gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal serological surveys of Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i> L., using a rapid immunoperoxidase‐based neutralization assay for salmonid alphavirus (2005)

Longitudinal serological surveys for salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV), the causal agent of pancreas disease (PD), were conducted on multiple caged populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., on two farms over a 77-week period (farm 1, freshwater and marine stages) and a 36-week period (farm 2, marine stage only), using a microtitre-based virus neutralization (VN) assay. Collected sera were also screened for viraemia with SPDV, and pancreas, heart and muscle tissues were examined for lesions consistent with PD. Outbreaks of PD occurred during the marine phase on both farms, as demonstrated by seroconversion, the isolation of virus and progressive histopathological changes consistent with a PD outbreak. All populations monitored showed a progressive increase in seroprevalence of 90-100%, typically accompanied by rises in geometric mean antibody titres. With the exception of one caged population, which showed a marked biphasic seroprevalence pattern, the seroprevalence figures in the remaining four monitored populations remained high (> or =70%) until the end of the study period. Peak VN titres of > or =1/1280 were detected on both farms. The results provide essential baseline information for the interpretation of SPDV VN serology results, and indicate that this methodology is suited to both the diagnosis and seroepidemiology of SPDV infections.
Adaptive subcarrier, bit, and power allocation algorithm for MIMO-OFDMA system (2005)

We investigate an adaptive subcarrier, bit, and power allocation algorithm for the downlink MIMO-OFDMA system. Using the singular value decomposition, the MIMO fading channel of each subcarrier is transformed into an equivalent bank of parallel SISO sub-channels. For the efficient allocation of the banks of parallel sub-channels, we define the problem of minimizing total transmit power with constraints on BER and transmission rate for users. Using the simplified problem formulation, we propose a sub-optimal adaptive subcarrier, bit, and power allocation algorithm which outperforms the fixed subcarrier allocation in the MIMO-OFDMA system.
Downregulation of RNAIII in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains regardless of the presence of agr mutation (2011)

Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus can cause serious problems relating to treatment failure and persistent infection. We investigated vancomycin susceptibility, genetic relationships and transcriptional changes of the accessory gene regulator (agr) in vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains isolated from South Korea compared with vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) strains. Molecular characterization, population analysis profiling, agr sequencing and transcriptional profiling of RNAIII by real-time RT-PCR were performed. Of 16 VISA strains tested, eight exhibited ST5, agr II and type II SCCmec. The others exhibited ST239, agr I and type III SCCmec. A point mutation in AgrA (Asp8Gly or Ile238Lys) was found in only five VISA strains; no mutations were detected in the other strains. However, RNAIII levels markedly decreased in all VISA strains (mean of 1.39-fold change) compared with the VSSA strains (31.51-fold change) in late-exponential phases (P<0.0001). The downregulation of RNAIII could be an important genetic event in the VISA strains, regardless of the presence or absence of the agr mutation.
Flexural Creep of an <i>in Situ</i> ‐Toughened Silicon Carbide (2001)

Flexural creep behavior is reported for an in situ ‐toughened SiC between 1100° and 1500°C in four‐point bending. The flexural creep rate of this SiC, sintered with aluminum, boron, and carbon (ABC‐SiC), exhibits linear stress dependence, low apparent activation energy, and low incidence of cavitation and dislocation production. Most grain boundaries in this ceramic contain 1–5 nm intergranular films. The creep rate is consistent with a grain‐boundary transport mechanism involving diffusion along the grain‐boundary film‐SiC interfaces. The microstructure and grain boundaries have been examined using transmission electron microscopy to assess possible changes during creep, particularly in relation to the applied stress direction.
The Influence of Aliphatic Low Molar Mass Polyesters on Crystallization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2001)

Several poly(1,4-butylene sebacate) (SBT) with low molar mass were synthesized, and their number-average molar masses were determined by vapor phase osmometer (VPO). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that they display a good thermal stability. The measurement of solution viscosity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) certified that the addition of SBT leads to an only small decrease in molar mass of PET in the case of higher molar mass SBT. The compatibility of PET with SBT was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM); higher molar mass SBT shows a larger tendency towards phase separation. The influence on crystallization of PET was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was revealed that SBT significantly accelerates the crystallization rate of PET at low temperature and also enhances the crystallization rate of PET at high temperature.
Pharmacotherapy of onychomycosis (2005)

Fungal infections of the nails are frequent in some segments of the population. Dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds are potential pathogens. A series of antifungal treatments are available to the clinician, differing by both their mechanistic nature and mode of administration. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of each antifungal agent are distinct. This review focuses on the characteristics of amorolfine, bifonazole, ciclopirox, fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, ravuconazole, R126638 and terbinafine. Single drug treatments and combined therapies are presented. None of the current drug regimens have demonstrated reliable efficacy against all cases of onychomycosis. Treatment failures, relapses and reinfections remain stubborn problems in the management of onychomycosis.
Limitations of Current Anti-Virus Scanning Technologies (2007)

Malware has become more lethal by using multiple attack vectors to exploit both known and unknown vulnerabilities and can attack prescanned targets with lightning speed. In the future, it is important that the scanners are capable of detecting polymoraphic (obfuscated or variant) and metamorphic (mutated or evolved) versions of malware, however current scanning techniques for malware detection have serious limitations. Simple software obfuscation a general technique that is used to protect the software from reverse engineering techniques can circumvent the current detection mechanisms (anti-virus tools). In this chapter, we describe common attacks on anti-virus tools and a few obfuscation techniques applied to recent viruses that were used to thwart commercial grade anti-virus tools. Similarities among different malware and their variants are also presented in this chapter. The signature used in this method is the percentage of application programming interface (APIs) appearing in the malware type. The hypothesis is that mutants and variants will not stray far from the original. Table 5 shows serious limitations of commercial grade anti-virus scanners in detecting simple obfuscation attacks. Table 6 shows the percentages of similarity of a particular malware when compared to others. One important thing to note is that even the polymorphic ZMist uses the same set of APIs on all three variants.
Profile of the electric field induced in the bulk of thermally poled glass samples (2003)

Summary form only given. A second order susceptibility /spl chi/(2) due to the coupling of the third order glass susceptibility /spl chi/(3) with a DC built-in electric field E/sub ind/ has been induced in different thermally poled glasses. Here, for the first time, using a technique based on electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH), we measure the profile of the induced static electric field E in the bulk of the sample during and after the poling. For various temperatures, we monitor the temporal evolution of the electric field in the sample in the range 200/spl deg/C-360/spl deg/C. This process is found to be thermally activated, the measured activation energy are E/sub a/(silica) = 120 /spl plusmn/ 10 kJ/mol /spl sime/ E/sub a/(Na/sup +/) in fused silica and E/sub a/(SF57) = 80 /spl plusmn/ 10 kJ/mol in lead silica.
Monitoraggio della presenza di caratteristiche biologiche responsabili di pressione selettiva in batteri psicrotrofi patogeni e deterioranti isolati da carni macinate (2005)

Obiettivo. Negli ultimi anni si sono moltiplicati gli isolamenti da alimenti di stipiti psicrotrofi capaci di sopravvivere e moltiplicarsi a temperature di refrigerazione. Tra questi un particolare interesse è destato dai “new food-borne pathogens”, cui appartengono le specie Yersinia enterocolitica, Aeromonas hydrophila e Listeria monocytogenes, ma anche da batteri dal genere Pseudomonas, non sempre dotati d’attitudini patogene, ma temuti per le loro potenzialità deterioranti. Abbiamo quindi ritenuto interessante svolgere un’indagine sulla presenza di microrganismi psicrotrofi in 120 campioni di carne macinata, valutando contestualmente negli stessi l’incidenza dell’antibiotico-resistenza e la produzione di batteriocine, importanti caratteristiche biologiche responsabili di pressione selettiva. Metodi. I ceppi degli psicrotrofi patogeni-opportunisti, isolati da alimenti carnei impiegando le metodiche di routine, sono stati testati mediante la valutazione della minima concentrazione inibente (MIC) nei confronti di 12 antibiotici comunemente impiegati in terapia. La produzione di batteriocine è stata determinata utilizzando la tecnica del “deferred antagonism” Risultati. La percentuale di isolamento delle specie psicrotrofe patogene è risultata pari al 5.8% per Aeromonas hydrophila, 2.5% per Listeria monocytogenes e 0.8% per Yersinia enterocolitica. Nei ceppi isolati sono risultate frequenti le resistenze multiple: il 22.2% ha infatti evidenziato multiresistenza a nove antibiotici ed il 3.5% ad undici dei dodici testati. Il 56.2% degli stipiti presi in esame ha mostrato la presenza di plasmidi ad alto peso molecolare trasferibili per coniugazione in parte responsabili dei profili di resistenza. Conclusioni. Desta notevole preoccupazione la possibilità di trasferimento di tali plasmidi dai ceppi resistenti ad altri sensibili, compresi i patogeni. Obiettivo prioritario degli organismi sanitari preposti dovrà quindi essere la razionalizzazione dell’utilizzo degli antibiotici sia in medicina che in zootecnia, dal momento che il loro uso indiscriminato viene considerato il principale responsabile dell’ampia diffusione di microrganismi resistenti negli alimenti e nell’ambiente.
InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers with InGaP cladding layer grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy (2002)

This paper presents the lasing properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) lasers with InGaP cladding layers grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. These Al-free lasers exhibit a threshold current density of 138 A/cm/sup 2/, an internal loss of 1.35 cm/sup -1/ and an internal quantum efficiency of 31% at room temperature. At low temperature, a very high characteristic temperature of 425 K and very low threshold current density of 30 A/cm/sup 2/ are measured.
Tiga eller tala? - en analys av skyddet för whistleblowers i svensk rätt (2011)

Individer som avslöjar misstankar om eller föreliggande brott, risker eller missförhållanden inom arbetsplatser kallas för whistleblowers. Företeelsen begränsas inte till en viss utövarkrets utan kan utövas av envar. Whistleblowing är värdefullt för svensk företagsamhet samt samhället i stort eftersom allvarliga brott, risker och andra olägenheter upptäcks och kan avhjälpas. Men whistleblowers uppskattas sällan och riskerar i stället att utsättas för olika repressalier såsom trakasserier, utfrysning, omplacering och ibland tom uppsägning. Det pågår en aktuell debatt om skyddet för whistleblowers inte enbart i media utan även på politisk nivå. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka om svensk rätt innehåller ett tillräckligt skydd för whistleblowers. Dels genom att kartlägga möjligheterna för att göra en anmälan och dels genom en granskning av skyddet i svensk rätt. Varje svensk medborgare är enligt den grundlagsfästa yttrande- och meddelarfriheten tillförsäkrad rätten att offentligt uttrycka sina åsikter, tankar och känslor i vilket ämne som helst. Bestämmelserna är en förutsättning för att medborgarna offentligt skall kunna avslöja olägenheter på arbetsplatser utan en rädsla för påföljder. I fråga om whistleblowing ser skyddet emellertid olika ut beroende på om whistleblowern är offentlig- eller privatanställd. Yttrande- och meddelafriheten gäller nämligen enbart gentemot det allmänna och kan inte åberopas av privatanställda gentemot deras arbetsgivare. För offentliganställda innebär whistleblowing däremot ett nyttjande av den grundlagsfästa yttrande- och meddelarfriheten. Det innebär att en offentlig arbetsgivare inte får vidta åtgärder mot en whistleblower för att denne har nyttjat sina rättigheter enligt lag. För privatanställda handlar whistleblowing istället om en avvägning mellan rätten att kritisera sin arbetsgivare och den lojalitetsplikt som följer av anställningsförhållandet. Om whistleblowingen anses utgöra ett illojalt handlande har arbetsgivaren rätt att vidta åtgärder mot denne. Anställningsskyddet och företagshemlighetslagen utgör dock ett visst skydd mot ett ingripande från arbetsgivaren. För privatpersoner som utövar whistleblowing är skyddet än mer begränsat. För dessa whistleblowers finns ett relativt osäkert skydd om avslöjandet görs anonymt till representanter för media. Författarens slutsats är att skyddet för whistleblowers är starkast inom offentlig sektor men att rättsläget för övriga whistleblowers är osäkert. Det vore därför önskvärt med ett enhetligt skydd för whistleblowers som inte är begränsat till en viss utövarkrets.
Is language evolution grinding to a halt? The scaling of lexical\n turbulence in English fiction suggests it is not (2015)

Of basic interest is the quantification of the long term growth of a\nlanguage's lexicon as it develops to more completely cover both a culture's\ncommunication requirements and knowledge space. Here, we explore the usage\ndynamics of words in the English language as reflected by the Google Books 2012\nEnglish Fiction corpus. We critique an earlier method that found decreasing\nbirth and increasing death rates of words over the second half of the 20th\nCentury, showing death rates to be strongly affected by the imposed time cutoff\nof the arbitrary present and not increasing dramatically. We provide a robust,\nprincipled approach to examining lexical evolution by tracking the volume of\nword flux across various relative frequency thresholds. We show that while the\noverall statistical structure of the English language remains stable over time\nin terms of its raw Zipf distribution, we find evidence of an enduring `lexical\nturbulence': The flux of words across frequency thresholds from decade to\ndecade scales superlinearly with word rank and exhibits a scaling break we\nconnect to that of Zipf's law. To better understand the changing lexicon, we\nexamine the contributions to the Jensen-Shannon divergence of individual words\ncrossing frequency thresholds. We also find indications that scholarly works\nabout fiction are strongly represented in the 2012 English Fiction corpus, and\nsuggest that a future revision of the corpus should attempt to separate\ncritical works from fiction itself.\n
A Multi-Sensory Approach to 3-D Mapping of Underground Utilities (2002)

A Multi-Sensory Approach to 3-D Mapping of Underground Utilities L. Bernold, L. Venkatesan, S. Suvarna Pages 525-530 (2002 Proceedings of the 19th ISARC, Washington, USA, ISSN 2413-5844) Abstract: The demand for new buried utilities, such as gas, power and fiber-optic communication lines is growing with new construction, re-construction, and the growth of the communication infrastructure worldwide. Because the machinery for placing the new utilities underground, such as backhoe excavators, trenchers, augers, drills, and plows, don?t ?feel? when they are getting close to already buried object, utilities are easily damaged. Despite great efforts in locating existing utilities before a contractor is allowed to dig, accidents occur. This paper will present a novel technology for detecting and locating buried utilities that attaches to the digging equipment and utilizes both EMI (Electromagnetic Induction) and a GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar). The newest effort involves the development and performance analysis of algorithms to detect and extract the features and characteristics of these utilities, such as their orientation, diameters etc. One prime focus is to minimize the percentage of false alarms. For that purpose, the two sensor systems are fused to create a multi-sensory approach to 3-D mapping of all the utilities without a priori knowledge of their location Keywords: Buried utility detection, Electromagnetic Induction, Ground Penetrating Radar, Sensor fusion DOI: https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2002/0082 Download fulltext Download BibTex Download Endnote (RIS) TeX Import to Mendeley
Osmotic Stress Regulates the Stability of Cyclin D1 in a p38SAPK2-dependent Manner (2000)

We report here that different cell stresses regulate the stability of cyclin D1 protein. Exposition of Granta 519 cells to osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and arsenite induced the post-transcriptional down-regulation of cyclin D1. In the case of osmotic shock, this effect was completely reversed by the addition of p38(SAPK2)-specific inhibitors (SB203580 or SB220025), indicating that this effect is dependent on p38(SAPK2) activity. Moreover, the use of proteasome inhibitors prevented this down-regulation. Thus, osmotic shock induces proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1 protein by a p38(SAPK2)-dependent pathway. The effect of p38(SAPK2) on cyclin D1 stability might be mediated by direct phosphorylation at specific sites. We found that p38(SAPK2) phosphorylates cyclin D1 in vitro at Thr(286) and that this phosphorylation triggers the ubiquitination of cyclin D1. These results link for the first time a stress-induced MAP kinase pathway to cyclin D1 protein stability, and they will help to understand the molecular mechanisms by which stress transduction pathways regulate the cell cycle machinery and take control over cell proliferation.
Inverted-F Antenna for 3D Integrated Wireless Sensor Applications (2007)

This paper presents a low-profile inverted-F antenna for 3D integrated wireless sensor applications at the 2.4 GHz "industrial, scientific, medical" band (ISM). The proposed antenna with an equivalent model of the 3D integrated wireless sensor was simulated assuming in free-space conditions and fabricated on a piece of thick commercial FR-4 epoxy laminate combined with a stair configuration metal block. Both the impedance and radiation performance of the proposed antenna integrated in the wireless sensor cube were experimentally measured and then optimized. The measurements show that about 60 MHz -10 dB return loss bandwidth and -8.3 dBi gain are achieved at 2.4 GHz. Although the proposed antenna has low radiation efficiency due to the limited available space and the lossy epoxy based FR-4 substrate, it features a low-profile and cost effective solution for the particular applications.
Diffusion tensor imaging in seven minutes: Determining trade-offs between spatial and directional resolution (2010)

Imaging protocols must obtain maximum information under tight time constraints, to minimize patient discomfort or attrition, and motion artifacts. As part of a pilot study optimizing DTI sequences for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, we scanned 8 subjects with 3 DTI protocols of equal duration at two time-points (48 scans). If scan duration is fixed, collecting more diffusion-sensitized gradient directions can increase angular resolution at the expense of spatial. We compared 7-minute sequences with 3.0(48), 2.7(41), and 2.5(37) mm isotropic voxels (directions), to assess (1) SNR; (2) bias in estimating fiber anisotropy; (3) reproducibility over time; (4) intersubject variance--relevant for group comparisons. Statistical maps revealed that higher angular resolutions gave more reproducible estimates; FA depended on voxel size, with a steeper dependency in more heterogeneous regions. The intermediate resolution gave best SNR. 2mm DTI scans are common, but improved angular resolution may add temporal stability, and benefits for tractography.
Genetic Tagging of Tumor Cells with Retrovirus Vectors: Clonal Analysis of Tumor Growth and Metastasis In Vivo (1988)

Retrovirus vector infection was used to introduce large numbers of unique genetic markers into tumor cell populations for the purpose of analyzing comparative changes in the clonal composition of metastatic versus that of nonmetastatic tumors during their progressive growth in vivo. The cell lines used were SP1, a nonmetastatic, aneuploid mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, and SP1HU9L, a metastatic variant of SP1. Cells were infected with delta e delta pMoTN, a replication-defective retrovirus vector which possesses the dominant selectable neo gene and crippled long terminal repeats. G418r colonies were obtained at a frequency of 4 x 10(-3). Southern blot analysis of a number of clones provided evidence of random and heritable integration of one or two copies of the proviral DNA. Clonal evolution of primary tumor growth and the nature of lineage relationships among spontaneous metastases and primary tumors were analyzed by subcutaneously injecting 10(5) cells from a pooled mixture of 3.6 x 10(2) G418r SP1HU9L or 10(4) G418r SP1 colonies into syngeneic CBA/J mice. The most striking finding was the relative clonal homogeneity of advanced primary tumors; they invariably consisted of a small number (less than 10) of distinct clones despite the fact that hundreds or thousands of uniquely marked clones had been injected. In the case of the metastatic SP1HU9L cells, the nature of these "dominant" clones varied from one tumor to another. Analysis of a number of lung metastases revealed that a proportion of them were derived from dominant primary tumor clones and were composed of one, and sometimes two, distinct progenitors. In some animals, all the lung metastases were derived from a common progenitor clone, whereas in others, each metastatic nodule had a different progenitor. The results show the following. (i) Retrovirus vector infection can be used to introduce large numbers of unique and stable clonal markers into tumor cell populations. (ii) The progeny of a very limited number of clones dominate in advanced primary tumors. (iii) Mammary carcinoma metastases are of mono- or biclonal origin. The significance of the results is discussed.
Integration issues for high-strain actuation applications (1998)

Strain actuators, used to induce a relative structural displacement, are most effective when integrally embedded into the host structure. The paper summarizes progress and challenges in the field of embedding smart materials into structures. The difficulties of embedding active elements within composite structures are described from a system design perspective. Issues associated with the application of strain actuators in primary aircraft structure are discussed. Development of new embedding technology to combat the difficulties with high strain applications is advocated.
Advances in skeletal tissue engineering with hydrogels (2005)

Tissue engineering provides a venue to investigate tissue development of mutant or diseased cells and potential therapeutics.