problems and is not a total panacea.We conclude with a
PD34-10 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RENAL PELVIS PRESSURES AND PYELOVENOUS BACKFLOW DURING URETERORENOSCOPY IN A LIVE PORCINE MODEL (2020)

multicentric study. Exclusion criteria were the presence of coagulation impairments, age less than 18 or more then 75, presence of acute infection, presence of cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities. Patients were randomized into three groups: Group A: patients treated with PCNL; Group B: patients treated with MP; Group C: patients treated with UMP. Patients were controlled with abdomen X ray and CT scan after 3 months. A negative X ray or an asymptomatic patients with stone fragments less than 3 mm big. and a negative urinary colture were the criteria to assess the stone-free status. A statistical analysis was carried out to asses patients data, success and complications rates, re-treatment rate and need for auxiliary treatment RESULTS: Between January 2014 and June 2016, 132 consecutive patients were enrolled in this study. 44 pts for the group A, 47 for group B and 41 for group C. The mean stone size was 16.38 mm. in Group A, 17.82 mm. in Group B and 15.23 mm. in Group C (p[0.34). The overall stone free rate was 86.3% for group A, 82.9% for group B and 78.0 % for group C. The retreatment rate was significantly higher in group C compared to the other two groups, 12.1% (p<0.05). The auxiliary procedure rate was comparable for group A and B and C (p>0.05). The complication rate was 13.6%, 4.2% and 2.4% respectively for group A, B and C CONCLUSIONS: PCNL and MP were more effective than UMP to obtain a better stone free rate. Auxiliary and re-treatment rate were similar. On the other hand for such this kind of stones PCNL had more complications. MP and UMP find a better indication in stones less than 1.5 cm in size
Conceptual Background for Symbolic Computation (1992)

ABSTRACT: This paper is a tutorial which examines the three major models of computation-the Turing Machine, Combinators, and Lambda Calculus-with respect to their usefulness to practi-cal engineering of computing machines. W&apos;hile the classical von Neumann architecture can be deduced from the Turing Machine model, and Combinator machines have been built on an experi-mental basis, no serious attempts have been made to construct a Lambda Calculus machine. This paper gives a basic outline of how to incorporate a Lambda Calculus capabi 1 ity into a von Neumann type architecture, maintaining full backward compatibility and at the same time making optimal use of its advantages and technological maturity for the Lambda Calculus capa-bility.
Pairing of Variable Heavy and Variable κ Chains in Individual Naive and Memory B Cells (1998)

Abstract A functional Ig consists of two heterodimers each of which is composed of a heavy and a light chain. Although there is increasing knowledge about the events that govern the rearrangement of the genes encoding each individual chain, only very limited information is available about the mechanisms governing the pairing of variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) chains. Using a single cell PCR, we were able to obtain VH and Vκ chains from 144 individual human CD19+/IgM+ B cells. Pairing of specific VH or Vκ families was not observed, nor was the length or the amino acid composition of the CDR3s of VH and Vκ chains in individual B cells similar. Comparison of VH and Vκ genes in B cells in which one or both contained evidence of somatic hypermutation with those with no mutations revealed a significant decrease in the mean length of the VH CDR3. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the frequencies of mutations in VH and Vκ gene pairs in individual B cells. These results indicate that Ag-mediated selection as opposed to VHDJH recombination or subsequent Ig chain pairing tended to approximate the CDR3 lengths and the frequency of mutations of VH and Vκ in individual B cells.
The synthesis of Sm/sub 2/(Co,Fe,Zr)/sub 17/ high energy product, 16 to 30 MGOe, thick sputtered films (1989)

Sputtering methods have been developed that allow the synthesis of Sm/sub 2/(Co,Fe,Zr)/sub 17/-type films with thicknesses between 20 to 100 mu m that exhibit an in-plane static energy product on the order of 20 MGOe. To achieve the energy product range of interest it is necessary that the films exhibit crystallographic texturing such that the crystallite c-axes preferentially lie in the plane of the substrate. This requires that the films be directly crystallized onto heated substrates. It has been found necessary to precoat the sapphire substrates with a boundary layer of oxidized Al-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ to allow the films to be strongly adherent to the substrate. Films have been made for a very narrow range of sputtering conditions that exhibit no X-ray reflections that correspond to the presence of crystallites with c-axes skewed out of the film plane. It is also necessary that the films be deposited so as to prevent the formation of a noticeable columnar growth pattern. The presence of such a columnar growth pattern introduces porosity that lowers the effective magnetization value. Such high-energy product films are potentially useful for the fabrication of small-scale integrated electromagnetic components.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improved RMS Delay Spread Estimation for mmWave Channels Using Savitzky–Golay Filters (2019)

In this paper, a novel method for improving the estimation accuracy of the root mean square (RMS) delay spread from the magnitude of the Channel Transfer Function (CTF) is presented. We utilize the level crossing rate metric in the frequency domain, which is based on scalar power measurement. The Savitzky–Golay (S-G) filtering method is used to improve the fidelity of the channel delay spread estimator. The presented concept is simple to implement and inexpensive. The proposed method is tested on the CTF magnitude data measured in the mmWave frequency band at low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).
A fast nonenumerative automatic test pattern generator for path delay faults (1999)

This paper presents a nonenumerative automatic test pattern generator for robustly testable path delay faults. In contrast to earlier work by I. Pomeranz, et al. (see IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design, vol. 14, p. 1505-15, Dec. 1995), the pattern generator takes into consideration the conditions for robust propagation while sensitizing sets of paths. This increases the probability of testing them robustly with a single test. Novel algorithms are described which identify sets that contain many such potentially compatible paths. The number of detected faults is estimated using a simple and fast method. The approach compares favorably to that of Pomeranz et al. in both fault detection and time performance.
Shock Wave–Film Cooling Interactions in Transonic Flows (2001)

Interactions between shock waves and film cooling are described as they affect magnitudes of local and spanwise-averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness distributions. A row of three cylindrical holes is employed. Spanwise spacing of holes is 4 diameters, and inclination angle is 30 deg. Free-stream Mach numbers of 0.8 and 1.10–1.12 are used, with coolant to free-stream density ratios of 1.5–1.6. Shadowgraph images show different shock structures as the blowing ratio is changed, and as the condition employed for injection of film into the cooling holes is altered. Investigated are film plenum conditions, as well as perpendicular film injection crossflow Mach numbers of 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6. Dramatic changes to local and spanwise-averaged adiabatic film effectiveness distributions are then observed as different shock wave structures develop in the immediate vicinity of the film-cooling holes. Variations are especially evident as the data obtained with a supersonic Mach number are compared to the data obtained with a free-stream Mach number of 0.8. Local and spanwise-averaged effectiveness magnitudes are generally higher when shock waves are present when a film plenum condition (with zero crossflow Mach number) is utilized. Effectiveness values measured with a supersonic approaching free-stream and shock waves then decrease as the injection crossflow Mach number increases. Such changes are due to altered flow separation regions in film holes, different injection velocity distributions at hole exits, and alterations of static pressures at film hole exits produced by different types of shock wave events.
Quinolinic acid upregulates chemokine production and chemokine receptor expression in astrocytes (2003)

Within the brain, quinolinic acid (QUIN) is an important neurotoxin, especially in AIDS dementia complex (ADC). Its production by monocytic lineage cells is increased in the context of inflammation. However, it is not known whether QUIN promotes inflammation. Astrocytes are important in immunoregulation within the brain and so we chose to examine the effects of QUIN on the astrocyte. Using purified primary human fetal astrocyte cultures, we determined chemokine production using ELISA assays and RT-PCR and chemokine receptor expression using immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR with QUIN in comparison to TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IFNgamma. We found that QUIN induces astrocytes to produce large quantities of MCP-1 (CCL2) and lesser amounts of RANTES (CCL5) and IL-8 (CXCL8). QUIN also increases SDF-1alpha (CXCL12), HuMIG (CXCL9), and fractalkine (CX(3)CL1) mRNA expression. Moreover, QUIN leads to upregulation of the chemokine receptor expression of CXCR4, CCR5, and CCR3 in human fetal astrocytes. Most of these effects were comparable to those induced by TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IFNgamma. The present work represents the first evidence that QUIN induces chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in astrocytes and is at least as potent as classical mediators such as inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that QUIN may be critical in the amplification of brain inflammation, particularly in ADC.
A Drug Interaction Between Zafirlukast and Theophylline (1998)

The apparent low adverse effect profile of the new drug zafirlukast has made it an attractive choice in the treatment of asthma. We present the first case (to our knowledge) of a potentially serious drug-drug interaction between zafirlukast and theophylline. A 15-year-old white girl with asthma had been taking theophylline (Slo-bid, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals Inc, Collegeville, Pa) (300 mg twice daily), with drug levels of approximately 61 micromol/L (11.0 microg/mL) for several years. Recently, her serum theophylline levels had increased to the toxic range (133.2 micromol/L [24 microg/mL]) shortly after the addition of zafirlukast (Accolate, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Del) to her regimen. Attempts were made to stop and then restart the theophylline therapy at progressively lower doses; however, with each attempt, the patient's reaction to the drug became more toxic, with serum theophylline levels ranging between 99.9 and 149.9 micromol/L (18 and 27 microg/mL). So this potential drug-drug interaction could be investigated, the patient stopped taking both drugs for 1 week. Then, she again started taking theophylline (75 mg twice daily), and over 2 days reached a steady state serum theophylline level of 12.8 to 14.4 micromol/L (2.3-2.6 microg/mL). On the third day, zafirlukast (20 mg twice daily) was reintroduced to the regimen, and the theophylline therapy was continued. By the fifth day, a dramatic 7-fold increase was seen in the serum theophylline level (101.6 micromol/L [18.3 microg/mL]). The areas under the curve for theophylline alone and theophylline with zafirlukast were 29.3 and 197 (mg x h)/L, respectively. One explanation for the noted increase in the theophylline level is that metabolism occurs mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP 1A2), an enzyme that is known to be inhibited with high concentrations of zafirlukast. Although the current metabolism of the 2 drugs in combination is poorly understood, the potential for serious interactions seems to exist in the rapidly growing population of persons with asthma, for whom they may be prescribed. The noted increase in the theophylline level after zafirlukast administration is in contrast to the original reports by the manufacturer. Therefore, we recommend that physicians evaluate serum theophylline levels closely when prescribing the 2 drugs in combination.
New Chiral Catalysts ContainingN,O-Heterocycles Derived from Chiral Amino Alcohols (1999)

The enantioselectivity exerted by a new series of chiral catalysts containing N,O-heterocycles of different sizes has been checked in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde, which was used as a model reaction. The catalysts were derived from natural amino acids, following a relatively simple procedure, and in several cases excellent ee values were obtained. The results were complementary since ee's ranged from 98% (R) to 94% (S) excesses of the final 1-phenylpropan-1-ol. Molecular mechanics calculations suggested that the production of the R alcohol may be explained by a mechanism similar to that described by Noyori, in which ZnEt2 interacts solely with the N–C–C–OH fragment, whereas the formation of the S enantiomer needed the direct participation of the lateral chain of the parent amino acid and the N,O-heterocycle.
Attenuation of the ethanol-induced hepatic redox change after chronic alcohol consumption in baboons: Metabolic consequences in vivo and in vitro (1981)

Acute ethanol administration results in increased hepatic NADH/NAD+ ratio and inhibition of galactose elimination, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, and fatty acid oxidation. To determine how this redox change is affected by chronic alcohol consumption and to assess the resulting metabolic consequences, we studied baboons which were fed alcohol as 50% of their total calories. Redox changes were evaluated through measurement of galactose elimination in vivo and lactate/pyruvate ratios in liver slices in vitro. The metabolic consequences of these changes were assessed through measurement of CO2 production and fatty acid oxidation in liver slices and hepatic lipid accumulation. Chronic alcohol feeding resulted in attenuation of inhibition of galactose elimination, increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio, and decrease in fatty acid oxidation which were caused by acute ethanol administration. These metabolic adaptations were associated with reduced accumulation of hepatic fat.
Spatio-temporal expression of estrogen sulfotransferase within the hepatic lobule of male rats: implication of in situ estrogen inactivation in androgen action. (1992)

Estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) catalyzes transfer of the sulfate group from phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate to estrogenic steroids. Since estrogen sulfates do not bind to the estrogen receptor with high affinity, EST can control the intracellular level of the receptor-active estrogens. Androgen action in the rat liver, as indicated by the androgenic induction of alpha 2u-globulin, is inhibited by low levels of estrogens. Thus, in situ estrogen inactivation by EST is expected to increase hepatic androgen sensitivity. During the lifespan of the animal, rat liver undergoes three distinct phases of androgen sensitivity, i.e. prepubertal androgen insensitivity, androgen sensitivity after approximately 40 days of age, and androgen insensitivity during senescence (greater than 750 days). EST in the liver is expressed only after puberty, when the liver becomes androgen sensitive. Furthermore, localization of EST and its corresponding mRNA within the lobular unit of the liver demonstrates that only androgen-responsive hepatocytes located around the central vein contain immunoreactive EST and its corresponding mRNA. These temporal and spatial correlations of EST expression and hepatic androgen sensitivity support the concept that steroid-inactivating enzymes play important roles in sex hormone action.
Computer-aided detection of lung cancer on chest radiographs: effect of machine CAD false-positive locations on radiologists' behavior (2002)

This paper describes the effect of a computer-aided detection (CAD) system's false positive marks on observer performance when interpreting films containing lung cancer. We compared the location/no location chosen initially by the radiologists and the stability or change in location that followed the provision of the CAD information. We found a difference in radiologists' behavior that depended on whether the radiologists' initial interpretation was a true positive or a false positive detection. When the radiologist made an incorrect initial decision, that decision was less stable than when the initial decision was correct.
Anisotropy and Lateral Homogeneity of InP-Mass Transport (1992)

InP-mass transport performed in a conventional liquid-phase epitaxial (LPE) system using (111)B-InP protection wafers was investigated by scanning-electron microscopy and wavelength-selective transmission-infrared (IR) microscopy. Refilling of undercut-etched mesa stripes of a length of 2 mm was found to be laterally homogeneous within ±6% when the process temperature was 721°C. In the <100> direction, an enhanced growth rate compared to that in the <110> direction was found. This anisotropy tended to disappear when the distance from the wafer to the protection wafer was reduced.
Implementation and evaluation of X.25 and X.32 on personal computers (1991)

Abstract With the increased use of personal computers (PCs) in communication environments have come the expectation of reliable communication protocols. This paper describes the implementation details of two very similar packet communication protocol interfaces on PCs. One is the X.25 interface for packet‐switched public data networks, and the other is the X.32 interface for public‐switched telephone networks. The implementation of these protocols is performed with consideration of the future introductions of OSI higher‐layer protocols. This paper describes also that the addition of the assigning mechanism of level 2 address to the Rec. X.32 enables powerful personal computer communication through public‐switched telephone networks. Furthermore, the results of the performance evaluation are described which show the high throughput of more than 90 percent on various speeds of the physical circuit.
Préparation et caractérisation de nanoparticules à base d'or et de platine pour l'anode d'une biopile glucose-dioxygène (2009)

Les biopiles representent une solution attractive et ambitieuse dans le developpement des systemes alternatifs de conversion d'energie. Nous proposons de substituer la bioanode d'une pile glucose/O2 par un catalyseur abiotique constitue de nanomateriaux synthetises a partir de la methode « w/o microemulsion ». Une caracterisation physico-chimique de ces materiaux bimetalliques a permis de determiner leur taille et de mettre en evidence leurs proprietes electroniques, les defauts cristallins en leur sein, les deformations dont ils font l'objet, leur composition de surface et leur caractere allie. Lors de l'etude de l'electrooxydation du glucose sur les nanostructures Au-Pt, le materiau bimetallique (Au70Pt30) a montre les meilleures performances catalytiques et ce, en raison d'un effet de synergie entre l'or et le platine, d'une modification des niveaux d'energie de la bande de valence du platine et par la presence de defauts cristallins modifiant la surface catalytique. Le developpement de bioelectrodes a base de GOD ou BOD a egalement ete realise, soit par immobilisation dans une matrice de polymere, soit par greffage covalent. Les electrodes preparees ont permis de realiser des tests en pile dans un systeme innovant, concentrique et sans membrane separatrice. Une puissance de 42 μW. Cm-2 a ete obtenue dans une biopile totalement enzymatique en presence de 10 mM de glucose. La substitution de la bioanode par un nanocatalyseur abiotique Au70Pt30 permet a la biopile de delivrer une densite de puisssance de 90 μW. Cm-2. Une augmentation de la concentration du combustible glucose (0,7 M) accroit ses performances electriques a 190 μW. Cm-2 pour une tension de cellule de 0,5 V.
Photoemission study on the valence band of a β-FeSi2 thin film using synchrotron radiation (2011)

Resonant and constant-initial state photoemission spectroscopies using synchrotron radiation were applied to investigate the valence-band electronic structure of a semi-conducting β-type iron-disilicide (β-FeSi(2)) thin film. The results clearly indicated that the component elements, iron (Fe) and silicon (Si), contribute differently to the valence band features; the Fe 3d orbitals mainly concentrate in the top region of the valence band while the Si 3s and 3p orbitals spread over the wide region of the valence band. The β-FeSi(2) thin film showed a typical p-type semi-conducting nature with a work function of 4.78 eV. The β-FeSi(2) film showed the Fe M(1)VV Auger lines around the kinetic energy of 88 eV. It would be expected from these observations that there exist strong interactions between iron and silicon atoms in the β-FeSi(2) film resulting in orbital mixing and band formation.