gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design considerations and performance of Maspeth a-Si PV system (1994)

This paper describes the design and early performance of a 17‐kWp(ac) amorphous silicon (a‐Si) photovoltaic (PV) system in Maspeth, New York. The system started operating in June, 1993. The system is mounted on the roof of a warehouse operated by the New York City Transit Authority. The system was designed and installed by Integrated Power Corporation using a unique ballast‐weighted system configuration with no roof penetrations. Same‐band‐gap tandem a‐Si modules from United Solar Systems Corporation are used. The PV modules face south and slope 10 degrees from horizontal. This paper estimates the monthly system performance and reports the system’s performance during the first three months of operation.
Validity of heart rate, pedometry, and accelerometry for predicting the energy cost of children’s activities (1998)

Heart rate telemetry is frequently used to estimate daily activity in children and to validate other methods. This study compared the accuracy of heart rate monitoring, pedometry, triaxial accelerometry, and uniaxial accelerometry for estimating oxygen consumption during typical children's activities. Thirty Welsh children (mean age 9.2 +/- 0.8 yr) walked (4 and 6 km/h) and ran (8 and 10 km/h) on a treadmill, played catch, played hopscotch, and sat and crayoned. Heart rate, body accelerations in three axes, pedometry counts, and oxygen uptake were measured continuously during each 4-min activity. Oxygen uptake was expressed as a ratio of body mass raised to the power of 0.75 [scaled oxygen uptake (sVO2)]. All measures correlated significantly (P < 0.001) with sVO2. A multiple-regression equation that included triaxial accelerometry counts and heart rate predicted sVO2 better than any measure alone (R2 = 0.85, standard error of the estimate = 9.7 ml.kg-0.75.min-1). The best of the single measures was triaxial accelerometry (R2 = 0.83, standard error of the estimate = 10.3 ml.kg-0.75.min-1). It is concluded that a triaxial accelerometer provides the best assessment of activity. Pedometry offers potential for large population studies.
Next Generation HPHT Subsea Wellhead Systems Design Challenges and Opportunities (2015)

Abstract The oil and gas industry is targeting operations in much deeper waters and well depths resulting in high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) applications, creating a need for development of new technology to meet the challenges faced in these new frontiers. Considering the higher loads encountered in these environments, the existing industry equipment are reaching their limits and the manufacturing sector is looking into the development of the next generation equipment. Subsea wellheads form a critical part of the drilling and production systems, and they are the driver for designing and sizing other equipment, such as connectors, risers, BOPs, and casing programs. The typical wellhead systems that the industry currently uses include mandrels with 27 in. and 30 in. OD and conductor casing with up to 36 in. OD. However, these configurations may not be able to resist the high load magnitudes and combinations expected in these new applications. Moving to higher capacity wellhead systems will require a larger mandrel and conductor casing size to accommodate the high loads encountered during drilling and production operations for normal, extreme, and survival loading conditions. Considering the ongoing industry efforts to standardize equipment, it is a great opportunity to define the anticipated loads and select an appropriate larger wellhead size that will cover the needs of the industry for the coming decades. Numerous analytical studies using 3D finite element analysis (FEA) and other advanced tools have been performed looking into the changes needed and an innovative solution is presented for the next generation subsea wellhead equipment. This is tied with the development of new wellhead connectors with much higher static capacities and the appropriate conductor sizes needed. Considerations are given to structural integrity, fatigue performance, and metal-to-metal sealing capability. Various load combinations (bending, tension/compression, pressure) were applied to generate the wellhead system capacity envelopes covering a wide range of operating windows. The need for the industry to define the anticipated normal, extreme and survival loading requirements and a standard set of fatigue loads is discussed. The fatigue performance and life expectancy of the equipment, as well as challenges faced with the lack of material properties at various HPHT environments are discussed. Testing facilities to validate designs and safety margins at both component and system levels have been developed to accommodate the various high load magnitudes and their combinations. Validation testing is absolutely paramount to verify analysis methodologies and ensure high performance, safe, robust and reliable equipment designs.
采访实录 改造电网 应对灾难 (2014)

当极端天气来袭时，首先失灵的往往是城市能源方面的基础设施。所以能快速恢复的基础设施，可能是应对全球气候变化的关键。2013年12月，《科学美国人》杂志在纽约的城市电网公司（Urban Electic Power）采访了美国能源部长欧内斯特·J·莫尼兹（Ernest J．Moniz）。
Quantitative trace analysis by combined chromatography and mass spectrometry using external and internal standards (1993)

Abstract This review covers established methods for trace organic analysis by quantitative Chromatography. Although these methods are of more general applicability, they are widely used in practice with mass spectrometric detection. In the important class of methods employing surrogate internal standards (usually isotopically labelled versions of the target analytes), mass spectrometry is almost always obligatory in view of the inability to chromatographically resolve such a standard from the analyte in all but a few exceptional cases. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods are compared, and distinctions are drawn between ‘best’ methods for different circumstances, e.g., quality control of pharmaceutical preparations compared with analyses of environmental samples.
Magnetic and Structural Properties of Epitaxial and Polycrystalline GdIG Films Prepared by rf Sputtering (1971)

Magnetic, magneto-optical, and structural properties of rf-sputtered gadolinium iron garnet films are presented. The dependence of the Faraday rotation on film structure is explored and the behavior of coercivity and hysteresis loop characteristics with temperature discussed in some detail. The coercive force was found to be independent of structural differences in the various films as monitored by x-ray and electron diffraction techniques. The high coercivities observed are attributed in part to a strain induced magnetoelastic interaction. Hysteresis loops with squareness ratios of Mr/Ms=1 are obtained from (111)-oriented films on (111) YAG substrates. Domain patterns are highly temperature stable in the epitaxial films. There is no evidence from magnetic and structural properties in these epitaxially grown films that cation diffusion from substrate to film is involved at crystallization temperatures below about 900°C. The films are considered quite adequate for magneto-optic memory applications.
Revisional lumbar microdiscectomy: an analysis of operative findings and clinical outcome (1995)

Forty-one consecutive patients who underwent a revision microlumbar exploration for recurrent or persistent sciatica were reviewed retrospectively to analyse the operative findings and assess the clinical outcome following surgery. Thirty-three (80%) patients were found to have a recurrent intervertebral disc protrusion at the previous site, two patients had a disc herniation at a new site, one had severe perineural scarring, two had lateral recess stenosis, one patient had undergone previous exploration at an incorrect site and in two patients no cause for ongoing symptoms was found. Nineteen of the 33 patients with a re-prolapse presented with persistent or recurrent sciatica within 1 year of their first operation. The other 14 patients presented with a late re-prolapse (after 1 year) and their clinical outcome was better than for those patients with an early re-prolapse (12/14 vs 11/19 satisfactory result, respectively). The result of operating on patients with a late re-prolapse was comparable to the 80-95% satisfactory outcomes following primary lumbar microdiscectomy reported by other authors.
A reconfigurable and high precision VLSI architecture for Fast Fourier Transform (2010)

A reconfigurable and high precision FFT architecture is presented in this paper. The mixed radix-4/2 butterfly core is used in this architecture and the system can be configured as N=2n(n=5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12) size FFT. A data scaling approach is proposed and the Signal-to-Quantization Noise Radio (SQNR) can achieve up to 72.45dB when the system works at the 4096-point mode. Implementation of the proposed FFT architecture is under 0.18-µm signal-poly six-metal SMIC CMOS process. The power dissipation is 45mW at 20MHz.
Predictive control of four-leg power converters (2015)

In this paper, finite control-set model predictive control of two-level and three-level four-leg voltage source converters (VSCs) is presented. The predictive current control (PCC) and predictive voltage control (PVC) schemes are presented considering grid-connected and standalone distributed generation applications respectively. The discrete-time model of load currents, load voltages, DC-link capacitors voltage and VSC terminal voltages is formulated in terms of four-leg converter switching states. A cost function is defined with the PCC scheme to minimize the error between reference and predicted load currents. Similarly, in PVC scheme, the cost function deals with the minimization of error between reference and predicted load voltages. The balancing of split DC-link capacitors voltage is considered with the three-level four-leg VSCs. The optimal switching states which minimize the cost function are chosen and applied to the four-leg VSC directly without involving linear regulators and modulation stage. The proposed PCC and PVC strategies are verified through simulation results considering single-/three-phase, balanced/unbalanced and linear/nonlinear loads.
The microbiological quality of roof-collected rainwater of private dwellings in New Zealand (2007)

In this 5 - year study we investigated the microbiological quality of roof-collected rainwater samples of 560 private dwellings in New Zealand. At least half of the samples analysed exceeded the minimal acceptable standards for contamination and 41% of the samples showed evidence of heavy faecal contamination. The likely sources of the faecal contamination were faecal material deposited by birds, frogs, rodents and possums, and dead animals and insects, either on the roofs or in the gutters, or in the water tank itself. Many of the roof water supplies surveyed revealed deficiencies in the use of rainwater catchment systems and components. In a significant number of supplies where we found heavy faecal contamination there was evidence of lack of maintenance; inadequate disinfection of the water; poorly designed delivery systems and storage tanks; and failure to adopt physical measures to safeguard the water against microbiological contamination. The results of this study indicate that the information on the safe collection and storage of roof-collected rainwater seems not to be reaching many users in New Zealand. Roof water users need more information pertaining to their roof water supplies but we believe improvements are necessary in the dissemination of this information.
Using Town Meetings to Teach the Values Inherent in Health-Care Resource Allocation Decisions (1994)

Difficult decisions regarding the allocation of scarce healthcare resources will need to be addressed if significant changes are to be made in the American health-care system. Several states have begun such a process by providing a forum where citizens can participate in a serious discussion about these difficult choices and trying to determine what citizens find valuable and desirable about health-care services. The underlying goal is that healthcare reform will be congruent with community values. As future practitioners, pharmacy students need to understand these difficult decisions and the role of thoughtfully considered values in the decision making process. The purpose of this study was to utilize a town meeting approach for students to thoughtfully consider and discuss their values concerning health-care resource allocation and to evaluate the student acceptability of such a process. Students from two different classes participated and rated the process positively in regards to the amount of learnin...
Novel phases and transitions in color flavor locked matter (2002)

We analyze the phases of dense quark matter at nonzero quark masses. We map out the phase diagrams for charged quark matter as well as charge neutral matter containing leptons. We find that, in color flavor locked quark matter, the symmetric phase with equal numbers of u, d, and s quarks is unlikely to occur in nature. Various less symmetric phases with additional meson condensates may play a role in neutron star cores, however, in agreement with the analysis of Bedaque and Sch\"afer. We discuss the implications of these novel color superconducting quark matter phases and their transitions for neutron stars.
A proton and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of neomycin B and its interactions with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. (1987)

The entire proton NMR spectrum of the aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin B has been assigned at physiological pH by a combination of two-dimensional J-resolved and J-correlated and nuclear Overhauser enhancement difference spectroscopy. Unambiguous assignment of all four ring systems is possible without recourse to model or derivative compounds by observing nuclear Overhauser enhancements between as well as within rings. The subsequent assignment of the carbon 13 spectrum is simply achieved using two-dimensional heteronuclear J-correlated techniques. The proton NMR spectrum of a sonicated aqueous dispersion of the intracellular second messenger precursor phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is reported for the first time. The spectrum is consistent with a high degree of side chain unsaturation and a conformation for the myo-inositol head group, which appears highly mobile, in which all bulky substituents are equatorial (except the 2-hydroxyl). Addition of aliquots of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to an aqueous buffered solution of neomycin B induces complex changes in the whole spectrum of the latter, including downfield shifts of differential magnitude for several well-resolved signals, viz. the anomerics, and the pair of methylene protons of the substituted cyclohexane. The complexation kinetics are fast on the NMR time scale at 25 degrees C. The binding results are discussed in terms of a tentative complexation geometry.
Artistic Experience – the Ways of Experiencing and Thinking. A Short Analysis of First and Strongest Art Experiences by Students – Teachers (2005)

universiteto studentai – \n \t = 70). Rezultatai rodo, kad ryškiausia veik \t
Using steerable filters for illumination-invariant recognition in multispectral images (2002)

We present an energy matrix representation for multiband images which captures spatial and spectral properties. Using a physical model for spectral reflectance, we derive a pseudoinverse method for the comparison of energy matrices which is invariant to the spectral properties of the scene illumination. At the same time, this method determines the illumination change matrix allowing direct comparison of images obtained under different illumination conditions. We demonstrate the performance of the method for both illumination-invariant recognition and illumination correction on a large set of multiband images. The energy matrices are generated using a small set of oriented steerable filters. We also demonstrate that a related set of rotationally symmetric filters can be used for recognition invariant to both illumination and rotation and that subsequent processing can be used to recover the rotation angle of a recognized object.
Mechanisms of neisserial serum resistance (1999)

Pathogenic Neisseria use a variety of mechanisms to survive the bactericidal action of the complement system. Serum resistance is a crucial virulence factor for the development of severe meningococcal disease, meningococcal meningitis and disseminated gonococcal infection. Furthermore, local inflammation at the site of gonococcal infection exposes the bacteria to moderate concentrations of complement factors. We review current concepts of neisserial serum resistance with emphasis on porins and polysaccharides exposed on the neisserial surface and their interaction with components of normal human serum.
Underwater optical communications with a single photon-counting system (2014)

This paper discusses the system engineering challenges involved with the transmission of optically encoded data through water. The scenarios of data transmission from an airborne platform to a submerged platform and data transmission from a submerged platform to another submerged platform will be discussed. A photon-counting experimental system was constructed to investigate the transmission of optical data through a 1m long tank of water. This test system incorporated a laser diode operating at a wavelength of 450nm and an optical receiver containing a shallow junction, silicon single photon avalanche diode. The optical data was transmitted through the tank containing ~100 litres of water at transmission rates equivalent to 40Mb/s. The attenuation of the optical path was increased by increasing the level of scattering of the photons using Maalox. The effects on the temporal distribution of photons in the optical pulse from adding Maalox are also discussed. The synchronisation of the transmitter and receiver clocks was investigated using reference headers appended to the encoded message signal which the receiver used to correct for timing drift. The performance of this experimental system and experimental results are discussed.
Direct Observation of Crystallization of Polybutene-1 Under Low Shear Rate Flow (2003)

The isothermal crystallization process of polybutene-1 melt under shear flow was investigated with an optical microscope and a device (shear flow direct observation system, SF-DOS) newly developed by our group. The nucleation rate and growth rate of polybutene-1 were studied under slow shear rates (0–0.1 s−1) at high crystallization temperature (102–108°C) with the SF-DOS. The nucleation remains heterogeneous. The number of nuclei after long times increased and induction time decreased by increasing the shear rate. Anisotropic and distorted spherulites were observed under shear flow, while the spherulites in the static condition were isotropic. It was clearly observed that the spherulites were rotating under shear. The average growth rates were enhanced by increasing shear rates, which acts as the main factor affecting the overall crystallization kinetics. Finally, the crystallization kinetics were analyzed on the basis of the secondary nucleation theory of Hoffman and Lauritzen. Even under very low shear rates, the product of lateral‐surface free energy σ s and fold-surface free energy σ e was found to be reduced as shear rate increased.
Network Modeling and Design for Low Grade Heat Recovery, Refrigeration, and Utilization in Industrial Parks (2016)

Low grade heat still widely exists in energy-intensive industrial parks, although good energy integration has been accomplished for individual processes or plants. Low grade heat is notably large but difficult to utilize because of the limitation of heat transfer and the scarcity of low grade heat sinks. Large scale utilization of low grade heat is very challenging for energy-intensive industries or industrial parks. A large scale low grade heat recovery, refrigeration, and utilization network system is introduced in this study to improve energy performance for industrial parks. In order to model the large scale system, the system is decomposed into three levels: pipe networks, refrigeration stations and absorption chillers. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model is presented that considers mass and energy networks, pipes, refrigeration stations, absorption chillers, and economic performance. The mathematical model is applied to the optimization and economic analysis for the low grade heat utilization in a petrochemical industrial park in China. The model can be solved in available time using the global solver. The solution results demonstrate the good economic performance of the new low grade heat recovery, refrigeration, and utilization network system for the industrial park.
Protective Immunity to <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> Requires Both B Cells and Cd4+ T Cells for Key Functions Other than Specific Antibody Production (2000)

To investigate the fundamental nature of protective immunity to Bordetella pertussis, we studied intranasal immunization of adult mice with formalin-fixed B. pertussis (FFBP), followed by aerosol B. pertussis challenge. Mice given two doses of FFBP intranasally completely cleared a subsequent pertussis aerosol challenge from tracheae and lungs (defined as protection), but there was no correlation between levels of specific antibody and clearance of bacteria. Further, transfer of immune serum before aerosol challenge had minimal effects on bacterial burdens. However, pertussis-specific T cells producing interferon gamma but not interleukin 4 or interleukin 10 were detected in draining lymph nodes of FFBP-immunized mice. Significantly, repeated immunization of B cell knockout (BKO) mice resulted in partial protection, and complete protection was reconstituted by transfer of pertussis-immune B cells; reconstituted BKO mice had little if any detectable antipertussis antibodies. Immunization of mice lacking all T cells or lacking CD4(+) T cells did not lead to protection; in contrast, CD8(-) mice were protected. Mice depleted of CD4(+) T cells after immunization but before aerosol challenge, which thus had normal amounts of specific antibodies, were not optimally protected. Taken together, these data indicate that protective immunity to pertussis is dependent on both CD4(+) T cells and B cells, and both cell types provide significant functions other than specific antibody production.
Are Antioxidants or Supplements Protective for Age-Related Macular Degeneration? (1994)

The data suggest a protective effect for AMD of high plasma values of alpha-tocopherol. An antioxidant index, composed of plasma ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene, was also protective. The use of vitamin supplements to prevent AMD is not supported by these data, which showed no protective effect of vitamin use.
Abietic Acid from Resina Pini of Pinus Species as a Testosterone 5.ALPHA.-Reductase Inhibitor (2010)

The 50% ethanol extracts from Resina Pini of Pinus sp. (Pinaceae) showed more potent inhibitory activity against testosterone 5α-reductase prepared from rat prostate than those from several medicinal plants used for the treatment of androgen-dependent diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. The fraction responsible for this activity was purified, and the active constituent was isolated and identified as abietic acid, a diterpene resin acid, which exhibited potent testosterone 5α-reductase inhibitory activity. Methyl abietate was substantially inactive against testosterone 5α-reductase, whereas other diterpene resin acids, pimaric acid and neoabietic acid, were as active as abietic acid against testosterone 5α-reductase, indicating that the negatively charged anionic carboxyl group on the molecule is an important structural moiety for the inhibitory activity. These findings suggest that a nonsteroidal anionic diterpene compound of natural origin may have the potential to act as a transition state analogue inhibitor of testosterone 5α-reductase in the treatment of androgen-dependent diseases.