gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ovary and ovulation: Symmetry and ovulation in women (1996)

Women have cryptic ovulation, and self-observation methods of determining the timing of ovulation, such as monitoring cervical mucus symptoms or recording basal body temperature, are not reliable. It has recently become apparent that the symmetry of paired soft tissue traits, such as breast size and digit length, changes across the menstrual cycle. This paper presents evidence that symmetry in four paired soft tissue traits showed a marked increase on the day of ovulation. The difference (i.e. the asymmetry) between the size of the left and right trait in ears, 3rd, 4th and 5th digits was measured. The timing of ovulation was confirmed by real-time pelvic ultrasonography and trait measurements were made without knowledge of scan results. Asymmetry was lowest on the day of ovulation (day 0), decreasing by about 30% from day -1, and significant within-subjects changes occurred from days -2 to day -1, and day -1 to day 0. The practical and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
Biotechnological conversions of bio‐diesel‐derived crude glycerol by <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> strains (2009)

Abstract In the present report, crude glycerol, waste discharged from bio‐diesel production, was used as carbon substrate for three natural Yarrowia lipolytica strains (LFMB 19, LFMB 20 and ACA‐YC 5033) during growth in nitrogen‐limited submerged shake‐flask experiments. In media with initial glycerol concentration of 30 g/L, all strains presented satisfactory microbial growth and complete glycerol uptake. Although culture conditions favored the secretion of citric acid (and potentially the accumulation of storage lipid), for the strains LFMB 19 and LFMB 20, polyol mannitol was the principal metabolic product synthesized (maximum quantity 6.0 g/L, yield 0.20–0.26 g per g of glycerol consumed). The above strains produced small quantities of lipids and citric acid. In contrast, Y. lipolytica ACA‐YC 5033 produced simultaneously higher quantities of lipid and citric acid and was further grown on crude glycerol in nitrogen‐limited experiments, with constant nitrogen and increasing glycerol concentrations (70–120 g/L). Citric acid and lipid concentrations increased with increment of glycerol; maximum total citric acid 50.1 g/L was produced (yield 0.44 g per g of glycerol) while simultaneously 2.0 g/L of fat were accumulated inside the cells (0.31 g of lipid per g of dry weight). Cellular lipids were mainly composed of neutral fraction, the concentration of which substantially increased with time. Moreover, in any case, the phospholipid fraction was more unsaturated compared with total and neutral lipids, while at the early growth step, microbial lipid was more rich in saturated fatty acids ( e.g. C16:0 and C18:0) compared with the stationary phase.
Human Growth Hormone Increases Intestinal Vitamin D-Dependent Calcium-Binding Protein in Hypophysectomized Rats* (1983)

We examined the effects of hypophysectomy and pituitary hormone replacement on vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in rat small intestine. The concentration of immunoreactive CaBP per mg intestinal protein was decreased by at least 56% in hypophysectomized rats compared to that in intact pair-fed controls. Alkaline phosphatase and total protein also were reduced by hypophysectomy, but pair-feeding produced comparable decreases. Daily injections of 2, 10, or 50 micrograms human GH (hGH) for 9 days produced a dose-dependent increase in CaBP. At the highest hGH dose (50 micrograms), the content of CaBP was increased 2- to 4-fold to intact levels. By comparison, the increases in total protein and alkaline phosphatase were small (25% to 40% and 80% to 90%, respectively). The induction of CaBP preceded the other protein responses; half-maximal increases in CaBP occurred after 2 days of hGH (50 micrograms/day) treatment before statistically significant changes in total protein or alkaline phosphatase activity. hGH was the most potent pituitary hormone tested; ovine TSH (25 mU/day) had no effect on CaBP, and ovine PRL (10 or 50 micrograms/day) increased CaBP by only 25-27% (P = 0.014). These studies indicate that the vitamin D-dependent intestinal CaBP in hypophysectomized rats is regulated by GH and provide further evidence that the pituitary may be involved in regulating vitamin D-dependent intestinal adaptations.
Non-rigid image registration based on Overlapped Block Check and Free-Form Deformation (2010)

A new non-rigid registration approach is presented for the images which contain highly local deformation, using Free-Form Deformation (FFD) and Overlapped Block Check method. First of all, the hierarchical B-spline FFD with large grid is used for global registration. Then the rough registered image and fixed image are divided into a series of corresponding overlapped block pairs. We calculate the difference of each block pair and decide which ones need further refined registration, then a small grid FFD is adopted for them. In order to avoid the boundary effect, we propose a strategy to regulate the motion of the control points near the boundaries. Experimental results on Lena image and Brain image show that the proposed method can achieve high registration accuracy not only through difference images between registered images and fixed images, but also by similarity measures, such as Mutual Information (MI), Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) and Sum of Square Difference (SSD), etc. Furthermore, we confirm that the large and small spacing of control points in FFD will influence the accuracy of image registration in different ways.
Bone modelling in the implantation bed (1985)

We consider results from tissue culture studies and the comparative histology of mineralized tissues and other natural tissue interfaces which may have some relevance in understanding the abnormal biology of the immediate environment of an implant in bone. We discuss factors influencing setting, colonization, and migration on natural and artificial substrates by various cell types which may make or remove matrix near the implant. A knowledge of mechanisms of mineral and organic matrix destruction by osteoclasts and other cells must be important in addition to an understanding of the interaction of local and systemic hormones with bone cells. More studies of the role of the immune system in implant failure are urgently required.
A generalized three-parameter (3-P) aperture distribution for antenna applications (1992)

A versatile three-parameter (3-P) elliptical aperture distribution, which encompasses many of the existing circular aperture distributions, is presented. Characteristics of the 3-P distributions such as the edge taper, the taper efficiency, the aperture power, the closed-form far fields, the sidelobe levels, the beamwidth and beam efficiency are analyzed. Also derived is an asymptotic form of the far-field, based on which the far-angle features of the 3-P distributions such as the far-field envelope, the decay rate, and the positions of nulls are determined. Examples are presented to illustrate the improvements resulting from the enlarged parameter space for aperture models obtainable from the 3-P distributions. Issues concerning the total power associated with an aperture distribution are studied and the inadequacy of some commonly used approximation is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Acid phosphomonoesterase and phytase activities of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) roots and utilization of organic phosphorus substrates by seedlings grown in sterile culture (2000)

ABSTRACT Wheat seedlings exhibited a differential ability to utilize P from a range of organic P substrates when grown in agar culture under sterile conditions. Plants showed limited ability to obtain P from inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), whereas other monoester substrates such as glucose 1‐phosphate (G1P), were equivalent sources of P for plant growth as compared with inorganic phosphate (P i ). Poor utilization of IHP was exemplified by significantly lower rates of dry matter accumulation and reduced P content of tissues, which were generally not significantly different to control plants that were grown in the absence of added P. The inability of wheat seedlings to obtain P from IHP was not associated with poor substrate availability but was due to either insufficient root phytase activity or inappropriate localization of phytase within root tissues. Phytase activities of 4 and 24 mU g − 1 root fresh weight (FW) were determined for crude root extracts prepared from plants that were grown with either adequate P or under deficient conditions, respectively. Similar levels of phytase activity (approximately 12 mU g − 1 FW) were observed in assays using intact roots, although no secreted activity was detected. By comparison, a secreted acid phosphomonoesterase activity was observed, and activities of between 466 and 1029 mU phosphomonoesterase g − 1 root FW were measured for intact roots. On the basis of the differences in enzyme activity, and the observed differences in the ability of wheat seedlings to utilize G1P and IHP, it is evident that low intrinsic levels of phytase activity in wheat roots is a critical factor that limits the ability of wheat to obtain P from phytate when supplied in agar under non‐limiting conditions. This hypothesis was further supported by the observation that the ability of wheat to obtain P from IHP was significantly improved when the seedlings were inoculated with a soil bacterium ( Pseudomonas sp. strain CCAR59) that possesses phytase activity.
The Role of Hypoxia in Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Considerations for Regenerative Medicine Approaches (2009)

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated potential for regenerative medicine strategies. Knowledge of the way these cells respond to their environment in in vitro culture and after implantation in vivo is crucial for successful therapy. Oxygen tension plays a pivotal role in both situations. In vivo, a hypoxic environment can lead to apoptosis, but hypoxic preconditioning of MSCs and overexpression of prosurvival genes like Akt can reduce hypoxia-induced cell death. In cell culture, hypoxia can increase proliferation rates and enhance differentiation along the different mesenchymal lineages. Hypoxia also modulates the paracrine activity of MSCs, causing upregulation of various secretable factors, among which are important angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 (IL6). Finally, hypoxia plays an important role in mobilization and homing of MSCs, primarily by its ability to induce stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression along with its receptor CXCR4. This article reviews the current literature on the effects of hypoxia on MSCs and aims to elucidate its potential role in regenerative medicine strategies.
Applying Neural Networks: A Practical Guide (1996)

Techniques for building neural networks: introduction what are neural networks? how does neural computing differ from traditional programming? how are neural networks built? how do neural networks learn? what do I need to build an MLP? the neural project life cycle the generalisation-accuracy trade-off implementation details activation and learning equations a simple example: modelling a pendulum. Dat encoding and re-coding: introduction data type classification initial statistical calculations dimensionality reduction scaling a data set neural encoding methods temporal data when to carry out re-coding implementation details. Building a network: introduction designing the MLP training neural networks implementations details. Time varying systems: time varying data sets neural networks for predicting or classifying time series choosing the best method for the task predicting more than one step into the future learning separate paths through state space recurrent networks as models of finite state automata summary of temporal neural networks. Data collection and validation: data collection building the training and test sets data quality calculating entropy values for a data set using a forward-inverse model to serve III posed problems. Output and error analysis: introduction what do the errors mean? error bars and confidence limits methods for visualising errors novelty detection implementation details a simple two class example unbalanced data: a mail shot targeting example auto-associative network novelty detection training a network on confidence limits an example based on credit rating. Network use and analysis: introduction extracting reasons traversing a network summary calculating the derivatives personnel selection: a worked example. Managing a neural network based project: project context development platform project personnel project costs the benefits of neural computing the risks involved with neural computing alternatives to a neural computing approach project time scale project documentation system maintenance. Review of neural applications: introduction to part II. Neural networks and signal processing: introduction signal processing as data preparation pre-processing techniques for visual processing neural filters in the Fourier and temporal domains speech recognition production quality control an artistic style classifier fingerprint analysis summary. Financial and business modelling. (Part contents).
Assessment of myocardial oxygen extraction fraction and perfusion reserve with BOLD imaging in a canine model with coronary artery stenosis (2007)

In a canine model with moderate coronary artery stenosis, TSE-based BOLD imaging can quantitatively estimate the regional OEF(hyperemia) and approximate the MPR, and can distinguish segments perfused by defected coronary artery.
Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. (2000)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders. Data from epidemiologic surveys indicate that the vast majority of individuals with PTSD meet criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder, and a substantial percentage have 3 or more other psychiatric diagnoses. A number of different hypothetical constructs have been posited to explain this high comorbidity; for example, the self-medication hypothesis has often been applied to understand the relationship between PTSD and substance use disorders. There is a substantial amount of symptom overlap between PTSD and a number of other psychiatric diagnoses, particularly major depressive disorder. It has been suggested that high rates of comorbidity may be simply an epiphenomenon of the diagnostic criteria used. In any case, this high degree of symptom overlap can contribute to diagnostic confusion and, in particular, to the underdiagnosis of PTSD when trauma histories are not specifically obtained. The most common comorbid diagnoses are depressive disorders, substance use disorders, and other anxiety disorders. The comorbidity of PTSD and depressive disorders is of particular interest. Across a number of studies, these are the disorders most likely to co-occur with PTSD. It is also clear that depressive disorder can be a common and independent sequela of exposure to trauma and having a previous depressive disorder is a risk factor for the development of PTSD once exposure to a trauma occurs. The comorbidity of PTSD with substance use disorders is complex because while a substance use disorder may often develop as an attempt to self-medicate the painful symptoms of PTSD, withdrawal states exaggerate these symptoms. Appropriate treatment of PTSD in substance abusers is a controversial issue because of the belief that addressing issues related to the trauma in early recovery can precipitate relapse. In conclusion, comorbidity in PTSD is the rule rather than the exception. This area warrants much further study since comorbid conditions may provide a rationale for the subtyping of individuals with PTSD to optimize treatment outcomes.
Sequencing of Bacterial Genomes: Principles and Insights into Pathogenesis and Development of Antibiotics (2013)

The impact of bacterial diseases on public health has become enormous, and is partly due to the increasing trend of antibiotic resistance displayed by bacterial pathogens. Sequencing of bacterial genomes has significantly improved our understanding about the biology of many bacterial pathogens as well as identification of novel antibiotic targets. Since the advent of genome sequencing two decades ago, about 1,800 bacterial genomes have been fully sequenced and these include important aetiological agents such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Vibrio cholerae, Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. Very recently, there has been an explosion of bacterial genome data and is due to the development of next generation sequencing technologies, which are evolving so rapidly. Indeed, the field of microbial genomics is advancing at a very fast rate and it is difficult for researchers to be abreast with the new developments. This highlights the need for regular updates in microbial genomics through comprehensive reviews. This review paper seeks to provide an update on bacterial genome sequencing generally, and to analyze insights gained from sequencing in two areas, including bacterial pathogenesis and the development of antibiotics.
The Little Ice Age in the Massif of Mont Blanc (1966)

CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS in Europe, since medieval times, have had some interesting geographical consequences, especially in mountain areas.1 The history of glacial behaviour is one of the main lines of evidence available for their investigation. As accumulation and ablation vary, so glaciers must advance and retreat. But the response of a glacier to a particular climatic oscillation depends not only upon the nature and duration of the meteorological changes involved but also upon the character and position of the ice mass and the shape of its bed. Data concerning individual glaciers can therefore be misleading, and it seems safest to trace the glacial fluctuations of a whole massif. Individual anomalies are then recognizable, and some picture of the nature of the impact of the waxing and waning of glacial tongues upon the life of a mountain people is also more likely to emerge. Yet this approach has been surprisingly neglected. The advance of glaciers in the northern hemisphere to more forward positions, which were generally maintained during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and a large part of the nineteenth century, was certainly a wide-spread phenomenon; so is the current retreat to positions comparable with those of the mid-sixteenth century.2 This period of glacial enlargement is now often called the Little Ice Age. Not surprisingly, the scale and timing of the oscillations involved do not seem to have been everywhere the same, even in Europe, but full appreciation of the extent of these differences must await the completion of a sufficient number of detailed regional studies. An unusual variety and volume of evidence is available about the fluctuations of the glaciers of the massif of Mont Blanc. Although cartographic coverage was poor until the nineteenth century, and although as late as 1863 A. Adams-Reilly3 found it 'strange that the chain of Mont Blanc should be the most visited and at the same time the worst mapped portion of the Alps' (Note I), a wealth of good maps has since appeared (Note II). The glaciers have been the subject of well over a hundred papers, as well as a number of books and monographs.4 Several of these give valuable systematic accounts of the oscillations of particular glaciers for various periods5 or even of all the glaciers of a particular national sector of the massif for the whole of the Little Ice Age.6 Corbel in his recent paper on glaciers and climate in the Mont Blanc massif7 was naturally able to devote only a few pages to the fluctuations of the last few centuries. E. Le Roy Ladurie,8 in his very interesting study of climate and harvests of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, drew particularly on data from the Chamonix valley, but was not concerned either to assemble the overall data for this one region, or to deal with more recent events.
A novel adaptive dimming technique with X-Y channels for LED backlight system of LCD TVs (2007)

A novel adaptive dimming technique with X-Y channels for light emitting diode (LED) backlight system of LCD TVs is proposed. It has matrix structured LED modules with row and column switches to control the brightness of individual division block. It shows local dimming effects such as reduced power consumption and high dynamic contrast ratio with even using much fewer number of LED drivers of proposed method than that of conventional local dimming method. Therefore, low cost and compact design of LED drivers can be achieved. This paper also contains a new adaptive dimming algorithm and image compensation technique for proposed system.
Earthquake Risk Insurance (2012)

The March 2011 earthquake that hit east\n Japan was the fourth-largest ever recorded. It was not only\n a human tragedy but an economic shock with losses estimated\n in excess of 16,900 billion Chinese yuan, making it the\n costliest disaster in history. Despite this, the Japanese\n insurance industry is expected to emerge without significant\n financial impairment, thanks to a well-developed residential\n earthquake risk insurance dual program (with private nonlife\n insurers and cooperative mutual insurers) based on\n conservative control of insurers' liabilities (through\n insurance policy structures and reinsurance). Meanwhile,\n more than half of Japanese homeowners are still uninsured,\n creating a significant fiscal burden for the government.\n This report gives findings; lessons; and recommendations for\n developing countries.
Growth of carbon nanotubes with resist-assisted patterning process (2007)

The authors developed a growth method for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by using a resist-assisted patterning process. The CNTs can be grown directly on the patterned catalyst surface without a diffusion barrier. The growth-site patterns were fabricated on a nickel/silicon (Ni∕Si) substrate by a conventional lithography method using a photopatternable resist. The growth mechanism of the CNTs without diffusion barrier was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and transmission-electron microscope measurement. The carbon-network formation during forming the process is a key parameter for CNT growth. The technique will be applicable to a low-cost fabrication process of electron-emitter arrays.