gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AcrB Multidrug Efflux Pump of <i>Escherichia coli</i> : Composite Substrate-Binding Cavity of Exceptional Flexibility Generates Its Extremely Wide Substrate Specificity (2003)

Gram-negative bacteria have, in general, much higher intrinsic levels of resistance to various antibiotics, antiseptics, dyes, and detergents than do gram-positive bacteria.This is, in part, due to the effectiveness of the outer membrane as a barrier.The porin channels exclude large compounds (for example, vancomycin) and drastically slow down the influx of most antibiotics, which are usually much larger than common nutrients.Most antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents that act on targets in the cytosol must cross the inner, cytoplasmic membrane, usually by spontaneous diffusion, and this necessitates their being at least moderately lipophilic.These compounds can in principle diffuse across the lipid bi-layer domain of the outer membrane.Transmembrane diffusion rates across this domain, however, are about two orders of magnitude slower than through the conventional phospholipid bi-layers (29), because the outer leaflet, composed exclusively of lipopolysaccharides (11), acts as an effective barrier.The outer membrane barrier alone, however, only slows down the influx of most of the noxious agents, and the gramnegative bacteria need the additional contribution of multidrug efflux pumps in order to achieve their characteristic levels of intrinsic resistance (24).The pumps belonging to the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family are especially effective in generating resistance, as they form a tripartite complex together with the periplasmic proteins belonging to the membrane-fusion-protein (MFP) family and the outer membrane channels (Fig. 1), so that drugs are pumped out directly into the external medium.The RND pumps often have a very wide substrate specificity ( 23).An extreme case is the AcrB pump of Escherichia coli, which by forming a complex with an MFP, AcrA, and an outer membrane channel TolC pumps out tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ␤-lactams, novobiocin, fusidic acid, nalidixic acid, and fluoroquinolones among antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents, SDS, Triton X-100, and bile salts among detergents, various cationic dyes and disinfectants, and even solvents (23,40,42).Examination of the structures of these substrates and the finding that carbenicillin and ceftriaxone, which cannot penetrate into the cytoplasm, were good substrates for an AcrB homolog, MexB (15), suggested in 1994 that a major pathway for the capture of substrates consists of
The use of si surface barrier detectors for energy calibration of mev ion accelerators (1976)

Abstract A study of Si detector response has been carried out using beams of monoenergetic (0.5–2.5 MeV) H and 4He ions backscattered from a thick gold target, in an attempt to determine if the resulting pulse height could be used as an energy calibration technique. At each chosen energy, the accelerator had been calibrated to within 0.5 kV by means of a suitable nuclear resonance reaction. After applying small corrections for the nuclear (i.e. non-ionizing) energy loss, and for the energy loss in traversing the surface dead layer of the detector, the observed pulse heights are found to be exactly proportional to the energy of the incident H or He ion, within the experimental reproducibility of 0.2%. In the case of 4He ions, the linearity of detector response was verified up to 5.48 MeV by means of a standard 241Am radioactive source. One strange anomaly is that the energy ε to create an electron-hole pair in silicon is significantly smaller for He (and 6Li) than for H ions: namely, εHe/εH = 0.989 and εLi/εH =0.967. Various mechanisms proposed to explain this difference are not consistent with the observed linear dependence on particle energy. A comparison between H and D ions and between 3He and 4He ions showed that this difference in detector response was not related to the mass of the incident ion.
Audio2Face: Generating Speech/Face Animation from Single Audio with Attention-Based Bidirectional LSTM Networks (2019)

We propose an end to end deep learning approach for generating real-time facial animation from just audio. Specifically, our deep architecture employs deep bidirectional long short-term memory network and attention mechanism to discover the latent representations of time-varying contextual information within the speech and recognize the significance of different information contributed to certain face status. Therefore, our model is able to drive different levels of facial movements at inference and automatically keep up with the corresponding pitch and latent speaking style in the input audio, with no assumption or further human intervention. Evaluation results show that our method could not only generate accurate lip movements from audio, but also successfully regress the speaker's time-varying facial movements.
Caffeine increases endurance and attenuates force sensation during submaximal isometric contractions (2001)

Caffeine has known ergogenic effects, some of which have been observed during submaximal isometric contractions. We used 15 subjects in a randomized, double-blind, repeated-measures experiment to determine caffeine's ergogenic effects on neuromuscular variables that would contribute to increased endurance capacity. Subjects performed repeated submaximal (50% maximal voluntary contraction) isometric contractions of the right quadriceps to the limit of endurance (T(lim)) 1 h after oral caffeine administration (6 mg/kg). Time to reach T(lim) increased by 17 +/- 5.25% (P < 0.02) after caffeine administration compared with the placebo trial. The changes in contractile properties, motor unit activation, and M-wave amplitude that occurred as the quadriceps reached T(lim) could not account for the prolonged performance after caffeine ingestion. In a separate experiment with the same subjects, we used a constant-sensation technique to determine whether caffeine influenced force sensation during 100 s of an isometric contraction of the quadriceps. The results of this experiment showed that caffeine reduced force sensation during the first 10-20 s of the contraction. The rapidity of this effect suggests that caffeine exerts its effects neurally. Based on these data, the caffeine-induced increase in T(lim) may have been caused by a willingness to maintain near-maximal activation longer because of alterations in muscle sensory processes.
Genetic and biochemical impairment of mitochondrial complex I activity in a family with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and hereditary spastic dystonia. (1996)

A rare form of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) that is associated with hereditary spastic dystonia has been studied in a large Dutch family. Neuropathy and ophthalmological lesions were present together in some family members, whereas only one type of abnormality was found in others. mtDNA mutations previously reported in LHON were not present. Sequence analysis of the protein-coding mitochondrial genes revealed two previously unreported mtDNA mutations. A heteroplasmic A-->G transition at nucleotide position 11696 in the ND4 gene resulted in the substitution of an isoleucine for valine at amino acid position 312. A second mutation, a homoplasmic T-->A transition at nucleotide position 14596 in the ND6 gene, resulted in the substitution of a methionine for the isoleucine at amino acid residue 26. Biochemical analysis of a muscle biopsy revealed a severe complex I deficiency, providing a link between these unique mtDNA mutations and this rare, complex phenotype including Leber optic neuropathy.
Digital Image Steganalysis Schemes for Breaking Steganography (2012)

Steganography is the art and science of secret communication, aiming to conceal the existence of a communication. Steganography in the modern day sense of the word usually refers to information or a file that has been concealed inside a digital Image, Audio/Video file. Information Security is becoming an inseparable part of Data Communication through Internet. In order to address this Information Security, Steganography plays an important role. In contrast to steganography, steganalysis is focused on detecting, tracking, extracting, and modifying secret messages transmitted through a covert channel. The digital media steganalysis is divided into three domains, which are image steganalysis, audio steganalysis, and video steganalysis. In this paper we are discussing about the digital image steganalysis technique for breaking steganography algorithm.
A BENCHMARK LOW VOLTAGE MICROGRID NETWORK (2005)

The increasing penetration of distributed generation resources to the low voltage (LV) grids, such as photovoltaics, CHP micro-turbines, small wind turbines in certain areas and possibly fuel cells in the near future, alters the traditional operating principle of the grids. A particularly promising aspect, related to the proliferation of small-scale decentralized generation, is the possibility for parts of the network comprising sufficient generating resources to operate in isolation from the main grid, in a deliberate and controlled way. These are called Microgrids and the study and development of technology to permit their efficient operation has recently started with a great momentum ([1,2]). Microgrids are foreseen within public distribution grids and therefore suitable study case networks are required to perform simulation and analysis tasks. Moreover, standardizing study case grids to provide “benchmark” networks suitable for Microgrid design would further enhance their merit and utility. The objective of this paper is to present and discuss a benchmark LV network developed within the EU project “Microgrids”, Contract ENK5-CT-2002-00610 and later adopted as a benchmark LV system by CIGRE TF C6.04.02: “Computational Tools and Techniques for Analysis, Design and Validation of Distributed Generation Systems”. The network consists of an LV feeder, while a more extended multi-feeder version is also included in the Appendix. The emphasis is placed on the network itself, rather than on the microsources connected and the control concepts applied. The benchmark network maintains the important technical characteristic of real utility grids, whereas, at the same time, it dispenses with the complexity of actual networks, to permit efficient modeling and simulation of microgrid operation.
Pricing of Electricity Swing Options (2004)

Electricity is one of the most important commodities for both consumers and producers, and it is subject to sharp variations in supply and demand, sometimes within a single day. But it is also one of the most difficult commodities on which to trade derivatives, because electricity is virtually unstorable. This has given rise to contracts such as the “swing option,” which sets minimum and maximum values for both the amount of power to be purchased in each period and also the cumulative amount of electricity purchased over the life of the contract. A swing option thus entails complex timing options with regard to fulfillment of the required minimum cumulative quantity purchased, and price-related options that let the holder buy more when the market price is above the option9s strike price, all constrained by the limits on maximum instantaneous and cumulative consumption. In this article, Keppo describes the decision process and presents a swing option valuation model based on simple electricity forwards and options. The use of the approach is illustrated with a couple of examples based on Nord Pool electricity prices.
게임형 스마트 폰 관광어플리케이션을 활용한 U-관광서비스의 체험성, 만족 및 태도변화의 관계 (2012)

With the availability of technology, heritage sites, such as museums, have been increasing developing smart phone applications as a tool to provide more enjoyable and educational experiences for visitors. The Suwon Hwaseong museum, located at the UNESCO world heritage site, recently introduced the U-SEUM service ? an Android smart-phone application which functions with a Location Based System (LBS). To assess its impact, a total of 221 valid reponses were collected to measure visitor experiences to identify the relationships amongst visitation variables including on-site experience, satisfaction and changed attitudes toward the U-SEUM. Five dimensions of the U-SEUM experience were extracted by through exploratory factor analysis. Path analysis with AMOS package showed that fun and education were significant antecedents to satisfaction of the U-SEUM while fun and novelty as well as satisfaction were significant antecedents to changed attitudes toward the U-SEUM. Togetherness was not significant to either satisfaction or changed attitude while fun was significant to both satisfaction and changed attitude toward U-SEUM. The experiential dimensions of the U-SEUM need to refined and confirmed by further research, involving the applicability of smart phone applications in heritage tourism.
翼龙重建:方法论的一个研究例子(英文) (2010)

Reconstructions of fossil animals are widespread and often very high profile, yet many of these recon-structions exhibit low standards of scientific accuracy.
Growth and Photosynthesis under Pulsed Lighting (2018)

The effects of pulsed irradiation based-LEDs on the growth and photosynthetic light utilization efficiency of lettuce leaves were studied. Plants were grown under different pulse-cycled irradiations of 0.5–500 Hz, and 1–20 kHz frequencies, at PPFD of 200 μmolm−2 s−1 with 50% duty ratio (illuminated duration/cycle). The photosynthetic rate (Pn) was maintained relatively constant over the range of measurements at pulsed light at 80 PPFD. At 200 PPFD, Pn gradually decreased by lowering frequency below 2.5 Hz of pulsed light. Pn under pulsed light was slightly higher than that under continuous light. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv’/Fm′, qP) showed no significant difference between under pulsed light and continuous light except at the lowest frequency (0.2 Hz). The similar quantum yield (ØPSII) and electron transport rate (ETR) of PSII were obtained in a wide range of frequency of pulsed light, which might be an effective illumination strategy for cultivating leaf lettuce by using LEDs. Flashing irradiation did not significantly change chlorophyll content. Results suggested the effectiveness of pulsed light at 50% duty ratio on the growth of leafy vegetables that were richly cultivated in a closed type plant factory with the possibility of saving electricity by using intermittent illumination system with LEDs.
Activation-induced cell death of human T-cell subsets is mediated by Fas and granzyme B but is independent of TNF-alpha. (2001)

Human primary effector T cells were analyzed for their susceptibility to anti-CD3-induced activation-induced cell death (AICD). Th1 and Tc1 cells were more susceptible to AICD than their type 2 counterparts. Type 1 and type 2 subsets were also found to be differentially susceptible to CD95-mediated apoptosis, although cell-surface expression of CD95 and CD95L was at similar levels on all subsets. A role for CD95 in AICD was confirmed by the addition of anti-CD95L antibodies that partially abrogated AICD. Residual apoptosis could not be accounted for by TNF-alpha/TNFR interactions because although type 1 cells secreted more TNF-alpha than type 2 cells, the addition of TNFR:Fc fusion protein did not inhibit AICD. Instead, a reduction in AICD was observed in the presence of EGTA or concanamycin A. The inhibition of apoptosis by a granzyme B inhibitor z-AAD-CMK in Tc1 cells further indicated an involvement of the granule exocytosis mechanism in AICD.
A New High-Pulse Voltage-Sourced Converter for HVDC Transmission (2002)

The proposed converter is based on the reinjection of a series of dc voltage pulses, at a frequency multiple of the fundamental, that shape the output voltage waveforms into a multilevel scheme. The reinjection ratio and frequency are chosen to convert the standard 12-pulse into 36-pulse configuration without the assistance of filters or PWM. Thus the switching losses are greatly reduced. The harmonic current injection can be kept within present standards by an appropriate choice of the interface transformer leakage reactance.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CAMPHENEHYDRO (METHYLCAMPHENILYL) AND ISOBORNYL (BORNYL) CATIONS PART 1, GENERATION OF THE ENANTIOMERIC CATIONS BY THE PI‐ AND SIGMA‐ROUTES OF SOLVOLYSIS (1974)

Abstract Bei der Acetolyse des aus (+)‐Campheroxim (I) über dessen Umlagerungsprodukt (IIa), den Ester (IIb) und den Alkohol (IIc) [durch LiAlH 4 ‐ Reduktion von (IIb) erhältlich] dargestellten (?‐a‐Campholenylsulfonats (IId) entsteht neben kleinen Mengen der Verbindungen (IV) und (Va) fast ausschließlich (‐)‐Camphen (III) [die Acetolyse von (IIe) zu (III) verläuft wesentlich langsamer].
Translational and rotational motion control of microgels enabling shoaling and schooling (2014)

A technique for adequate flow control is important in the fields of science and engineering. In this study, we hypothesized that the unrestricted flow control inside a chamber containing 'schools of magnetic particles' might be possible through control of an external magnetic field, biomimicking the flow generated by schools of fish. Microgels based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels were employed. With an increase in the SPION content, the microgels responded more efficiently to the translational movement of the magnetic field. Rotational movement was more efficiently achieved with anisotropic distribution of SPIONs inside microgels, which was induced by applying a magnetic field immediately prior to crosslinking. The systems of the anisotropic microgels successfully provided microflow for effective mixing in a capillary. This biomimetic flow control may be useful for the control of fluid systems of any micro- or nano-size and any shape, regardless of the tortuosity.
Best of both worlds (2003)

By the nineties of the twentieth century microfilming had finally reached a level of quality and durability that made it a safe and secure surrogate for books and documents that were threatened by acid paper decay. Large-scale microfilming programs were set up un the US (Library of Congress), Germany (DFG), France (BNF), England (Newsplan) and The Netherlands (Metamorfoze)
Optimizing Data Warehousing Startegies (2015)

Database technologies have evolved over the last two decades into different constructs to support the ever-growing information needs for organizations spanning the spectrum of operational and analytical processing. The paper examines the characteristics of transactional databases, operational data stores, data warehouses and virtual data warehouses. A framework is developed for an optimal data warehousing strategy based on organizational needs classified by the types of business processes defined by the requirements of supporting functional areas and the levels of decision structures. Enterprise architecture is described to provide an integrated and complimentary view of various data warehousing constructs.
Animating Human Movement & Gestures on an Agent Using Microsoft Kinect (2016)

It is used in different places for different functions for different reasons using different methods. With increasing use of animations, there is a need for an efficient method of animating human movements. Human movement involves a lot of complicated animations and as such, there are different methods out there for animating this movement. With the increase in development of projects like animated movies, animated advertisement, animated instructional agents, and video games, the need for an accurate method of transferring complex human motions onto a 3D model has also increased. The animated virtual commentator can enhance the cyber defense competition experience in several important ways. It will provide a remarkable communication instrument to the human computer interface. The project leveraged latest-generation techniques in cost effective motion capturing hardware and software, character modeling and rigging, and animation.
Pumped Up (2005)

This article focuses on microelectromechanical systems that have been one of the hot topics of the engineering world for years now. Tire-pressure monitoring systems have been available on select passenger vehicles since the late 1990s. Tire-pressure sensor modules contain several components. A MEMS pressure sensor is the key element, but the package may also include a temperature sensor, voltage sensor, accelerometer, microcontroller, radio-frequency circuit, antenna, and battery. Some suppliers of MEMS tire-pressure sensors are seeking to eliminate batteries and power the tire-pressure sensing module by an alternative power source. In the sensor module, packaging must expose the sensor to air pressure and protect the rest of the components. Freescale, for example, protects its sensor with a Teflon filter, which makes sure that only dry air can enter and pressurize the diaphragm.
To compress or not to compress? (2002)

For practical communications which transmit finite blocks of source data over noisy channels, we question the common practice to compress (C) the source and then to add redundancy for error control. Rather we exploit the redundancy of the non-compressed source (NC) at the channel decoder by source-controlled channel-decoding. For a simple binary Markov source and a Rayleigh fading channel we simulated in a fair comparison the 2 systems (C and NC) using an ARQ/FEC scheme with rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes, Lempel-Ziv compression and a modified Viterbi decoder. We indicate parameter regions where it is better not to compress.
A numerical treatment of the symmetry boundary condition via the finite gradient in the coordinate-free form (2002)

A survey of literature reveals that available textbooks discuss the symmetry boundary conditions mainly with the orthogonal control volumes, probably because detailed discussion calls for a complicated coordinate transformation. In the present work, the symmetry boundary conditions are treated via the finite gradient recently developed. The compactness and clarity acquired by employing the finite gradient are noteworthy in handling the non-orthogonal control volumes.
A Semantic Road Network Model for traffic simulations in virtual environments: Generation and integration (2014)

Typically, virtual traffic networks are enhanced by semantic information to simplify certain processes in traffic simulations such as navigation or decision making. In this paper, we introduce an extendable model representing road network logics (RNL) which allows the integration of such semantic information. For our specific application, we focused on the following elements: road geometry, paths leading through junctions, right of way priorities and road features. Furthermore, we describe our traffic simulation approach, which contains two layers of complexity, and show how these two layers are combined within the RNL. Since the manual setup of such RNL is time-consuming and error prone, an approach for automatically generating RNL based on standardized OpenDRIVE data is introduced. For evaluation purposes, generated RNL were integrated into 3D scenes. The mapping of the RNL to the environment was examined and simulations were run for empirical validation. As a result, the automatically generated RNL could be successfully matched with the created 3D scenes, allowing our traffic simulation approach to be run on the final scenes. Additionally, a comparison between generation times of the RNL and estimates of the time required to manually create RNL showed significant time savings, in one case of more than 300 hours.
Sir John Hammond, C.B.E. F.R.S. (1965)

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