gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Agonist efficacy and receptor efficiency in heterozygous CB1 knockout mice: relationship of reduced CB1 receptor density to G‐protein activation (2001)

Heterozygous CB1 receptor knockout mice were used to examine the effect of reduced CB1 receptor density on G-protein activation in membranes prepared from four brain regions: cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum/globus pallidus (striatum/GP) and cingulate cortex. Results showed that CB1 receptor levels were approximately 50% lower in heterozygous mice in all regions examined. However, maximal stimulation of [(35)S]guanosine-5'-(gamma-O-thio) triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding by the high efficacy agonist WIN 55,212-2 was reduced by only 20-25% in most brain regions, with the exception of striatum/GP where the decrease in stimulation was as predicted (approximately 50%). Furthermore, although the efficacies of the cannabinoid partial agonists, methanandamide and (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, were similarly lower in heterozygous mice, their relative efficacies compared with WIN 55,212-2 were generally unchanged. Saturation analysis of net WIN 55,212-2-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding showed that decreased stimulation by WIN 55,212-2 in striatum/GP of heterozygous mice was caused by a decrease in the apparent affinity of net-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding. The apparent maximal number of binding sites (B(max)) values of net WIN 55,212-2-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding were unchanged in cerebellum and striatum/GP of heterozygous mice, but decreased in cingulate cortex, with a similar trend in hippocampus. Moreover, in every region except cingulate cortex, the maximal number of net-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding sites per receptor was significantly increased in heterozygous mice. These results indicate region-dependent increases in the apparent efficiency of CB1 receptor-mediated G-protein activation in heterozygous CB1 knockout mice.
Space Environment Effects: Model for Emission of Solar Protons (ESP)--Cumulative and Worst-Case Event Fluences (1999)

The effects that solar proton events have on microelectronics and solar arrays are important considerations for spacecraft in geostationary and polar orbits and for interplanetary missions. Designers of spacecraft and mission planners are required to assess the performance of microelectronic systems under a variety of conditions. A number of useful approaches exist for predicting information about solar proton event fluences and, to a lesser extent, peak fluxes. This includes the cumulative fluence over the course of a mission, the fluence of a worst-case event during a mission, the frequency distribution of event fluences, and the frequency distribution of large peak fluxes. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, under the sponsorship of NASA's Space Environments and Effects (SEE) Program, have developed a new model for predicting cumulative solar proton fluences and worst-case solar proton events as functions of mission duration and user confidence level. This model is called the Emission of Solar Protons (ESP) model.
Schlieren Imaging of a Single-Ejector, Multi-Tube Pulsed Detonation Engine (2009)

Single-ejector, multi-tube pulsed detonation engine configurations are examined utilizing high speed schlieren and coherent structural velocimetry. The mechanisms of ejector augmentation are evident in secondary air entrainment and induced flow across the ejector lip. An axisymmetric ejector with both a linear array and a more compact box array of detonation tubes was examined. Good secondary entrainment and subsequent ejector flow was observed, supporting previous results indicating off-axis effects are relatively insignificant to ejector thrust augmentation. A linear ejector with linear detonation tubes revealed limited secondary flow engagement with the ejector lip, likely due to structural ribs.
Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic sclerosis and association with primitive pulmonary arterial hypertension and endothelial injury. (2005)

We found that the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in SSc patients was low. However, aCL antibodies were associated with PAH and endothelial injury.
Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and skin depth of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/particulate nano‐carbon filler composites: prediction of electrical conductivity and percolation threshold (2019)

Abstract The addition of various particulate nano‐carbon (PNC) fillers to heat‐resistant poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was carried out to prepare conductive composites for use in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding application. Three different PNC fillers, namely N472 (Vulcan XC‐72), N550 (Fast Extruding Furnace) and N774 (Semi‐Reinforcing Furnace), were used in various concentrations to prepare composite systems PVDF/N472, PVDF/N550 and PVDF/N774 by solution casting followed by a moulding technique. These PNC fillers have a particle size at the nanometre level, but they have an aggregating tendency; both these characteristics influence the properties of composites to which such fillers are added. The percolation threshold of the PVDF/PNC composites was theoretically determined using the sigmoidal Boltzmann model and classical theory and compared. Theoretical models were also used to predict composition‐dependent electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity is correlated to that of EMI shielding effectiveness at ambient temperature. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Angioplasty versus Minimally Invasive Bypass Surgery (2002)

The modern treatment of coronary artery disease began with the development of coronary bypass surgery more than three decades ago, which was followed by the development of coronary angioplasty more than two decades ago. Conventional bypass surgery offers patients excellent long-term revascularization, but it is a highly invasive procedure. By contrast, angioplasty offers minimally invasive revascularization whose effects are tempered by high rates of restenosis. In the past decade, both techniques have evolved, as attempts have been made to decrease the invasiveness of bypass surgery and to decrease the restenosis rate associated with angioplasty.Currently available data, including the results . . .
Generating Evil WaveForms on Galileo signals using NAVYS (2012)

Evil Waveforms (EWF) threaten the integrity of GNSSs. Experienced once on GPS signals, such threats could also affect new GNSS signals, such as Galileo ones. NAVYS is a highly flexible GNSS constellation simulator capable of generating any existing navigation signal modulation. Moreover, it has been recently upgraded to be able to distort signals with ICAO EWF models, whatever the simulated constellation and/or modulation. The present paper hence demonstrates the effects of EWFs on Galileo signals, and compares it to the effects of the same anomalies on GPS signals. The distorted signals generated by NAVYS are first observed using classical signal measurement devices such as oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers, and then with TAS own GNSS Environment Monitoring Station, GEMS.
An Investigation of Magnetic Fields for Application to Magnetic Separator Pulleys (1951)

Occasionally, it is desirable to synthesize a magnetic field which will possess definite characteristics. Often, mathematical conditions for the production of such a field can be set up. These conditions can seldomly be duplicated in practice, but knowledge of the ideal field enables the construction of a good approximation to the ideal. The purpose of this project are: (a) to determine the mechanism or boundary conditions which will produce an ideal field, (b) to set up a practically realizable field whose characteristics approximate those of the ideal, and (c) to contrast a radically different field with the ideal. The following paper is a report on the mathematical and experimental investigations carried out by the author to the achievement of these purposes. The particular magnetic field with which this project concerns itself is that produced by current carrying coils imbedded in a cylindrical iron surface. Such a field is used in magnetic separating devices. A device of this sort must remove ferro-magnetic material from a mixture with nonmagnetic material which travels on the surface. Hence, the radical force exerted on such material by the field is of prime concern.
Affinity Separation: M13 Bacteriophage‐Activated Superparamagnetic Beads for Affinity Separation (Small 15/2012) (2012)

M13 bacteriophage virons are immobilized on superparamagnetic beads by G. U. Lee and co-workers, either through the pIII proteins on the ends of the phages or by the pVIII proteins on the sides of the phages. These two immobilization schemes, shown in detail on page 2403, result in an end-on phage–superparamagnetic bead assembly or a monolayer of phage covering the superparamagnetic beads in a side-on orientation, respectively.
Meldrum's Acid-Derived Thione Dienophile in a Convergent and Stereoselective Synthesis of a Tetracyclic Quassinoid Intermediate (2006)

An advanced intermediate toward anti-cancer quassinoids has been synthesized using a quadruple diene-transmissive [4+2]-cycloaddition strategy. High convergence is achieved thanks to a regio- and stereoselective hetero-Diels-Alder reaction using a thione. The relative stereochemistry of the final Diels-Alder adduct was controlled by tethered substituents introduced via a highly syn- and gamma-selective vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol.
Development of Radioligands for Imaging of Brain Norepinephrine Transporters In Vivo with Positron Emission Tomography (2007)

In the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery, specific proteins (transporters) are responsible for the regulation of the synaptic concentrations of the major monoamine neurotransmitters, noradrenaline (NE), serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA). Several reports have shown that the expression of these transporters within the CNS may be altered in patients with certain neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, in the CNS the monoamine transporters are major targets for existing and developmental drugs. The best known drugs targeting these transporters are the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g. citalopram, Celexa) that are most frequently used in the treatment of clinical depression. Selective NE reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) have also found use for the treatment of depression and other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder. Given that the NE transporter (NET) is also a binding site for cocaine and drugs of abuse, there is a great need for a probe to assess the densities of NET in vivo by brain imaging with either positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPET). PET in particular has the potential to measure NET densities quantitatively and with high resolution in the human brain in vivo. The quality of a PET image depends crucially on the radioligand used in the emission measurement. Commonly used radionuclides in PET radioligands are carbon 11 (t(1/2) = 20.4 min) and fluorine-18 (t(1/2) = 109.8 min). This review specifically summarizes the present status of the development of (11)C- or (18)F-labeled ligands as tools for imaging NET in brain with PET in support of neuropsychiatric clinical research and drug development.
Pharmacokinetics and Milk Depletion of Meloxicam and Gabapentin in Lactating Holsteins (2011)

There is an urgent need for safe and effective treatments to prevent and mitigate pain in food-producing ruminants. Two excellent candidates for this purpose are meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and gabapentin, an analogue of the neurotransmitter GABA that was originally developed as an anti-epileptic. Gabapentin is currently used to control neuropathic pain in humans. Neither of these drugs are approved for use in cattle, and bovine practitioners must comply with the requirements of the Animal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA, 1994) to use them in an extralabel manner in their patients. One of the AMDUCA requirements is the availability of scientific data on which to base an appropriate withdrawal interval to prevent harmful residues from entering the food chain. The purpose of this study was to generate such data for milk following co-administration of meloxicam and gabapentin to lactating Holstein cows.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to the Total Synthesis of Aplysiatoxin. (1988)

Abstract Coupling of the synthons (IV) and (VI) gives the spiroketal enol ether (VII) which is elaborated to the axial alcohols (Xa) and (Xb).
Super Flexibility of a 2D Cu-Based Porous Coordination Framework on Gas Adsorption in Comparison with a 3D Framework of Identical Composition: Framework Dimensionality-Dependent Gas Adsorptivities (2011)

Selective synthetic routes to coordination polymers [Cu(bpy)(2)(OTf)(2)](n) (bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine, OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate) with 2- and 3-dimensionalities of the frameworks were established by properly choosing each different solvent-solution system. They show a quite similar local coordination environment around the Cu(II) centers, but these assemble in a different way leading to the 2D and 3D building-up structures. Although the two kinds of porous coordination polymers (PCPs) both have flexible frameworks, the 2D shows more marked flexibility than the 3D, giving rise to different flexibility-associated gas adsorption behaviors. All adsorption isotherms for N(2), CO(2), and Ar on the 3D PCP are of type I, whereas the 2D PCP has stepwise gas adsorption isotherms, also for CH(4) and water, in addition to these gases. The 3D structure, having hydrophilic and hydrophobic pores, shows the size-selective and quadrupole-surface electrical field interaction dependent adsorption. Remarkably, the 2D structure can accommodate greater amounts of gas molecules than that corresponding to the inherent crystallographic void volume through framework structural changes. In alcohol adsorption isotherms, however, the 2D PCP changes its framework structure through the guest accommodation, leading to no stepwise adsorption isotherms. The structural diversity of the 2D PCP stems from the breathing phenomenon and expansion/shrinkage modulation.
Tunneling of spin waves through a magnetic field inhomogeneity (2005)

The tunneling mechanism of spin waves through a magnetic field inhomogeneity is investigated by measuring, as well as calculating numerically, the transmission coefficient T as a function of the dc-current (i.e., the barrier width w). Both theoretical and experimental T(w) turned out to be non-exponential. This fact is theoretically explained by the non-local character of the magnetic dipole interaction. This result indicates that spin waves propagating in a magnetic film can pass through a region of a magnetic field inhomogeneity or, alternatively, can be reflected by this region depending on the sign of the inhomogeneity. An optically transparent yttrium-iron garnet (YIG) film is monitored using the time- and space-resolved Brillouin light scattering technique.
An erbium doped fibre repeater/preamplifier in a 100 km intensity modulated direct detection 2.5 Gb/s system (1992)

The potential of rare-earth doped, single-mode fibre to provide travelling wave amplification in the third telecommunications window is now well established. Indeed interest in these devices has proliferated to such an extent that Er/sup 3+/-doped fibre amplifiers are now undergoing optical transmission system tests. Multiamplifier systems, high gain devices, and coherent systems have all featured in recent publications. The authors report the use of a diode pumped Er/sup 3+/ fibre amplifier in a 2.5 Gb/s, 100 km, direct detection system experiment. The amplifiers performance as both an in-line optical repeater and an optical preamplifier was investigated. In a repeater configuration an overall system improvement of 8.6 dB was observed whilst, when in a preamplifier format, an improvement in receiver sensitivity of 6.9 dB was achieved. These figures are shown to be consistent with simple theoretical noise considerations. >
Incomplete citric acid cycle obliges aminolevulinic acid synthesis via the C5 pathway in a methylotroph (1993)

The enzymic activities of the citric acid cycle and the connected pathway of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) formation in the methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus (strain AS1) have been studied. The organism has the enzymes required for conversion of pyruvate to 2-oxoglutarate. Of these, isocitrate dehydrogenase is unusual because of its preference of NAD as coenzyme over NADP. In addition, the segment of the cycle that oxidizes 2-oxoglutarate to oxaloacetate is incomplete, lacking 2-oxoglutarate and succinate and malate dehydrogenase activities. Furthermore, alternative routes of 2-oxoglutarate oxidation to succinate are undetectable. The enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are also absent. This suggests that the cycle in M. methylotrophus has no catabolic role and is purely biosynthetic. We also show that M. methylotrophus uses the C5 pathway of ALA formation. Cell-free extracts can convert glutamate to ALA in an ATP-, NADPH- and tRNA-dependent manner via the intermediate formation of Glu-tRNAGlu and glutamate 1-semialdehyde. Consistent with the absence of a detectable route by which it could synthesize succinate, M. methylotrophus cannot generate ALA from succinyl-CoA and glycine, the pathway found in mammalian cells and yeast.
Evaluation of palpable breast masses with 201TI scintigraphy (1995)

Abstract 39 female patients (age range: 31–84 years) with palpable breast masses detected by physical examination, underwent 201Tl scintigraphy in order to assess its value in the detection of breast carcinomas and to differentiate them from benign breast masses. Planar images were carried out at 20–30 min and 2–3 h after intravenous administration of 111–185 MBq (3–5 mCi) of201Tl chloride. In 12 patients single photon emission tomography (SPET) studies were also performed. In 18 patients the scintigraphic studies were positive and in 17 of these cases, breast carcinomas were confirmed. Tumour sizes ranged from 1.3 to 6 cm in diameter. In the remaining patient a false positive result was obtained where there was benign breast change. In three of seven cases, malignant axillary nodes were also detected. All 21 patients with negative scintigraphy had benign breast lesions. There were no differences between images obtained at 20–30 min and 2–3 h or between planar images and SPET studies. In 10 patients there was disagreement between mammography and 201Tl scans. 201Tl scans confirmed the presence of carcinoma in three cases and discarded malignancy in the other six cases. In the remaining case, 201Tl scan was false positive. 201Tl scintigraphy is useful in distinguishing malignant from benign breast masses, even when compared with mammography.
Transport of reactive contaminants in heterogeneous porous media (1994)

The potential for human activities to adversely affect the environment has become of increasing concern during the past two decades. Concomitantly, the transport and fate of contaminants in subsurface systems has become one of the major research areas in the environmental, hydrological, and Earth sciences. An understanding of how contaminants move in the subsurface is needed to evaluate the probability of contaminants associated with a chemical spill reaching an aquifer and contaminating groundwater. This knowledge is also required to develop and evaluate methods for cleaning up contaminated soils and aquifers. Just as importantly, knowledge of contaminant transport and fate is necessary to design “pollution prevention” strategies. A tremendous body of literature on contaminant transport has been generated in response to these needs. This literature consists primarily of results obtained by theoretical, experimental, and mathematical modeling based investigations and, to a much lesser extent, field experiments. This paper consists of a brief review of some of the major aspects associated with the transport of reactive contaminants in heterogeneous subsurface environments. It begins with a review of basic concepts related to contaminant transport, followed by a discussion of the results obtained from some of the few well‐controlled field experiments designed to investigate transport of reactive contaminants in the subsurface. Some of the major factors controlling contaminant transport will then be discussed, followed by a review of conceptual and mathematical approaches used to represent those factors in mathematical models. A brief overview of future needs and opportunities in contaminant transport will close the discussion.
A subset of patients with epithelial basement membrane corneal dystrophy have mutations inTGFBI/BIGH3 (2006)

Epithelial basement membrane corneal dystrophy (EBMD), also known as Cogan microcystic epithelial dystrophy or map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy, is a common bilateral epithelial dystrophy. Usually, this disease is not considered to be inherited although several families with autosomal dominant inheritance have been described. We report the analysis of two families with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance as well as the analysis of single affected individuals; we identified two different point mutations in the TGFBI/BIGH3 genes, genes known to be associated with other corneal dystrophies. This is the first report of a molecular mutation in individuals with EBMD and it increases the spectrum of mutations in the TGFBI/BIGH3 gene. Based on our screening, up to 10% of EBMD patients could have a mutation in this gene.
Cloxacillin in the Prophylaxis of Postoperative Infections of the Hip (1973)

In two widely separated hospitals a double-blind study of 171 hip operations was done, one group of patients receiving prophylactic cloxacillin, the other receiving a placebo. The first group had no postoperative infections, while the second had twelve (in eighty-eight patients). All of the patients had major surgery to the hip, and ten of the twelve infections were staphylococcal.
Response to the Comments of Nyborg and Rooney [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. <b>7</b> <b>5</b>, 263–264 (1984)] (1984)

We emphasize the concept that the radiation force on a target produced by a confined beam of sound is given by that in an open vessel plus an acoustically induced hydrostatic pressure. The possibility of obtaining a continuum of values for the measured radiation force on a perfectly absorbing target is also analyzed.
Integrating video games and robotic play in physical environments (2008)

Active Learning Environments with Robotic Tangibles (ALERT) are mixed reality video gaming systems that use sensors, vision systems, and robots to provide an engaging experience that may motivate hitherto underrepresented kinds of learners to become interested in game design, programming, and careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Through the use of fiducials (i.e., meaningful markers) recognized by robots through computer vision as just-in-time instructions, users engage in spatially-based programming without the encumbrances of traditional procedural programs? syntax and structure. Since humans, robots, and video environments share many inherently spatial qualities, this natural style of physical programming is particularly well suited to fostering playful interactions with mobile robots in dynamic video environments. As these systems broaden the capabilities of video game technology and human-robot interaction (HRI) they are lowering many existing barriers to integrated video-robot game development and programming. Diverse ALERT video game scenarios and applications are enabling a broad range of gamers, learners, and developers to generate and engage in their own physically interactive games.