gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-resolution imaging of the anomalous flux ratio gravitational lens system CLASS B2045+265: dark or luminous satellites? (2007)

The existence of flux ratio anomalies between fold and cusp images in galaxy-scale stronglens systems has led to an interpretation based on the presence of a high mass fraction of cold dark matter (CDM) substructures around galaxies, as predicted by numerical N-body simulations. These substructures can cause large perturbations of the image magnifications, leading to changes in the image flux ratios. The flux ratio anomaly is particularly evident in the radio-loud quadruple gravitational lens system CLASS B2045+265. In this paper, new high-resolution radio, optical and infrared imaging of B2045+265 is presented which sheds more light on this anomaly and its possible causes. First, deep Very Long Baseline Array observations show very compact images, possibly with a hint of a jet, but with no evidence for differential scattering or scatter broadening. Hence, the flux ratio anomaly is unlikely to be caused by refractive scattering in either the Milky Way or the lens galaxy. Secondly, optical and infrared observations with the Hubble Space Telescope and through adaptive optics imaging with the W. M. Keck Telescope, show a previously undiscovered object -interpreted as a (tidally disrupted) dwarf satellite based on its colours and slight extension -between the main lens galaxy and the three anomalous flux ratio images. Thirdly, colour variations in the early-type lens galaxy indicate recent star formation, possibly the result of secondary infall of gas-rich satellites. A population of such galaxies around the lens system could explain the previously discovered strong [O II] emission. However, spiral structure and/or normal star formation in the lens galaxy cannot be excluded. In light of these new data, we propose a lens model for the system, including the observed dwarf satellite, which reproduces all positional and flux ratio constraints, without the need for additional CDM substructure. Although the model is peculiar in that the dwarf galaxy must be highly flattened, the model is very similar to recently proposed mass models based on high-order multipole expansions.
Species-Specific PCR for Identification of Common Contaminant Mollicutes in Cell Culture (2001)

Mycoplasma arginini, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii are the members of the class Mollicutes most commonly found in contaminated cell cultures. Previous studies have shown that the published PCR primer pairs designed to detect mollicutes in cell cultures are not entirely specific. The 16S rRNA gene, the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, and the 5' end of the 23S rRNA gene, as a whole, are promising targets for design of mollicute species-specific primer pairs. We analyzed the 16S rRNA genes, the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions, and the 5' end of the 23S rRNA genes of these mollicutes and developed PCR methods for species identification based on these regions. Using high melting temperatures, we developed a rapid-cycle PCR for detection and identification of contaminant mollicutes. Previously published, putative mollicute-specific primers amplified DNA from 73 contaminated cell lines, but the presence of mollicutes was confirmed by species-specific PCR in only 60. Sequences of the remaining 13 amplicons were identified as those of gram-positive bacterial species. Species-specific PCR primers are needed to confirm the presence of mollicutes in specimens and for identification, if required.
Calvinist natural law and constitutionalism (2014)

The continuity between Calvinist natural law and the constitutional tradition of limited government is often overlooked. This article aims to engage with Calvin's natural law theory on its own terms to explore what authority it can provide for modern constitutionalism. The article begins by exploring some important points of distinction between Calvinist and Thomist approaches to the idea of natural law. I then contend that the focus of modern constitutionalism on subjecting government power to the 'rule of law' is continuous with Calvinist natural law concepts of human depravity and God's sovereignty. The article is structured broadly into three main parts. The first section engages with the concept and history of Christian natural law, framing them by reference to the Two Kingdoms doctrine. The second section discusses the central tenets of Calvinist natural law theory, namely the sovereignty of God, the doctrine of humanity's total depravity and the Two Kingdoms doctrine as a unified concept. The final section then applies Calvinist natural law to three sites of modern constitutionalism - the rule of law, the separation of powers, and modern federalism.
IPsec Interactions with ECN (1999)

IPsec supports secure communication over potentially insecure network components such as intermediate routers. IPsec protocols support two operating modes, transport mode and tunnel mode. Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an experimental addition to the IP architecture that provides indication of onset of congestion to delay- or losssensitive applications. ECN provides the congestion indication so as to enable adaptation to network conditions without the impact of dropped packets [RFC 2481]. Currently, the way ECN is specified does not conform to the manner in which IPsec tunnels are defined to be used. This document considers issues related to interactions between ECN and IPsec tunnel mode, and proposes two alternative solutions. Floyd, Black, and Ramakrishnan [Page 1] draft-ipsec-ecn IPsec Interactions with ECN February 1999 1. Introduction. IPsec supports secure communication over potentially insecure network components such as intermediate routers. IPsec protocols support...
Use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in the Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonitis in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1987)

This report reviews the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in individuals with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (PCP) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Before AIDS, TMP-SMZ was at least as effective as pentamidine in pediatric and adult populations and was notably less toxic. In a study prospectively comparing TMP-SMZ with pentamidine in patients with AIDS, the toxicity associated with either therapy was very high, a problem suggesting a need for the development of additional types of therapy. There was no difference in the clinical responses to the different therapeutic regimens; the majority of patients showed some improvement. The rates of both major and minor toxic reactions were similar in the two groups, although the reactions differed qualitatively. In patients with AIDS rash was frequently associated with TMP-SMZ therapy and was almost never associated with pentamidine therapy. Neutropenia was common with both drugs. Pentamidine may produce hypoglycemia, which, though infrequent, may be life threatening. Neutropenia and rash are two adverse effects of TMP-SMZ therapy being described with great frequency in patients with AIDS. Mild neutropenia is common in patients with AIDS, even when therapy is not being administered. The high rate of toxic reactions limits the usefulness of TMP-SMZ for routine prophylaxis.
He knows a place (1994)

He knows a place we cannot share, a wholly black and boundless space, and when he went he drew us there...
Decreased numerical density of CA3 hippocampal mossy fiber synapses in schizophrenia (2007)

The CA3 region of the hippocampus is unique in its connectivity, its role in cognitive maintenance, and its great vulnerability in schizophrenia. The down regulation of the expression and binding activity of glutamate receptors was revealed in the CA3 hippocampal region and may be attributed to cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia. Our previous study demonstrated that only schizophrenics with predominantly positive (but not predominantly negative) symptoms had smaller-sized branched spines (thorny excrescences) of CA3 pyramidal neurons and fewer synaptic contacts formed by dentate mossy fiber terminals (MFT-synapses). In the present study, we used an unbiased stereological physical dissector method to verify whether the numerical density of MFT-synapses is altered in schizophrenia. A morphometric study was performed in 10 normal controls and eight age-matched cases with chronic schizophrenia, including five cases with predominantly positive and three with predominantly negative symptoms. Schizophrenic cases had a significantly reduced numerical density of MFT-synapses (-25%, P < 0.01) compared with the control group. The decrease was similar in schizophrenic subgroups with predominantly positive and predominantly negative symptoms. No effects of postmortem delay, age, duration of disease, and neuroleptic exposure were found. Taken together with our previous results, the data suggest that the decrease of numerical density of MFT-synapses may be the result of different mechanisms in schizophrenics with predominantly positive and predominantly negative symptoms.
Automatic Transfer Function Generation Using Contour Tree Controlled Residue Flow Model and Color Harmonics (2009)

Transfer functions facilitate the volumetric data visualization by assigning optical properties to various data features and scalar values. Automation of transfer function specifications still remains a challenge in volume rendering. This paper presents an approach for automating transfer function generations by utilizing topological attributes derived from the contour tree of a volume. The contour tree acts as a visual index to volume segments, and captures associated topological attributes involved in volumetric data. A residue flow model based on Darcy's Law is employed to control distributions of opacity between branches of the contour tree. Topological attributes are also used to control color selection in a perceptual color space and create harmonic color transfer functions. The generated transfer functions can depict inclusion relationship between structures and maximize opacity and color differences between them. The proposed approach allows efficient automation of transfer function generations, and exploration on the data to be carried out based on controlling of opacity residue flow rate instead of complex low-level transfer function parameter adjustments. Experiments on various data sets demonstrate the practical use of our approach in transfer function generations.
Is Gauss Quadrature Better than Clenshaw–Curtis? (2008)

We compare the convergence behavior of Gauss quadrature with that of its younger brother, Clenshaw–Curtis. Seven-line MATLAB codes are presented that implement both methods, and experiments show that the supposed factor-of-2 advantage of Gauss quadrature is rarely realized. Theorems are given to explain this effect. First, following O'Hara and Smith in the 1960s, the phenomenon is explained as a consequence of aliasing of coefficients in Chebyshev expansions. Then another explanation is offered based on the interpretation of a quadrature formula as a rational approximation of $\log((z+1)/(z-1))$ in the complex plane. Gauss quadrature corresponds to Padé approximation at $z=\infty$. Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature corresponds to an approximation whose order of accuracy at $z=\infty$ is only half as high, but which is nevertheless equally accurate near $[-1,1]$.
Erratum: Coagulation rate studies of spinnable chitosan solutions (1999)

The authors regret that some errors were made in the theoretical text of this article. They apologize for the inconvenience and offer the following corrected paragraphs, which replace the corresponding, erroneous paragraphs appearing in the second column of page 121 of the original article. That the solidification of chitosan in acetic acid involves an acid/base reaction and the resulting production of water. This mechanism has been outlined above in the Introduction section. The production of water was further evidenced by the swelling of the polymer samples during the coagulation step, and the subsequent reduction in volume if the samples were allowed to air dry. That there is no diffusion of the acid, or proton, from the liquid core through the solidified polymer. The OH− ions migrate (i.e., from outside the sample) through the solidified layer to the boundary where solid polymer meets liquid polymer. There, the anions react with the proton to precipitate solid polymer. So then, while the OH− ions diffuse through the solid polymer to the boundary, the H+ ions likely do not diffuse out of the liquid center at all. Instead, they only make it as far as the boundary, where they instantaneously react with the anions. This supposition is based on the fact that the concentration of the coagulant (1M KOH) is greater than that of the solvent (0.33M CH3COOH).
Study of Causal Component Placement in an Active Sound Cancellation System (2006)

In a feedforward Active Sound Cancellation (ASC) system, the acoustic delay between a primary source and an error microphone must be greater than the delay between the measurement of that source by the reference microphone and the arrival of the secondary source's wave at the error microphone. Such a configuration is called a causal configuration. For periodic disturbances, cancellation can still be achieved in non-causal configuration. Since the waveform is periodic, each cycle of the waveform is identical, and the cycle being canceled is not the measured part of the waveform, but a subsequent cycle in the waveform. Non-periodic sources cannot be cancelled by a non-causal ASC system, and convergence of the Least Mean Squares algorithm is not as effective in a non-causal configuration as in a causal configuration. The ASC system was implemented to create a local zone of silence inside a reverberant enclosure. The primary source was a 125 Hz sinusoid generated outside of the enclosure. System delays were calculated and a causal component configuration was chosen. System performance under both causal and non-causal component configurations was examined. The system was able to create a maximum attenuation of >18 dB in both the causal and non-causal configurations. However, it was discovered that in the non-causal configuration, the computation of the optimal inverse signal was much slower than in the causal configuration.
Photoelectrochemical Study of Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films for Hydrogen Generation from Water Splitting (2009)

Abstract Photoelectrochemical cells based on traditional and nanostructured ZnO thin films are investigated for hydrogen generation from water splitting. The ZnO thin films are fabricated using three different deposition geometries: normal pulsed laser deposition, pulsed laser oblique‐angle deposition, and electron‐beam glancing‐angle deposition. The nanostructured films are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, UV‐vis spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical techniques. Normal pulsed laser deposition produces dense thin films with ca. 200 nm grain sizes, while oblique‐angle deposition produces nanoplatelets with a fishscale morphology and individual features measuring ca. 900 by 450 nm on average. In contrast, glancing‐angle deposition generates a highly porous, interconnected network of spherical nanoparticles of 15–40 nm diameter. Mott‐Schottky plots show the flat band potential of pulsed laser deposition, oblique‐angle deposition, and glancing‐angle deposition samples to be −0.29, −0.28 and +0.20 V, respectively. Generation of photocurrent is observed at anodic potentials and no limiting photocurrents were observed with applied potentials up to 1.3 V for all photoelectrochemical cells. The effective photon‐to‐hydrogen efficiency is found to be 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.6% for pulsed laser deposition, oblique‐angle deposition and glancing‐angle deposition samples, respectively. The photoelectrochemical properties of the three types of films are understood to be a function of porosity, crystal defect concentration, charge transport properties and space charge layer characteristics.
Selection of an optimal set of cutting-tools for a general triangular pocket (1997)

The size(s) of the cutting-tool (end-mill) chosen for machining a given pocket has a significant impact on the machining time. However, the selection of cutting-tool sizes is typically based on human judgment and estimates, and is therefore prone to be conservative and non-optimal. The focus of this paper is on the development of a procedure for selection of an optimal set of cutting-tools for staircase milling of general triangular pockets with round corners, such that the machining time is minimized. We first derive analytical models for determining the time for machining the pocket using a given cutting-tool. Subsequently, we employ a dynamicprogramming based approach that utilizes these analytical models to determine the best set of cutting-tools, from the available inventory of cutting-tools, to machine the pocket. The proposed approach can be extended for optimal selection of cutting-tools for rough-machining of 3-D sculptured cavities.
Efficient High Hamming Distance CRCs for Embedded Networks (2006)

Cyclic redundancy codes (CRCs) are widely used in network transmission and data storage applications because they provide better error detection than lighter weight checksum techniques. 24- and 32-bit CRC computations are becoming necessary to provide sufficient error detection capability (Hamming distance) for critical embedded network applications. However, the computational cost of such CRCs can be too high for resource-constrained embedded systems, which are predominantly equipped with 8- bit microcontrollers that have limited computing power and small memory size. We evaluate the options for speeding up CRC computations on 8-bit processors, including comparing variants of table lookup approaches for memory cost and speed. We also evaluate classes of CRC generator polynomials which have the same computational cost as 24- or 16-bit CRCs, but provide 32-bit CRC levels of error detection, and recommend good polynomials within those classes for data word lengths typical of embedded networking applications.
Corrosión del acero al carbono y del aluminio en diferentes tipos de atmósferas de el salvador (2016)

La present tesi doctoral s'emmarca dins el Programa de Doctorat per a America Llatina d’IQS School of Engineering, la Universitat Ramon Llull i la Catedra UNESCO, el qual promou la cooperacio entre institucions d'educacio superior per millorar el nivell dels academics de les universitats de Llatinoamerica.

La investigacio va ser desenvolupada a El Salvador, America Central, i estudia el comportament de la corrosio atmosferica de l'acer al carboni i de l'alumini en diferents tipus d'atmosferes (rural, urbana, industrial, marina i combinacions de les mateixes) per tal de classificar-les de acord a la seva agressivitat, de caracteritzar els productes de corrosio obtinguts i construir el primer Mapa de Corrosio de El Salvador.

L'experiment va consistir en mesurar la perdua de massa soferta per provetes d'acer de baix carboni laminat en fred i d'alumini exposades durant dotze mesos en catorze diferents llocs del Salvador. El dany ocasionat per la corrosio es representa per la massa o el gruix perdut durant l'exposicio i es expressat en g·m-2·any-1, en mmy-1 i en μmy-1. La velocitat de corrosio es va mesurar cada tres mesos per tal d'estudiar el comportament del fenomen en el temps i el valor obtingut a dotze mesos en cada lloc, va ser emprat per caracteritzar l’agressivitat de les atmosferes estudiades i per construir el Mapa de Corrosio Atmosferica.

Els oxids de ferro formats per la corrosio en atmosfera rural, en atmosfera urbana i en atmosfera marina, van ser analitzat per difraccio de raigs X per trobar l'estructura cristal·lina dels productes de corrosio i per Microscopia Electronic de Rastreig per obtenir la seva analisi elemental.
Does the subepicardial mesenchyme contribute myocardioblasts to the myocardium of the chick embryo heart? A quail‐chick chimera study tracing the fate of the epicardial primordium (1999)

Morris (J. Anat., 1976;121:47-64) proposed that the subepicardial mesenchyme might represent a continuing source of myocardioblasts during embryonic and fetal development. Recent studies have shown that the epicardium and subepicardial mesenchyme, and the coronary vasculature are all derived from a region of the pericardial wall, called the proepicardial serosa. In avian embryos, the cells from the proepicardial serosa colonize the heart via a secondary tissue bridge formed by attachment of proepicardial villi to the heart. In the present study, Morris's hypothesis was tested by tracing the fate of the proepicardial serosa. This was achieved by constructing quail-chick chimeras. The proepicardial serosa was transplanted from HH16/17 quail embryos to HH16/17 chick embryos (ED3). A new transplantation technique facilitated an orthotopic attachment of the quail proepicardial villi to the chicken heart, and prevented the attachment of the chicken proepicardial villi to the heart. The fate of the grafted quail cells was traced in chimeras from ED4 to ED18 with immunohistochemistry, using quail-specific antibodies (QCPN, QH-1). From ED4 onward, the transplant was connected to the dorsal heart wall via its proepicardial villi. Starting from the point of attachment of the quail proepicardial villi to the heart, the originally naked myocardium became almost completely covered by quail-derived epicardium, and quail mesenchymal cells populated the subepicardial, myocardial, and subendocardial layers including the av-endocardial cushions. Quail cells formed the endothelial and smooth muscles cells of the coronary vessels, and the perivascular and intramyocardial fibroblasts. Quail myocardial cells were never found in the subepicardial, myocardial, and subendocardial layers. This suggests that the subepicardial mesenchyme normally does not contribute a substantial number of myocardioblasts to the developing avian heart. The new transplantation technique presented facilitates the production of chimeric hearts in which the derivatives of the proepicardial serosa are almost completely of donor origin. This technique might be useful for future studies analyzing the role of certain genes in cardiac development by the creation of somatic transgenics.
NMR Structural Studies of DNA Decamer Duplex Containing the Dewar Photoproduct of Thymidylyl(3′→5′)Thymidine (1996)

The single-stranded deoxynucleotide decamer containing a site-specific Dewar valence isomer of the (6-4) adduct of thymidylyl (3'-->5')-thymidine was generated by direct photolysis of d(CGCATTACGC) with UV-B and UV-C irradiation. The conformation of the Dewar-photomodified deoxyoligonucleotide duplex, (C1-G2-C3-A4-T5[DW]T6-A7-C8-G9-C10) . (G11-C12-G13-T14-A15-A16-T17-G18+ ++-C19-G20), has been studied by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. While the eight of the ten complementary nucleotides form Watson-Crick-type hydrogen bonding, the 5'-TpT-3' bases of the Dewar lesion show no evidence of complementary hydrogen bonding formation to each other. The Dewar covalent linkage for the adjacent pyrimidine base leads to unusual base stacking, which is different from that of normal B-DNA. Unusual NOEs indicate that the formation of a Dewar photoproduct in the B-DNA duplex is likely to alter its local and global structures. Also, detailed NMR data show that the base pairing and stacking of the Dewar-photoproduct-containing decamer duplex differ from that of the (6-4)-adduct-containing decamer duplex, suggesting that isomerization of the (6-4) adduct to its Dewar form induces a substantial change in the structure of the oligonucleotide duplex.