gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity of Methanol Extracts from Korean Native Plant Species in Jeju Island (2004)

The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts from 124 Korean native plant species in Jeju Island toward Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 was examined using a paper disk diffusion bioassay and compared with those of the widely used antibiotics amoxicillin, metronidazole, and tetracycline. At , potent antibacterial activity (zone diameter, ) was obtained from methanol extracts from the leaves of Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus, Juglans sinensis, Ligularia fisheri, Magnolia sieboldii, Platycarya strobilacea, Rhus succedanea, Rhus trichocarpa, Sapium japonicum, Saururus chinensis, and Styrax japonica. At , L. fischeri and S. chinensis leaf extracts were more effective toward H. pylori than metronidazole but less active than amoxicillin and tetracycline. These plants described merit further study as potential antibacterial agents for H. pylori.
Human-machine interaction as key technology for driverless driving - A trajectory-based shared autonomy control approach (2012)

New mobility concepts for urban traffic will benefit from driverless driving. However, fully autonomous driving is not currently feasible in mixed urban traffic. Teleoperation with distinct human-machine interaction is required to manage such highly complex automation tasks. This work discusses the possibility of a safe and reliable approach to the teleoperated driving of road vehicles in urban environments. Based on the current state of the art, this study derives a new trajectory-based approach using the methodology of shared autonomy control. Here, control is based on automated driving along predefined paths. The study shows that trajectory-based driving is fast enough for inner-city traffic and guarantees safety in case of operator connection loss.
Problems of estimation and measurement of motion in television (1995)

This paper describes the need for motion estimation and its use in motion compensated interpolation. In particular it describes the many occasions that real television signals fail to follow the rules of the simple motion models used in analysing and developing early motion estimation systems. It reaches the conclusion that a key element of any real time motion estimation system for television signals, is the capability of the motion estimator to monitor its own performance and produce a relevant control signal for the application using the motion vectors.
A Novel Bifunctional Endolytic Alginate Lyase with Variable Alginate-Degrading Modes and Versatile Monosaccharide-Producing Properties (2018)

Endo-type alginate lyases usually degrade alginate completely into various size-defined unsaturated oligosaccharide products (≥disaccharides), while exoenzymes primarily produce monosaccharide products including saturated mannuronate (M) and guluronate (G) units and particularly unsaturated Δ units. Recently, two bifunctional alginate lyases have been identified as endolytic but M- and G-producing with variable action modes. However, endolytic Δ-producing alginate lyases remain undiscovered. Herein, a new <i>Flammeovirga</i> protein, Aly2, was classified into the polysaccharide lyase 7 superfamily. The recombinant enzyme and its truncated protein showed similar stable biochemical characteristics. Using different sugar chains as testing substrates, we demonstrated that the two enzymes are bifunctional while G-preferring, endolytic whereas monosaccharide-producing. Furthermore, the catalytic module of Aly2 can vary the action modes depending on the terminus type, molecular size, and M/G content of the substrate, thereby yielding different levels of M, G, and Δ units. Notably, the enzymes preferentially produce Δ units when digesting small size-defined oligosaccharide substrates, particularly the smallest substrate (unsaturated tetrasaccharide fractions). Deletion of the non-catalytic region of Aly2 caused weak changes in the action modes and biochemical characteristics. This study provided extended insights into alginate lyase groups with variable action modes for accurate enzyme use.
Camera Obscura camera (2016)

I am bookending photography with the on going development of my walk in camera obscura, which becomes a camera with the participation of the audience. The device allows the user to image themselves from outside the obscura using wifi, for selfies or other imagery, and allows those inside the obscura to partake in the process.
MediChain<sup>TM</sup>: A Secure Decentralized Medical Data Asset Management System (2018)

The set of distributed ledger architectures known as blockchain is best known for cryptocurrency applications such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. These permissionless block chains are showing the potential to be disruptive to the financial services industry. Their broader adoption is likely to be limited by the maximum block size, the cost of the Proof of Work consensus mechanism, and the increasing size of any given chain overwhelming most of the participating nodes. These factors have led to many cryptocurrency blockchains to become centralized in the nodes with enough computing power and storage to be a dominant miner and validator. Permissioned chains operate in trusted environments and can, therefore, avoid the computationally expensive consensus mechanisms. Permissioned chains are still susceptible to asset storage demands and non-standard user interfaces that will impede their adoption. This paper describes an approach to addressing these limitations: permissioned blockchain that uses off-chain storage of the data assets and this is accessed through a standard browser and mobile app. The implementation in the Hyperledger framework is described as is an example use of patient-centered health data management.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: update on the challenge of diagnosis and treatment (2016)

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be 25-30% of the population, and is the most common cause of elevated liver enzymes in Korea. NAFLD is a "hot potato" for pharmaceutical companies. Many clinical trials are underway to develop a first-in-class drug to treat NAFLD. However, there are several challenging issues regarding the diagnosis of NAFLD. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of NAFLD and steatohepatitis. Ideally, globally recognized standards for histological diagnosis and methods to optimize observer agreement on biopsy interpretation should be developed. Liver biopsy is the best method rather than a perfect one. Recently, multi-parametric magnetic resonance imagery can estimate the amount of intrahepatic fat successfully and is widely used in clinical trials. But no diagnostic method can discriminate between steatohepatitis and simple steatosis. The other unresolved issue in regard to NAFLD is the absence of satisfactory treatment options. Vitamin E and obeticholic acid have shown protective effects in randomized controlled trials, but this drug has not been approved for use in Korea. This study will provide a description of diagnostic methods and treatments that are currently recommended for NAFLD.
The Global Economy and the American Welfare State (1991)

The American social welfare state is approaching a crisis because of the global economy. Survival in a new world economy requires corporations to become more efficient, a strategy which leads to a rapidly changing technology, plant shutdowns, and industrial reorganization. To aid corporations, government often curbs taxes to make capital available for investment. These policies can lead to governmental debt, reduced welfare services, a deterioration in the infrastructure, and myriad social problems. This article investigates the effects of the global economy on the American welfare state.
Amphipyra pyramidea 2. (sensu auct.) clustering under bark; with a few comparative remarks on concealment, behaviour. etc (1975)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Molecular targets of botulinum toxin at the mammalian neuromuscular junction (2004)

The molecular targets of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein-receptor) proteins necessary for neurotransmitter release. BoNT are powerful therapeutic agents in the treatment of numerous neurological disorders. The goals of this study were to (1) assess toxin diffusion by measuring substrate cleavage in adjacent and distant muscles, and (2) characterize the clinical course using SNARE protein chemistry. A small volume of BoNT/A was injected unilaterally into the mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Motor impairment was limited to the toxin-treated limb. No systemic illness or deaths occurred. At five time points, a subset of mice were killed, and muscles from both hindlimbs, and the diaphragm, were collected. Protein samples were examined for changes in SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of Mr = 25 kDa) using immunochemistry. SNAP-25 cleavage product was noted in the toxin-treated limb as early as 1 day postinjection and continued through day 28. Onset and peak levels of substrate cleavage corresponded to the onset and peak clinical response. Cleavage was observed in adjacent and distant muscles, demonstrating that substrate cleavage is a sensitive indicator of toxin diffusion. Significant increases in full-length SNAP-25 and vesicle-associated membrane protein II were evident early in the impaired limb and continued through day 28. The increased SNARE protein most likely originates from nerve terminal sprouts.
Bridging of Digital Divide in Africa (2011)

This paper discusses the gap created by an international digital divide in Africa. The paper focuses on bridging the digital divide that exists between the developed countries and Africa, especially in the use of the internet and Global System Mobile (GSM) communication services. Issues like bridging the international digital divide, digital divide and Africa, bridging the digital divide in African’s universities and libraries, the revolution of GSM in Africa, and effects of government policies and regulations, challenges facing Internet Providers (ISPs), benefits of GSM services in Africa are also discussed. In this paper, the author reveals the commendable penetration of GSM but poor connectivity of the internet in Africa. Problems hindering penetration of the internet and GSM in Africa are mentioned. Recommendations that lead to bridging of this internet gap are highlighted.
Generating a three-dimensional model from images captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (2015)

This paper presents a method for three-dimensional reconstruction using only the images captured from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). First, the camera pose is computed using a known marker on the scene as reference, then, a three dimensional point cloud reconstruction is performed using Multi-View Stereo software (MVS); and finally the polygon mesh is generated using the Advancing Front technique. The results show that the obtained polygon mesh is a good approximation of the surface, precise enough for applying standard algorithms for path planning and obstacle avoidance.
Why We Use Bad Color Maps and What You Can Do About It (2016)

We know the rainbow color map is terrible, and it is emphatically reviled by the visualization community, yet its use continues to persist. Why do we continue to use a this perceptual encoding with so many known flaws? Instead of focusing on why we should not use rainbow colors, this position statement explores the rational for why we do pick these colors despite their flaws. Often the decision is influenced by a lack of knowledge, but even experts that know better sometimes choose poorly. A larger issue is the expedience that we have inadvertently made the rainbow color map become. Knowing why the rainbow color map is used will help us move away from it. Education is good, but clearly not sufficient. We gain traction by making sensible color alternatives more convenient. It is not feasible to force a color map on users. Our goal is to supplant the rainbow color map as a common standard, and we will find that even those wedded to it will migrate away.
Nitric oxide and cancer (2010)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a lipophilic, highly diffusible and short-lived physiological messenger which regulates a variety of important physiological responses including vasodilation, respiration, cell migration, immune response and apoptosis. NO is synthesized by three differentially gene-encoded NO synthase (NOS) in mammals: neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS-1), inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS-2) and endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS-3). All isoforms of NOS catalyze the reaction of L-arginine, NADPH and oxygen to NO, L-citrulline and NADP. NO may exert its cellular action by cGMP-dependent as well as by cGMP-independent pathways including postranslational modifications in cysteine (S-nitrosylation or S-nitrosation) and tyrosine (nitration) residues, mixed disulfide formation (S-nitrosoglutathione or GSNO) or promoting further oxidation protein stages which have been related to altered protein function and gene transcription, genotoxic lesions, alteration of cell-cycle check points, apoptosis and DNA repair. NO sensitizes tumor cells to chemotherapeutic compounds. The expression of NOS-2 and NOS-3 has been found to be increased in a variety of human cancers. The multiple actions of NO in the tumor environment is related to heterogeneous cell responses with particular attention in the regulation of the stress response mediated by the hypoxia inducible factor-1 and p53 generally leading to growth arrest, apoptosis or adaptation.
Synthesis and enhanced neuroprotective activity of C60-based ebselen derivatives (2007)

A C 60 -based ebselen derivative 4 was synthesized through the cycloaddition of C 60 with the azide (3) containing the ebselen component. It was obtained in a four-step synthesis starting from 2-(chloroseleno)benzoyl chloride and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol in 53% yield (based on consumed C 60 ). Its structure was characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR, UV, and FAB-MS. To verify that the C 60 -based ebselen derivative 4 had enhanced antioxidative and neuroprotective activity, the C 60 derivative 5 and the ebselen derivative 6 were selected to treat cortical neuronal cells using the same procedures as with the C 60 -based ebselen derivative 4. The cellular viability of different derivative treatment groups was estimated by LDH leakage assay and MTT assay. At the same final concentration (30 µmol/L), the results showed that the antioxidative and protective potencies of the C 60 -based ebselen derivative 4 (MTT (OD) 0.340 ± 0.035, LDH release (UL –1 ) 4.80 ± 0.16) against H 2 O 2 -mediated neuronal injury have an advantage over those of C 60 derivative 5 (MTT (OD) 0.297 ± 0.036, LDH release (UL –1 ) 5.37 ± 0.31) and ebselen derivative 6 (MTT (OD) 0.267 ± 0.027, LDH release (UL –1 ) 5.85 ± 0.26). Correspondingly, the GPX activity of 4 (1.62 U/µmol) was higher than that of 5 (0.77 U/µmol) and 6 (1.24 U/µmol). These findings demonstrate that the incorporation of two components with similar biological activity (C 60 component and ebselen component) may be a desirable way of obtaining a new and more biologically effective C 60 -based compound.Key words: fullerene, ebselen derivative, azide, neuroprotective activity, cellular viability.
An Optimized Sponge for microRNA miR-9 Affects Spinal Motor Neuron Development in vivo (2012)

The specification of motor neuron (MN) subtypes and columnar organization in developing spinal cord is controlled by multiple transcription factors. FoxP1 drives specification of lateral motor neuron (LMN) subtypes, and we demonstrated in our previous work that FoxP1 expression levels are regulated by the microRNA miR-9. Here we show that ectopic FoxP1 expression in the chick spinal cord can rescue Lhx3 and Hb9 expression in MNs altered by miR-9 over-expression, demonstrating that FoxP1 is a critical functional interaction partner for miR-9 in LMN development. Moreover, we have optimized a technique called a miRNA sponge in vitro, to permit easy discovery of the role of individual miRNA in vivo using a loss-of-function approach. We here show that narrow spacing between binding sites, inclusion of a coding gene, and optimizing the number of miRNA binding sites can significantly increase the blocking ability of a sponge. We go on to show that a miR-9 sponge reduces detectable miR-9 in the ventral horn, preventing miR-9 silencing of FoxP1 in vivo, and in turn modifies MN subtypes in the spinal cord. Our designs for optimized sponges provide a knockdown tool that is ready to be used to study the function of miRNA in vivo, and in particular for generating transgenic animal models.
Design and Analysis of a 0.8&#x2013;77.5-GHz Ultra-Broadband Distributed Drain Mixer Using 0.13-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula>m CMOS Technology (2009)

A compact and broadband 0.8-77.5-GHz passive distributed drain mixer using standard 0.13-mum CMOS technology is presented in this paper. To extend the operation bandwidth, a uniform distributed topology is utilized for wideband matching. This paper also analyzes the device size and number of stages for the bandwidth of the CMOS distributed drain mixer. To optimize the conversion gain performance of the CMOS drain mixer, a gate bias optimization method is proposed and successfully implemented in the mixer design. This mixer consumes zero dc power and exhibits a measured conversion loss of 5.5 plusmn1 dB from 0.8 to 77.5 GHz with a compact size of 0.67 0.58 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The output 1-dB compression point is -8.5 dBm at 20 GHz. To best of our knowledge, this monolithic microwave integrated circuit has the widest operation bandwidth among CMOS wideband mixers to date with good conversion efficiency and zero dc power consumption.
Antimicrobial mechanisms in neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (1975)

Microorganisms ingested by PMNs are exposed to a variety of antimicrobial systems. Together they comprise a formidable armamentarium, and few organisms survive. The predominant antimicrobial system would be expected to vary with the species, the availability of oxygen and the type of microorganism ingested. There is considerable evidence that the MPO-mediated antimicrobial system plays an important role in the destruction of certain microorganisms in most species; chicken heterophils, however, do not contain MPO,40 and some microorganisms are resistant to this system due to the nature of their cell wall material.146 Further, microbial catalase may offer some protection. The granulocytes of some species (e.g., rabbit, chicken) are rich in cationic proteins and these agents may play a particularly important role in these cells. Granular cationic proteins are less plentiful in human cells.111 Organisms vary in their susceptibility to lysozyme and this enzyme is absent from bovine leukocytes.113 It is probable that the total microbicidal potential of the leukocyte is in excess of its needs under most circumstances. This "overkill" capacity is a reflection of both the level of activity of individual systems and their variety. Particular organisms are susceptible to more than one antimicrobial system and thus may be effectively handled by back-up systems when one is absent. Thus, an organism normally killed by the peroxidase system may be handled less efficiently but adequately when MPO is absent by other oxygen-dependent antimicrobial systems. When a defect in oxidative metabolixm is present as in CGD, both MPO-catalyzed and nonenzymatic oxygen-dependent systems are absent. The ingested organism can, in some instances, supply the needed product of oxidative metabolism (i.e., H2O2); in other instances, oxygen-independent antimicrobial systems are adequate to prevent microbial growth. However, in yet other instances, the organisms survive and multiply and severe infection results.
Design tools for circular overbraiding of complex mandrels (2018)

Circular braiding is increasingly used to manufacture free-form tubular composites that replace metal primary structural components. Recent examples are car frame parts like a-pillars and rockers. A high repeatability and the simultaneous deposition of hundreds of yarns makes braiding suited for automated series production of composite preforms. The inhomogeneous and anisotropic material properties of composites add to the design degrees of freedom, allowing tailoring for specific requirements. This also makes composites more challenging for designers, especially when taking into account the manufacturing constraints of the braiding process.
Nosocomial bloodstream infections. Secular trends in rates, mortality, and contribution to total hospital deaths (1995)

<h3>Background:</h3> Nosocomial bloodstream infections occur at a rate of 1.3 to 14.5 per 1000 hospital admissions and are believed to lead directly to 62 500 deaths per year in the United States. Measures of the incidence and the proportion of all hospital deaths related to deaths from these infections provide estimates of their impact. The objectives of the study were to characterize the secular trends in nosocomial bloodstream infection at a single institution and to estimate the population-attributable risk for death among patients experiencing the infection. <h3>Methods:</h3> A 12-year retrospective study using prospectively collected data from a hospital-wide surveillance system for nosocomial infections in a 900-bed tertiary care institution. All patients (N=260 834) admitted to the institution between 1980 and 1992 were included in the study. Bloodstream infection rates were calculated for the 10 leading groups of pathogens, and trends were analyzed using simple linear regression. In-hospital mortality rates from patients who did or did not develop nosocomial bloodstream infections were compared. <h3>Results:</h3> Between 1980 and 1992, a total of 3077 patients developed 3464 episodes of nosocomial bloodstream infection. The crude infection rates increased linearly from 6.7 to 18.4 per 1000 discharges (0.83 to 1.72 episodes per 1000 patient-days) during the 12-year study period (<sup>r</sup>=.87). Increases in the infection rates were due to gram-positive cocci (<sup>r</sup>=.96) and yeasts (<sup>r</sup>=.95) and essentially explained by infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci,<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, enterococci, and<i>Candida</i>species, respectively. Although the crude mortality in patients with nosocomial bloodstream infections decreased from 51% in 1981 to 29% in 1992, the in-hospital population-attributable mortality among infected patients increased from 3.55 deaths per 1000 discharges in 1981 to 6.22 per 1000 discharges in 1992 (<i>r</i>=.67). The etiologic fraction or the proportion of deaths in patients with bloodstream infection to all deaths occurring in the hospital increased from 11.4% in 1981 to 20.4% in 1992 (<i>r</i>=.59). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The incidence, the etiologic fraction, and the population-attributable risk for death among patients experiencing nosocomial bloodstream infections increased progressively during the last decade. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1177-1184)