gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Causes of Major Train Derailment and Their Effect on Accident Rates (2012)

Analysis of the causes of train accidents is critical for rational allocation of resources to reduce accident occurrence in the most cost-effective manner possible. Train derailment data from the FRA rail equipment accident database for the interval 2001 to 2010 were analyzed for each track type, with accounting for frequency of occurrence by cause and number of cars derailed. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine the effects of accident cause, type of track, and derailment speed. The analysis showed that broken rails or welds were the leading derailment cause on main, yard, and siding tracks. By contrast to accident causes on main tracks, bearing failures and broken wheels were not among the top accident causes on yard or siding tracks. Instead, human factor–related causes such as improper use of switches and violation of switching rules were more prevalent. In all speed ranges, broken rails or welds were the leading cause of derailments; however, the relative frequency of the next most common accident types differed substantially for lower-versus higher-speed derailments. In general, at derailment speeds below 10 mph, certain track and human factor causes—such as improper train handling, braking operations, and improper use of switches—dominated. At derailment speeds above 25 mph, those causes were nearly absent and were replaced by equipment causes, such as bearing failure, broken wheel, and axle and journal defects. These results represent the first step in a systematic process of quantitative risk analysis of railroad freight train safety, with an ultimate objective of optimizing safety improvement and more cost-effective risk management.
A multichannel neural probe with embedded microfluidic channels for simultaneous in vivo neural recording and drug delivery (2015)

Multi-functional neural probes integrated with various stimulation modalities are becoming essential tools in neuroscience to study the brain more effectively. In this paper, we present a new multi-functional neural probe that allows chemical stimulation through drug delivery and simultaneous recording of individual neuron signals through a microelectrode array. By embedding microchannels in silicon using a proposed glass reflow process, we successfully fabricated 40 μm thick silicon neural probes suitable for small animal experiments. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms that impedance of iridium microelectrodes is low enough (<1 MΩ at 1 kHz) to measure neural signals. Flow rate characterization in a 0.9% w/v agarose gel shows the capability to deliver a small volume of drugs (<1 μl) at a controlled flow rate. We demonstrate the viability and potential of this new probe by conducting in vivo experiments on mice. Because of the proposed compact structure, both action potentials of individual neurons and local field potentials (LFP) at the thalamus region of a mouse brain were successfully detected with a noise level of ~30 μVpp. Furthermore, we successfully induced absence seizure by injecting seizure-inducing drugs (baclofen) at a local target region and observed distinctive changes in neural signal patterns. Specifically, spike-wave discharge (SWD), which is an indicative signal pattern of absence seizure, was successfully recorded. These signals were also directly compared to SWD detected after inducing absence seizure through direct injection of baclofen through the abdomen. This work demonstrates the potential of our multi-functional neural probes for use in effective investigation of brain functions and disorders by using widely available mouse models.
Preparation for Implementation of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide in Michigan: Part 1 – HMA Mixture Characterization. (2013)

The main objectives of this report were to: (1) conduct a literature search to determine the existing and past research on hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture characterization for Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG); (2) review Michigan Department of Transportation's (MDOT's) HMA testing program; and (3) conduct laboratory testing of samples collected. The literature review included past and on-going research on HMA characterization as a preparation for the M-E PDG (or DARWin-ME) as well as predictive models for some of the key inputs such as the Complex (Dynamic) Modulus (|E*|) mastercurve. Several regression-based |E*| models were evaluated and calibrated for local asphalt mixtures in Michigan. In addition, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model has been developed for better prediction of |E*| from asphalt volumetrics. The research team reviewed the current HMA test data available as part of the MDOT testing program and compared it with the test data required by the M-E PDG. In addition, an extensive laboratory testing program was conducted to characterize asphalt mixtures commonly used in Michigan for the Complex (Dynamic) Modulus, Complex Shear Modulus of binders and Indirect Tension Strength at low temperatures. A standalone software, called DYNAMOD, was developed to serve as a database for all the material testing performed in this project. The DYNAMOD will allow engineers to easily reach the material testing data and generate input files that can directly be imported by the M-E PDG (or DARWinME).
Modeling the registration efficiency of thermal neutrons by gadolinium foils (2007)

In the paper we present the results of mathematical modeling of the registration efficiency of thermal neutrons for the converters made of natural Gd and its 157 isotope plane-parallel foils. In the performed calculations four fixed energies of neutrons with the corresponding wavelengths of 1, 1.8, 3 and 4 $A^0$ are taken into account. We calculate the efficiencies of the converter for electron escapes to frontward and backward hemispheres and their sum, depending on thickness of converting foils. Results of comparison of our calculations with the experimental data are presented.
A Useful Preparation of<i>O</i>-Protected α-Hydroxyketones of Defined Enantiomeric Purity from 2-Hydroxyalkanoic Esters (1986)

α-Hydroxyketones (OH-protected) are prepared in high enantiomeric purity by reaction of chiral O-protected 2-hydroxyalkanoic esters with organolithium compounds in ether/pentane at - 100°C or by conversion of 2-hydroxyalkanoic esters into 2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylalkanamides, O-protection of these amides, and reaction with organomagnesium bromides in tetrahydrofuran/ether at 5°C.
TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT (1985)

This investigation included (a) a state-of-the-art assessment of tolerable bridge movements based on a literature review, an appraisal of existing design specifications and practice, the collection and analysis of field data on foundaiton movements, structural damage and the tolerance to movements for a large number of bridges (314) in the Unites States and Canada, and an appraisal of the reliability of the methods currently used for settlement prediction; (b) a series of analytical studies to evaluate the effect of different magnitudes and rates of differential movement on the potential level of distress produced in a wide variety of steel and concrete bridge structures of different span lengths and stiffnesses; and (c) the development of methodology for the design of bridges and their foundations that embodies a rational set of criteria for tolerable bridge movements. (Author)
A 3-phase 12/10 asymmetrical switched reluctance motor (2005)

This paper presents the design and operation of a switched reluctance motor (SRM). The designed motor is a 3-phase 12/10 irregular structured type which only operates in short flux path instead of classical long flux path. Switched reluctance motor has very high nonlinear magnetisation characteristics. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to obtain the nonlinear magnetisation data for application to the modelling. Analyses and verifications obtained from simulation and modelling were used as a guide to design the SRM
Searching for the framework for a "world history" of planning (2003)

As the only non-West council members of the IPHS, the author thinks this society has been concerned mainly about the planning history of the Western Europe and the North America. He thinks his mission is to widen the research interests of the society into other areas of the world in order to make the society really 'international' in nature. There are relatively few research reports from the non-West and particularly developing countries that occupy the great portion of world. One of the reasons for this is that scholars generally consider that there is few planning history cases there which are 'worth knowing.' The author poses two questions. 'Is planning history the history of good planning only?' and 'Is planning history the history of all kinds of planning, namely, a history of good and bad planning?' His answer is YES. It is because it is necessary to understand the structure of 'bad' planning to improve it toward 'good' planning and also because discussing 'what is good or bad planning' would open the possibility of our understanding the social nature of planning. It is important to critically examine the concept of 'good' planning of the West, which has been generally considered as the planning model universally applicable in the entire world. What is needed is to understand it not as the 'absolute' model but as a particular result of Western history, and to 'relativise' it. Such 'relativity' of modern Western urban planning is an indispensable necessary precondition for a 'world history.' In order to consider the nature of planning as a social technology, the author proposes a theoretical framework of the 'planning world' with the relationship among (1) 'planning system' as the technical core, (2) its 'social base' that supports and restricts it and (3) 'built environment' that it aims at and it creates. Then the author presents the methodology of 'comparative planning' research as an approach that attempts to get an accurate understanding of the 'planning world' through comparing the similarities and differences of various 'planning worlds.' Based upon these theoretical framework and methodology, he discusses: (1) the social support for the planning system; (2) the international transfer of planning system; and (3) the social responsibility of planners. Finally the author presents a crucial question: 'How can we prove the modern Western urban planning system, which spread throughout the world during the 20th century and which was proved to be really a useful social technology, as equally useful for the whole world society during the 21st century, particularly in the poor developing countries?' In conclusion, the author encourages that all the IPHS scholars to bring the various national histories they have experienced in each country to this conference, to discuss them from the global perspective, and eventually begin to weave them together into a contemporary and future 'world history' of planning.
Genistein induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via ATM/p53-dependent pathway in human colon cancer cells (2013)

Soybean isoflavones have been used as a potential preventive agent in anticancer research for many years. Genistein is one of the most active flavonoids in soybeans. Accumulating evidence suggests that genistein alters a variety of biological processes in estrogen-related malignancies, such as breast and prostate cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of genistein in the prevention of human colon cancer remains unclear. Here we attempted to elucidate the anticarcinogenic mechanism of genistein in human colon cancer cells. First we evaluated the growth inhibitory effect of genistein and two other isoflavones, daidzein and biochanin A, on HCT-116 and SW-480 human colon cancer cells. In addition, flow cyto-metry was performed to observe the morphological changes in HCT-116/SW-480 cells undergoing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest, which had been visualized using Annexin V-FITC and/or propidium iodide staining. Real-time PCR and western blot analyses were also employed to study the changes in expression of several important genes associated with cell cycle regulation. Our data showed that genistein, daidzein and biochanin A exhibited growth inhibitory effects on HCT-116/SW-480 colon cancer cells and promoted apoptosis. Genistein showed a significantly greater effect than the other two compounds, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, genistein caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, which was accompanied by activation of ATM/p53, p21waf1/cip1 and GADD45α as well as downregulation of cdc2 and cdc25A demonstrated by q-PCR and immunoblotting assay. Interestingly, genistein induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in a p53-dependent manner. These findings exemplify that isoflavones, especially genistein, could promote colon cancer cell growth inhibition and facilitate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The ATM/p53-p21 cross-regulatory network may play a crucial role in mediating the anticarcinogenic activities of genistein in colon cancer.
Computing Strongly Connected Components in Parallel on CUDA (2011)

The problem of decomposing a directed graph into its strongly connected components is a fundamental graph problem inherently present in many scientific and commercial applications. In this paper we show how some of the existing parallel algorithms can be reformulated in order to be accelerated by NVIDIA CUDA technology. In particular, we design a new CUDA-aware procedure for pivot selection and we adapt selected parallel algorithms for CUDA accelerated computation. We also experimentally demonstrate that with a single GTX 480 GPU card we can easily outperform the optimal serial CPU implementation by an order of magnitude in most cases, 40 times on some sufficiently big instances. This is an interesting result as unlike the serial CPU case, the asymptotic complexity of the parallel algorithms is not optimal.
Genetic algorithm based feature selection for mass spectrometry data (2008)

Mass spectrometry technique is a revolutionary tool for diagnosing early stage cancer by analyzing protein mass spectra, and for detecting biomarkers. But because of the high dimensionality of the data, feature selection is a necessary procedure before classification and analysis. In this paper we present a genetic algorithm for feature selection for prostate protein mass spectrometry data. An elitism coupled with rank based stochastic universal sampling selection strategy, uniform crossover operation, and a uniform mutation with adaptive mutation rate strategy are used. Two fitness functions are defined for the genetic algorithm: one is a multivariate filter measurement and the other is a wrapper measurement. Our experiments show that the wrapper-based genetic algorithm outperforms all the other feature selection methods presented here. The multivariate filter-based genetic algorithm also yields better performance than transformed methods, sequential selection methods, and univariate filter methods.
On the numerical solution of Helmholtz’s equation by the capacitance matrix method (1976)

In recent years the usefulness of fast Laplace solvers has been extended to problems on arbitrary regions in the plane by the development of capacitance matrix methods. The solution of the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for Helmholtz’s equation is considered. It is shown, that by an appropriate choice of the fast solver, the capacitance matrix can be generated quite inexpensively. An analogy between capacitance matrix methods and classical potential theory for the solution of Laplace’s equation is explored. This analogy suggests a modification of the method in the Dirichlet case. This new formulation leads to well-conditioned capacitance matrix equations which can be solved quite efficiently by the conjugate gradient method. A highly accurate solution can, therefore, be obtained at an expense which grows no faster than that for a fast Laplace solver on a rectangle when the mesh size is decreased.
Phase retrieval using a window function (1993)

The problem considered is that of reconstructing a signal from the Fourier intensity of the signal and the Fourier intensities of two windowed signals: one by a window w(n) and the other by its complementary window (1-w(n)). Several conditions are developed under which a signal can be uniquely specified to within several trivial ambiguities such as sign, translation, and time reversal from the given conditions. A possible reconstruction algorithm derived from the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Warmth in Advertising: Measurement, Impact, and Sequence Effects (1986)

Journal Article Warmth in Advertising: Measurement, Impact, and Sequence Effects Get access David A. Aaker, David A. Aaker Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Douglas M. Stayman, Douglas M. Stayman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael R. Hagerty Michael R. Hagerty Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 12, Issue 4, March 1986, Pages 365–381, https://doi.org/10.1086/208524 Published: 01 March 1986 Article history Received: 01 March 1984 Revision received: 01 September 1985 Published: 01 March 1986
Effects of surface hydrogen on the air oxidation at room temperature of HF-treated Si (100) surfaces (1990)

Thermally stimulated desorption and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to study the air oxidation at room temperature of HF-treated Si(100) surfaces. The desorption results indicated an appreciable density of hydrogen at the surface. Air oxidation experiments with predesorbing surface hydrogen were carried out and an obtained linear relationship between the amount of H2 desorption and oxidation indicated that the oxidation was allowed by H2 desorption. The surface hydrogen was also found to be stable in air at room temperature and to contribute to a retardation in air oxidation of the surface.
Transient temperature calculation method for complex fluid-solid heat transfer problems with scattering boundary conditions (2018)

A calculation method for engine temperatures is presented. Special focus is placed on the transient and scattering boundary conditions within the combustion chamber, including fired and coasting conditions, as well as the dynamic heat transfer of the water jacket. Model reduction is achieved with dimensional analysis and the application of probability density functions, which allows for a timescale separation. Stationary in-cylinder pressure measurements are used as input values and, according to the transient behavior, modified with an own part-load model. A turbocharged SI race engine is equipped with 70 thermocouples at various positions in proximity to the combustion chamber. Differentiating from already published works, the method deals with the transient engine behavior during a race lap, which undergoes a frequency range of 0.1-1 Hz. This includes engine speed build-ups under gear changes, torque variations, or the transition from fired to coasting conditions. Different thermal behaviors of various measuring positions can be simulated successfully. Additionally, cylinder individual temperature effects resulting from an unsymmetrical ignition sequence and different volumetric efficiencies with unequal residual gas can be predicted. Up to a few percent, the energy balance of the water jacket is fulfilled and variations of water inlet temperatures can be simulated accurately enough.
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REGULATING <i>DROSOPHILA</i> P ELEMENT TRANSPOSITION (1990)

Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A ...Read More
SYNTHESIS OF Bz-POLYMETHOXY-8-AMINOQUINOLINES AND SOME DERIVATIVES THEREOF<sup>1</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSYNTHESIS OF Bz-POLYMETHOXY-8-AMINOQUINOLINES AND SOME DERIVATIVES THEREOF1ROBERT C. ELDERFIELD and GERALDINE LYNCH KRUEGERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1952, 17, 3, 358–370Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01137a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01137a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views360Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Identifying requirements conflicts and cooperation: how quality attributes and automated traceability can help (2004)

Requirements about software attributes have numerous complex and nontrivial interdependencies. Requirements conflict with each other when they make contradicting statements about common software attributes, and they cooperate when they mutually enforce such attributes. Because software developers rarely apply formal requirements specification techniques in practice, and because reliable techniques for natural language understanding aren't available, it's generally infeasible to automatically identify conflicts and cooperation among requirements. In software development and maintenance, identifying conflicts and cooperation among requirements is challenging. Fortunately, quality attributes can help. In addition, automated traceability techniques can eliminate falsely identified conflicts and cooperation efficiently.
Safety risk assessment of Jiangshun Suspension Bridge in design stage (2013)

This paper presents a safety risk assessment approach with a case study, where a combined analytic hierarchy process (AHP)–fuzzy clustering–Delphi (AFD) method is used for the risk assessment of the Jiangshun Suspension Bridge. Based on the engineering background and experience of the experts, the risk factors are defined. The weights of risks are analysed by the AHP method. In order to ensure the accuracy of expert assessment, the fuzzy clustering method is used to analyse the results from the experts mentioned above. Then, combined with the results of the risk weight from AHP, the risk rank of risk factors, risk hierarchies and the whole bridge scheme are worked out. This study shows that the risk rank of the Jiangshun Suspension Bridge is II, which is medium risk, and can be accepted conditionally. The AFD combined method can be used to analyse the safety risk assessment of suspension bridges, as illustrated in this study.
Optical transmission of baseband OFDM in IM/DD system by PDM based I/Q channel separation (2014)

We proposed baseband AMO-OFDM transmission using PDM based I/Q separation in IM/DD system. In compare with up-conversion, we experimentally verified performance. As a result, optical spectral efficiency was better as 7.2bit/s/Hz. It has simpler hardware and reduces complexity compared to IF up-conversion or Hermitian symmetry in IM/DD based PDM-OFDM system.