gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operant Conditioning: An Experimental Analysis of Behaviour (1974)

The approach to psychology advocated by the radical behaviourists was often misunderstood and frequently gave rise to controversy. Originally published in 1974, this book introduced current research in operant conditioning and explains the attempt to understand behaviour inherent in such experiments at the time. After considering the philosophical context in which behaviouristic psychology developed, the author outlines the basic characteristics of operant research by reviewing single experiments on the effects of reinforcement on behaviour. Chapters on schedules of intermittent reinforcement extend this approach to more complex situations and emphasize that behaviour can be maintained and controlled in many different ways by environmental events.
The author then discusses recent work on conditional reinforcement and on the discriminative control of behaviour and shows how operant research has changed our understanding of these important concepts in psychology. Subsequent chapters review research within the operant paradigm on the effects on behaviour of punishment, anxiety, aversive stimuli and drugs, again by emphasising the special contribution to these topics made by operant conditioning techniques and methodology. The final chapters consider the general implications of operant research for educational practice and for clinical psychology, and place this approach within the context of psychology as a whole. Dr Blackman argues that it should be recognized as one important attempt to further the scientific analysis of behaviour.
This book, filled a long recognized need for an undergraduate text in this area at the time, and helped students form their own evaluation. Now it should be read in its historical context.
The Vital Role of Buffer Anions in the Antioxidant Activity of CeO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles (2012)

Cerium oxide (CeO(2)) nanoparticles display excellent antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals. However, some studies have indicated that they can cause an adverse response by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, it is important to clarify the factors that affect the oxidant/antioxidant activities of CeO(2) nanoparticles. In this work, we report the effects of different buffer anions on the antioxidant activity of CeO(2) nanoparticles. Considering the main anions present in the body, Tris-HCl, sulfate, and phosphate buffer solutions have been used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of CeO(2) nanoparticles by studying their DNA protective effect. The results show that CeO(2) nanoparticles can protect DNA from damage in Tris-HCl and sulfate systems, but not in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) systems. The mechanism of action has been explored: cerium phosphate is formed on the surface of the nanoparticles, which interferes with the redox cycling between Ce(3+) and Ce(4+). As a result, the antioxidant activity of CeO(2) nanoparticles is greatly affected by the external environment, especially the anions. These results may provide guidance for the further practical application of CeO(2) nanoparticles.
The effect of menthol in nasal resistance to air flow (1983)

Total nasal resistance to airflow was measured in thirty-one subjects before and after five minutes' exposure to menthol vapour. Menthol inhalation had no consistent effect on nasal resistance but the majority of subjects reported an increased sensation of nasal airflow and a cooling effect of menthol. The results indicate that menthol stimulates cold receptors in the nasal mucosa to create an increased sensation of airflow. No evidence was found in support of any nasal decongestant action for menthol.
Research on Key Technologies of Building Home Control Based on the Wireless Network (2010)

Relatively higher cost, worse extensibility of the monitoring points and weaker mobility are those disadvantages that widely exist in the wire data collection system of the traditional household facilities. This paper introduces a scheme for building a wireless sensor network in a larger scope, utilizing the advantages of ZigBee technology in lower power, lower cost, easier extensibility and convenient installation, to monitor various kinds of information at home. For example, it collects the information of the appliances to the control center (PC) for data processing, and by the 3G communication between PC and smart mobile phones it manages to monitor the appliances by remote control.
A Power-Aware Cloud Architecture with Smart Metering (2010)

With the growing interest of cloud computing and carbon emission reduction, how to build energy efficient cloud architecture becomes a crisis issue for service providers. In this paper, we propose a power-aware cloud architecture based on DRBL (Diskless Remote Boot in Linux), cpufreqd and xenpm. We also introduce a low-cost smart metering system based on open hardware Arduino board. Composing with existing technique, such as Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS), ACPI, diskless design and RAM disk storage, our experiment results show that this architecture will reduce energy consumption from 4 to 11% when running CPU-intensive applications. In conclusion, this paper reveals that service providers could benefit from diskless design and RAM disk storage if their applications are CPU-intensive.
Second Harmonic Generation in 3‐D Uniform Arrangement of Type I Collagen on Nonlinear Optics Microscopy (2013)

Second harmonic microscopic imaging and spectroscopy technology has become a powerful tool for biomedical studies, especially in fibrosis-related diseases research. And type I collagen is the major risk factors for fibrotic diseases. In this study, model for three-dimensional (3-D) uniform arrangement type I collagen is set up for researching the second harmonic generation (SHG) on nonlinear optics microscopy. Based on this model, we discuss the influence of different length and size collagen in 3-D arrangement type I collagen. Results can guide us to neatly judge the size, length, and molecules density effect on SHG. For practical application, this theoretical approach can lead us to analyze different severity of collagen diseases.
Röntgenkymographische Untersuchung der die Magenperistaltik steigernden Wirkung von intravenös gegebenem Caerulein (1975)

Caerulein is a decapeptide which combines the effects of gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. It was injected intravenously in doses of 10 to 40 nanoponds caerulein per kilopond bodyweight in 37 patients and roentgen kymography of the stomach carried out before and after the injection. In 89% of the 36 cases which could be evaluated, it increased antral peristalsis. Amplitude and frequency were increased and the periodicity decreased correspondingly. The effect was more marked than that of pentogastrin, presumably because caerulein dose not affect duodenal acidity. The changes in motility therefore correspond with those produced by serotonin and cholecystokinin-pancreoxymin. Control examinations carried out under identical conditions, but without caerulein, showed no change in antral peristalsis.
Binary encoded 2nd-differential spectrometryusingUV-Vis spectral data and neural networksin the estimation of species type and concentration (1997)

An approach to determining the type and concentration of a range of representative contaminants, chlorine, nitrate and ammonia in waste water, based on a three-stage scheme for processing data from ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) spectra, is described. In simulation in the laboratory, data for the study are derived from laboratory-based measurements of such spectra from mixtures of common chemical pollutants in water at levels around their legal limits and from mathematical models based on these measurements. Through the work, it is concluded that mathematical procedures alone, i.e. self-learning, are not currently effective, while classification based on a model for absorption spectra with prior knowledge of the expected chemistry in a particular water system under study, is more likely to be successful.
Improving OCR Accuracy by Applying Enhancement Techniques on Multispectral Images (2014)

This work is concerned with the legibility enhancement of ancient and degraded handwritings. The writings are partially barely visible under normal white light and hence they have been imaged with a MultiSpectral Imaging (MSI) system in order to increase their legibility. Dimension reduction techniques - like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) - can be used to further enhance the contrast of the faded-out characters. In this work the dimensionality of the multispectral scan is lowered, by applying Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Since LDA is a supervised dimension reduction method, it is necessary to label a subset of the multispectral samples as belonging to the fore-or background. For this purpose, an approach is suggested that uses spatial information. The enhancement method is evaluated by Optical Character Recognition (OCR). By applying the enhancement method the OCR performance is increased in the case of degraded writings, compared to OCR results gained on unprocessed multispectral images and to OCR results achieved on images, which have been produced by applying unsupervised dimension reductions.
Concurrent warfarin treatment further reduces bone mineral levels in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated rats. (1983)

Weanling rats on a normal diet mobilized bone calcium in response to 11 daily injections of 125 ng of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3)/100 g, body weight. This effect was most evident in the tibial midshaft, where calcium levels were reduced by 38% compared to untreated controls. Calcium levels were reduced by only 13% in the proximal tibial metaphysis, a region formed by longitudinal growth during the 11-day experiment. The concurrent daily administration of the vitamin K antagonist warfarin dramatically increased calcium mobilization from the tibial metaphysis of 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated rats. Compared to rats which received 1,25-(OH)2D3 alone, the calcium content of the tibial metaphysis in rats treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 plus warfarin was reduced by 40.4% (p less than 0.001) and the total dry weight was reduced by 35.0% (p less than 0.001). There was no effect of warfarin on bone calcium content or dry weight in the absence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment. These observations indicate that a component of the steroidal hormone action of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on bone may be mediated by increased synthesis of a vitamin K-dependent protein. The action of this vitamin K-dependent protein would oppose net calcium loss in the tibial metaphysis of 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated rats. This vitamin K-dependent protein may be the bone Gla protein, the only bone specific protein whose synthesis is known to be increased by 1,25-(OH)2D3.
Target marketing and segmentation: valid and useful tools for marketing (1997)

Discusses Wright’s recent attack on targeting and segmentation theory. Proposes that, although Wright has some valid criticisms about specific applications of the concepts, targeting and segmentation are acceptable and defensible marketing strategies if properly designed. Gives some indications of possible methods for segmenting that may meet Wright’s criticisms.
Development of Aluminum-Graphite Composite Shapes. (1974)

The fabrication of composite panels and cylinders from commercially available aluminum-graphite composite wire was studied. Seven 3 x 3 x 0.1 inch panels of both uniaxial and cross-ply configurations were made and their mechanical properties were measured. Panels with aluminum-graphite faces, pure aluminum faces, and titanium faces were made. Two 12 x 12 x 0.05 inch titanium clad panels were submitted to AMMRC for evaluation. High strengths were achieved in uniaxial panels but degradation was observed in cross-ply panels. Metallographic studies showed that the degradation in cross-ply panels was probably due to fiber misalignment. Studies were conducted on two possible techniques for making cylindrical shapes. The wrapping of aluminum-graphite composite wire (1) around a mandrel, and (2) winding surface treated graphite yarn on a mandrel at room temperature under purified argon followed by vacuum impregnation with liquid aluminum. The work showed both techniques to be promising. (Modified author abstract)
Specification of interface components for synchronous data paths (1994)

The simulation semantics of VHDL necessitates the specification of the interface signal transitions at bit level with exact timing which is not well suited for abstract specification and synthesis. The paper shows a methodology to model the interface of a behavioural description suited for high level synthesis where different abstraction levels are separated. It shows the transformations to generate a RT data path while holding the exact simulation semantics at the interface. >
Immunologic Response of Turkey Poults of Various Ages to an Avirulent Pasteurella multocida Vaccine in the Drinking Water (1975)

Fowl cholera has been reported in turkey poults in South Carolina between 5 and 6 weeks of age. An experiment was conducted to determine the earliest age that poults could be vaccinated with the Clemson University Pasteurella multocida strain (using the drinking water route) that would result in an effective immunity at 5 to 6 weeks of age. In group of vaccinates challenged with a virulent P. multocida (P-1059 strain) at 5 weeks of age, none were infected in groups vaccinated at either 20 days or at 25 days, 1 of 10 vaccinated at 15 days, 3 of 10 vaccinated at 10 days, 6 of 10 vaccinated at 5 days, and 8 of 10 became infected of those vaccinated at 1 day of age. Eight of 10 of each of 2 group of nonvaccinates developed evidence of infection. In groups of vaccinated challenged at 12 weeks of age, 2 of 10 turkeys became infected that had been vaccinated at 25 days of age, 4 of 10 that had been vaccinated at 20 days, 8 of 10 vaccinated at 15 days, 8 of 10 vaccinated at 10 days, 8 of 9 vaccinated at 5 days, and 8 of 9 became infected of those vaccinated at 1 day of age. All 10 of one group of nonvaccinates and all 9 of a second group developed evidence of infection. These results suggest, under the conditions of this experiment, the turkey poults vaccinated at 35 days of age and poults vaccinated at 20 days of age experienced an excellent immunological respone by 5 weeks of age. This response was less evident but, for the most part, still present, at 12 weeks of age.
Gonadal steroids regulate rat anterior pituitary levels of TSH- releasing hormone- and pyroglutamyl-glutamyl-proline amide-like immunoreactivity (1995)

The novel peptide, pyroglutamylglutamylprolineamide (pGlu-Glu-ProNH2, EEP), which has structural and immunological similarities to TRH (pGlu-His-ProNH2) has recently been shown to contribute to total TRH-like immunoreactivity (t-TRH-LI) detected in the rabbit prostate and rat and porcine anterior pituitary. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of gonadal steroids on t-TRH-LI and its components in the rat hypothalamus and pituitary. EEP-like immunoreactivity (EEP-LI) was separated from TRH-LI by ion exchange chromatography and detected by TRH RIA. Although male and female posterior pituitary and hypothalamic t-TRH-LI levels were similar, the mean t-TRH-LI in female anterior pituitaries was significantly lower than that in males, 10.3 +/- 2.9 pmol/g vs. 24.4 +/- 2.5 pmol/g (P < 0.01). Anion exchange analysis of control anterior pituitary samples distinguished two peaks of t-TRH-LI, corresponding to [125I]-TRH marker and [3H]-EEP markers. In control female anterior pituitaries EEP-LI accounted for 26.0 +/- 2.4% of t-TRH-LI, whereas in males it accounted for 43.3 +/- 5.3% of the total. Hypothalamic and posterior pituitary samples only contained t-TRH-LI corresponding to [125I]-TRH markers. There was no significant change in hypothalamic and posterior pituitary levels of t-TRH-LI after ovariectomy or orchidectomy. Anterior pituitary levels of t-TRH-LI, however, were increased by an estimated 6-fold after ovariectomy and 2-fold after orchidectomy. After ovariectomy, the proportions of t-TRH-LI accounted for by TRH-LI and EEP-LI were reversed in the female. EEP-LI now accounted for the majority of t-TRH-LI, constituting an increase of approximately 21-fold in pituitary EEP-LI levels. The changes in the levels of pituitary TRH-LI and EEP-LI induced by ovariectomy were reversed by 17-beta-estradiol. As in the ovariectomized samples EEP-LI was increased (2-fold) by orchidectomy. Both TRH-LI, which increased 1.6-fold, and EEP-LI were restored to control values after testosterone replacement. These findings confirm the hypothesis that pituitary TRH-LI and EEP-LI are regulated by gonadal status. The fact that these changes were not observed in the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary suggests that TRH-LI and EEP-LI have specific functional significance in the pituitary gland.
CAD 3D Simulation Software Design based on Computer Aided Design (2022)

Computer-Aided Design and Applications is an international journal on the applications of CAD and CAM. It publishes papers in the general domain of CAD plus in emerging fields like bio-CAD, nano-CAD, soft-CAD, garment-CAD, PLM, PDM, CAD data mining, CAD and the internet, CAD education, genetic algorithms and CAD engines. The journal is aimed at all developers and users of CAD technology to ptovide CAD solutions for various stages of design and manufacturing. The journal publishes all about Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided technologies.
Energy-Aware Scheduling for Real-Time Systems (2016)

This article presents a survey of energy-aware scheduling algorithms proposed for real-time systems. The analysis presents the main results starting from the middle 1990s until today, showing how the proposed solutions evolved to address the evolution of the platform's features and needs. The survey first presents a taxonomy to classify the existing approaches for uniprocessor systems, distinguishing them according to the technology exploited for reducing energy consumption, that is, Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS), Dynamic Power Management (DPM), or both. Then, the survey discusses the approaches proposed in the literature to deal with the additional problems related to the evolution of computing platforms toward multicore architectures.
Strong resistance of silicene nanoribbons towards oxidation (2011)

Silicene, the new allotropic form of silicon, represents an interesting promise for future new nanostructured materials. Here, we investigate the room temperature oxidation of a one-dimensional grating of silicene nanoribbons grown on a Ag(1 1 0) surface by high-resolution Si 2p core level photoemission spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction observations. The oxidation process starts at very high oxygen exposures, about 10 4 times higher than on the clean Si(1 1 1)7 × 7 surface, which demonstrates the low reactivity of silicene to molecular oxygen. Ar + sputtering produces defects, which enhance the oxidation uptake.
An Update on 401(k) Plans: Insights From the 2007 SCF (2009)

The maturation of the 401(k) system and the enactment of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, which made 401(k) plans easier and more automatic, were expected to enhance the role that 401(k)s played in the provision of retirement income. So, originally, the release of the Federal Reserve’s 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) seemed like a great opportunity to re-assess 401(k)s. The SCF is a triennial survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. households, which collects detailed information on households’ assets, liabilities, and demographic characteristics. Of course, the 2007 SCF reflects a world that no longer exists. Interviews were conducted during the late summer and early fall when the Dow Jones was at 14, 000 (the peak was October 9, 2007) and housing prices were only slightly off their peak. While the economic crisis had already begun, its effects were not yet visible. Since the time of the interviews, the stock market has imploded, reducing the value of equities in 401(k) and IRAs by about $2 trillion. Housing prices have fallen by 20 percent. And the crisis has spread to the real economy, throwing 3.6 million people out of work...
A Semantic-enhanced Augmented Reality Tool for OpenStreetMap POI Discovery (2014)

The Augmented Reality (AR) is often said to have the potential for a revolution in the way we discover Points Of Interest (POIs) and experience our cities. Nevertheless, to date the AR promise has only partially become true, because the information content supporting location-based resource discovery is usually shallow. Semantic-based technologies allow expressing rich, accurate and meaningful descriptions of POIs, so helping in improving the quality of discovery. Building upon a general framework for the semantic annotation of nodes in the crowd-sourced OpenStreetMap (OSM) cartography, a novel discovery tool in AR is proposed for mobile devices. Based on the user's personal profile, it shows markers for POIs in the field of sight upon the real-time device camera view. The tool performs automatically a semantic matchmaking between the user profile and the resource descriptions extracted from OSM. Both are expressed according to a common reference ontology. The tool displays the results of matchmaking without user effort, by color-coding the markers. The user can select a marker to see the complete annotated description of the POI as well as matching, missing and conflicting elements with respect to her profile. A fully functional tool prototype was developed for Android mobile devices. Its context-aware user interface makes advanced discovery practical and seamless. A case study was conducted in the city of Trani of the Apulia region in Italy to assess the effectiveness of the proposal.
Modulation of apoptosis by berberine through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and Mcl-1 expression in oral cancer cells. (2005)

These results suggest that berberine-induced apoptosis might be COX-2-dependent and is related to decreased Akt phosphorylation and Mcl-1 expression.
Valorization of Prosopis juliflora Woody Biomass in Northeast Brazilian through Dry Torrefaction (2021)

Torrefaction has been investigated to improve the desirable properties of biomass as solid biofuel, usually used in natura as firewood in several countries. This paper has the main objective to present a broad characterization of the biomass Prosopis juliflora (P. juliflora), investigating its potential as a solid biofuel after its torrefaction process. The methodology was based on different procedures. The experimental runs were carried out at 230, 270, and 310 °C for 30 min, using a bench-scale torrefaction apparatus, with an inert atmosphere. In order to investigate the effect of temperature in constant time, torrefaction parameters were calculated, such as mass yield, energy yield, calorific value, base-to-acid ratio (B/A), and the alkaline index (AI). The physicochemical properties of the torrefied samples were determined and thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the kinetic parameters at four different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min. Pyrolysis kinetics was investigated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods. Highly thermally stable biofuels were obtained due to the great degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose during torrefaction at higher temperatures. The highest heating value (HHV) of the samples varied between 18.3 and 23.1 MJ/kg, and the energy yield between 81.1 and 96.2%. The results indicate that P. juliflora torrefied becomes a more attractive and competitive solid biofuel alternative in the generation of heat and energy in northeast Brazil.