gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Is the turbot, <i>Scophthalmus maximus</i> (L.), intestine a portal of entry for the fish pathogen <i>Vibrio anguillarum?</i> (1996)

Abstract The role of the intestinal tract in Vibrio anguillarum infection of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), fingerlings was investigated in two in vivo models and the possible mechanisms involved were studied in vitro. Viable V. anguillarum cells were detected in spleens from more than 50% of the fish administered the pathogen orally or rectally, suggesting that the intestinal tract is a portal of entry for V anguillarum. In transmission electron micrographs, V. anguillarum ‐ like cells were seen close to the rectal epithelium, suggesting penetration of the mucus layer, but no epithelial cell penetration or endocytosis was evident. Attachment to intact turbot intestines was investigated, and 80% or more of the bacterial cells still remained attached after serial washings. A significantly higher number of cells attached to rectal segments than to the other intestinal segments. In vitro, V. anguillarum cells did not adhere specifically to intestinal mucus, but rather accumulated close to intestinal mucus interfaces and subsequently penetrated them. It is proposed that the intestinal ttact of tutbot is a portal of entry for V. anguillarum and that the cells penetrate the intestinal mucus overlaying the epithelial cells.
T2-weighted MR imaging of the liver: Optimization of hybrid-rare sequences (1997)

The objectives of this study were to optimize T2-weighted hybrid-RARE pulse sequences for clinical MR imaging of the liver, and to compare them to the conventional spin-echo (CSE) sequence. Specifically, the ranges of the echo train length (ETL) and the effective echo time (TEeff) were investigated to optimize image quality and liver-spleen contrast, in healthy volunteers. A total of thirteen volunteers were scanned at 1.5 Tesla with an extensive array of hybrid-RARE scans. The images were analyzed quantitatively with respect to CNR (contrast-to-noise ratio of spleen vs. liver), SNR (signal to noise ratio of the spleen), SIR (signal intensity ratio of liver and spleen) and CDR (contrast difference ratio between the spleen and liver). The images were also analyzed qualitatively with respect to image sharpness, vascular artifacts, ghosting, chemical shift, and truncations. Results of quantitative analysis indicated that CDR and SIR of hybrid-RARE at higher ETL (> 13) were consistently better than both the reference CSE and the lower ETL sequences (p < 0.05) at all TEeff. SNR was slightly inferior for all hybrid-RARE sequences than for the CSE sequence. Image quality for hybrid-RARE sequences with ETL > 13 proved to be consistently better than that for the CSE (TE = 90 ms) with respect to imaging sharpness, vascular artifacts and ghosting artifacts (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the optimized hybrid-RARE sequences with ETL greater than or equal to 13 are capable of producing sharp and relatively artifact free images with the advantage of a much greater acquisition time efficiency.
Handbook of Bioenergy Crop Plants (2012)

As the world's population is projected to reach 10 billion or more by 2100, devastating fossil fuel shortages loom in the future unless more renewable alternatives to energy are developed. Bioenergy, in the form of cellulosic biomass, starch, sugar, and oils from crop plants, has emerged as one of the cheaper, cleaner, and environmentally sustainab
Notes: Preparation of 5-Chloro- and 5-Bromo-2-*acetylethyl)benzimidazoles (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes: Preparation of 5-Chloro- and 5-Bromo-2-*acetylethyl)benzimidazolesTetsuo Suami and Allan DayCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 9, 1340–1343Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1959Publication History Published online11 July 2003Published inissue 1 September 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01091a604https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01091a604research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Basic fibroblast growth factor released by single, isolated cells stimulates their migration in an autocrine manner. (1991)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a protein with angiogenic, mitogenic, and chemotactic properties, lacks a signal sequence and is not secreted via the classical secretory pathway. However, the growth factor is known to act extracellularly. Since no defined mechanism for bFGF release has been described, it has been suggested that this growth factor is released from dead or damaged cells. To test this hypothesis we characterized the effect of exogenously added bFGF and neutralizing antibody on the migration of single, isolated NIH 3T3 cells transfected with bFGF cDNA. Under these conditions the observed cell cannot be affected by bFGF derived from other cells. Cells were seeded onto colloidal gold-coated coverslips at a density of one cell per coverslip. A cell migrating on this substrate produces a track free of refringent gold particles that is measured by an image analyzer. The results showed that cell motility directly correlated with the amount of bFGF released from the migrating cells. Affinity-purified anti-bFGF antibody, but not irrelevant IgG, reduced the level of migration of the bFGF transfectants to that of the control cells transfected with the vector alone, showing that bFGF stimulates migration of the cell that releases it. Thus, bFGF is secreted by viable cells and mediates cell functions via a "true" autocrine mechanism.
Identifying Endogenous Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Brain In Vitro and In Vivo: Novel Approaches (2013)

In the 1960s, Joseph Altman reported that the adult mammalian brain is capable of generating new neurons. Today it is understood that some of these neurons are derived from uncommitted cells in the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The first area generates new neuroblasts which migrate to the olfactory bulb, whereas hippocampal neurogenesis seems to play roles in particular types of learning and memory. A part of these uncommitted (immature) cells is able to divide and their progeny can generate all three major cell types of the nervous system: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes; these properties define such cells as neural stem cells. Although the roles of these cells are not yet clear, it is accepted that they affect functions including olfaction and learning/memory. Experiments with insults to the central nervous system also show that neural stem cells are quickly mobilized due to injury and in various disorders by proliferating, and migrating to injury sites. This suggests a role of endogenous neural stem cells in disease. New pools of stem cells are being discovered, suggesting an even more important role for these cells. To understand these cells and to coax them to contribute to tissue repair it would be very useful to be able to image them in the living organism. Here we discuss advances in imaging approaches as well as new concepts that emerge from stem cell biology with emphasis on the interface between imaging and stem cells.
Spontaneous Droplet Motion on a Periodically Compliant Substrate (2017)

Droplet motion arises in many natural phenomena, ranging from the familiar gravity-driven slip and arrest of raindrops on windows to the directed transport of droplets for water harvesting by plants and animals under dry conditions. Deliberate transportation and manipulation of droplets are also important in many technological applications, including droplet-based microfluidic chemical reactors and for thermal management. Droplet motion usually requires gradients of surface energy or temperature or external vibration to overcome contact angle hysteresis. Here, we report a new phenomenon in which a drying droplet placed on a periodically compliant surface undergoes spontaneous, erratic motion in the absence of surface energy gradients and external stimuli such as vibration. By modeling the droplet as a mass-spring system on a substrate with periodically varying compliance, we show that the stability of equilibrium depends on the size of the droplet. Specifically, if the center of mass of the drop lies at a stable equilibrium point of the system, it will stay there until evaporation reduces its size and this fixed point becomes unstable; with any small perturbation, the droplet then moves to one of its neighboring fixed points.
Reactivity of inorganic free radicals with respect to plutonium (III) in aqueous solutions (1988)

The reactivity of primary water-radiolysis products (e/sub aq/, H and OH) with respect to lanthanide and actinide ions has been studied in comparative detail. However, in the systems used in practice (e.g., in concentrated solutions of acids), the OH radical, depending on the nature of the acid, is converted completely or partially into secondary inorganic free radicals has been radicals: Cl/sub 2//sup -/, Br/sub 2//sup -/, NO/sub 3/, HSO/sub 4/, etc. They are also formed as a result of the direct action of ionizing radiation on the corresponding anions. The reactivity of these secondary radicals has been studied significantly less. In the present paper, we used pulsed radiolysis to investigate the kinetics of the reactions of HSO/sub 4/, NO/sub 3/, Cl/sub 2//sup -/, and Br/sub 2//sup -/ with plutonium (III) ions in concentrated aqueous solutions of acids. A U-12 linear accelerator (electron energy 5 MeV and pulse duration 2.3 ..mu..sec) was used for the irradiation.
The Detection of Buried Explosive Objects (1980)

SUMMARYThere is a need for methods which can be used to detect buried objects, most prominently in the fields of archaeology, forensics, geophysics, submarine and mine detection. This article reviews methods of detecting and identifying small buried explosive-filled objects, with emphasis on mines and artillery shells. The approaches, which span a number of intertwined disciplines, are in many cases directly adaptable to these other applications of remote sensing.
Purification, characterization, and nucleotide sequence of the thermolabile alpha-amylase from the antarctic psychrotroph Alteromonas haloplanctis A23. (1992)

The alpha-amylase excreted by the antarctic bacterium Alteromonas haloplanctis was purified and the corresponding amy gene was cloned and sequenced. N- and C-terminal amino acid sequencing were used to establish the primary structure of the mature A. haloplanctis alpha-amylase which is composed of 453 amino acids with a predicted Mr of 49,340 and a pI of 5.5. Three Ca2+ ions are bound per molecule and its activity is modulated by chloride ions. Within the four consensus sequences, Asp-174, Glu-200, and Asp-264 are the proposed catalytic residues. The psychrotrophic A. haloplanctis alpha-amylase is characterized by a high amylolytic activity at low temperatures, a reduced apparent optimal temperature, and typical thermodynamic activation parameters A. haloplanctis alpha-amylase has also a low thermal stability as demonstrated by the temperature effect on both activity and secondary structure. It is suggested that structure flexibility and lower sensitivity of secondary structure to temperature variations in the low temperature range are the main structural adaptations of the psychrotrophic enzyme. The unusual stacking of small amino acids around the catalytic residues is proposed as a factor inducing active site flexibility and concomitant high activity of the enzyme at low temperatures.
Thymic dendritic cells traffic to thymi of allogeneic recipients and prolong graft survival (2002)

Animals.Pathogen-free mice were obtained from the animal breeding facility at the Scripps Research Institute and littermates were randomly assigned to either experimental or control groups.Recipient animals were males of H-2 b strains BALB.B, C57BL/6, or 2C TCR ( 14) (a gift of J. Sprent, The Scripps Research Institute), aged 4-12 weeks.DCs were harvested from (BALB.B BALB/c)F 1 (H-2 b/d ), BALB/c (H-2 d ), or (C57BL/6 SJL)F 1 (H-2 b/d ) mice of either sex, varying in age from 4 weeks to 6 months.Organs for transplantations were harvested from male F 1 mice (BALB.B BALB/c, or C57BL/6 SJL) and transplanted into male parental strain animals (e.g., BALB.B or C57BL/6, respectively).Thus, transplanted organs were highly immunogenic, being completely allogeneic at every MHC loci.Furthermore
Carbon-14 Kinetic Isotope Effects. III.<sup>1,2</sup> The Hydrolysis of 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane-2-C<sup>14</sup> (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-14 Kinetic Isotope Effects. III.1,2 The Hydrolysis of 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane-2-C14Myron L. Bender and Gabriel J. BuistCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 16, 4304–4307Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01549a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01549a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views280Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Plant Response to Sulfur in Tropical Soils (1986)

Certain characteristics of tropical agricultural production systems influence the way crops respond to sulfur (S). Furthermore, many tropical crops occupy the land for relatively long periods of time, thus they can utilize S from sources that would not suffice for crops that grow quickly. The unequal distribution of S between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere and between the Temperate and Tropical zones within each hemisphere has important implications for S deficiency and crop responses to S fertilizers in the tropics. Compared with soils in many forested tropical areas, the total S in a savanna is low. An important consideration for S nutrition of crops in the tropics is the external S requirement of crops and the degree to which soils can meet those requirements. External S requirements are those concentrations of Sulfate in solutions bathing roots that produce near maximum yields.
Robustness of Quality of Transmission estimators for IC-RWA to uneven channel powers in core optical networks (2008)

The quality of transmission (QoT) estimators, envisaged to optimize the impairment constraint routing and wavelength assignment (IC-RWA) in optical transparent networks, are often assessed in a steady configuration by means of re-circulation loops and/or transmissions simulations. In such context the powers of the WDM channels are regularly fixed to a given set of values related to a given point of the periodical transmission. But in installed systems these powers may become uneven, for instance because of the imperfect flatness of optical amplifiers gains over the band occupied by the transmitted WDM comb. In such a frame of a most realistic channel power evolution, this paper investigates the predictions accuracy of a QoT estimator in terms of non-linear effects impact. Hence, we achieved transmission simulations of 50 GHz-spaced channels over several network sections featuring optical amplifiers with no perfectly flat gain. Despite such feature, it appears that the non-linear phase remains a well suited parameter to characterize the penalties induced by the non-linear effects provided that the channel powers excursion remains in the range [-1 dB, 1 dB].
.alpha.-Deuterium isotope effects on the solvolyses of norbornyl brosylates and synthesis of labeled norbornyl derivatives (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT.alpha.-Deuterium isotope effects on the solvolyses of norbornyl brosylates and synthesis of labeled norbornyl derivativesBrown L. Murr and J. A. ConklingCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 11, 3462–3464Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00714a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00714a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views49Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Carbohydrate-coated lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles for lectin recognition (2010)

In this study we have developed upconverting lanthanide (Ln3+)-doped nanoparticles conjugated with glycodendrimers capable of recognizing lectins based on luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET). Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were adsorbed on the surface of NaGdF4:Er3+, Yb3+ upconverting nanoparticles (LnNPs) via direct ligand-exchange followed by efficient thiourea linkage formation between the amine surface and p-isothiocyanatophenyl α-D-mannopyranoside for covalent carbohydrate derivatization. The resulting water dispersible and biocompatible mannose-coated PAMAM-LnNPs were used to recognize a lectin, Concanavalin A (a mannose binding protein) conjugated with tetramethylrhodamine (RITC-Con A) via LRET from the upconverting mannose-coated PAMAM-LnNPs, which act as energy donors to the RITC-labeled lectin molecules serving as energy acceptors. The energy transfer phenomenon from the mannose-coated PAMAM-LnNPs, following 980 nm excitation, to the RITC-Con A was observed with increasing emissions at 585 nm, as the concentration of lectin increases. These novel carbohydrate-coated LnNPs prove to be a novel tool to monitor the binding interaction with lectins in aqueous samples.
Microstructure of Flow-Driven Suspension of Hardspheres in Cylindrical Confinement: A Dynamical Density Functional Theory and Monte Carlo Study (2017)

We have studied the microstructure of a flow-driven hardsphere suspension inside a cylinder using dynamical density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations. In order to be representative of various physical conditions that may prevail in experiments, we investigate the problem using both the grand canonical (μVT) ensemble and the canonical (NVT) ensemble. In both ensembles, the hydrodynamic effect on the suspension mediated by the presence of the confining wall is implemented in a mean-field fashion by incorporating the thermodynamic work done by the inertial lift force on the particle given the average flow field. The predicted particle distribution in the μVT ensemble displays strong structural ordering at increasing flow rates due to the correspondingly higher particle concentrations inside the cylinder. In the NVT ensemble, for dilute suspensions we observe a peak in the distribution of density at a location similar to that of the Segré-Silberberg annulus, while for dense suspensions the competing effects of the inertial lift and the hardsphere interaction lead to the formation of several annuli.
Kinetic measurement of the interaction between an oligosaccharide and lectins by a biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (1994)

Kinetic measurements of the interaction between an oligosaccharide and various lectins were performed using a biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). A glycopeptide, prepared from asialofetuin and having a nearly homogeneous N-linked sugar chain, was immobilized on the surface of a sensor chip via the amino groups of its peptide moiety. The interactions of this bound glycopeptide with six lectins [Sambucus sieboldiana lectin, Maackia amurensis lectin, Aleuria aurantia lectin, Ricinus communis agglutinin-120 (RCA120), Datura stramonium lectin (DSA) and Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating lectin] were monitored in real-time with the change in the SPR response. Of these lectins, only RCA120 and DSA showed an increase in the SPR response, indicating that these two lectins bound specifically to the immobilized glycopeptide. The other lectins did not show any significant changes in the SPR response. These results are in good agreement with the binding specificity previously demonstrated with affinity chromatography. The association-rate constant (kass) and the dissociation-rate constant (kdiss) for the glycopeptide-RCA120 interaction were 3.4 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 and 2.1 x 10(-3) s-1, respectively. The kass and kdiss determined for DSA were 5.7 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 and 1.3 x 10(-3) s-1, respectively. Furthermore, the relative binding molar ratio to the glycopeptide was three times higher for RCA120 than for DSA, suggesting that this sugar chain possesses three binding sites for RCA120 and one for DSA. These parameters are expected to provide useful information for defining the interaction between oligosaccharides and lectins.