gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS IN HUMAN TISSUES (1967)

It has recently become apparent that prostaglandins are not confined to the genital tract, and that their importance may be much greater than was first envisaged when these fatty acid derivatives were first chemically identified in semen Prostaglandins are known to possess smooth muscle contracting activity and may well have important physiological roles as mediators of local responses. Isolated observations on the prostaglandin content of a few extragenital organs in various animals have been docu- mented, and prostaglandins have been found in lungs in various animals: calf thymus, bovine pancreas (Bergstrom, 1964), sheep iris (Angga'rd However, no systematic survey of prostaglandin distribution in a wide variety of tissues has been carried out in any animal, and the occurrence of prostaglandins in human tissues is less well documented than in other species. We have therefore estimated the concentrations of prostaglandins present in 23 types of human tissues.
Horizontally-Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Sapphire (2008)

Recently, we discovered the horizontally-aligned growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on R- and A-plane sapphire substrates, which we call "atomic arrangement-programmed growth (AAP growth)". This is a unique method because the growth direction of SWCNTs is determined by the crystallographic direction of the sapphire surface. In this paper, we report on the characterization of the aligned SWCNTs by polarized Raman and electron transport measurements, and on the effect of the step/terrace structure formed on sapphire surface. These results may open up a possibility of creating the artificial SWCNT network, which can be applied to high-performance electronics.
Stereocontrolled Generation of the (2<i>R</i>) Chroman Core of Vitamin E: Total Synthesis of (2<i>R</i>,4′<i>RS</i>,8′<i>RS</i>)-α-Tocopherol (2009)

(2R,4'RS,8'RS)-alpha-tocopherol (1) was prepared using, as the two key steps, a novel diastereoselective TiCl(4)-promoted (S)-sulfoxide-directed allylation of ketal 2 with allyl trimethyl silane 3 to efficiently generate the challenging (2R) stereocenter of the chroman moiety and a cross-metathesis reaction with olefin 4 to efficiently join the lipophilic alkyl chain present in the final target.
A broadband dielectric diplexer using a snaked strip-line (2002)

A diplexer composed of a snaked stripline low-pass filter and a dielectric bandpass filter was developed. The sharper cutoff characteristics of the low-pass filter permit reduction of the element number. In addition, the filters are miniaturized by the use of a high-permittivity dielectric. A 1 GHz-band diplexer with dimensions of 12 mm*50 mm*50 mm was fabricated. This diplexer is suitable for satellite communications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stretchable electronic systems (2006)

The variety and applications of electronic systems have undergone a considerable evolution during the past century. Paramount milestones have been the introduction of the printed wiring board, which allowed for a rationalized assembly of electronic systems and the fabrication of integrated circuits with still ongoing increase of functional density due to miniaturization. Additionally sensors, micro electro mechanical systems, displays, and light emitting diodes have greatly added application potentials to electronic systems. Miniaturization is still one of the drivers for development in electronic components. On the other hand, however, conformity of the electronic systems to some give shape or space is increasingly requested for future applications. At present a great number of electronic appliances e.g. in mobile communication and medical electronics are manufactured to be foldable by using flexible printed wiring boards for assembly. The flexible printed wiring board restricts the bending to be only around on axis at a time. For a conformity to a truly three dimensional shape the wiring substrate needs to be stretchable to a certain extend. The development of stretchable wiring boards is the aim of the European project STELLA (stretchable electronics for large area applications). In the present paper process technologies for the efficient fabrication of stretchable wiring substrates using printing technology and/or photo structuring will be described. The conductive wiring which has to be as stretchable as the substrate matrix is designed as a meander and was optimized using FEM modelling. The electric contact formation is effected either by soldering techniques using low melting solder alloys or with anisotropic conductive adhesive. The interface between components assembled on the stretchable board and the wiring is mechanically the most fragile point of the wiring. Approaches for the reinforcement of the vicinity of the assembled components and first results are presented.
Difference in Enzymatic Properties between “Staphylothrombin” and Free α‐Thrombin<sup>a</sup> (1986)

Bacterial protein, staphylocoagulase, binds stoichiometrically to human prothrombin resulting in a coagulant complex, staphylothrombin. The enzymatic properties of staphylothrombin differ from those of alpha-thrombin in their substrate specificities toward natural and synthetic substrates, in addition to their interaction with protease inhibitors. In order to obtain information about the region of staphylocoagulase that interacts with human prothrombin, staphylocoagulase was cleaved by alpha-chymotrypsin. This limited alpha-chymotryptic cleavage of staphylocoagulase yielded three large fragments, fragments of 43, 30, and 20 kDa. The 43-kDa fragment exhibited a high affinity for human prothrombin (Kd = 1.7 nM), which is comparable to the affinity observed using intact staphylocoagulase (Kd = 0.46 nM). A complex of the 43-kDa fragment and prothrombin possessed both clotting and amidase activities essentially identical to those observed in a complex of intact staphylocoagulase and prothrombin. The 30-kDa fragment exhibited weaker affinity for prothrombin (Kd = 120 nM). While a complex of this fragment and prothrombin did not exhibit clotting activity, it nonetheless possessed a weak amidase activity. The 20-kDa fragment was found only to bind to prothrombin. The NH2-terminal sequence analyses of these fragments revealed that the 43-kDa fragment constitutes the NH2-terminal portion of staphylocoagulase, and contains the 30-kDa and 20-kDa fragments. It is therefore concluded that the functional region of staphylocoagulase for binding and activation of prothrombin is localized in the NH2-terminal region of the intact protein. The 43-kDa fragment contains 324 amino acids with a molecular weight of 38,098. The 43-kDa fragment has an unusual amino acid composition based on the sequence, in which the sum of Asp (28 residues), Asn (22), Glu (35), Gln (9), and Lys (52) residues accounts for more than 45% of the total residues. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the 43-kDa fragment with that of streptokinase did not reveal any obvious sequence homology. There was also no sequence homology with those of trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and elastase.
Correlation between the Structure and Wettability of Photoswitchable Hydrophilic Azobenzene Monolayers on Silicon (2011)

Photoresponsive monolayers of hydrophilically substituted azobenzenes have been prepared by reaction on aminosilane monolayers on silicon surfaces. Grafting densities in the 0.2–1.0 molecule/nm2 range were determined by X-ray reflectometry. The monolayers exhibit reversible photoisomerization, switching from a more hydrophilic trans state to a less hydrophilic cis state upon UV irradiation, in contrast with the usual behavior of most azobenzene monolayers that switch from a less to a more hydrophilic state. This indicates that the wettability is not dominated by the change in the dipole moment of the azobenzene moiety but originates from variations in the composition of the outer surface of the monolayers resulting from the reorientation of the substituent groups. The light-driven change in the water contact angle correlates linearly with the grafting density but remains small. However, the wettability contrast can be increased by forcing the molecules to stand in an improved vertical orientation, either by densifying the underlying aminosilane monolayer or by filling the voids left at the bottom of the layer of grafted azobenzene molecules.
Multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions of photons in Au+Au collisions at square root of (S(NN)) = 62.4 GeV. (2005)

We present the first measurement of pseudorapidity distribution of photons in the region 2.3 < or = eta < or = 3.7 for different centralities in Au+Au collisions at square root of (S(NN)) = 62.4 GeV. We find that the photon yield scales with the number of participating nucleons at all collision centralities studied. The pseudorapidity distribution of photons, dominated by pi0 decays, has been compared to those of charged pions, photons, and inclusive charged particles from heavy-ion and nucleon-nucleon collisions at various energies. The photon production has been shown to be consistent with the energy and centrality independent limiting fragmentation scenario.
The Rapid Induction of Human Riboflavin Deficiency with Galactoflavin * (1964)

Signs of riboflavin deficiency require many months to develop in patients placed on riboflavin- restricted diets (1-6). The demonstrations that riboflavin deficiency induced by dietary restriction or riboflavin antagonists resulted in regression of rodent tumors (7-13) prompted several efforts in this laboratory to produce riboflavin deficiency in patients with neoplastic disease (14, 15). Riboflavin antagonists were used in these studies with the objective of producing the deficiency state rapidly, since a regimen requiring many months of dietary restriction would not lend itself to thera- peutic evaluation in patients with metastatic cancer. These earlier investigations did not result in the production of clinical evidences of riboflavin deficiency or in objective demonstrations of tu- mor regression. The administered riboflavin an- tagonists, selected on the basis of their effective- ness in rats, were shown to be metabolized differently in man. The most active of these agents against rat tumors, 6,7-dimethyl-9-(2'-acetoxy- ethyl) -isoalloxazine, was rapidly and almost com- pletely hydrolyzed in man, although a significant amount of the absorbed drug was excreted un- changed by rats. With the objective of producing human riboflavin deficiency, an analog was sought that would be an effective riboflavin antagonist in rodents and would be metabolized similarly in rodents and in man.
Study on Displacement Self-Sensing of Piezoelectric Actuator (2007)

This paper aims to make piezoelectric ceramic actuator self-sense its own displacement in the absence of independent sensor. It is derived from the basic piezoelectric equation that the free charge on the wafer of piezoelectric ceramic actuator contains displacement information. So a displacement self-sensing method based on integrate circuit is presented. Voltage driving circuit for the piezoelectric ceramic actuator and integrated circuit for gathering free charge are designed. Based on the proposed compound circuits, the actuator can sense its own displacement while actuation. It is convenient to adjust the circuit and easy to acquire sensitive signal by using this method, and the impedance mismatching problem met in bridge method is overcome. The experimental results show that piezoelectric self-sensing actuator can effectively measure its displacement signal under the conditions of different wave form of driving voltage and different driving voltage frequency.
A FLEXIBLE MULTIFUNCTION TELEMETRY INPUT/OUTPUT MODULE (2001)

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Improvements in principal feature classification (2005)

We describe algorithms for rapid training and accurate generalization of principal feature classification (PFC) [Q. Li and D.W. Tufts, 1997], an elegant decision tree method with performance comparable to neural networks and popular decision tree methods like CART and C4.5. The improved training method is guaranteed to converge and generates a fully grown decision tree. It accomplishes this with a decrease in complexity and is described in detail to facilitate easy implementation. A generalization methodology based on nonparametric tolerance regions is also developed. The method provides accurate generalization of the fully grown tree and is verified using simulated data
Gender differences in the regulation of amino acid metabolism (2003)

Exercising men, compared with women, have a greater increase in leucine oxidation but not lysine rate of appearance. The cause for this sexual dimorphism is unknown; however, an inhibition of beta-adrenoreceptor activity has previously been shown to mediate amino acid metabolism (Lamont LS, McCullough AJ, and Kalhan SC. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 268: E910-E916, 1995; Lamont LS, Patel DG, and Kalhan SC. J Appl Physiol 67: 221-225, 1989). This study was a gender comparison of leucine and lysine kinetics during a beta-adrenoreceptor blockade (beta1,beta2-blockade) and a placebo control by using a double-blind crossover protocol. Subjects exercised at 50% of their trial-specific maximal O2 consumption (1 h) after 7 days of dietary control. During exercise with beta-blockade, men had an increased nonprotein respiratory exchange ratio (P < 0.001), whereas women had an increased circulation of free fatty acids (P < 0.001). The genders also displayed distinct differences in exercise amino acid kinetics. The men, but not the women, increased leucine oxidation (P < 0.005) and lysine rate of appearance (P < 0.009) when exercising during beta-adrenergic blockade. This study indicates that during beta-blockade, exercising men increase their need for amino acids (and carbohydrate) to fuel energy needs, whereas women increase their mobilization of fat, thereby requiring less alternative fuels such as carbohydrate and amino acids. Gender-specific fuel preferences during exercise are regulated by beta-adrenergic-receptor activity. Substrate availability during exercise appears to modulate the amino acid oxidation differences between genders.
Into the Real World (2011)

The generation of physiological insights from elite athletic performance has a long history. In the 1920s, A. V. Hill looked at the decline in record speed as event distance increased (2). Hill used these data to speculate on the causes of muscle fatigue and how they change with the duration of exercise. His insights are remarkably relevant today. Age-specific records have also been used to discuss rates of physiological aging (4). In both cases, records may have an advantage over laboratory-based measurements because the motivation and training of the record holder is likely optimal. A real performance is also an integrated test of multiple physiological "limiting" factors. Results from competitions also permit exercise scientists to consider real-world data the way our colleagues in economics and the social sciences do and engage in integrated multidisciplinary thinking. Along these lines, Hunter et al. (3) have analyzed data on more than 400 women and 400 men who finished in the top 5 in seven regularly held major marathons. They found no major age differences between the women and men, but in several races the women were older. Most notably both sexes showed a range of 20 years among elite performers, with the youngest being approximately 20 years and the oldest 40 years or older. The top performances by individuals near 40 years seems to confirm laboratory observations, showing that with intense training, V˙O2max can be maintained at peak values for a given individual until approximately 40 years of age (5), or perhaps laboratory observations confirm the real-world results. These and several other physiological issues are expertly discussed in the article. It is also interesting that the time difference between comparable places increased for the women. The likely explanation for this is that there is still a relative lack of depth among the top female competitors (compared with male competitors). Women were not permitted to run long-distance races until the 1970s. Does a cultural "hangover" explain these findings and are there ongoing social factors at work that explain this? This study also raises new questions. For example, if at least some of the "first wave" of elite women continue to train hard into middle age, how will their results change our thinking about age-related declines in elite performance and the associated physiology? There is some evidence that endurance exercise capacity falls more in women during middle age than men (1). Is this a real physiological phenomenon or an artifact of limited opportunities to participate during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood? The anecdotal evidence from unique athletes like the cyclist Jeannie Longo suggests it might be an artifact (6). Finally, it would be very challenging to prospectively collect data on more than 800 elite athletes, and this article is a clear example of a creative way forward to address fundamental questions and raise new ones. The data are out there waiting for the type of creative and scholarly analysis exemplified by this article. Michael J. Joyner, MD Department of Anesthesiology Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
Gel permeation chromatography of polysaccharides: Universal calibration curve. (1984)

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), involving synthetic polymers soluble in organic solvents, is widely used as a technique for determining their molecular weight and its distribution, and the universal calibration concept in GPChas been found to be valid and useful irrespective of the structures of the molecules concerned.1 ~3) With polysaccharides, however, only a few studies have been recently reported,4) because aqueous solvent systems are necessary to do this. In this study, we attempted to draw the universal calibration curve in GPCand to test the usefulness ofGPCas a tool for determining molecular weight in the field of polysaccharide chemistry. The universal calibration concept is based on the prin-1 C? [\- - -"
Respiratory gating for MRI and MRS in rodents (2003)

The synchronization of MRI data acquisition to the respiratory cycle is crucial for collecting high-resolution images of small animals. Data collected during at-rest periods (breath-hold or between breaths) do not suffer from the blurring effects of respiratory motion seen in unsynchronized images. Here, we describe a simple, inexpensive, robust respiratory gating unit to achieve this synchronization. The unit can operate in either free breathing or driven breathing (ventilator) modes, with respiration detected optically (breathing motion) or via a pressure transducer. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this unit with in-vivo mouse images of lung and liver.
THE INFLUENCE OF LOWER AND UPPER EXTREMITY JOINT MOVEMENTS TO THE SERVICE SPEED OF NON-ELITE TENNIS PLAYERS (2012)

Since the service initiates every point in tennis, it is logical to assume that the stroke greatly influences the outcome of a match. A wealth of research has been conducted on the services of elite players, however, currently a paucity of data has been provided on non-elite service kinematics. The purpose of the present study was to quantify how lower and upper extremity joint movements influence the service speed of a non-elite tennis player. Five male tennis players were videotaped performing high velocity serves using two 50 Hz video cameras (Sony HVR-Z1E, Sony, Japan). Video clips were then manually digitised using Peak Motus software (Peak Motus 9.0, Vicon, Los Angeles, CA), to calculate joint angular velocities, horizontal racket velocities and joint angular displacements. Peak angular velocities and impact racket velocities were then inputted into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Inc) software, in order to test for relationships and the magnitude of impact racket velocity that may be explained by each joint motion. The largest influencers of impact racket velocity were shoulder abduction and horizontal flexion (23.4%) and wrist flexion (33.2%). Shoulder abduction and horizontal flexion observed a significant positive correlation with impact racket velocity (r = 0.422, P < 0.05), whilst wrist flexion showed a strongly significant positive correlation (r = 0.626, P < 0.01). The later occurrence of peak pelvis rotation velocity than that for upper torso rotation and shoulder abduction and horizontal flexion, identified that a complete proximal-to-distal sequence is not present in non-elite tennis service. Findings from this study indicate that whilst improvements in wrist flexion and shoulder abduction and horizontal flexion will enhance racket velocity, improvements in internal shoulder rotation are more beneficial for attaining a higher level of service performance. Thus, a key focus for non-elite players is to condition their core and upper body musculature and improve biomechancial technique, in order that higher velocities of internal shoulder rotation may be generated without increasing the potential for injury. Future investigation is needed to determine if different service kinematics exist between genders at the non-elite level and therefore, the type of development programme best suited to each gender for improving service speed.
Palisade Vessels as a New Histologic Marker of Esophageal Origin in ER Specimens From Columnar-Lined Esophagus (2011)

It is difficult for surgical pathologists to determine the origin of tissues in samples taken from the columnar-lined esophagus (CLE) or stomach by biopsy or endoscopic resection (ER) on the basis of histologic examination alone. We examined histopathologically a single section (5 to 22 mm in size; mean, 12 mm) from each of 66 cases of CLE (36 short segments, 30 long segments) from German patients with reference to 3 histologic markers of esophageal origin: esophageal glands proper and/or ducts, squamous islands, and double muscularis mucosae, all of which had been reported previously, and palisade vessels as a new histologic parameter as well. Palisade vessels were defined histologically as veins >100 μm in size in and above the original muscularis mucosae. Esophageal glands proper and/or ducts, squamous islands, and double muscularis mucosae were seen in 33%, 18%, and 71% of the specimens, respectively. Palisade longitudinal vessels were observed in 78% and 63% of specimens of short-segment and long-segment CLE, respectively. Palisade vessels were never seen in ER specimens from the stomach or in the middle esophagus and stomach among control autopsy specimens. At least 1 of these 4 markers was seen in 88% of the sections. Therefore, ER specimens were confirmed to originate from CLE in 88% of single histologic sections of CLE on the basis of histologic examination alone.