gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New insights into the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock (2013)

Cardiogenic shock induces microcirculatory disorders that can be monitored and influenced in various manners, both pharmacologically and physically. In addition to global hemodynamic optimization, interventions must also ameliorate the microcirculation.
Principal Polynomial Analysis for Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Industrial Processes (2018)

Real-time process monitoring is crucial to improve the productivity, process safety, and product quality. In this paper, a novel fault detection and diagnosis technique based on a principal polynomial analysis (PPA) is proposed. PPA is a nonlinear modeling technique, which describes the data using a set of flexible principal polynomial components. Compared with the PCA-based methods, PPA is more effective in capturing the intrinsic nonlinear geometry structure of the process data. Moreover, compared with other nonlinear methods, such as kernel-based and neural-networks-based methods, PPA has the appealing features of straightforward out-of-sample extension, volume-preservation, and invertibility. In addition, two new types of fault detection and diagnosis statistics are derived. The effectiveness of the proposed PPA-based monitoring method was verified through its applications to a nonlinear numerical example and an industrial benchmark process. The application results have demonstrated that the proposed method has superior fault detection and diagnosis performance than the conventional PCA-based and kernel PCA-based methods.
Cyclols, cyclodepsipeptides, and N‐acyl‐diketopiperazines from linear precursors: Synthesis and crystal structure of 10‐membered cyclodepsipeptides (1983)

In order to investigate the relative formation tendency of different tautomeric ring systems (cyclols, cyclodepsipeptides and corresponding N-acyl-diketopiperazines), two linear peptide precursors containing proline as C-terminal residue, have been synthesized and subjected to cyclizing conditions. Boc-Ser-Phe-Pro-ONp (I) gave three isomeric cyclic compounds: Boc-Ser-Phe-Pro- (IV), N-(Boc-Ser)-cyclo-(Phe-D-Pro) (III) and the corresponding aza-cyclol (II). Starting from Hyb-Phe-Pro-ONp (V) two epimeric N(3-hydroxybutyryl)diketopiperazines (VI) and (VII) and the corresponding 10-membered cyclodepsipeptide (VIII) could be isolated. Crystal and molecular structure of VIII is reported. Crystals of VIII are orthorhombic, P212121 with a = 9.684, b = 22.985, c = 7.841, z = 4. The two peptidic bonds are cis with omega values of 6.6 degrees and - 18.1 degrees, whereas the lactonic bond is of transoid type. The pyrrolidine ring has C2-C gamma-exo conformation.
Amphetamine effects on startle gating in normal women and female rats (2009)

The dopaminergic regulation of PPI in humans is related to basal levels of sensorimotor gating and to specific personality traits in normal men and women. In rats, the effects of amphetamine on PPI differ significantly in strains with low vs. high NAC COMT expression.
Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone in hereditarily diabetic rats (1997)

Goto-Kakizaki rats (GK rats) were given access for 4 weeks to a diet enriched with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 0.2 per cent, w/w). The incorporation of DHEA in the food failed to affect significantly body growth, plasma D-glucose and insulin concentrations, pancreatic islet insulin content or the activity of both mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (mGDH) and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (malic enzyme) in islet homogenates. DHEA however, increased the activity of mGDH and, at least in male rates, that of the malic enzyme also in the liver. It lowered the abnormally high basal insulin release otherwise found in the islets from diabetic rats, and, as judged from the ratio of insulin output at 16.7 mM/2.8 mM D-glucose, improved the cell responsiveness to the hexose. This coincided with a decreased plasma insulin/D-glucose ratio, suggesting that the major effect of DHEA was to increase the sensitivity to insulin of extrapancreatic targets, thus resulting in a secondary improvement of cell secretory behaviour.
Persistence of Virologic Response after Liver Transplant in Hepatitis C Patients Treated with Ledipasvir / Sofosbuvir Plus Ribavirin Pretransplant (2017)

Recurrence of HCV infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) at the time of liver transplantation is nearly universal and reduces the likelihood of graft and patient survival. We evaluated outcomes of 17 patients (16 with HCV genotype 1 and 1 with genotype 4) who received up to 12 or 24 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir plus ribavirin prior to or up to the time of liver transplant in the SOLAR-1 and SOLAR-2 trials. In all patients, HCV RNA was < 15 IU/mL prior to transplant. At screening, 6 patients were Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CPT) class B and 11 were CPT class C. Seven patients underwent transplant prior to completing assigned treatment, with 4 treated for < 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was posttransplant virologic response 12 weeks after transplant (pTVR12) in patients with HCV RNA < 15 IU/mL at their last measurement prior to transplant. Overall, 94% (16/17) achieved pTVR12. All who achieved pTVR12 received at least 11 weeks of treatment. The single patient who did not achieve pTVR12 discontinued study drug on day 21 and underwent liver transplant the following day. The patient had HCV RNA < 15 IU/mL at post-transplant week 2 but died 15 days post-transplant because of multi-organ failure and septic shock. Among a small population of HCV patients with decompensated cirrhosis, virologic response to ledipasvir / so-fosbuvir plus ribavirin prior to liver transplantation was maintained after transplantation, even if treatment was stopped early. Administration of ledipasvir / sofosbuvir plus ribavirin before liver transplant can prevent post-transplant HCV recurrence.
Inductive Effects of Methyl Mercury on the Hepatic Microsomes of Mice (1973)

Abstract: 36 male NMRI mice weighing about 17 g each were divided into groups of 12 animals. Groups 1 and 2 were treated once intraperitoneally with methyl mercury nitrate. Group 1 received 0.3 mg Hg/kg and group 2 10 mg Hg/kg in 0.5 ml water; the third group, which was kept as control, was treated intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml water. After 7 days all the mice were sacrificed. The mean total liver protein was found to be significantly decreased in group 2. The mean liver microsomal protein was significantly (P < 0.01) increased in groups 1 (P < 0.01) and 2 (P < 0.02) as compared to the controls. The mean cytochrome P‐450 concentration of the liver microsomes was also significantly increased in groups I (P < 0.001) and 2 (P < 0.01) as compared to the controls and in group 1 (P < 0.01) as compared to group 2. The mean liver microsomal NADPH‐cytochrome c‐reductase activity was significantly greater in group 2 (P < 0.001) and in group 1 (P < 0.01) than in the controls. The mean NADPH‐cytochrome c‐reductase activity of group 2 was also significantly greater than the mean activity in group 1 (P < 0.02).
Spectrophotomatic Assay for the Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with Glutathione (1987)

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO(is a toxic and carcinogenic compound that has been reported to be subject to conjugation with glutathione (GSH). This reaction may proceed non-enzymatically or be catalyzed by GSH transferases. The non-enzymatic rate for this reaction has been reported to be very high. The purposes of this investigation were to develop a spectrophotometric assay for the reaction of4NQO with GSH and to determine whether the rate for the enzyme catalyzed reaction was significant relative to the non-enzymatic reaction. The absorbance spectrum of 4NQO in phosphate buffer exhibited a maximum at 365 nm. Reaction of 4NQO with GSH was accompanied by a shift to 353 nm and an absorbance increase which was maximal at 350 nm. The formation of product could be quantitated from the increase in absorbance at 350 nm, where the change in the millimolar extinction coefficient was 7.20 mM^-1 cm^-1. Although the non-enzymatic reaction of 4NQO and GSH proceeded rapidly at or above pH 8, at physiological pH this reaction was largely enzyme dependent. In an assay system containing 0.1 mM 4NQO, 1 mM GSH, and 0.1 M potassium phosphate, at 25°C, the conjugation of 4NQO with GSH by mouse livercytosol was optimal at pH 6.5 - 7.5. At pH 6.5 and 1 mM GSH, a GSH transferase purified from mouse liver catalyzed the reaction of 4NQO with GSH with a maximum velocity of 156 μmoles/min per mg of protein. The Km for 4NQO was 35 μM. The high activity of liver cytosol in promoting the reaction of 4NQO with GSH and the high affinity of the purified GSH transferase for 4NQO suggest that enzymatic catalysis of this reaction may be of considerable significance in vivo.
Development and Regioselective Control of New Ring Transformation (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Grading of Biofibres for Use in Natural Fibre Composites (2011)

Natural fibres obtained from plant sources are attractive as a replacement for glass fibres in fibre reinforced plastic composites because of their environmental benefits. However, unlike synthetic fibres, natural plant fibres show considerable variability in their mechanical properties due to the effects of climate, soil quality, time of harvest, etc. Variability in properties of the fibres translates into variability in the properties of products made from natural fibre composites and this is a major obstacle to the more widespread use of these materials. One way to accommodate fibre variability would be to test the mechanical behaviour of samples from incoming batches of fibres and assign a grade to each batch, which could then be taken into account when the fibres are subsequently used to produce composite products. However, conventional methods of determining mechanical behaviour require test samples of constant cross-sectional area but, unfortunately, this is not the case for natural fibres which vary in shape, width and lumen size, from place to place along the fibre. Insight as to how to deal with such variability is provided from the textiles industry where strength is determined as a function of linear mass density rather than cross-sectional area. This paper examines the feasibility of using a similar approach for grading natural fibres for use in natural fibre composite products.
Status Quo and Trends of Intra-Arterial Therapy for Brain Tumors: A Bibliometric and Clinical Trials Analysis (2021)

Intra-arterial drug delivery circumvents the first-pass effect and is believed to increase both efficacy and tolerability of primary and metastatic brain tumor therapy. The aim of this update is to report on pertinent articles and clinical trials to better understand the research landscape to date and future directions. Elsevier's Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were reviewed in August 2021 for all possible articles and clinical trials of intra-arterial drug injection as a treatment strategy for brain tumors. Entries were screened against predefined selection criteria and various parameters were summarized. Twenty clinical trials and 271 articles satisfied all inclusion criteria. In terms of articles, 201 (74%) were primarily clinical and 70 (26%) were basic science, published in a total of 120 different journals. Median values were: publication year, 1986 (range, 1962-2021); citation count, 15 (range, 0-607); number of authors, 5 (range, 1-18). Pertaining to clinical trials, 9 (45%) were phase 1 trials, with median expected start and completion years in 2011 (range, 1998-2019) and 2022 (range, 2008-2025), respectively. Only one (5%) trial has reported results to date. Glioma was the most common tumor indication reported in both articles (68%) and trials (75%). There were 215 (79%) articles investigating chemotherapy, while 13 (65%) trials evaluated targeted therapy. Transient blood-brain barrier disruption was the commonest strategy for articles (27%) and trials (60%) to optimize intra-arterial therapy. Articles and trials predominately originated in the United States (50% and 90%, respectively). In this bibliometric and clinical trials analysis, we discuss the current state and trends of intra-arterial therapy for brain tumors. Most articles were clinical, and traditional anti-cancer agents and drug delivery strategies were commonly studied. This was reflected in clinical trials, of which only a single study had reported outcomes. We anticipate future efforts to involve novel therapeutic and procedural strategies based on recent advances in the field.
Perceptual Organization and the Judgment of Brightness (1993)

The perceived brightness of a gray patch depends on the surrounding context. For example, a medium-gray patch appears darker when placed on a bright background and brighter when placed on a dark background. Models to explain these effects are usually based on simple low-level mechanisms. A new set of brightness illusions cannot be explained by such models. In these illusions, the brightness percept is strongly influenced by the perceptual organization of the stimuli. Simple modifications of the stimuli that should have little effect on low-level mechanisms greatly alter the strength of the illusion. These effects may be ascribed to more complex mechanisms occurring later in the visual system.
Spatial and temporal dependence of the cerebral endothelial cells elasticity (2011)

The reliable determination of the mechanical properties of a living cell is one of the most important challenges of the atomic force microscopic measurements. In the present study the spatial and temporal dependency of the force measurements on cerebral endothelial cells was investigated. Besides imaging the cells, two different sequences of force measurements were applied: Acquisition of force curves in short time at several points across the cell surface investigating spatial dependence of the elasticity. Acquisition of force curves for long time at a previously determined place, over the cell nucleus, which provides the temporal stability/variation of the measured forces/values. Three different stages of endothelial cell cultures of the hCMEC/D3 cells were used: sub-confluent living, confluent living, and confluent fixed cells. The Young's modulus was calculated from the force curves using the Hertz model and the results were plotted against time or location correspondingly. The rational of using the three stage of culture was to clarify whether the observed effect belongs to the individual cell, to the ensemble of cells or just to some, not living cell component. In case of sub-confluent cells the results revealed a softer nuclear region compared to the periphery, while an attenuated oscillation like fluctuation in time, with a period of about 10-30 min, was observed. Confluent living cells showed similar tendencies to the sub-confluent cells, but the changes were larger and the temporal oscillations had longer period. The spatial dependency of the elasticity on confluent cells was confirmed by force-volume measurement too. In case of fixed cells neither spatial nor temporal differences were observed between the nuclear and peripheral region, however the Young's modulus and the error of the measurement was larger, compared to the sub-confluent living cells.
Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1962)

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance of the 31 P nucleus is suitable for the structural elucidation of phosphorus compounds, also for analytical and kinetic studies. In this paper, an attempt has been made towards the presentation of a comprehensive review of all 31 P resonances so far determined.
An alternative approach to designing stabilizing compensators for saturating linear time-invariant plants (2008)

We present a new methodology for designing low-gain linear time-invariant (LTI) controllers for semi-global stabilization of an LTI plant with actuator saturation, that is based on representation of a proper LTI feedback using a precompensator plus static-output-feedback architecture. We also mesh the new design methodology with time-scale notions to develop lower-order controllers for some plants.
Optical waveguides of single-crystal garnet films (1972)

We report light-wave propagation experiments in single-crystal epitaxially grown garnet films. The discussion includes refractive index and lattice constant considerations for various garnets, and also the use of iron garnet films on gallium garnet substrates as magneto-optical waveguides useful in integrated optics.
Defining synthetic surfaces for human pluripotent stem cell culture (2013)

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are able to self-renew indefinitely and to differentiate into all adult cell types. hPSCs therefore show potential for application to drug screening, disease modelling and cellular therapies. In order to meet this potential, culture conditions must be developed that are consistent, defined, scalable, free of animal products and that facilitate stable self-renewal of hPSCs. Several culture surfaces have recently been reported to meet many of these criteria although none of them have been widely implemented by the stem cell community due to issues with validation, reliability and expense. Most hPSC culture surfaces have been derived from extracellular matrix proteins (ECMPs) and their cell adhesion molecule (CAM) binding motifs. Elucidating the CAM-mediated cell-surface interactions that are essential for the in vitro maintenance of pluripotency will facilitate the optimisation of hPSC culture surfaces. Reports indicate that hPSC cultures can be supported by cell-surface interactions through certain CAM subtypes but not by others. This review summarises the recent reports of defined surfaces for hPSC culture and focuses on the CAMs and ECMPs involved.
Thermal deposition of TiS films from volatile Ti(SBut)4 (1988)

M. Bochmann, I. Hawkins and L. M. Wilson, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 344 DOI: 10.1039/C39880000344
A novel method to generate unmarked gene deletions in the intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi using 5-fluorocytosine conditional lethality (2008)

A novel method to efficiently generate unmarked in-frame gene deletions in Rhodococcus equi was developed, exploiting the cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) by the action of cytosine deaminase (CD) and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) enzymes. The opportunistic, intracellular pathogen R. equi is resistant to high concentrations of 5-FC. Introduction of Escherichia coli genes encoding CD and UPRT conferred conditional lethality to R. equi cells incubated with 5-FC. To exemplify the use of the codA::upp cassette as counter-selectable marker, an unmarked in-frame gene deletion mutant of R. equi was constructed. The supA and supB genes, part of a putative cholesterol catabolic gene cluster, were efficiently deleted from the R. equi wild-type genome. Phenotypic analysis of the generated DeltasupAB mutant confirmed that supAB are essential for growth of R. equi on cholesterol. Macrophage survival assays revealed that the DeltasupAB mutant is able to survive and proliferate in macrophages comparable to wild type. Thus, cholesterol metabolism does not appear to be essential for macrophage survival of R. equi. The CD-UPRT based 5-FC counter-selection may become a useful asset in the generation of unmarked in-frame gene deletions in other actinobacteria as well, as actinobacteria generally appear to be 5-FC resistant and 5-FU sensitive.
NISP: Pruning Networks using Neuron Importance Score Propagation (2017)

To reduce the significant redundancy in deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), most existing methods prune neurons by only considering statistics of an individual layer or two consecutive layers (e.g., prune one layer to minimize the reconstruction error of the next layer), ignoring the effect of error propagation in deep networks. In contrast, we argue that it is essential to prune neurons in the entire neuron network jointly based on a unified goal: minimizing the reconstruction error of important responses in the "final response layer" (FRL), which is the second-to-last layer before classification, for a pruned network to retrain its predictive power. Specifically, we apply feature ranking techniques to measure the importance of each neuron in the FRL, and formulate network pruning as a binary integer optimization problem and derive a closed-form solution to it for pruning neurons in earlier layers. Based on our theoretical analysis, we propose the Neuron Importance Score Propagation (NISP) algorithm to propagate the importance scores of final responses to every neuron in the network. The CNN is pruned by removing neurons with least importance, and then fine-tuned to retain its predictive power. NISP is evaluated on several datasets with multiple CNN models and demonstrated to achieve significant acceleration and compression with negligible accuracy loss.
Homeostatic proliferation of thymocytes is controlled through dynamic regulation of delta like 4 (HEM7P.229) (2015)

Abstract The thymus has a remarkable ability to sustain T cell development and T cell output from thymuses with quantitative and qualitative deficiencies in T cell progenitors, suggesting a role for homeostatic pathways in controlling T cell development. However, these homeostatic pathways are currently uncharacterized. We find that Delta-like 4 (Dll4), which is expressed on thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and is essential for driving T cell lineage commitment, is dynamically regulated in response to thymocyte deficiencies, and plays a major role in thymocyte homeostasis. We observe that TECs express elevated Dll4 levels in multiple lines of mice that have defective T cell development, as well as in mice subjected to antibody or irradiation-induced thymocyte depletion. Recovery of thymus cellularity after thymic injury is accompanied by re-establishment of normal levels of Dll4. In vitro proliferation of thymocytes increases proportionally in response to elevated levels of Dll4 expressed on stromal cells. Furthermore, Dll4 levels on stromal cells diminish in response to interactions with thymocytes themselves. These findings implicate dynamic control of Dll4 levels as a major homeostatic mechanism that regulates thymocyte proliferation.
Least restrictive and minimally deviating supervisor for Safe semi-autonomous driving at an intersection: An MIQP approach (2016)

Although significant progress has been made in the last few years towards cooperative and autonomous driving, the transition from human-driven to fully automated vehicles is expected to happen slowly. The question of semi-autonomous driving, where Advanced Driver Assistance Systems assist human drivers in their decisions, will therefore become increasingly important. In this paper, we consider the problem of safe intersection crossing for semi-autonomous vehicles with communication capacities. We design an intersection supervisor based on a mixed-integer quadratic programming approach which monitors the control inputs of each vehicle, and overrides those controls when necessary to ensure that all vehicles can navigate safely. Moreover, the solution control deviates minimally from the vehicles target inputs: overriding only occurs when it is strictly necessary, in which case the control is chosen as close as possible to the driver's intent. We theoretically prove that the supervisor needs only consider a finite future time horizon to ensure safety and deadlock avoidance over an infinite time horizon, and we demonstrate through simulation that this algorithm can work in real time. Additionally, unlike previous work, our formulation is suitable for complex intersection geometries with a high number of vehicles.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1,1‐DILITHIO‐2,2,3,3‐TETRAMETHYLCYCLOPROPANE (1985)

Abstract Die Pyrolyse des l‐Lithio‐cyclopropans (I) führt zum Tetramethylcyclopropan (III), anschließende Hydrolyse des festen Rückstandes in Gegenwart von D 2 O ergibt [l,l‐D2]Tetramethylcyclopropan [als Beweis der Dilithio‐Verbindung (II)], ferner [D2]Acetylen (4% Ausb.) und [D4]Propin (2%).