gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fertilizer Evaluation of Certain Phosphorus, Phosphorous, and Phosphoric Materials by Means of Pot Cultures<sup>1</sup> (1950)

Pot cultures of red clover, ryegrass, alfalfa, brown-top millet, and soybeans on representative soils were utilized in the fertilizer evaluation of distinctive phosphorus carriers--orthophosphoric acid, superphosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, superphosphite, calcium phosphite, phosphorus nitride, white phosphorus, red phosphorus, concentrated superphosphates from H3PO4 that carried different proportions of H3PO3, and mixtures of separately prepared superphosphate and superphosphite. Phosphoric acid, superphosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and concentrated superphosphate registered high effectiveness. Phosphorus nitride (P3N5) and red phosphorus induced no plant response. White phosphorus proved injurious to the seedlings and virtually inhibited plant growth. Phosphorous acid and calcium phosphite were decidedly toxic to the initial crops but were beneficial to the succeeding crops. Although initial crops registered better responses to superphosphate than to any phosphorous material, the superphosphite residues induced excellent responses by the succeeding crops. Increases in plant response resulted from increase in ratio of phosphate to phosphite in the incorporated mixtures of superphosphate and superphosphite. The larger second-crop responses to the phosphorous materials were interpreted as reflecting the transformation of phosphite to phosphate in the soil. For a given input of phosphorus, every response to a phosphorous material was greater on the limestoned soils than on those not limed. Concentrated superphosphate is not diminished in effectiveness when it is produced through acidulation by means of H3PO4 that contains relatively small proportions of H3PO3. Concentrated phosphorous materials are not suitable fertilizers.
A designed bifunctional laccase/ -1,3-1,4-glucanase enzyme shows synergistic sugar release from milled sugarcane bagasse (2012)

A bifunctional enzyme has been created by fusing two Bacillus subtilis enzymes: the β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (BglS, EC 3.2.1.73) that hydrolyzes plant cell wall β-glucans and the copper-dependent oxidase laccase (CotA, EC 1.10.3.2) that catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic compounds with simultaneous reduction of oxygen to water. The chimeric laccase/β-1,3-1,4-glucanase was created by insertion fusion of the bglS and cotA genes, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The affinity-purified recombinant chimeric enzyme showed both laccase and glucanase activities, with a maximum laccase activity at pH 4.5 and 75°C that showed a V(max) 30% higher than observed for the parental laccase. The maximum glucanase activity in the chimeric enzyme was at pH 6.0 and 50°C, with a slight reduction in V(max) by ∼10% compared with the parental glucanase. A decreased K(M) resulted in an overall increase in the K(cat)/K(M) value for the glucanase activity of the chimeric enzyme. The hydrolytic activity of the chimera was 20% higher against natural milled sugarcane bagasse as compared with equimolar mixtures of the separate parental enzymes. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated the approximation of the two catalytic domains in the chimeric enzyme, and the formation of an inter-domain interface may underlie the improved catalytic function.
Opportunity Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat and Emissions (2006)

United States industry consumed 32.5 Quads (34,300 PJ) of energy during 2003, which was 33.1% of total U.S. energy consumption (EIA 2003 Annual Energy Review). The U.S. industrial complex yields valuable goods and products. Through its manufacturing processes as well as its abundant energy consumption, it supports a multi-trillion dollar contribution to the gross domestic product and provides millions of jobs in the U.S. each year. Industry also yields waste products directly through its manufacturing processes and indirectly through its energy consumption. These waste products come in two forms, chemical and thermal. Both forms of waste have residual energy values that are not routinely recovered. Recovering and reusing these waste products may represent a significant opportunity to improve the energy efficiency of the U.S. industrial complex. This report was prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Industrial Technologies Program (DOE-ITP). It analyzes the opportunity to recover chemical emissions and thermal emissions from U.S. industry. It also analyzes the barriers and pathways to more effectively capitalize on these opportunities. A primary part of this analysis was to characterize the quantity and energy value of the emissions. For example, in 2001, the industrial sector emitted 19% of the U.S. greenhouse gases (GHG) through its industrial processes and emitted 11% of GHG through electricity purchased from off-site utilities. Therefore, industry (not including agriculture) was directly and indirectly responsible for emitting 30% of the U.S. GHG. These emissions were mainly comprised of carbon dioxide (CO2), but also contained a wide-variety of CH4 (methane), CO (carbon monoxide), H2 (hydrogen), NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compound), and other chemicals. As part of this study, we conducted a survey of publicly available literature to determine the amount of energy embedded in the emissions and to identify technology opportunities to capture and reuse this energy. As shown in Table E-1, non-CO2 GHG emissions from U.S. industry were identified as having 2180 peta joules (PJ) or 2 Quads (quadrillion Btu) of residual chemical fuel value. Since landfills are not traditionally considered industrial organizations, the industry component of these emissions had a value of 1480 PJ or 1.4 Quads. This represents approximately 4.3% of the total energy used in the United States Industry.
OUT OF THE IVORY TOWER (2006)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTOUT OF THE IVORY TOWERIonic liquids are starting to leave academic labs and find their way into a wide variety of industrial applicationsPATRICIA L. SHORTView Author Information C&ENCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2006, 84, 17, 15–21Publication Date (Print):April 24, 2006Publication History Published online14 November 2010Published inissue 24 April 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v084n017.p015https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v084n017.p015newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Salts,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Lore of the token ring (1987)

Webster's New World Dictionary lists 16 definitions, starting with “a small, circular band of metal” and ending with the mathematical definition used in set theory. The one definition that seems to be most applicable to local area networks states, “a number of people or things grouped into a circle.” The general description given in Section (2) of the IEEE 802.5 standard provides the following definition of a token ring
Ultrasmall-angle x-ray scattering at the HASYLAB wiggler beamline BW4 (1995)

At the x-ray wiggler beamline BW4 a new instrument for small-angle x-ray scattering is available. It uses pinhole collimation thus allowing the use of position sensitive detectors for the data acquisition. It is equipped with a doubly focusing mirror and a double-crystal monochromator. The energy of the focused beam can be tuned in the range from 4 to 12 keV. Due to the high intensity of the wiggler source a geometry could be realized which extends the attainable range of scattering vector lengths markedly towards lower values compared with the previously existing instruments. Presently with the new instrument using 8 keV photons values down to 0.0016 nm−1 can be observed which corresponds to maximum correlation lengths of about 600 nm. This resolution is demonstrated, as an example, with measurements carried out on a polymer system.
Microbial Communities Can Be Described by Metabolic Structure: A General Framework and Application to a Seasonally Variable, Depth-Stratified Microbial Community from the Coastal West Antarctic Peninsula (2015)

Taxonomic marker gene studies, such as the 16S rRNA gene, have been used to successfully explore microbial diversity in a variety of marine, terrestrial, and host environments. For some of these environments long term sampling programs are beginning to build a historical record of microbial community structure. Although these 16S rRNA gene datasets do not intrinsically provide information on microbial metabolism or ecosystem function, this information can be developed by identifying metabolisms associated with related, phenotyped strains. Here we introduce the concept of metabolic inference; the systematic prediction of metabolism from phylogeny, and describe a complete pipeline for predicting the metabolic pathways likely to be found in a collection of 16S rRNA gene phylotypes. This framework includes a mechanism for assigning confidence to each metabolic inference that is based on a novel method for evaluating genomic plasticity. We applied this framework to 16S rRNA gene libraries from the West Antarctic Peninsula marine environment, including surface and deep summer samples and surface winter samples. Using statistical methods commonly applied to community ecology data we found that metabolic structure differed between summer surface and winter and deep samples, comparable to an analysis of community structure by 16S rRNA gene phylotypes. While taxonomic variance between samples was primarily driven by low abundance taxa, metabolic variance was attributable to both high and low abundance pathways. This suggests that clades with a high degree of functional redundancy can occupy distinct adjacent niches. Overall our findings demonstrate that inferred metabolism can be used in place of taxonomy to describe the structure of microbial communities. Coupling metabolic inference with targeted metagenomics and an improved collection of completed genomes could be a powerful way to analyze microbial communities in a high-throughput manner that provides direct access to metabolic and ecosystem function.
Power control methods for dedicated control channels during discontinuous transmission in IS-2000 systems (2002)

We address the problem of power control for dedicated control channels (DCCHs) in IS-2000 CDMA networks during intervals of discontinuous transmission (DTX). A receiver must have the ability to distinguish between a bad traffic frame and a stoppage of transmission, if outer loop power control (OLPC) is to operate properly. We propose two new methods to facilitate the detection of a DTX interval. The first method uses measurements of the signal-to-noise ratios of the traffic channel and the power control sub-channel. The second uses explicit signaling between the transmitter and receiver. Simulations are used to assess the performance of the first method.
System support for scalable, reliable and highly manageable web hosting service (2001)

This paper presents the architecture and some key mechanisms of an integrated framework for providing a reliable and highly manageable Web hosting service on a scalable server cluster. We devise a novel idea termed URL Formalizaton and a corresponding data structure, which provide a scalable solution to the request distribution in the system. We exploit the advantages of Java to implement a management system to providing a highly manageable system. Our system supports a higher level of services reliability than other server cluster systems. The result of performance evaluation on the proposed system shows that the system is low-cost and effective.
Statistical Downscaling of Rainfall in an Arid Coastal Region: A Radial Basis Function Neural Network Approach (2015)

Downscaling Global Circulation Model (GCM) output is important in order to understand the present climate as well as future climate changes at local scale. In this study, Radial basis function (RBF) neural network was used to downscale the mean monthly rainfall in an arid coastal region located in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. The RBF model was used to downscale monthly rainfall from National Center for environmental prediction (NCEP) reanalysis dataset at four observation stations in the area. The potential predictors were selected using principal component analysis of NCEP variables at grid points located around the study area. Power transformation method was used to remove the bias in the prediction. The results showed that the RBF model was able to establish a good relation between NCEP predictors and local rainfall. The power transformation method was also found to perform well to correct errors in prediction. It can be concluded that RBF and power transformation methods are reliable and effective methods for downscaling rainfall in an arid coastal region.
Using Whitelisting to Combat Malware Attacks at Fannie Mae (2013)

Security-awareness training and antivirus software can't entirely prevent the downloading of malware. To supplement these defenses, cybersecurity staff at Fannie Mae successfully implemented application whitelisting, which allows only approved software to execute.
Effect of modified graphene on thermal, mechanical and tribological performance of polyimide based composites (2018)

The graphene oxide sheets (GO) were modified by silane coupling before incorporation into the aromatic polyimide (PI) matrix via in situ polymerization. The successful grafting of silane coupling onto the surface of the graphene was confirmed by FTIR, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The incorporation of modified graphene oxide(K-GO) sheets significantly enhanced the thermal stability and tensile properties of PI. It was found that the tensile stress and the Young's modulus of 0.5 wt%K-GO/PI were increased by 27.2% and 28.0% from pure PI, respectively. The T5% values of 0.5%K-GO/PI (507 °C) were obviously higher than that of pure PI (491 °C). Compared to pure PI, the PI composites with the K-GO addition of 0.5 wt% exhibits much lower friction coefficient (0.361) and wear rate (1.247 × 10−5 mm3 N−1m−1). This can be attributed to the enhanced effect of K-GO addition on the properties of the composites. This study aims to expand the range of applications of graphene and to solve wear-related mechanical failures for polymer parts.
Robust Monitoring of Contaminated Data (2005)

Monitoring a process that has contaminated data with traditional control charts such as Shewhart's X̄ chart and the Range chart results in an excessive number of false alarms. Robust control charts such as the Median and IQR charts are a better alternative to traditional charts for a process with contaminated data because the effects of the outlying data values are eliminated. However, process shifts are not detected as quickly with the robust charts. This paper introduces a diagnostic statistic technique that uses traditional control chart methods augmented by diagnostic tools. Performance measures for traditional, robust, and diagnostic statistic control chart systems for n = 5 are reported. Contour plots for n = 3 and n = 5 are provided to allow for interpolation of parameter values. The diagnostic statistic technique improves work stoppage (comparable to average run length) rates for contaminated data and maintains the ability to identify process shifts.
Phosphate-Modified TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles for Selective Detection of Dopamine, Levodopa, Adrenaline, and Catechol Based on Fluorescence Quenching (2007)

For the first time, an aqueous solution, comprising 6-nm phosphate-modified titanium dioxide (P-TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and fluorescein, has been used for sensing dopamine (DA), levodopa (L-DOPA), adrenaline, and catechol. The complexes obtained by means of chelation of surface Ti(IV) ions with an enediol group exhibit strong absorption at 428 nm; thus, they can be designed as efficient quenchers for fluorescein. The fluorescence of a fluorescein solution containing 1.4 mM P-TiO2 NPs at pH 8.0 decreases if the solution comprises DA, L-DOPA, adrenaline, and catechol, but not noradrenaline, ascorbic acid, and salicylic acid. We consider that P-TiO2 NPs have a number of advantages over bare TiO2 NPs, such as ease of preparation, high selectivity, and high stability. By measuring fluorescence quenching, the limits of detection at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 are calculated as 33.5, 81.8, 20.3, and 92.1 nM for DA, L-DOPA, adrenaline, and catechol, respectively. In contrast, UV-vis absorption reveals the relatively poor sensitivity of these compounds. We have validated the applicability of our method by means of analyses of DA in urine samples. High-performance liquid chromatography in combination with an electrochemical cell has been used to further confirm our results. We believe that this approach has great potential for diagnostic purposes.
<i>Demodex folliculorum</i>and topical treatment: acaricidal action evaluated by standardized skin surface biopsy (1998)

A standardized skin surface biopsy was performed in 34 patients suffering from skin diseases with high Demodex folliculorum density (Dd) > 5D/cm2 before, during and after topical treatment. The patients were randomized into six comparable groups to study six topical treatments: metronidazole 2%, permethrin 1%, sublimed sulphur 10%, lindane 1%, crotamiton 10% and benzyl benzoate (BB) 10%. Their acaricidal activity was measured according to three criteria: (i) for each treatment, decrease of Dd to under the normal threshold (< or = 5 D/cm2); (ii) for each treatment, a significant decrease in Dd; and (iii) comparison of the relative difference in Dd between treatments. These three criteria converged to establish the acaricidal activity of BB on D. folliculorum; the efficacy of crotamiton was demonstrated by the second criterion. An important irritating effect was observed with BB and sulphur.
Oxaliplatin with 5-FU or as a single agent in advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer. (2000)

No adequate second- or third-line therapy is available in the United States for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and disease progression following treatment with fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy and an irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar)-containing regimen, or a combination of the two. Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), a new platinum analog, has demonstrated high activity in the treatment of colorectal cancer, especially when combined with 5-FU and leucovorin. The combination of oxaliplatin and 5-FU/leucovorin has been approved in Europe for the first- and second-line treatment of colorectal cancer. This compassionate-use study was initiated because of the unavailability of the agent in the United States and inadequate US safety data. The following review summarizes data from this ongoing study, the primary focus of which is to provide oxaliplatin for compassionate use until it receives US Food and Drug Administration approval and becomes available commercially.
Über die herstellung von makromolekülen mit funktionellen endgruppen 1. Mitt. (1963)

Abstract Durch Kettenabbruch der bei anionischen Polymerisationen entstehenden makromolekularen Mono‐ bzw. Di‐Carbanionen mit Chlorsilanen der Formel (1) mit funktionellen Gruppen R magnified image synthetisierten wir Makromoleküle mit je einer bzw. zwei funktionellen R—Si(CH 3 ) 2 ‐Endgruppen. Bei der Polymerisation von Vinylmonomeren mit metallorganischen Initiatoren der Formel (2) oder (3) magnified image magnified image entstehen Makromoleküle mit je einer funktionellen R 1 ‐ bzw. R 2 ‐Endgruppe. Durch Abbruch von mit Initiatoren der Formel (2) oder (3) gestarteten Vinylpolymerisationen mit Chlorsilanen der Formel (1) erhielten wir Makromoleküle mit je zwei verschiedenen funktionellen Endgruppen R und R 1 bzw. R 2 .
The use of a chemiluminescence‐linked universal bacterial ribosomal RNA gene probe and blood gas analysis for the rapid detection of bacterial contamination in white cell‐reduced and nonreduced platelets (1993)

Because of the rising incidence of bacterial growth and septic platelet transfusions in aging units, platelet storage is currently limited in the United States to 5 days. This approved shelf life of platelets might be altered if methods were devised to rapidly detect infected units and/or to decrease the incidence of bacterially contaminated platelets. An investigation was conducted on the effect of a prototype blood collection system with an in-line filter for the production of white cell-reduced platelet-rich plasma on the growth of bacteria in platelets prepared from whole blood that had been inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Additional studies were conducted with a chemiluminescence-linked ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene probe and with blood gas analysis to identify possible methods for the rapid detection of bacterial contamination. All units were followed for 9 days of storage. The filtration of the platelet-rich plasma resulted in an approximate 2 log10 reduction in white cells with an average loss of 6.7 percent of platelets. Filtration did not appear to alter bacterial growth. In all platelet units that supported growth, pO2 dropped to negligible values and pCO2 rose relative to culture-negative units. The changes were most sensitive and specific beyond 5 days of storage. The universal bacterial rRNA probe assay was able to detect S. epidermidis in concentrations as low as 1 x 10(3) colony-forming units per mL in some cases and reliably detected all units contaminated at a concentration of 1 x 10(4) colony-forming units per mL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Study On Utilisation Of Health Services In A Muslim Slum Community Of Calcutta (1991)

A cross- sectional survey of utilization of child immunization and family planning services was carried out in a systematic random sample of 100 families from a Muslim slum community of Calcutta. 15.6% of children (1-4 years) were fully immunized (DPT, OPV & BCG). Couple protection rate was 28.4%. But interestingly, the proportion of protected eligible couples in single families (32.8%) was significantly higher than in joint families (11.6%).