gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Computed Tomography</title> (1979)

Computed tomography's exceptional contrast sensitivity, which can show local changes in absorption coefficient of 0.5% of the absorption coefficient of water anywhere in the cross-section, was truly revolutionary compared to conventional radiography's ability to distinguish perhaps a 2% change in absorption in the total transmission path through the object. This contrast sensitivity combined with 3-D localization has given CT a preeminent position in neuroradiology and has lead to the rapid development of CT for applications in the rest of the body. To date, almost all of these applications have involved static or steady state scans. One current extension of CT is its use in transient studies, for example to follow a bolus of radiopaque in its passage through an organ such as the heart. This technique has been used to demonstrate regional blood flow abnormalities in animal experiments and coronary bypass patency in patients. The performance of CT scanners is well understood and major performance characteristics can be quantitatively calculated or predicted. These include both high contrast resolution and low contrast detectability, dose, and even some types of artifacts. For conventional static scanning the most important questions are not technical, but relate to the clinical utility and cost effectiveness of various possible designs. For designs aimed at transient studies, x-ray source brightness is probably the most significant technical limitation. Most CT scanners are close to being source brightness limited, with room for only modest improvement before system trade-offs are required. The resulting system constraints combined with CT's high visibility in society's effort to control health care costs suggest that future CT developments are likely to evolve with considerably clinical interaction and guidance.
THE PREPARATION AND INFRA-RED SPECTROMETRIC EXAMINATION OF SOME COMPLEX COMPOUNDS OF URANYL NITRATE HYDRATES AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS (1959)

Well defined compeunds obtained by mixing oxygencontaining organic solvent with uranyl nitrate hydrates have been analysed chemically and by infra- red spectrometry. The spectra of some of them are presented and compared with the spectra of known co-ordinated complexes obtained with pyridine and uranyl nitrate. Some conclusions on the structure of these compounds are presented. (auth)
E<sup>2</sup>R‐F<sup>2</sup>N: Energy‐efficient retailing using a femtolet‐based fog network (2018)

Summary Energy‐efficient smart retail system design is a challenging research area. In this paper, we propose an automated retail system using a femtolet‐based fog network. A femtolet is an indoor base station providing computation and storage. Femtolets in our system work as indoor base stations and maintain databases of the products located in their respective coverage areas. The femtolets switch to active or idle mode according to the user's presence in its coverage. A smart trolley is proposed for our retailing system, which guides the user to the particular product type selected by the user. The user, after entering the shopping mall, carries the smart trolley. The customer selects and purchases products using this trolley. On the basis of product purchasing, the respective databases maintained inside the femtolets are updated. An Android application for the proposed retailing is developed. We compare the power consumption and delay of the proposed retail system with the existing retail system. Simulation analyses illustrate that the proposed approach reduces power by approximately 89% and 94%, respectively, in comparison to the local cloud server–based and remote cloud server–based retail systems. Thus, we refer to the proposed system as a green retail system. The performance of the proposed system through experimental analysis is also evaluated.
Solution Conformations of the Substrates and Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease (1999)

Biotech Research Institute, LG Chem. Research Park, P.O. Box 61, Yu-Sung, Science Town, Taejon 305-380, KoreaReceived January 19, 1999Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been known to be an enveloped virus with a positive strand RNA genome and themajor agent of the vast majority of transfusion associated cases of hepatitis. For viral replication, HCV struc-tural proteins are first processed by host cell signal peptidases and NS2/NS3 site of the nonstructural protein iscleaved by a zinc-dependent protease NS2 with N-terminal NS3. The four remaining junctions are cleaved bya separate NS3 protease. The solution conformations of NS4B/5A, NS5A/5B substrates and NS5A/5B inhibitorhave been determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR data sug-gested that the both NS5A/5B substrate and inhibitor appeared to have a folded turn-like conformation not onlybetween P1 and P6 position but also C-terminal region, whereas the NS4B/5A substrate exhibited mostly ex-tended conformation. In addition, we have found that the conformation of the NS5A/5B inhibitor slightly dif-fers from that of NS5A/5B substrate peptide, suggesting different binding mode for NS3 protease. Thesefindings will be of importance for designing efficient inhibitor to suppress HCV processing.NMR Studies on the Substrates and Inhibitor of HCV NS3 Protease Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 1999, Vol. 20, No. 3 301IntroductionHepatitis C virus (HCV) which is an enveloped virus witha positive strand RNA genome of about 9.4 kb in length isthe major agent of the vast majority of transfusion associatedcases of hepatitis. HCV has also been considered as thecause in many sporadic cases of non-A and non-B hepati-tis.
Completion of Hepatitis C Virus Replication Cycle in Heterokaryons Excludes Dominant Restrictions in Human Non-liver and Mouse Liver Cell Lines (2011)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is hepatotropic and only infects humans and chimpanzees. Consequently, an immunocompetent small animal model is lacking. The restricted tropism of HCV likely reflects specific host factor requirements. We investigated if dominant restriction factors expressed in non-liver or non-human cell lines inhibit HCV propagation thus rendering these cells non-permissive. To this end we explored if HCV completes its replication cycle in heterokaryons between human liver cell lines and non-permissive cell lines from human non-liver or mouse liver origin. Despite functional viral pattern recognition pathways and responsiveness to interferon, virus production was observed in all fused cells and was only ablated when cells were treated with exogenous interferon. These results exclude that constitutive or virus-induced expression of dominant restriction factors prevents propagation of HCV in these cell types, which has important implications for HCV tissue and species tropism. In turn, these data strongly advocate transgenic approaches of crucial human HCV cofactors to establish an immunocompetent small animal model.
Revisiting visual interface programming (2004)

Involving graphic designers in the large-scale development of user interfaces requires tools that provide more graphical flexibility and support efficient software processes. These requirements were analysed and used in the design of the TkZ-inc graphical library and the IntuiKit interface design environment. More flexibility is obtained through a wider palette of visual techniques and support for iterative construction of images, composition and parametric displays. More efficient processes are obtained with the use of the SVG standard to import graphics, support for linking graphics and behaviour, and a unifying model-driven architecture. We describe the corresponding features of our tools, and show their use in the development of an application for airports. Benefits include a wider access to high quality visual interfaces for specialised applications, and shorter prototyping and development cycles for multidisciplinary teams.
Accuracy of CT Enterography and Magnetic Resonance Enterography Imaging to Detect Lesions Preoperatively in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Crohn’s Disease (2014)

CT enterography and magnetic resonance enterography in patients with Crohn's disease were accurate for the identification of abscesses but not for fistulas or stenoses. Surgeons should search for additional lesions intraoperatively. Patients should be appropriately counseled regarding the need for unexpected interventions (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A162).
Acceptance of the quadrupole mass filter in the upper stability island under biharmonic excitation (2009)

Dynamic characteristics of the quadrupole mass filter (QMF) with the parametric resonance excitation of ion oscillations by a low additional HF voltage are studied by numerical methods. The upper stability island formed by instability bands that follow the isolines of stability parameters of the unperturbed first stability band is considered. Isolines of characteristic indices on the island’s parameter plane are calculated. Ion trajectories at characteristic points near the x and y island boundaries, which have the form of beats, are presented. Parameters of the ellipses are determined as functions of the initial phase at which the ions enter the HF field. These parameters are shown to be periodic with a period of π with respect to the phase shift between the main and additional HF voltages. As a result, the QMF acceptance and, consequently, transmittance have maxima as functions of the phase shift. Therefore, to increase the QMF transmittance, the biharmonic signal must be synchronized.
The Lock Artist (2009)

Prize-winning crime author Steve Hamilton's hugely commercial mainstream breakout tells the extraordinary story of a safe-cracker trying to unlock the key to his past. Michael hit the headlines once before, a seven-year-old kid the papers called The Miracle Boy on account of how he survived the terrible incident that took his parents. But although his escape was miraculous, it left him unable to speak. Taunted as a freak, school becomes a fresh nightmare, until Michael discovers he has a special talent that makes people sit up and take notice: he can open locks. But a teenage prank, breaking into the house of a rival school's quarterback, lands him in hot water, and despite his best intentions, Michael soon finds himself on a downward slope that ends with expert instruction on how to open safes. And unless he agrees to put his newfound skills to use, the mob are going to kill the father of the girl he now loves. So begins an extraordinary life of crime - at once terrifying and exhilarating - while all the while, Michael plots how to turn the tables on his employer, win back Amelia, and find the key to unlocking his traumatic childhood memories.
Prospects for ultrasonic spectroscopy and spectral imaging of abdominal tissues (1993)

A system for the digitization and frequency spectral analysis of radiofrequency data for ultrasonic waveforms backscattered from abdominal tissues is described. Studies of phantoms meant to simulate abdominal tissues of differing scattering characteristics indicated that frequency spectral differences due to differences in the frequency dependence of backscattering were seen with 5 MHz probes, but not with a 3.5 MHz probe. Studies of a phantom with a simulated lesion of altered scattering characteristics indicated potential for improved lesion detection and characterization, using custom circuitry developed for variable bandwidth filtering of received ultrasonic beams. The techniques discussed have potential for improved diagnosis of diffuse and focal abdominal abnormalities over that obtained with conventional ultrasonic imaging.
Ceftazidime-Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> Isolates from Three Polish Hospitals: Identification of Three Novel TEM- and SHV-5-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (1998)

Twelve ceftazidime-resistant isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae (11 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and 1 Escherichia coli isolate) were collected in 1995 from three Polish hospitals located in different cities. All were identified as producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Detailed analysis of their beta-lactamase contents revealed that six of them expressed SHV-5-like ESBLs. The remaining six were found to produce three different TEM enzymes, each characterized by a pI value of 6.0 and specified by new combinations of amino acid substitutions. The amino acid substitutions compared to the TEM-1 beta-lactamase sequence were Gly238Ser, Glu240Lys, and Thr265Met for TEM-47; Leu21Phe, Gly238Ser, Glu240Lys, and Thr265Met for TEM-48; and Leu21Phe, Gly238Ser, Glu240Lys, Thr265Met, and Ser268Gly for TEM-49. The new TEM beta-lactamases, TEM-47, TEM-48, and TEM-49, belong to a subfamily of TEM-2-related enzymes. Genes coding for TEM-47 and TEM-49 could have originated from the TEM-48-encoding sequence by various single genetic events. The new TEM derivatives probably document the already advanced microevolution of ESBLs ongoing in Polish hospitals, in a majority of which no monitoring of ESBL producers was performed before 1996.
Synthesis, Thermal and Luminescence Properties of Ortho-Terphenyl Derivatives with 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Moiety (2011)

A series of compounds and two polymers, all consisting of o-terphenyl and 1,3,4-oxadiazole units, were synthesized. They were characterized by GC, FT/IR, NMR, elemental analysis, viscometry, DSC, POM, TGA, and absorption and emission spectrometry. In general, by introducing an o-phenyl central core to 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole backbone, the processablility of these materials was improved while maintaining a blue-light-emitting capability. The CIE coordinates of compounds with p-chloro, methoxy and t-butyl groups in EL devices were found to be (0.19, 0.16), (0.17, 0.13) and (0.18, 0.13), respectively, i.e., in the deep-blue region. Also, amorphous polymer with a m-phenylene unit, which shows good solubility in common organic solvents and excellent thermal stability, emits indigo-light at 415 nm on photoexcitation.
Outpatient vs. inpatient hip arthroplasty: a matched case-control study on a 90-day complication rate and 2-year patient-reported outcomes (2020)

Prognostic level 3.
A simple mass balance model of nitrogen flow in a bioregenerative life support system. (1997)

A mathematical model of the nitrogen cycle in a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) was developed to help conceptualize and quantify nitrogen flux and storage in BLSS processes and subsystems. The mathematical model was initially designed as a simple mass balance, donor-controlled system that quantified the amount of nitrogen in moles per person. Dynamic equations were then applied to describe certain relationships more accurately. Comparison of nitrogen fluxes suggests that even at very low atmospheric leakage rates, loss of nitrogen gas would account for the largest nitrogen movement in the "closed" system. This observation decreases the relative importance of denitrification and nitrification in closed system nitrogen balances. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the relative stability of various model subsystems, and demonstrated the importance of plant nitrogen uptake on overall system dynamics of nitrogen.
NhaA antiporter functions using 10 helices, and an additional 2 contribute to assembly/stability (2015)

The Escherichia coli Na(+)/H(+) antiporter (Ec-NhaA) is the best-characterized of all pH-regulated Na(+)/H(+) exchangers that control cellular Na(+) and H(+) homeostasis. Ec-NhaA has 12 helices, 2 of which (VI and VII) are absent from other antiporters that share the Ec-NhaA structural fold. This α-hairpin is located in the dimer interface of the Ec-NhaA homodimer together with a β-sheet. Here we examine computationally and experimentally the role of the α-hairpin in the stability, dimerization, transport, and pH regulation of Ec-NhaA. Evolutionary analysis (ConSurf) indicates that the VI-VII helical hairpin is much less conserved than the remaining transmembrane region. Moreover, normal mode analysis also shows that intact NhaA and a variant, deleted of the α-hairpin, share similar dynamics, suggesting that the structure may be dispensable. Thus, two truncated Ec-NhaA mutants were constructed, one deleted of the α-hairpin and another also lacking the β-sheet. The mutants were studied at physiological pH in the membrane and in detergent micelles. The findings demonstrate that the truncated mutants retain significant activity and regulatory properties but are defective in the assembly/stability of the Ec-NhaA dimer.
<title>Optical and mechanical behavior of GeC and BP antireflection coatings under rain erosion tests</title> (1994)

Thick germanium carbide (GeC) and boron phosphide (BP) films are successfully grown on various zinc sulfide and germanium substrates at temperatures up to 450 degree(s)C by reactive radio-frequency sputtering (RRFS). The sputtering conditions are respectively a germanium target within a medium of methane-argon for GeC films and a high density boron target in a sputtering medium of phosphine-argon for BP films. The rain erosion resistance of GeC and BP films protected or not by diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating on top are measured for water drop diameter of 1.2 mm or 2 mm with an impact velocity ranging from 210 m/s to 265 m/s on the Saab-Scania whirling-arm rig facilities (Linkoping, Sweden). Rain erosion resistance of BP films for a wavelength band in the 8 micrometers to 10 micrometers range shows no damage for a speed up to 250 m/s with an exposure time up to 10 min, whereas the GeC rain erosion resistance shows no damage up to 235 m/s for the same exposure time. The transmission of each film is well correlated to its optical absorption at 10.6 micrometers . The GeC absorption can be reduced down to 40 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> whereas the BP absorption stays around 220 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> for sputtered films. So the compromise between the optical performance and the rain erosion resistance can be achieved by the use of GeC or BP films.
<title>Reactively sputtered thermochromic tungsten-doped VO<formula><inf><roman>2</roman></inf></formula> films</title> (1994)

Tungsten-doped vanadium oxide (V<SUB>1-x</SUB>W<SUB>x</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>) films were prepared by concurrent reactive dc magnetron sputtering of vanadium and tungsten in an Ar + O<SUB>2</SUB> plasma with a controlled oxygen partial pressure. Films were deposited onto glass substrates at 400 degree(s)C. The films had a metal-semiconductor transition at a temperature (tau) <SUB>t</SUB> that was depressed when x was increased. Rutherford Back Scattering was used to determine x. X- ray diffraction was employed to confirm the monoclinic low-temperature VO<SUB>2</SUB> phase. The relation between x and (tau) <SUB>t</SUB> was studied and compared with results from the literature. It was shown that (tau) <SUB>t</SUB> could be set to a value between 17 and 65 degree(s)C by proper choice of x. The optical and electrical properties of the films were investigated around the metal-semiconductor phase transition. The luminous transmittance was rather unaffected by the temperature, whereas the near infrared transmittance showed lower values above (tau) <SUB>t</SUB>. The degree of thermochromic modulation decreased for increased x. Electrical measurements showed that the ratio of the resistance above and below (tau) <SUB>t</SUB> decreased with increasing x.
Soluble FAS (CD95) is not elevated in the serum of patients with myeloid leukemias, myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic syndromes. (1996)

Soluble receptors have been identified for most members of the TNF-receptor/NGF receptor superfamily. CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) is of particular importance, since its triggering may induce apoptosis in sensitive cells. Recently, a soluble form of the CD95 molecule was described which interacts with the CD95-CD95 ligand death pathway. Increased concentrations of soluble CD95 (sCD95) were previously detected in some patients with T and B cell leukemias and lymphomas. In the present study we investigated sCD95 in the serum of patients with myeloid leukemias, myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic syndromes. A total of 72 patients was studied (29 AML, 17 MDS, 20 CML and six other myeloproliferative disorders). In AML with active disease, the levels of sCD95 tended to be elevated, but did not correlate with defined clinical or laboratory parameters. In the other disorders, the levels of sCD95 were not generally increased, although some patients had elevated levels. These data strongly suggest that sCD95 in AML patients is not derived from leukemic cells, but is possibly secreted or shed from reactive or stromal cells. This hypothesis is also supported by a group of eight patients with septicemia but not leukemia who had elevated sCD95 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, all three patients with elevated sCD95 who had undergone chemotherapy for AML had major infections. Taken together, this study shows that measuring soluble Fas-receptor in myeloid leukemia is not diagnostically useful, but increased sCD95 may be associated with clinical complications like septicemias.
Virus-Inspired Approach to Nonviral Gene Delivery Vehicles (2009)

The basic TAT peptide, responsible for translocation of the HIV-TAT protein, has been conjugated to a variety of artificial nanoscopic materials to transport them across the cellular membrane. However, attempts to translocate genes using the TAT-peptide had met with limited success. We hypothesized that the cationic nature of the peptide does not allow for displaying these peptides on the surface of the polyplex. To circumvent this potential issue, we have developed a new molecular design strategy where the TAT-peptide can be effectively displayed on the surface of the polyplex, thus enhancing gene expression.
Potential pathophysiological mechanisms in osteonecrosis of the jaw (2011)

Bisphosphonates are used in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy, skeletal complications associated with metastastic bone disease, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a recently described clinical condition that has been associated with the use of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. Reports describing this entity first appeared in the literature in 2003. While there have been significant numbers of case reports and a limited number of retrospective and prospective studies examining risk factors associated with ONJ, the pathophysiology of this condition remains elusive. In this review, we explore proposed mechanisms underlying ONJ development and identify potential areas for future investigation.
In vitro and in vivo induction of heme oxygenase-1 in rat glial cells: Possible involvement of nitric oxide production from inducible nitric oxide synthase (1998)

To determine whether heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein is induced by endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in rat glial cultures, we examined the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and NO donors such as S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), in mixed glial cells and in vivo rat hippocampus. In cultured glial cells, treatment with LPS induced the expression of 130-kd inducible NO synthase (iNOS) after 6 h, and NO2- accumulation and enhancement of the protein level of 33-kd HO-1 after 12 h. In addition, treatment with SNAP induced HO-1 expression after 6 h. Although NOS inhibitors such as NG-nitro-L-arginine (NNA) and NG-methyl-L-arginine did not change LPS-induced iNOS expression, these inhibitors suppressed both NO2- accumulation and the enhancement of HO-1. Immunocytochemistry showed that treatment with LPS for 24 h induced iNOS immunoreactivity predominantly in ameboid microglia, while this treatment induced HO-1-immunoreactivity in both microglia and astrocytes. In in vivo rat hippocampus, microinjection of LPS plus IFN-gamma, or SNAP after 24 h also induced HO-1 immunoreactivity in reactive microglia and astrocytes. In addition, intraperitoneal administration of NNA inhibited HO-1 immunoreactivity induced by the microinjection of LPS plus IFN-gamma. These results suggest that endogenous NO production by iNOS in microglia causes autocrine and paracrine induction of HO-1 protein in microglia and astrocytes in vitro and in rat brain.