gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid evolution of primate antiviral enzyme APOBEC3G (2004)

Human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G and the virion infectivity factor (vif) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a pair of antagonistic molecules. In the absence of vif, APOBEC3G induces a high rate of dC to dU mutations in the nascent reverse transcripts of HIV that leads to the degradation of the HIV genome. HIV vif, on the other hand, can suppress the translation and trigger the degradation of human APOBEC3G. Here, we studied the rate of APOBEC3G gene evolution from five hominoids and two Old World monkeys. Averaged across the entire coding region, the rate of non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions is approximately 1.4 times the rate of synonymous substitutions, strongly suggesting that APOBEC3G has been under positive Darwinian selection. A comparison between the nucleotide polymorphisms within humans and the substitutions among the seven primates reveals a significant excess of non-synonymous substitutions. Furthermore, the rate of charge-altering non-synonymous substitution is approximately 1.8 times that of charge-conserving substitution, indicating that the selection is promoting the diversity of the protein charge profile. However, no difference in selective pressure on APOBEC3G is detected between hosts and non-hosts of HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). These results, together with recent findings that the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G is not limited to HIV/SIV, suggest that the selective pressure on APOBEC3G is not solely from HIV/SIV and that APOBEC3G is a broad antiviral enzyme. The identification of pervasive positive selection for charge-altering amino acid substitutions supports the hypothesis of electrostatic interactions between APOBEC3G and vif or its functional equivalents.
Blind algorithms for joint clock recovery and baseband combining in digital radio (1993)

A strategy is illustrated for joint space diversity baseband combining and timing recovery in microwave digital radio, based on a phase-independent criterion. The proposed receiver both provides a steady-state performance close to minimum mean square error receiver and solves the problems related to system synchronization, with an effective synergic action of clock recovery and adaptive baseband combining. The only multipath fading event which produces a (potential) system outage is given by two channels with only a slight difference in both notch frequency and notch depth. In this case, the post-combining equalizer is still able to equalize channels of moderate notch depth. The novelty of the present study is the joint application of the constant modulus algorithm to clock recovery and baseband combining. As a result, a significant immunity of the sampler/combiner on carrier phase is achieved.
Simplifying mobile commerce through a trusted transaction broker (2005)

Due to the emergence of 2.5G and 3G networks, the mobile Internet has evolved to a high bandwidth, reliable, dependable medium for accessing information. However, in spite of this, mobile commerce (m-commerce) does not enjoy the same acceptance as e-commerce. Commercial transactions over mobile devices remain at a low level, since it is difficult to build a trust infrastructure purely based on the mobile Internet. There needs to be an interim solution, which can provide convenience, trust and confidentiality in m-commerce transactions. As in a normal e-commerce transaction, it requires to give out accurate information about the credit card, such as number, provider, expiry date, names, authorization code, etc. This information is transmitted to the payment gateway in a secure encrypted manner. This paper presents a method to enable people to carry out day-to-day m-commerce transactions with minimal effort but in a trusted and secure manner, thus enabling m-commerce to become integrated into the daily lives of mobile users.
Separation and Quantification of Phospholipid and Neutral Lipid Classes by HPLC–CAD: Application to Egg Yolk Lipids (2014)

In this paper the methods of different lipid classes analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with charged aerosol detector (CAD) are presented. The methods allowed base-line separation of all investigated egg yolk phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, PC; phosphatidylethanolamine, PE; sphingomyelin, SM; and their lyso forms) and neutral lipid classes (triacylglycerol, TAG; cholesterol, Chol). Total lipids extraction was carried out by the Folch method. The polar and neutral lipid classes were separated by using normal-phase (silica) SPE cartridges. Two different HPLC methodologies (one for polar and one for neutral lipids) for the separation and quantification of lipid classes on a diol column were applied. The methods were optimized and the response and sensitivity of CAD was studied. In terms of linearity, precision, and sensitivity the methods were validated.
以富含血小板纖維蛋白(PRF)釋放液伴隨骨髓幹細胞治療骨質疏鬆症之成效：小鼠模式 (2015)

骨質疏鬆症是一種漸進性疾病，其特徵是骨骼組織的質量和數量異常，進而導致骨骼強度受損和易增加骨折的風險。雖然詳細的病理機制還需要更進一步去研究探討，但大致上可將骨質疏鬆症歸咎於雌性激素分泌降低，使得原本成骨細胞和破骨細胞之間保持的平衡急劇失衡，造成了骨質疏鬆症的發生。
 目前骨質疏鬆症的治療主要是著重在降低骨質耗損速率或是促進新骨質的生成，使用的藥物包括了雙磷酸鹽、降鈣素、雌激素和激素替代療法（HRT）…等。雖然這些藥物現在仍然在臨床上使用以預防或治療骨質疏鬆症，但往往有較大的副作用。例如HRT可以預防骨質疏鬆症，但這些藥物卻會刺激子宮內膜增生，增加罹患子宮內膜癌或乳腺癌的風險。因此目前迫切需要開發用於預防和治療骨質疏鬆的替代方法。
 幹細胞是一種未分化的細胞，可以無限分裂成原始幹細胞系，也還有分化成其它類型細胞之潛能。我們收集了小鼠腿骨的骨髓幹細胞，經過流式細胞儀篩選後，於誘導分化為成骨細胞的環境中培養。
 富血小板纖維蛋白（PRF）是一種天然生長因子的來源，裡面含有大量會影響骨質再生的生長因子。包含:TGFb-1(Transforming growth factor)、PDGF (platelet-derived growthfactor)、VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)及Matrix proteins (thrombospondin-1、fibronectin)。這些PRF所釋放的生長因子，會透過促進細胞增生、基質形成、骨質生成、膠原蛋白的合成等。最近研究顯示，富血小板纖維蛋白（PRF）會非常緩慢地釋放出生長因子至少持續7天甚至最長達28天，這意味著PRF可以在傷口癒合過程中對周圍環境造成長時間的刺激影響。
 我們將富含血小板纖維蛋白釋放液（PRFr）添加在進行培養的小鼠骨髓幹細胞，以探討釋放液是否能提高幹細胞的增殖能力及促進細胞分化潛能。結果顯示加入釋放液組別的骨髓幹細胞增殖速率較快速，細胞存活率也高出許多。因此我們推斷富含血小板纖釋放液對骨髓幹細胞生長及分化有極大幫助。
 在完成細胞實驗之後，我們接著利用動物實驗，去探討富含血小板纖釋放液對骨質疏鬆症之治療成效。骨質疏鬆症模型建立是利用卵巢切除（OVX）小鼠， 16週齡的 ICR小鼠隨機分配至不手術、卵巢切除或假手術三個類別，不手術組也就是做為Pos.Control的正常小鼠，假手術組是將皮膚劃開後再縫合回去，不摘除卵巢，卵巢摘除組則在卵巢摘除後，分別接受八種不同的治療方法:（1）對照組:不注射任何物質，作為Neg.Control;（2）注射ㄧ次BMSCs組 3x105 BMSCs/0.6ml PBS（3）注射ㄧ次PRFr組，0.6ml PRFr ;（4）注射ㄧ次BMSCs+ PRFr組，3x105 BMSCs/0.6ml PRFr;（5）注射四次BMSCs組 1.2x106 BMSCs/0.6ml PBS ;（6）注射四次PRFr組，2.4ml PRFr;（7）注射四次BMSCs+ PRFr組，1.2x106 BMSCs/2.4ml PRFr ;（8）骨內注射四次BMSCs+ PRFr組，1.2x106 BMSCs/2.4ml PRFr。所使用的骨髓間葉幹細胞是從健康同種異體小鼠取得，而富含血小板纖維蛋白釋放液PRFr則是從健康兔子抽取血液製備而成。治療時將幹細胞或富含血小板纖維蛋白釋放液注射至小鼠的薦尾靜脈中，以調查其用於骨量恢復與骨質再生的治療潛力。
 完成注射後之小鼠會再飼養八週，使其骨骼完整生長，最後將其犧牲並利用Micro CT 血清檢測 以及組織切片染色去評估治療成效。Micro CT掃描部位為左腿脛骨近端生長板下0.5~1.5mm處，分析項目包含骨礦物質密度、骨組織百分比、骨小樑數目、骨小樑厚度及骨小樑間距。分析後將腿骨先利用中性脫鈣液脫鈣，在以石蠟包埋切片，並染H&E染劑以放置於顯微鏡下觀察。
 由實驗結果得之，僅僅注射一次BMSC或是PRF的治療小鼠，皆無明顯治療效果，骨質疏鬆症現象和不治療組小鼠相似。而注射四次BMSC或是PRF的治療小鼠，骨礦物質密度、骨組織百分比、骨小樑數目、骨小樑厚度及骨小樑間距等數據都明顯高於不治療組小鼠，顯示體內骨質疏鬆症現象減緩。另外在注射部位方面，我們也發現了雖然差異不大，但是直接將幹細胞注射進入小鼠脛骨骨髓腔，比注射在小鼠薦尾靜脈治療成效來的好。最後探討注射物質對治療成效差異，經過注射PRF+ BMSC治療的小鼠骨骼比那些單純只使用PRF或骨髓幹細胞的小鼠骨密度更加緊密。所以本研究結果證實使用PRF及BMSC可以達成骨質疏鬆症的治療效果。
Combining a positive expiratory pressure device with a metered-dose inhaler reservoir system using chlorofluorocarbon albuterol and hydrofluoroalkane albuterol: effect on dose and particle size distributions. (2000)

Interposing the TheraPEP device at the MDI-ACE outlet does not change total dose, drug mass < 4.7 microns, or mass median aerodynamic diameter of MDI albuterol, with either CFC or HFA propellants.
Hormonal regulation of myoblast proliferation and myotube production in vivo: Influence of prostaglandins (1987)

The study of myoblast proliferation and fusion to form myotubes in vivo has centered around the role of the innervating motoneurones. Hormonal factors such as prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) are important during in vitro myogenesis, but their role in vivo has yet to be elucidated. In vitro, PGE1 appears to switch myoblast from a mitotic to a fusion mode. Consistent with this hypothesis, administration of PGE1 to chicken embryos decreased the number of myonuclei incorporated into their muscles. The effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis (aspirin and indomethacin) on in vivo myogenesis was not, however, as expected. Both drugs decreased the number of myonuclei incorporated into the muscles of treated embryos, which is the opposite of what would have been expected if they were enabling myoblasts to undergo additional divisions by delaying their onset from the mitotic cycle. The simplest explanation of this observation is that the effect of aspirin and indomethacin is mediated by a prostaglandin other than E1, or by a systemic factor whose levels are regulated by a prostaglandin. The maximum extent of the reduction caused by PGE1 and the inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis was only 25-30%, suggesting that only a subpopulation of myoblasts is effected by these drugs. The number of myotubes formed in the treated embryos closely paralleled the total number of myonuclei, indicating that the number of myoblasts fusing to form a myotube is constant even when the total number of available myoblasts is diminished.
A Review on Supercritical Fluidization (2018)

Supercritical water fluidized bed (SCWFB) has been used to gasify biomass, coal and solid waste to produce gas fuel. Supercritical carbon dioxide fluidized bed (SCCO2FB) was applied in the coating industry. Both the two fluidized bed treats the supercritical fluids as fluidization medium. The fluidization behaviours of particles in the supercritical fluids are quite important issues for achieving the basic two phase flow pattern. Few research institutions have conducted experimental and numerical investigations on the fluidization in supercritical conditions. The authors try to establish a comprehensive insight of fluid dynamics of the supercritical fluidized bed. For the SCWFB, the fluidization transitions of fixed bed, homogeneous bed expansion and bubbling were demarcated by discrimination number Dn. A flow pattern map of Reynolds number vs. Archimedes number was available for describing the flow patterns and their boundaries of the SCCO2FB. Ergun equation was acceptable for calculating the fixed bed pressure drop for both SCWFB and SCCO2FB. Wei and Lu correlations of the minimum fluidization velocity, minimum bubbling velocity and homogeneous bed expansion rate are suggested to design the SCWFB. Wen and Yu equation of the minimum fluidization velocity, Vogt et al. correlation of the homogeneous bed expansion rate and their method for determining the minimum bubbling velocity, Nakajima et al. equation of transition velocity, and Bi and Fan correlation of turbulent velocity were recommended to calculate SSCO2FB.
The Problem of Similar Fact Evidence (1979)

Similar fact evidence raises in a particularly acute form the conflict between two competing principles in the law of evidence. On the one hand, the principle that evidence of high probative value ought to be admitted. On the other, the principle that in criminal trials evidence possessing a significant potential for prejudice ought, in the interests of fairness, to be excluded. The expression "similar fact evidence" is here used broadly to refer to all evidence which shows that on some other occasion the accused acted in a way more or less similar to the way in which the prosecution alleges he acted on the occasion which is the subject of the present charge. Such evidence is, clearly, frequently of great probative value. Equally, such evidence constitutes the example par excellence of evidence possessing a potential for prejudice.
[The design and enzymatic hydrolysis of activatable cell-penetrating peptide]. (2010)

The paper is aimed to study the enzymatic hydrolysis of the activatable cell-penetrating peptide (ACPP) that was designed and synthesized. The ACPP was composed of three parts, polyanionic sequence peptide, peptide sequence that specifically cleaved by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and cell penetrating peptide (CPP). The ACPP was hydrolyzed by type IV collagenase (MMP-2/9) under the condition of 37 degrees C and was monitored by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The efflux of peak was collected and detected by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization orthogonal time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDIO-TOF-MS) to speculate the sequences of the peptide fragments. The results indicated that the ACPP could be cleaved by type IV collagenase at target site as predicted, released CPP. The half life of the cleavage was about 4 h. Meanwhile, the peptide fragments may be cleaved again at other sites by type IV collagenase.
[Study on the microstructure of acellular dermal matrix and its biocompatibility with MG63 osteoblast-like cells]. (2008)

ADM has no negative effects on the growth of osteoblast-like cells. ADM is biocompatibile and its microstructure is appropriate for guided bone regeneration materials.
In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia furfur. (1996)

Malassezia (M.) furfur is an anthropophilic fungus with complex growth requirements. Apart from its physiological appearance on human skin it is the causative agent of several skin disorders. A method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of M. furfur in a microtiter plate assay has been developed. Read-out was performed colorimetrically in modified Leeming-Notman medium after incubation with alamarBlue. Twenty-two strains of M. furfur were tested, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for climbazole, piroctone-olamine, selenium disulfide, zinc pyrithione. These substances are of common use in topical therapy of M. furfur-associated skin conditions. For climbazole, the range of MICs was between < 0.03 and 2 micrograms/ml with an empirical median mean of 0.03 micrograms/ml. For piroctoneolamine the range of MICs was between 16 and 64 micrograms/ml (mean = 64 micrograms/ml), for selenium disulfide between 2 and 64 micrograms/ml (mean = 8 micrograms/ml), and for zinc pyrithione between 0.12 and 8 micrograms/ml (mean = 1 micrograms/ml). These data indicate the high in vitro activity of climbazole against M. furfur, followed by zinc pyrithione. Selenium disulfide and piroctone-olamine were less active.
Rapid DNA analysis of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: application of an improved method for amplifying mutated gene sequences. (1988)

The gene coding for alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) is mutated in some individuals to code for a protein, the PiZ variant, associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin serum deficiency. Homozygotes for this defect are at high risk for various liver diseases and for early onset emphysema. Here, we employ an enzymatic amplification procedure for diagnosis of a Z-specific gene mutation in cellular DNA, and we describe a new procedure for selective enhancement of the mutated sequence. We have synthesized 2 oligonucleotides which prime amplification of a 156 bp region of exon V including a single base mutation specific for the PiZ variant. Amplification of 2 to 6 X 10(5)-fold is obtained allowing rapid detection of the Z mutation, using selective oligonucleotide probes, in unseparated genomic DNA of cells from family members homozygous or heterozygous for the defect. New methodology allows enzymatic amplification at elevated temperatures. To take advantage of this, we have developed a method using discriminating oligonucleotides as primers that allows enhanced sensitivity of hybridization. These methods allow diagnosis of the Z form of AAT deficiency within a single day using submicrogram quantities of DNA.
The psychology of hope: you can get there from here (1995)

In this compelling look at the psychology of hope, C.R. Snyder provides insights into the personality of the highly hopeful individual. Drawing on inspiring clinical cases, as well as his seminal research and widely distributed hope scale, Snyder shows that very hopeful people differ from the rest of us in some intriguing respects. First, they have the ability to envision a broader range of goals than most people. Second, they have greater will power and energy in pursuing those goals. And third, they have the skills to generate a greater variety of routes to reach their objectives. The book includes in the first chapter a hope test for adults that allows readers to assess their individual levels of hope. Snyder then analyzes the significant events in the first 18 years that contribute to the development of hope, and he provides a useful scale for children that parents and professionals can administer to determine a child's level of hope. Through a variety of clinical cases, he also explores how hope is often destroyed in children and in adults. He shows, for example, how neglect, abuse, parental loss, unrealistic expectations for the child, and inconsistent parenting can erode in different ways children's ability to envision goals or their ability to develop strategies to reach them. Finally, he provides practical, research-based information on how hope can be fostered in children and adults. In this section, he gives specific advice on how to envision goals more strongly, how to increase one's energy in pursuing one's objectives, and how to develop a greater variety of strategies to reach one's goals. The Psychology of Hope is a book for anyone who seeks to understand thepsychological underpinning of this essential virtue.
Microphysical Measurements of Fog Formed in a Turbulent Jet (1992)

An investigation of fog formation in the flow field of a turbulent jet was conducted in order to determine the processes responsible for the microscopic and macroscopic behavior of the fog. Profiles of number density, mean droplet diameter, and size distribution were measured by using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer, for two different conditions of the jet effluent saturated at 62° C and 85° C. The data allow the behavior of the jet to be characterized by the competing mechanisms of heterogeneous nucleation on entrained nuclei, growth of droplets, and turbulent diffusion. At the higher jet temperature, the competing mechanisms result in bimodal size distributions. This behavior was shown by a simple model in which condensation occurs simultaneously with entrainment and mixing. Microscopic measurements were also taken for vapor-air jets in which a water aerosol was added to the jet effluent. A comparison of this seeded condition with the latter condition shows that seeding moves the condensation towards local thermodynamic equilibrium.
Vaccinia virus recombinants encoding the truncated structural gene region of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) give solid protection against peripheral challenge but only partial protection against airborne challenge with virulent VEEV. (2000)

Vaccinia virus (VV) recombinants that contain the genes encoding the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) structural gene region (C-E3-E2-6 K-E1) solidly protect mice against peripheral challenge with virulent VEEV, but provide only partial protection against airborne challenge. To improve upon these results we focussed on the principal antigens involved in protection. VV recombinants encoding the structural genes E3-E2-6 K-E1, E3-E2-6 K or 6 K-E1 were prepared and evaluated for their ability to protect Balb/c mice after a single dorsal scarification with 10(8) PFU against peripheral or airborne challenge with virulent VEEV. The antibody response was also examined. Our experiments provide new evidence that truncates of the VEEV structural region (E3-E2-6 K-E1, E3-E2-6 K), cloned and expressed in VV, protect against challenge with virulent virus. They also confirm the important role of E2 in protection. However, we were unable to improve upon previously reported levels of protection against airborne challenge. A substantial level of circulating antibodies and the presence of local IgA (not always induced by mucosal immunization) (Greenway et al., 1992) appear essential for protection against the airborne virus. Current VV-VEEV recombinants seem unable to elicit this level of immune response and further improvements are therefore required to increase the immunogenicity of VV-VEEV vaccines.
KEEPING ONSITE RAILROAD TRACKS IN GOOD SHAPE (1977)

Although the information presented here cannot make plant engineering personnel into experts on railroad construction, it should serve as a guide to basic inspection and maintenance procedures for tracks on plant property. Tracks should be inspected regularly so that damage can be noted after it occurs, allowing small problems to be caught before they become major repair items. Annual inspection on a sunny spring day when it is easy to find volunteers will not suffice because ice formation on switches and poor drainage will never be spotted on these days. A monthly tour of the tracks makes a more realistic schedule. All debris should be removed from the track area and from around switches and lights to make tracks safer and to aid in preventing derails. The inspector should note low elevations along the tracks so they can be checked after a significant rainfall to see if drainage is adequate. Another reason for good drainage that is often forgotten in the warmer months is the prevention of winter icing which can shift tracks and prevent operation of switches.
The role of dynamic infrared imaging in melanoma diagnosis (2013)

Melanoma incidence and the lifetime risk are increasing at an alarming rate in the United States and worldwide. In order to improve survival rates, the goal is to detect melanoma at an early stage of the disease. Accurate, sensitive and reliable quantitative diagnostic tools can reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies, the associated morbidity as well as the costs of care in addition to improving survival rates. The recently introduced quantitative dynamic infrared imaging system QUAINT measures differences in the infrared emission between healthy tissue and the lesion during the thermal recovery process after the removal of a cooling stress. Results from a clinical study suggest that the temperature of cancerous lesions is higher during the first 45-60 seconds of thermal recovery than the temperature of benign pigmented lesions. This small temperature difference can be measured by modern infrared cameras and serve as an indicator for melanoma in modern quantitative melanoma detectors.
Harmony Transformer: Incorporating Chord Segmentation into Harmony Recognition (2019)

Musical harmony analysis is usually a process of unfolding and interpreting the hierarchical structure of music. Computational approaches to such structural analysis are still challenging, owing to the fact that the boundary between different harmonic states (such as chord functions) is not explicitly defined in the audio or symbolic music data. It is a novel approach to improve chord recognition by jointly identifying chord change using end-to-end sequence learning. In this paper, we propose the Harmony Transformer, a multi-task music harmony analysis model aiming to improve chord recognition through incorporating chord segmentation into the recognition process. The integration of chord segmentation and chord recognition is implemented with the Transformer, a deep sequential learning model yielding fruitful results in the field of natural language processing. A non-autoregressive decoding framework is also adopted here in aid of concatenating the two highly correlated tasks. Experiments of both chord symbol recognition and functional harmony recognition on audio and symbolic datasets demonstrate that explicitly learning the hierarchical structural information of musical data can facilitate and improve the harmony recognition.