gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design principles of ocular drug delivery systems: importance of drug payload, release rate, and material properties (2019)

Ocular drugs are usually delivered locally to the eye. Required drug loading, release rate, and ocular retention time of drug delivery systems depend on the potency, bioavailability, and clearance of the drug at the target site. Drug-loading capacity of the formulation is limited by the material properties and size constraints of the eye. The design aid described herein for ocular drug delivery systems guides the calculation of steady-state drug concentrations in the ocular compartments, taking into account drug dose, bioavailability, and clearance. The dosing rate can be adjusted to reach the target drug concentrations, thereby guiding the design of drug delivery systems for topical, intravitreal, and subconjunctival administration. The simple design aid can be used at early stages of drug development by investigators without expertise in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling.
Alveolar lipoproteinosis in an acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mouse model of Niemann-Pick disease (2003)

Types A and B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) are lipid storage disorders caused by the deficient activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). In humans, NPD is associated with the dysfunction of numerous organs including the lung. Gene targeting of the ASM gene in transgenic mice produced an animal model with features typical of NPD, including pulmonary inflammation. To assess mechanisms by which ASM perturbed lung function, we studied lung morphology, surfactant content, and metabolism in ASM-deficient mice in vivo. Pulmonary inflammation, with increased cellular infiltrates and the accumulation of alveolar material, was associated with alterations in surfactant content. Saturated phosphatidylcholine (SatPC) content was increased twofold, and sphingomyelin content was increased 5.5-fold in lungs of the ASM knockout (ASMKO) mice. Additional sphingomyelin enhanced the sensitivity of surfactant inhibition by plasma proteins. Clearance of SatPC from the lungs of ASMKO mice was decreased. Catabolism of SatPC by alveolar macrophages from the ASMKO mouse was significantly decreased, likely accounting for decreased pulmonary SatPC in vivo. In summary, ASM is required for normal surfactant catabolism by alveolar macrophages in vivo. Alterations in surfactant composition, including increased sphingomyelin content, contributed to the abnormal surfactant function observed in the ASM-deficient mouse.
Antagonistic Effect of Bacteria Isolated from the Digestive Tract of &lt;i&gt;Lutzomyia evansi&lt;/i&gt; against Promastigotes of &lt;i&gt;Leishmania infantum&lt;/i&gt;, Antimicrobial Activities and Susceptibility to Antibiotics (2016)

Lutzomyia evansi is a phlebotomine insect endemic to Colombia’s Caribbean coast and is considered the main vector of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region. Specific studies of the direct effects generated by bacteria in the digestive tract of the insect vectors, under Leishmania infantum using in vitro models, represent a novel alternative as a control strategy for the transmission of leishmaniasis and also provide the opportunity to detect natural products or antimicrobial peptides with different biological activities. In this study, we evaluate the leishmanicidal and antimicrobial activities of Pantoea ananatis, Ochrobactrum anthropi and Enterobacter cloacae, isolated from the digestive tract of Lutzomyia evansi and the susceptibility of these bacteria to commonly used antibiotics. The antagonistic effect of Pantoea ananatis, Ochrobactrum anthropi and Enterobacter cloacae was evaluated against six species of human pathogenic bacteria and against stationary (Metacyclic-like) and exponential promastigotes (Procyclic-like) of Leishmania infantum (BCN-GFP strain) by co-culture assays for 24 hours. The activity of the bacterial isolates on Leishmania infantum promastigotes was quantified by flow cytometry. The susceptibility of the bacterial strains to clinically used antibiotics was analyzed by antibiogram. The highest percentage of inhibition was observed against exponential promastigotes with bacterial concentrations of 108 CFU/ml of Enterobacter cloacae (77.29% ± 0.6%) and Pantoea ananatis (70.17% ± 1.1%). The extracts produced by three bacterial isolates showed similar biological activity (13 mm - 22 mm inhibition halos) against all tested bacteria; however, significant differences were observed with respect to gram-positive bacteria (P Bacillus cereus. Ochrobactrum anthropi was the isolate with the highest number of antibiotic resistance patterns while Pantoea ananatis and Enterobacter cloacae showed greater susceptibility to the evaluated antibiotics. The growth inhibitory activity of exponential Leishmania infantum promastigotes shown by extracts of Enterobacter cloacae and Pantoea ananantis suggests that the presence of these bacteria in the vector intestine may affect the parasite development to metacyclic stages, infective to human hosts. This in turn confers said bacteria, a potential in controlling the transmission of Leishmania spp. that deserves to be studied in depth.
Simulation for Systems Engineering (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Systems Engineering Process Modeling and Simulation Support Facilities An Industrial Use Case: Space Systems Outlook Conclusions References
Reagentless enzyme electrode for the determination of manganese through biocatalytic enhancement (1992)

An amperometric enzyme electrode is described for the detection and determination of manganese(II). The biosensor is based on the stimulation by manganese of the aerobic oxidation of substrates by horseradish peroxidase. A mediator, 1,2-naphthoquinone, is used as the substrate and is incorporated with the enzyme into a carbon-paste electrode. The resulting electrode acts as an enzyme-based oxygen sensor, which is sensitive to manganese. Electrochemical control of enzyme activity is achieved through substrate promotion of catalysis. Enzyme modulation by manganese can be switched on and off or adjusted through the appropriate selection of the applied potential. Currents are generated due to the bioelectrocatalytic reduction of oxygen in response to the introduction of manganese sulfate. A sustained current is achieved which is dependent on manganese concentration. Concentrations of 0.5 microM manganese or greater can be measured, and the sensor is reversible, as demonstrated by manganese removal. Biological selectivity for manganese provides a sensor which does not respond to other divalent cations tested, with the possible exception of cobalt. Reagentless, continuous sensing is achieved through substrate cycling.
Time dependent heat transfer of proliferation resistant plutonium (2018)

Increasing proliferation resistance of plutonium by way of increased 238Pu content is of interest to the nuclear nonproliferation and international safeguards community. Considering the high alpha decay heat of 238Pu, increasing the isotopic fraction leads to a noticeably higher amount of heat generation within the plutonium. High heat generation is especially unattractive in the scenario of weaponization. Upon weaponization of the plutonium, the plutonium may generate enough heat to elevate the temperature in the high explosives to above its self-explosion temperature, rendering the weapon useless. In addition, elevated temperatures will cause thermal expansion in the components of a nuclear explosive device that may produce thermal stresses high enough to produce failure in the materials, reducing the effectiveness of the weapon. Understanding the technical limit of 238Pu required to reduce the possibility of weaponization is key to reducing the current limit on safeguarded plutonium (greater than 80 at. % 238Pu). The plutonium vector evaluated in this study was found by simulating public information on Lightbridge’s fuel design for pressurized water reactors. This study explores the temperature profile and maximum stress within a simple (first generation design) hypothetical nuclear explosive device of four unique scenarios over time. Analyzing the transient development of both the temperature profile and maximum stress not only establishes a technical limit on the 238Pu content, but also establishes a time limit for which each scenario would be useable.
Low-temperature synthesis of CuO-interlaced nanodiscs for lithium ion battery electrodes (2011)

In this study, we report the high-yield synthesis of 2-dimensional cupric oxide (CuO) nanodiscs through dehydrogenation of 1-dimensional Cu(OH)2 nanowires at 60°C. Most of the nanodiscs had a diameter of approximately 500 nm and a thickness of approximately 50 nm. After further prolonged reaction times, secondary irregular nanodiscs gradually grew vertically into regular nanodiscs. These CuO nanostructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements. The possible growth mechanism of the interlaced disc CuO nanostructures is systematically discussed. The electrochemical performances of the CuO nanodisc electrodes were evaluated in detail using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes enables the enhanced reversible capacities and capacity retention of CuO nanodisc electrodes on cycling by offering more efficient electron transport paths.
Two wave propagation image for investigating the anisotropic structure of cancellous bone (2011)

Two-wave phenomenon in cancellous bone has been reported by several investigators. Making use of this phenomenon, a new QUS device has been introduced to evaluate the radius in vivo. We have also reported that two waves reflect not only bone mass but also the complex bone structure of cancellous bone. We then propose a new simple imaging technique based on the two-wave phenomenon for investigating the anisotropic structure. Cylindrical specimens of cancellous bone were obtained from a bovine femur. Using a conventional ultrasound pulse technique, we rotated the receiver around the specimen to investigate the ultrasonic fields after the propagation in the specimen. In addition, structure of the specimen was estimated by using the X-ray micro CT data. The ultrasonic propagation image clearly showed the effect of the bone structure. We can find “fast” wave showing “apparent refraction”. The propagation image is simple and convenient for easy understanding of the anisotropy. The image may become a user-friendly tool for the future in vivo assessment.
Role of stem cell research in therapeutic purpose--a hope for new horizon in medical biotechnology. (2010)

While the WHO's general alignment for malignancies & diabetic impacts only one quarter of the world's population, the Indian population is negatively skewed outside of such malignancies & diabetic range. Stem cells (SCs) are undifferentiated highly specialized kinds of cell types having capacity to renew itself, found in different tissue or organ. SCs are capable of dividing for long period of time to furnish grow different cell types with specific functions. It took about twenty years to gain knowledge of how to grow embryonic stem cell in-vitro. The primary roles of adult stem cells in a living organism are to renew or maintain and repairthe injured tissue in which they are found. SCs are classified in to two categories on the basis of their origin and their functional properties. First the embryonic stem cells originate from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, while second is of adult stem cells. Another category of stem cells are the amniotic fluid derived embryonic cells (AFEc) having equally important cells which transform into various types of tissues present in fat, bone, muscles, liver and blood vessels. The main advantage of AFEc is to use these cells without or disturbing or touching embryo. Embryonic stem cell expresses specific markers of self renewal and pluripotency including transcription factor like SOX-2, LIF etc. Bone--marrow contains two kinds of stem cells, one haemotopoietic which form the blood and second stroma which form mixed cell population like bone, cartilage fat and fibrous connective tissue. Cellular differentiation of stem cells is inimitable and based on either intrinsic or extrinsic signals and during migration cancer stem cell loses cell polarity which leads to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (ENT). These signals named genes which carry coded instructions (novel molecules) for all the structure and function. External signals are chemical molecules secreted by other neighboring cell through physical contact (paracrine regulation). Efforts are being done to grow both embryonic and adult stem cells using "tissue culture engineering" in vitro. SCs could be used for various therapeutic purposes like Parkinson's patients, Alzheimer's disease & other neurological disorders patients, repairing for damaged heart muscles and for type I diabetes patients as an alternative source of chemotherapy including trauma patients which is not only expensive but lack of side effect too.
Halide-ion-templated Ag8Cu6 rhombic dodecahedrons: synthesis, structure and reactivity of [Ag8Cu6(CCtBu)12X]BF4 (X = Cl, Br) (2013)

Halide-templated tert-butylethynide Ag14 complexes undergo reversible exchange with copper(I) to afford a series of mixed Ag14-nCun (n = 1-6) species. Up to six silver atoms in the cluster can be replaced with copper(I) to give a core structure featuring a Ag8Cu6 rhombic dodecahedron. These clusters are useful models for investigating the chemical reactivity and photoluminescence of heterometallic d(10)-d(10) systems.
Sourcebook of parallel computing (2003)

I. Parallelism 1. Introduction 2. Parallel Computer Architectures 3. Parallel Programming Considerations II. Applications 4. General Application Issues 5. Parallel Computing in CFD 6. Parallel Computing in Environment and Energy 7. Parallel Computational Chemistry 8. Application Overviews III. Software technologies 9. Software Technologies 10. Message Passing and Threads 11. Parallel I/O 12. Languages and Compilers 13. Parallel Object-Oriented Libraries 14. Problem-Solving Environments 15. Tools for Performance Tuning and Debugging 16. The 2-D Poisson Problem IV. Enabling Technologies and Algorithms 17. Reusable Software and Algorithms 18. Graph Partitioning for Scientific Simulations 19. Mesh Generation 20. Templates and Numerical Linear Algebra 21. Software for the Scalable Solutions of PDEs 22. Parallel Continuous Optimization 23. Path Following in Scientific Computing 24. Automatic Differentiation V. Conclusion 25. Wrap-up and Features
Molecular Scale Aspects of Liquid Contact on a Solid Surface (2002)

Molecular dynamics simulations related to the contact structure of liquid droplet on a solid surface are compared for a simple Lennard-Jones fluid system and a practical water-on-platinum system. The contact angle for the Lennard-Jones system seems to be simply scaled with the potential energy parameter between liquid and solid, even though the layered liquid structure near the surface gives some complexity. On the other hand, a water droplet in contact with a platinum surface shows quite intrigue results. The water droplet gives a finite contact angle on the absorbed monolayer water film. The contact angle is determined by the surface energy between this monolayer water film and bulk liquid water. The dependence of contact angle on the platinum crystal lattice structure is explained by the structure of this monolayer water film.
A 60GHz power amplifier using high common-mode rejection technique (2012)

This paper proposes the method of realization of high common-mode rejection ratio(CMRR) at 60 GHz. High CMRR can compensate the differential mismatch. In the proposed method, virtual ground for differential-mode and LC peaking for common-mode are utilized. To confirm the effect of this technique, the 2-stage differential power amplifier is fabricated in a 65nm CMOS process. It achieves a CMRR of 26 dB, a power gain of 12.1 dB, a peak PAE of 11.1%, a P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> of 9.0 dBm, a power consumption of 45.8mW from a 1.0V power supply.
A Case Study of Suspension Characteristics of a Bearingless Motor Supplied by Inverters Having Different Voltage and Current Ratings (2009)

A wide magnetic gap consequent-pole type bearingless motor has been developed. The wide magnetic gap makes it difficult to start up and suspend a shaft with reasonable suspension voltage and current. To provide high current, high voltage rating is demanded, although, high voltage causes bad influence on magnetic suspension. In this paper, the authors have investigated the start-up and rotational characteristics of a prototype bearingless machine driven by voltage source inverters having the rated voltage of 200V and 100V. When the rated voltage is not suitable, significant problems are occurred. The effectiveness of proper selection in the rated voltage is discussed. The result of this study shows that the 100V inverter is a better choice for the bearingless motor.
Role of anti-CD4-binding site antibodies in modulating gp120-specific CD4 T cell and antibody responses (2006)

Background MHC II presentation of antigenic peptides to CD4 T cell is critical for the initiation of the primary immune response as well as for the maintenance of the secondary immune response. Previously we have shown that gp120-specific human CD4+ T cell responses are inhibited in the presence of antibodies to the CD4-binding site of gp120 (CD4bs) [1,2]. But the role of these antibodies in modulating the immune responses to gp120 in vivo is not yet determined.
Transition Characterisation for De-Embedding Purposes (1987)

A technique for characterising transitions between different transmission line media is examined. Applications include development of novel circuit media and use as a de-embedding measurement tool. The technique requires measurement of only two sets of back to back transitions, separated by different, known, electrical lengths, and is therefore simple to implement. Both theoretical and measured results are presented.
Outcomes After Coronary Stent Implantation in Patients With Metal Allergy (2012)

A history of metal allergy was not associated with adverse early or late outcomes in this single-center study.
Molecular Imaging in Cardiovascular Diseases (2015)

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized and developing countries. In clinical practice, the in-vivo identification of atherosclerotic lesions, which can lead to complications such as heart attack or stroke, remains difficult. Imaging techniques provide the reference standard for the detection of clinically significant atherosclerotic changes in the coronary and carotid arteries. The assessment of the luminal narrowing is feasible, while the differentiation of stable and potentially unstable or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques is currently not possible using non-invasive imaging. With high spatial resolution and high soft tissue contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a suitable method for the evaluation of the thin arterial wall. In clinical practice, native MRI of the vessel wall already allows the differentiation and characterization of components of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries and the aorta. Additional diagnostic information can be gained by the use of non-specific MRI contrast agents. With the development of targeted molecular probes, that highlight specific molecules or cells, pathological processes can be visualized at a molecular level with high spatial resolution. In this review article, the development of pathophysiological changes leading to the development of the arterial wall are introduced and discussed. Additionally, principles of contrast enhanced imaging with non-specific contrast agents and molecular probes will be discussed and latest developments in the field of molecular imaging of the vascular wall will be introduced.
Triggering cryptic natural product biosynthesis in microorganisms (2009)

Natural products from microorganisms are a crucial source for novel therapeutics. Even so, it seems that many valuable compounds are overlooked when culturing microbes under standardized laboratory conditions. Many biosynthesis genes remain silent and such "cryptic" or "orphan" pathways are only activated under specific conditions. This report gives an overview on the strategies to trigger biosynthetic pathways to yield "cryptic natural products" through external cues, co-cultivation and genomic approaches such as genome-mining, epigenetic remodeling, and engineered pathway activation.
Foamy Gland Pattern of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (2000)

Pathologic diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is frequently a challenge, particularly in small biopsies, frozen sections, and in metastatic foci. Here we report a deceptively benign-appearing and morphologically distinctive pattern of ductal adenocarcinoma with prominent microvesicular cytoplasm, giving the cells a foamy appearance similar to that described in the prostate (Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:419). This variant, which we refer to as foamy gland pattern (FGP), was frequently misdiagnosed in frozen sections or biopsies and its pathologic stage underestimated in surgical specimens. Histologically, the diagnostic features were: (1) white and crisply foamy, "microvesicular" cytoplasm; (2) often basally located and compressed, hyperchromatic nuclei reminiscent of endocervical glands (and so-called "adenoma malignum") or gastric foveolar glands; (3) irregular nuclear contours forming wrinkled (raisinoid) nuclei in some areas; and (4) a distinctive chromophilic condensation of the cytoplasmic material in the luminal aspect of the cells forming a brush border-like zone (BLZ). Histochemically, this BLZ was positive for mucicarmine, alcian blue, and high iron diamine, but not PAS. The remainder of the cytoplasm was negative for all these stains. In contrast, benign mucinous ducts, which constitute the major differential diagnosis, had more homogeneous acidophilic cytoplasm, lacked BLZ, and showed cytoplasmic staining with PAS. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely and strongly positive for CEA and cytokeratin 8 whereas B72.3 staining was focal and weak. MUC1 staining was largely confined to the BLZ. MUC2 was negative. P53 staining was detected in 16 of the 20 cases studied and was strong and diffuse in five. K-ras mutation was detected in 6 of 8 cases studied. The clinical findings in the 20 patients in this study (4 pure and 16 mixed with usual ductal carcinoma) did not appear to differ significantly from those of ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Eleven patients were men and nine were women; the mean age was 62 years and the mean tumor size was 4.4 cm. Follow-up information was available in 17 patients of whom 7 were alive at an average follow up of 23 months (range, 7-104 mos), and 10 were dead of disease at a median follow up of 15 months (range, 4-42 mos). The median survival of the four patients with pure FGP was 18 months. The median survival did not appear to be significantly longer than that of the patients with resectable ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma in the authors' experience (109 patients, median survival of 12 mos, p = 0.48). In conclusion, foamy gland pattern of invasive pancreatic ductal carcinoma is morphologically distinctive and is prone to misdiagnosis as a benign process. The pathologic stage is often underestimated as a result of the lack of its recognition and misinterpretation as mucinous ducts. Careful attention to its microscopic features is adequate for accurate diagnosis. Histochemical and immunohistochemical stains are useful in confirming the diagnosis of malignancy in challenging cases.