gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in the Electric Utility Industry (2002)

Abstract Manganese dioxide is deposited by chemical and biological oxidation of dissolved manganese that occurs naturally in surface and groundwaters throughout the United States. In industrial cooling systems, manganese scales degrade heat exchanger performance and are commonly held to promote corrosion due to formation of underdeposit conditions. The direct galvanic action of manganese dioxide in the corrosion process is less well recognized and can promote severe localized attack. The present paper reviews the chemical and biological origins of manganese deposition and discusses mechanisms of manganese-related corrosion. A case history of surface condenser corrosion at a steam electric utility is presented and chemical methods used to control manganese fouling at this site are described. The performance of the chemical program at the end of one year is reviewed.
Minimizing Job Tardiness Using Integrated Preventive Maintenance Planning and Production Scheduling (2003)

Abstract Production scheduling and preventive maintenance planning decisions are inter-dependent but most often made independently. Given that maintenance affects available production time and elapsed production time affects the probability of machine failure, this inter-dependency seems to be overlooked in the literature. We propose an integrated model that simultaneously determines production scheduling and preventive maintenance planning decisions so that the total weighted tardiness of jobs is minimized. We investigate the benefits of integration through a numerical study of small problems. We compare the integrated solution and its performance with the solutions obtained from solving the production scheduling and preventive maintenance planning problems independently. The numerical results show an average reduction of 30% in expected total weighted tardiness. Finally, we discuss the issues related to solving larger problems and extensions for future study.
Partial recompilation (1971)

It is axiomatic that a great deal of the machine time required to debug and implement a computer program is used to compile and recompile source code. In many cases, recompilations require at least as much machine time as an initial compilation, although the resultant change to the program object code may be minimal. In a time-sharing environment the redundancy associated with these recompilations can be expected to contribute to deterioration of response time. Conversational debugging packages, such as DDT, seem to present only a partial solution to the problem, since the debugging operation is usually divorced from the source language updating and production of a corrected object code program.
Scheduling parallel programs by work stealing with private deques (2013)

Work stealing has proven to be an effective method for scheduling parallel programs on multicore computers. To achieve high performance, work stealing distributes tasks between concurrent queues, called deques, which are assigned to each processor. Each processor operates on its deque locally except when performing load balancing via steals. Unfortunately, concurrent deques suffer from two limitations: 1) local deque operations require expensive memory fences in modern weak-memory architectures, 2) they can be very difficult to extend to support various optimizations and flexible forms of task distribution strategies needed many applications, e.g., those that do not fit nicely into the divide-and-conquer, nested data parallel paradigm.
BUS AND COACH PASSENGER CASUALTIES IN NON-COLLISION INCIDENTS (2001)

Two major bus safety reports have recently been completed at ICE. Firstly the Assessment of Passenger Safety in Local Service PSVs, for the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR), assesses the impact of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) and the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DIPTAC) regulations on bus travel. Secondly, Real World Bus and Coach Accident Data from Eight European Countries, for Task 1.1 of the Enhanced Bus and Coach Occupant Safety project (European Commission 5th Framework Project no. 1999-RD.11130), is a collation of European data that identifies the important issues in bus and coach occupant safety. It has become evident during these projects that non-collision incidents are an important part in the injury experience of bus casualties, especially for elderly occupants. By consideration of both national statistics and in-depth cases a picture has been formed of the bus and coach casualty population and the types of incidents in which these people are injured. These statistics have been presented, along with possible reasons for such a high proportion of casualties occurring in non-collision incidents and recommendations have been made that would lessen the risk of these injuries occurring, through better design and operational changes. These injuries occur due to a combination of factors. Occupants can fall due to slipping or tripping on poorly designed floor surfaces or in wet weather conditions. Or falls can occur due to acceleration forces as the bus brakes or pulls away. When these falls occur the design of the interior can present an injury risk. In recent years bus design has changed as a result of new regulations to allow a wider population to use buses, especially with the introduction of low floor access. These features promote easier boarding and alighting and allow less mobile members of the population to make use of bus travel. Unfortunately this may also increase the likelihood of these more vulnerable people receiving injuries on the vehicle. Many of the issues addressed are particularly relevant to elderly people, small children and their caretakers.
Mechanical analysis of formation of auto-restoration coating on the worn surface of the GCr15 balls (2005)

Formation of auto-restoration coating using ball-milling machine on the surface of the GCr15 balls was examined by scan electronic microscope. The effect of input energy on formation of the auto-restoration coating was investigated. The experimental results showed that a lot of scratches on the surface of the steel ball were first formed own to collisions and friction among balls, serpentine powder and wall of the milling machine during the course of ball milling, and that auto-restoration material was attached and formed a very thin coating on the surface of the ball under the collisions and wearing. The auto-restoration coating was cohesive on the surface of the steel ball of 12.7 mm. While there were a lot of micro-holes in the auto-restoration coating on the surface of the steel ball of 6.0 mm. In the same time, the phase transformation of auto-restoration material during ball milling and composition of auto-restoration coating were analyzed. The mechanism of the auto-restoration coating of wear of metals on the basis of the experiments could be described as follows: physical attachment of the auto-restoration material on the surface of metal in the first stage, then chemical attachment due to high activation of the auto-restoration material, phase transformation of the auto-restoration material and formation of the auto-restoration coating because of the high pressure and transient high temperature caused by collision and friction between steel balls and wall of the milling machine.
Anaerobic degradation of catechol by Desulfobacterium sp. strain Cat2 proceeds via carboxylation to protocatechuate (1994)

Under anoxic conditions, most methoxylated mononuclear aromatic compounds are degraded by bacteria, with catechol being formed as an important intermediate. On the basis of our experiments with the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfobacterium sp. strain Cat2, we describe for the first time the enzymatic activities involved in the complete anaerobic oxidation of catechol and protocatechuate. Results obtained from experiments with dense cell suspensions of strain Cat2 demonstrated that all enzymes necessary for protocatechuate and benzoate degradation were induced during growth with catechol. In addition, anaerobic oxidation of catechol was found to be a CO2-dependent process. Phenol was not degraded in suspensions of cells grown with catechol. In cell extracts of Desulfobacterium sp. strain Cat2, protocatechuyl-coenzyme A (CoA) was formed from catechol, bicarbonate, and uncombined CoA. This oxygen-sensitive reaction requires high concentrations of both bicarbonate and protein, and only very low levels of enzyme were detected. In a second oxygen-sensitive step, protocatechuyl-CoA was reduced to 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA by reductive elimination of the p-hydroxyl group. Further dehydroxylation to benzoyl-CoA was not detectable. Key reactions described for anaerobic degradation of benzoate were catalyzed by cell extracts of strain Cat2, too.
Words and Echoes: Assessing and Mitigating the Non-Randomness Problem in Word Frequency Distribution Modeling (2007)

Frequency distribution models tuned to words and other linguistic events can predict the number of distinct types and their frequency distribution in samples of arbitrary sizes. We conduct, for the first time, a rigorous evaluation of these models based on cross-validation and separation of training and test data. Our experiments reveal that the prediction accuracy of the models is marred by serious overfitting problems, due to violations of the random sampling assumption in corpus data. We then propose a simple pre-processing method to alleviate such non-randomness problems. Further evaluation confirms the effectiveness of the method, which compares favourably to more complex correction techniques.
Role of kinins in the endothelial protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning (1998)

1. The aim of this study was to assess whether the protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning on endothelial function in coronary arteries of the rat involves kinins. 2. Isolated hearts of the rat were exposed to a 30-min low-flow ischaemia (flow rate of 1 ml min[-1]) followed by 20-min reperfusion, after which coronaries were precontracted with 0.1 microM U-46619, and the response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10 microM), compared to that of the endothelium-independent vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 3 microM). 3. In untreated hearts, ischaemia-reperfusion diminished selectively 5-HT-induced vasodilatation, compared with time-matched sham hearts. The vasodilatation to SNP was unaffected after ischaemia-reperfusion. Preconditioning (5 min of zero-flow ischaemia followed by 10 min reperfusion) in untreated hearts preserved the vasodilatation produced by 5-HT. 4. Blockade of B1 and B2 receptors with either 3 nM [Lys[0], Leu8, des-Arg9]-bradykinin (LLDBK) or 10 nM Hoe 140 (icatibant), respectively, (started 15 min before ischaemic preconditioning or a corresponding sham period and stopped just before the 20-min reperfusion period) had no effect on the vasodilatation produced by either 5-HT or SNP in sham hearts. Pretreatment with Hoe 140 did not block the protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning on the 5-HT vasodilatation. In contrast, LLDBK halved the protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. 5. Perfusion with either bradykinin or des-Arg9-bradykinin (1 nM) 30 min before and lasting throughout the ischaemia protected the endothelium. 6. In conclusion, ischaemic preconditioning affords protection to the endothelial function in coronary resistance arteries of the rat partly by activation of B1 receptors. Although exogenous BK perfusion can protect the endothelium, B2 receptors do not play an important role in this protection in the rat isolated heart.
Trading Regret for Efficiency: Online Convex Optimization with Long Term Constraints (2011)

In this paper we propose a framework for solving constrained online convex optimization problem. Our motivation stems from the observation that most algorithms proposed for online convex optimization require a projection onto the convex set $\mathcal{K}$ from which the decisions are made. While for simple shapes (e.g. Euclidean ball) the projection is straightforward, for arbitrary complex sets this is the main computational challenge and may be inefficient in practice. In this paper, we consider an alternative online convex optimization problem. Instead of requiring decisions belong to $\mathcal{K}$ for all rounds, we only require that the constraints which define the set $\mathcal{K}$ be satisfied in the long run. We show that our framework can be utilized to solve a relaxed version of online learning with side constraints addressed in \cite{DBLP:conf/colt/MannorT06} and \cite{DBLP:conf/aaai/KvetonYTM08}. By turning the problem into an online convex-concave optimization problem, we propose an efficient algorithm which achieves $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\sqrt{T})$ regret bound and $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(T^{3/4})$ bound for the violation of constraints. Then we modify the algorithm in order to guarantee that the constraints are satisfied in the long run. This gain is achieved at the price of getting $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(T^{3/4})$ regret bound. Our second algorithm is based on the Mirror Prox method \citep{nemirovski-2005-prox} to solve variational inequalities which achieves $\tilde{\mathcal{\mathcal{O}}}(T^{2/3})$ bound for both regret and the violation of constraints when the domain $\K$ can be described by a finite number of linear constraints. Finally, we extend the result to the setting where we only have partial access to the convex set $\mathcal{K}$ and propose a multipoint bandit feedback algorithm with the same bounds in expectation as our first algorithm.
Calculating delta modulator performance (1968)

The various parameters which affect the performance of a single integration exponential delta modulator are discussed, viz., line rate, signal channel bandwidth and the time constant of the RC combination ("integrator") used in the feedback path of the coder (and in the forward path of the decoder). The performance of the delta modulator is described quantitatively in terms of its overload characteristic (level at which harmonic distortion occurs versus signal frequency), its coding threshold, and the level of quantizing noise. A novel form of diagram is constructed, showing these performance boundaries in a manner which enables the dynamic range of the coder as a function of signal frequency to be readily appreciated. At the same time, values of signal to quantizing noise ratio are easily ascertainable. The shape of the overload characteristic is discussed, and attention is drawn to the importance of relating this to the long-term spectrum of the input signal. A formula is derived for the effect of random errors occurring in the digital transmission path, and it is shown how this may be minimized. The delta-sigma modulator is treated in a similar way.
A REVIEW OF VARIOUS SCORE NORMALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (2015)

This paper presents an overview of a state-of-the-art text-independent speaker verification system using score normalization. First, an introduction proposes a modular scheme of the training and test phases of a speaker verification system. Then, the most commonly speech parameterization used in speaker verification, namely, cepstral analysis, is detailed. Normalization of scores is then explained, as this is a very important step to deal with real-world data. When acoustic and prosodic based systems are established, it is advantageous to normalize the dynamic ranges of the score dimensions, that is, likelihood scores from different quality of acoustic- and prosodic based models. Score normalization methods, linear scaling to unit range and linear scaling to unit variance, are applied to transform the output scores using the background instances so as to obtain meaningful comparison between speaker models. In this fusion system based on linear score weighting approach, the performance of speaker identification is further improved when incorporating prosodic level of information. The evaluation of a speaker verification system is then detailed, and the detection error trade-off (DET) curve is explained.. Then, some applications of speaker verification are proposed, including won-site applications, remote applications, applications relative to structuring audio information, and games.
A ratio-measuring detection system for use in pulsed spectroscopic measurements (1970)

The advantages are discussed of performing certain measurements in a pulsed rather than a continuous manner. A ratio-detection system is described which is suitable for the study of transient phenomena induced by repetitive pulsed excitation. Fast sample-and-hold circuits preserve appropriate measures of the observed phenomena and of the intensity of the excitation source. The ratio of the two signals is taken, reducing by three orders of magnitude the effect of fluctuations of the excitation source. The ratio signal is then averaged in a two-channel `boxcar' circuit linear to ±4 parts in 105 for input voltages between ±2 V The entire system is linear to ±2 parts in 104 for input voltages between ±2 V. Under continuous operation, drifts of the system referred to the input are less than 20 μV per day.
Activity of Antimicrobial Silver Polystyrene Nanocomposites (2012)

A simple technique based on doping polymers with in situ generated silver nanoparticles (Ag/PS films) has been developed. In particular, an antiseptic material has been prepared by dissolving silver 1,5‐cyclooctadiene‐hexafluoroacetylacetonate in amorphous polystyrene, and the obtained solid solution has been heated for ca. 10 s at a convenient temperature (180°C). Under such conditions the metal precursor decomposes producing silver atoms that diffuse into the polymer and clusterize. The antimicrobial characteristics of the resulting polystyrene‐based material have been accurately evaluated toward Escherichia coli (E. coli) comparing the cytotoxicity effect of 10 wt.% and 30 wt.% (drastic and mild annealing) silver‐doped polystyrene to the corresponding pure micrometric silver powder. Two different bacterial viability assays were performed in order to demonstrate the cytotoxic effect of Ag/PS films on cultured E. coli : (1) turbidimetric determination of optical density; (2) BacLight fluorescence‐based test. Both methods have shown that silver‐doped polystyrene (30 wt.%) provides higher antibacterial activity than pure Ag powder, under similar concentration and incubation conditions.
Photochemical machining of engineering materials (2007)

Photochemical machining (PCM) is one of the important nontraditional machining processes in which photographic and chemical etching techniques are employed. The workpiece material is shaped by using a strong chemical solution to dissolve surface of the workpiece that was selectively exposed to machine areas using a photographic technique. The application of photochemical machining has increased extensively in the electronics, precision engineering, medical and decorative industries as well as in the microcomponent production industry. The present study is aimed to provide information on the application of PCM. The selection of etching parameters such as etchants for engineering materials, chemical additives into main etchants and etching temperature on the different machining outputs will be discussed. Also, the influences of environmental legislations on the machining process
Noise in IMPATT-diode oscillators at large-signal levels (1974)

A theory is formulated which describes the noise properties of IMPATT-diode oscillators operating at large-signal levels. This theory is based directly on the work of Convert [17] and Hines [18]. The theory takes into account the signal dependence of the noise generation process, and also the intermodulation effects occurring between the various frequency bands. The equations are conveniently arranged in matrix form; such a formulation provides physical insight and facilitates the obtaining of quantitative results in terms of measurable noise parameters. The AM, FM, and low-frequency noise of low-Q IMPATT-diode oscillators operating at high output power levels has been measured and compared with the values predicted by this theory. Si p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -n, Si n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p, and n-GaAs S.B. IMPATT diodes have been used. Agreement between the measured and theoretically predicted values is good. Special experimental evidence for the signal dependence of the noise-generating mechanism is obtained by considering the ratio of the AM and FM noise. The Comparatively few measurements published on the correlation between AM, FM, and low-frequency noise have been compared with our theoretical results; as far as can be judged, the trends are similar. Finally, an experiment is described in which a Si n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p diode was used in a high-Q Kurokawa circuit. The experimental value of the rms frequency deviation of 0.8 Hz in a 100-Hz bandwidth was found to be in reasonable agreement with the present theory, extended with an equivalent circuit describing the high-Q circuit.
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF DEMYELINATION REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MYELIN STABILITY IN VITRO (1975)

—Incubation of slices of rat central nervous system in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer produced a lipoprotein fraction which floated on 10·5% sucrose after homogenization of the slices and centrifugation. This fraction was not found after homogenization and centrifugation of fresh tissue and appeared to depend upon incubation. The amount of the light fraction increased in the following order per 100-mg slice: cerebrum < thalamic area < cerebellum < brain stem < spinal cord. The lipid composition of this fraction was similar to that of myelin, but contained a lower protein content compared to myelin of the corresponding area. This fraction was termed ‘dissociated myelin’. Upon incubation of slices a portion of the basic protein was lost from myelin subsequently isolated, and the dissociated fraction was slightly enriched in basic protein. The distribution of myelin protein among the characteristic three groups (basic, proteolipid and high mol. wt.) was quite different in myelin from spinal cord compared to that from other CNS area. Spinal cord myelin contained about 17% protein compared to about 23% in cerebrum, with brain stem myelin intermediate (19%), and the difference appeared to be due to lesser amounts of proteolipid in the caudal areas. The amount of dissociation after incubation was about 3–5 per cent of the total myelin in the cerebral cortex, 10 per cent in the thalamic area, 20 per cent in cerebellum, 35 per cent in the brain stem, and around 45 per cent in spinal cord. The smaller amount of proteolipid protein in spinal cord myelin may result in a deficiency of cohesive forces holding lipids and proteins together, thus causing greater instability and dissociation. Myelin dissociation increased with time of incubation up to 3 h, was augmented by Ca2+, and was substantial at pH 11, reaching a peak at pH 7, then decreased in the acid range. A similar fraction has been isolated previously from fresh CNS tissue made edematous by chronic treatment of rats with triethyl tin. The possible relationship of swelling in the disease process and myelin dissociation are discussed.
Functional Overview of the Core System with Glossary (1978)

The Core System was developed by the ACM/SIGGRAPH Graphics Standards Planning Committee to promote application program portability and device-independence. The Core System defines graphics software capabilities that support a wide variety of applications. This paper summarizes the functional capabilities of the Core System. Grouping of functions into levels of implementation is motivated and described. A glossary is given of terms that are used in this article and the companion articles on the Core System in this issue.