gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) Films for Organic Light Emissive Devices (OLEDs) (2011)

Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films of In2O3, SnO2, ZnO, and their mixtures have been extensively used in optoelectronic applications such as transparent electrodes in touch panels, flat panel displays (FPDs), and other future devices. The first chapter provides an introduction to the basic physics of TCO films and surveys the various topics and challenges in this field. It includes a description of the TCO materials used in some of the organic light emissive devices (OLEDs) that have been studied extensively to date, the performance of various OLEDs, and a brief outlook. Chapter 2 focuses on TCO material development of p-type and n-type. Typical oxide kind of TCO materials consist of In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO. These are applied as a TCO films with ntype semiconducting property according to highly doped dopants which acting as a carrier. Until today, in a n-type TCO materials, indium tin oxide (ITO) doped with SnO2 of 10 wt.% in In2O3 has been widely commercialized. This is because the ITO film has high performance of both good electrical conductivity of ~10-4 Ω·cm and high transmittance of ~90% when the ITO film is coated on glass substrate. At present, In2O3-SnO2 (ITO) films are most commonly used as TCO films, but they have ome disadvantages, such as high cost, instability, poor surface roughness, and toxicity in their further applications. And amorphous ITO film deposited at low temperature has low resistance under moist heat, which leads to a decrease in its conductivity and light transmittance. In addition, unfortunately, the price of Indium is dramatically increasing every day due to a mix-up between the supply and demand of raw materials by the exhaustion of Indium source. On the other hand, some zinc-based TCO materials have good optical and electrical properties comparable to the ITO films, as well as low cost, high stability, excellent surface uniformity, and good etching selectivity. The zincbased TCO films are, therefore, regarded as promising substitutes for ITO film. In Chapter 3, the Indium-based and Zinc-based TCO Materials, and their electrical, optical, and structural properties will be discussed. Particularly, since more stringent specifications for TCO films have been required for realization of both higher resolution and larger screen size of FPDs, and preparation of high-quality TCO films at low temperature is very important to realize advanced optoelectronic devices. Chapter 4 will introduce the new TCO materials, such as: organic conductors like poly(3,4ethylenedioxy thiophene):poly(styrenesulphonicacid) (PEDOT:PSS), and the expanding field of nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and composite materials combining one or more of these materials. For example, long metallic nanotubes have been
Brain-specific Foxp1 deletion impairs neuronal development and causes autistic-like behaviour (2014)

Neurodevelopmental disorders are multi-faceted and can lead to intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder and language impairment. Mutations in the Forkhead box FOXP1 gene have been linked to all these disorders, suggesting that it may play a central role in various cognitive and social processes. To understand the role of Foxp1 in the context of neurodevelopment leading to alterations in cognition and behaviour, we generated mice with a brain-specific Foxp1 deletion (Nestin-Cre(Foxp1-/-)mice). The mutant mice were viable and allowed for the first time the analysis of pre- and postnatal neurodevelopmental phenotypes, which included a pronounced disruption of the developing striatum and more subtle alterations in the hippocampus. More detailed analysis in the CA1 region revealed abnormal neuronal morphogenesis that was associated with reduced excitability and an imbalance of excitatory to inhibitory input in CA1 hippocampal neurons in Nestin-Cre(Foxp1-/-) mice. Foxp1 ablation was also associated with various cognitive and social deficits, providing new insights into its behavioural importance.
CME Vol.9(2) (2018)

Abstract not availableAnwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 9, No. 2: Jul 2018, P 159
Photography of the Corneal Endothelium (1976)

Excellent photographs of corneal endothelial cells may be obtained during clinical examinations with the specular microscope. Endothelial photographs are extremely useful in documenting the corneal effects of ocular trauma, aging, inflammation, and surgery. An objective appraisal of various ocular surgical techniques and their effect on the corneal endothelium is possible. This new photographic technique provides information that can improve both the diagnosis and the therapy of corneal diseases.
Comparison of bleomycin and radiation in the G2 assay of chromatid breaks (2003)

Both bleomycin and radiation give the same sensitivity phenotypes as determined by the G2 assay of chromatid breaks. Thus, when no radiation facility is present, bleomycin seems to be a good alternative to radiation for this type of assay.
Functional analysis of liverworts in dual symbiosis with Glomeromycota and Mucoromycotina fungi under a simulated Palaeozoic CO2 decline (2015)

Most land plants form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomeromycota, but recent studies have found that ancient plant lineages form mutualisms with Mucoromycotina fungi. Simultaneous associations with both fungal lineages have now been found in some plants, necessitating studies to understand the functional and evolutionary significance of these tripartite associations for the first time. We investigate the physiology and cytology of dual fungal symbioses in the early-diverging liverworts Allisonia and Neohodgsonia at modern and Palaeozoic-like elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations under which they are thought to have evolved. We found enhanced carbon cost to liverworts with simultaneous Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycota associations, greater nutrient gain compared with those symbiotic with only one fungal group in previous experiments and contrasting responses to atmospheric CO2 among liverwort-fungal symbioses. In liverwort-Mucoromycotina symbioses, there is increased P-for-C and N-for-C exchange efficiency at 440 p.p.m. compared with 1500 p.p.m. CO2. In liverwort-Glomeromycota symbioses, P-for-C exchange is lower at ambient CO2 compared with elevated CO2. No characteristic cytologies of dual symbiosis were identified. We provide evidence of a distinct physiological niche for plant symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi, giving novel insight into why dual symbioses with Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycota fungi persist to the present day.
Effect of Amla, an approach towards the control of Diabetes mellitus (2013)

A B S T R A C T Emblica officinalis (Amla) are widely used in the Indian system of medicine and believed to increase defense against disease. Vitamin C, tannins and flavonoids present in amla have very powerful antioxidant activities. Due to rich Vitamin C, amla is successful used in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus. To study the effect of Amla in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) we selected 60 T2DM subjects from Acharya Nagarjuna University in Guntur at Andhra Pradesh and they were divided into two groups, control group (N=30) and experimental group (N=30). The data were collected on general information, background information, clinical information, anthropometry and 24 hour dietary recall along with fasting blood sugar, lipid profile and glycosylated hemoglobin. The experimental group of 30 patients was given a medium sized fresh Amla (approximately 35 g) on a daily basis for 6 months. The Amla was procured from the local vegetable market of Guntur city. They were asked to consume the fruit in a raw form daily before breakfast. During the course of supplementation no modification in the diet or medication was made for both experimental and control groups. The anthropometric measurements and Biochemical parameters like FBS, PPBS, HBA1C and lipid profile were monitored at the end of supplementation period. Supplementation of one medium size Amla (35g) for 6 months led to a significant decrease in the FBS,PPBS,HBA1C,Lipid profile values in the experimental group. There were no significant changes in the control group.
Resting energy expenditure, calorie and protein consumption in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study (2016)

The findings of this study suggest that both underfeeding and overfeeding appear to be harmful to critically ill patients, such that achieving an Adcal/REE of 70 % had a survival advantage. A higher caloric intake may also be associated with harm in the form of increased LOS and LOV. The optimal way to define caloric goals therefore requires an exact estimate, which is ideally performed using indirect calorimetry. These findings may provide a basis for future randomized controlled trials comparing specific nutritional regimens based on indirect calorimetry measurements.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) as an Adjunct to Autologous Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Lymphoma (1992)

Administration of GM-CSF after autologous hemopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with lymphoma resulted in accelerated myeloid recovery, particularly in patients who received peripheral blood stem cells and nonpurged bone marrow, and was associated with a decreased incidence of bacterial infections.
Direct Measurement of Occupants’ Skin Temperature and Human Thermal Comfort Sensation for Building Comfort Control (2015)

Providing conditioned and fully controlled indoor environment is one of goals of building design. But on the other hand, smart building controllers are providing the required cooling and heating load depending on occupants’ real time feelings. This study focuses on evaluating meaningful and steady state relationship between human thermal perception and body physiological behavior and express comfort feeling perception as a measurable and sensible variable in general occupants through their ambient. For this purpose different body part reaction in the same ambient situation has been studied and two body parts which have the biggest linear temperature changes to ambient condition, has been selected to evaluate this research hypothesis. For these tests, wrist and palm temperatures on different people have been measured accurately with thermal camera to follow the temperature trend on various comfort levels which has been caused by different ambient condition. It has been founded that each person has his own unique temperature on wrist and palm when he feels comfort in the ambient he is in. In the other words each person’s body temperature at comfort level is a precise indicator for comfort feeling of his own. So in the future by having this unique comfort temperature for each person, controlling the indoor condition with the occupants’ body temperature to approach them to their unique hand comfort temperature would be a rational choice to bring convenience while energy has been saved more.
Teaching and learning with analogies : friend or foe (2006)

The Friend or Foe metaphor in the title raises timely questions about the value of analogies in science education. Science teachers and textbook writers differ widely in their enthusiasm for analogical explanations: some use many analogies (Harrison, 2001; Harrison & de Jong, 2004); others are wary because they cannot predict how their students or readers will interpret the analogies they use to teach science (Treagust, Duit, Loslin & Lindauer, 1992; Thiele & Treagust, 1994). This chapter therefore discusses the importance and role of analogies in the teaching and learning of science. It is now more than 10 years since Duit (1991) reviewed the literature on the use of analogies in science education; therefore, we examine new and old studies and ask, “what have we learned over the past decade about the pedagogical and epistemological value of science analogies?” and, “to whom are analogies more important: science practitioners, teachers or students?” The latter question is important because it asks “are analogies just excellent communication tools or can they generate new knowledge?” We begin our discussion by concentrating on the use of analogies in teaching and learning.Much of the research to date has focused on how teachers understand and use analogies (e.g., Glynn, 1991; Treagust, Harrison & Venville, 1998), however, students’ interpretation of teaching analogies deserve equal attention (e.g., Gick & Holyoak, 1983; Dagher, 1995a). This problem raises a further question about analogies research; “Do students see, interpret and apply analogies in the way intended by teachers and textbook writers?” Studies into student understanding of analogies mostly concentrated on the knowledge developed by “good” or talkative students; but what do the majority of students understand when analogies are used to explain abstract and difficult ideas such as molecules, diffusion and plate tectonics?”Analogies have been called “two edged swords? Because the appropriate knowledge they generate is often accompanied by alternative conceptions. When people ‘receive’ analogies, they use their past knowledge, experiences and preferences to interpret the analogy so that it harmonises with their current personal and social milieu. In modern terms, this is called the personal construction of meaning. Science classrooms are a common setting in which analogies are used to enhance concept learning; therefore, improving the way analogies are used in science education has important teaching and learning consequences.
Multilocus Sequence Typing and Evolutionary Relationships among the Causative Agents of Melioidosis and Glanders, <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> and <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> (2003)

A collection of 147 isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. thailandensis was characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The 128 isolates of B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, were obtained from diverse geographic locations, from humans and animals with disease, and from the environment and were resolved into 71 sequence types. The utility of the MLST scheme for epidemiological investigations was established by analyzing isolates from captive marine mammals and birds and from humans in Hong Kong with melioidosis. MLST gave a level of resolution similar to that given by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and identified the same three clones causing disease in animals, each of which was also associated with disease in humans. The average divergence between the alleles of B. thailandensis and B. pseudomallei was 3.2%, and there was no sharing of alleles between these species. Trees constructed from differences in the allelic profiles of the isolates and from the concatenated sequences of the seven loci showed that the B. pseudomallei isolates formed a cluster of closely related lineages that were fully resolved from the cluster of B. thailandensis isolates, confirming their separate species status. However, isolates of B. mallei, the causative agent of glanders, recovered from three continents over a 30-year period had identical allelic profiles, and the B. mallei isolates clustered within the B. pseudomallei group of isolates. Alleles at six of the seven loci in B. mallei were also present within B. pseudomallei isolates, and B. mallei is a clone of B. pseudomallei that, on population genetics grounds, should not be given separate species status.
Two-point correction and minimum filter-based nonuniformity correction for scan-based aerial infrared cameras (2012)

Two-point correction-based nonuniformity correction of a scan-based long wave infrared camera can be successful in normal working environments. However, the method produces strong fixed-pattern noise in cluttered aerial environments. We analyze the mechanism of such phenomena and propose a nonuniformity correction method by combining a reference-based approach and a nonlinear filter-based residual offset estimation method. The nonlinear filtering process of row directional minimum filtering after two-point correction can remove the nonuniformity around cluttered aerial infrared images. Experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed method.
Synthesis of 1,3-oxazino(5,6-c)isoquinolines and related compounds. (1985)

Mannich reaction of 1-chloro-4-isoquinolinol (1) with dimethylamine and formalin afforded the base, 1-chloro-3-dimethylaminomethyl-4-isoquinolinol (2), and a by-product, 1, 1'-dichloro-3, 3'-methylenedi-4-isoquinolinol (3). The reaction of 1 with formalin in H2SO4 gave 6-chloro-1, 3-dioxino [5, 6-c] isoquinoline (4). The reactions of 1 with formalin and primary amines, and of 1 with acetaldehyde ammonia afforded the corresponding products, 1, 3-oxazino [5, 6-c] isoquinolines (5-7), in fair yields. Methyl 4-hydroxy-1-oxo-1, 2-dihydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate (8) was converted into the carboxamide (9), which, on heating with a mixture of POCl3 and PCl5, afforded two chloro-cyano compounds 10 and 11 in a ratio of ca. 1 : 2. The reaction of 11 with hydrazine hydrate gave the 1-hydrazino compound (13).
The rearrangement process in a two-stage broadcast switching network (1988)

The rearrangement process in the two-stage broadcast switching network presented by F.K. Hwang and G.W. Richards (ibid., vol.COM-33, no.10, p.1025-1035, Oct. 1985) is considered. By defining a certain function it is possible to calculate an upper bound on the number of connections to be moved during a rearrangement. When each inlet channel appears twice, the maximum number of connections to be moved is found. For a special class of inlet assignment patterns in the case of which each inlet channel appears three times, the maximum number of connections to be moved is also found. In the general case, an upper bound is given when the number of outlets at each second-stage switch is kept below a certain bound.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Balancing Measurement Uncertainty against Financial Benefits:  Comparison of In Situ and Ex Situ Analysis of Contaminated Land (2004)

The uncertainty of measurements taken for the purpose of characterizing contaminated land can subsequently cause decision errors, which can produce significant, financial consequences. Given the site-specific costs, such as those associated with the measurements or with site misclassification, the important question addressed is "Are the measurements of acceptable quality for that given objective or fit-for-purpose"? It is often considered by investigators that using a standard operating procedure (SOP) with an approved analytical method will give an acceptable level of uncertainty. This is despite evidence that sampling is usually the predominant source of uncertainty, not the chemical analyses, mainly as a result of the contaminant heterogeneity within sampling locations at a site. One in situ and one ex situ measurement technique were used to represent these two contrasting approaches to characterizing a site contaminated with lead in topsoil. The measurement uncertainty, from both sampling and analyses, was estimated for the two techniques, and its fitness-for-purpose was assessed using the innovative optimized contaminated land investigation (OCLI) method. It is objectively demonstrated by the OCLI method that the in situ method (portable X-ray fluorescence) was three times more cost-effective than the ex situ (AAS) method at characterizing a contaminated site, despite generating higher uncertainty on individual measurements.
Hydroxyl radical production and human DNA damage induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate and hydrogen peroxide. (1987)

Reactivities of Fe3+ chelates of aminopolycarboxylic acids with DNA were investigated by the DNA-sequencing technique using 32P 5'-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene, and the reaction mechanism was studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe3+-NTA) plus hydrogen peroxide caused strong DNA cleavage in the presence of albumin. No or little DNA cleavage was observed with ferric chloride or Fe3+ chelates of other aminopolycarboxylic acids tested in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The DNA cleavage by Fe3+-NTA plus hydrogen peroxide without piperidine treatment occurred at positions of every nucleotide although a specific cleavage was observed, whereas cleavages at the positions of guanine and thymine increased predominantly with piperidine treatment. Electron spin resonance studies using free radical traps demonstrated that of Fe3+ chelates of aminopolycarboxylic acids, Fe3+-NTA was the most effective catalyst in hydrogen peroxide-derived production of hydroxyl radicals under our conditions. The results suggest that Fe3+-NTA catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radicals, which subsequently cause the strong base alterations of guanine and thymine, and deoxyribose-phosphate backbone breakages. The possibility that the Fe3+-NTA-induced DNA damage is the initiation and/or promotion of carcinogenesis by Fe3+-NTA is discussed.
Sitting or Receiving: George W. Payne and the Plan Book Reception Hall (1994)

Objective Drawing on design theory and historical research, this article offers a design analysis and cultural account of a special hall–as–room type, the reception hall, as represented in the designs of architect George W. Payne. Research Design A source of design for the everyday hall was located: twelve cottage designs of plan book architect George W. Payne, published between 1888 and 1898 in Carpentry and Building. Comparative design analyses along with primary source materials establish criteria for interpreting associational values and social and cultural dimensions of Payne's hall designs. Analysis George W. Payne's hall designs were compared with other plan book designs and model halls from millwork catalogs and compared with each other in terms of formal design theory (relationships among hall types, circulation patterns, and perceptual qualities). Key Findings Payne's cottages illustrate that the reception hall was not reserved for large, expensive houses. In modest houses, Payne often substituted a vestibule for a hall. When the hall became a specialized room, ambiguous meanings emerged, for example, the reception hall could not function as a homey place because of expectations about the social life of the hall. In the end, reception halls favored abundance in architectural treatment, requiring little furnishing. Conclusion Payne's concepts were at odds with social uses of the spaces, for example, sitting or receiving. In spite of the ideals about the hall as another living space, the hall served as a place of contradiction, blending and mixing ambiguity regarding design and behavior.
THE WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures (2005)

The third edition of The WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures collects together the treaty texts, decisions and agreed practices relating to the procedures that apply in the settlement of WTO disputes. It affords ready answers to technical questions relating to matters such as: how disputes are initiated and conducted, including at the appellate stage; what deadlines apply and how to calculate them; what rules of conduct bind individuals involved in WTO dispute settlement; and what rules of procedure apply to meetings of the Dispute Settlement Body. This highly practical work, which includes cross-references and a subject index, will prove invaluable to anyone working in WTO dispute settlement, including lawyers, civil servants working in the field of trade, economists, academics and students. This edition has been fully updated to take account of revised rules and procedures.