gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric Resistance Change Mechanism of Indium-Tin Oxide Film During Deposition of Dielectric Oxide Films by RF Magnetron Sputtering (1988)

Electric resistance change of indium-tin oxide (ITO) film was investigated when dielectric oxide films such as Sr(Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8 )O 3 and Y 2 O 3 for an electroluminescent device were deposited on the ITO by the rf magnetron sputtering method using oxide ceramic targets. In order to understand the mechanism of the resistance change, a dc voltage of -70∼+70 V was biased to an ITO film during the sputtering of dielectric oxide films. The resistance of the ITO film became higher in the positive bias region. The cause of the increase in resistance of the ITO films was confirmed to be oxidation by the oxide targets and the sputtering gas. The amount of the resistance change could be qualitatively explained by the ratio of the oxygen introduced into the ITO film and the combined oxygen forming O 2 gas at the ITO surface incident to the ITO film at the sputtering of the dielectric oxide films.
An Exo2 Derivative Affects ER and Golgi Morphology and Vacuolar Sorting in a Tissue‐Specific Manner in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2011)

We screened a panel of compounds derived from Exo2 - a drug that perturbs post-Golgi compartments and trafficking in mammalian cells - for their effect on the secretory pathway in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells. While Exo2 and most related compounds had no significant effect, one Exo2 derivative, named LG8, induced severe morphological alterations in both the Golgi (at high concentrations) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). LG8 causes the ER to form foci of interconnecting tubules, which at the ultrastructural level appear similar to those previously reported in Arabidopsis roots after treatment with the herbicide oryzalin. In cotyledonary leaves, LG8 causes redistribution of a trans Golgi network (TGN) marker to the vacuole. LG8 affects the anterograde secretory pathway by inducing secretion of vacuolar cargo and preventing the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 from reaching the plasma membrane. Uptake and arrival at the TGN of the endocytic marker FM4-64 is not affected. Unlike the ADP ribosylation factor-GTP exchange factor (ARF-GEF) inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA), LG8 affects these post-Golgi events without causing the formation of BFA bodies. Up to concentrations of 50 µm, the effects of LG8 are reversible.
A two-pass approximation to 3-D prestack migration (1996)

Abstract A two-pass approximation to 3-D Kirchhoff migration simplifies the migration procedure by reducing it to a succession of 2-D operations. This approach has proven very successful in the zero-offset case. A two-pass approximation to 3-D migration is described here for the prestack case. Compared to the one-pass approach, the scheme presented here provides significant reduction in computation time and a relatively simple data manipulation scheme. The two-pass method was designed using velocity independent prestack time migration (DMO-PSI) applied in the crossline direction, followed by conventional prestack depth migration in the inline direction. Velocity analysis, an important part of prestack migration, is also included in the two-pass scheme. It is carried out as a 2-D procedure after 3-D effects are removed from the data volume. The procedure presented here is a practical full volume 3-D prestack migration. One of its main benefits is a realistic and efficient iterative velocity analysis procedure in three dimensions. The algorithm was designed in the frequency domain and the computational scheme was optimized by processing individual frequency slices independently. Irregular trace distribution, a feature that characterizes most 3-D seismic surveys, is implicitly accounted for within the two-pass algorithm. A numerical example tests the performance of the two-pass 3-D prestack migration program in the presence of a vertical velocity gradient. A 3-D land survey from a fold and thrust belt region was used to demonstrate the algorithm in a complex geological setting. The results were compared with images from other 2-D and 3-D migration schemes and show improved resolution and higher signal content.
Axial transmission of 1 MHz ultrasonic waves on thin cortical bone plates: a simulation study (2002)

Ultrasonic wave propagation involved in axial transmission technique is investigated in the case of an elastic bone plate, by means of 2D simulation. We focus our interest on the apparent speed of sound (SOS) of the first arriving signal (FAS). Its dependence on the thickness of the plate is discussed and compared to previous work. Different time criteria are used to derive the apparent SOS of the FAS as a function of source-receiver distance. For thick plates (thickness>/spl lambda//sub bone/, longitudinal wavelength in bone), and for a limited range of source-receiver distances, the FAS corresponds to the lateral wave. For plate thickness less than /spl lambda//sub bone/, some plate modes contribute to the FAS, and the apparent SOS decreases with the thickness in a way that depends on both the time criterion and on the source-receiver distance. For very thin plates (thickness</spl lambda//sub bone//4), the apparent SOS tends towards the velocity of the lowest order symmetrical vibration mode.
Large Magnetocaloric Effect in a Wells–Dawson Type {Ni<sub>6</sub>Gd<sub>6</sub>P<sub>6</sub>} Cage (2011)

Cool stuff: The usage of phosphonates has led to formation of a family of 3d–4f heterometallic cages with a Wells–Dawson-like structure (see picture; Gd, Dy, or Y purple; Ni cyan; P green; O orange; C gray). Magnetic studies show ferromagnetic interactions within the oxo-centered nickel triangle and huge entropy change in the Gd analogue, which, in principle, can be used as an ultralow-temperature coolant. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
GOES-R AWG GLM Val Tool Development (2012)

We are developing tools needed to enable the validation of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM). In order to develop and test these tools, we have need of a robust, high-fidelity set of GLM proxy data. Many steps have been taken to ensure that the proxy data are high quality. LIS is the closest analog that exists for GLM, so it has been used extensively in developing the GLM proxy. We have verified the proxy data both statistically and algorithmically. The proxy data are pixel (event) data, called Level 1B. These data were then clustered into flashes by the Lightning Cluster-Filter Algorithm (LCFA), generating proxy Level 2 data. These were then compared with the data used to generate the proxy, and both the proxy data and the LCFA were validated. We have developed tools to allow us to visualize and compare the GLM proxy data with several other sources of lightning and other meteorological data (the so-called shallow-dive tool). The shallow-dive tool shows storm-level data and can ingest many different ground-based lightning detection networks, including: NLDN, LMA, WWLLN, and ENTLN. These are presented in a way such that it can be seen if the GLM is properly detecting the lightning in location and time comparable to the ground-based networks. Currently in development is the deep-dive tool, which will allow us to dive into the GLM data, down to flash, group and event level. This will allow us to assess performance in comparison with other data sources, and tell us if there are detection, timing, or geolocation problems. These tools will be compatible with the GLM Level-2 data format, so they can be used beginning on Day 0.
Ageing and Rheological Properties of Facial Skin in Women (1998)

Ageing affects the mechanical properties of skin. Studies using objective measurements on facial skin have been rare and yielded contradictory information. In the present study, the age-related changes occurring in the mechanical properties of facial skin were reviewed using a computerized suction method. A total of 200 healthy women, aged from 17 to 68 years, were enrolled. Data show a significant increase in skin extensibility and a significant decline in elasticity with ageing. These changes become obvious in women approaching 40 years.
HPAT (2017)

Big data analytics requires high programmer productivity and high performance simultaneously on large-scale clusters. However, current big data analytics frameworks (e.g. Apache Spark) have prohibitive runtime overheads since they are library-based. We introduce a novel auto-parallelizing compiler approach that exploits the characteristics of the data analytics domain such as the map/reduce parallel pattern and is robust, unlike previous auto-parallelization methods. Using this approach, we build High Performance Analytics Toolkit (HPAT), which parallelizes high-level scripting (Julia) programs automatically, generates efficient MPI/C++ code, and provides resiliency. Furthermore, it provides automatic optimizations for scripting programs, such as fusion of array operations. Thus, HPAT is 369X to 2033X faster than Spark on the Cori supercomputer and 20X to 256X times on Amazon AWS.
An architectural style for supporting work practice: coping with the complex structure of coordination relationships (2005)

We present an architectural style to directly support the formal and informal relationships that underlie work activity. Rather than defining the dependencies between activities, our focus is on the structure of coordination within the organization. The approach is guided by a need for scoped information and communication spaces, decentralized ownership of work product and process, and support for varying levels of work definition, integrating structured models of work process with ad-hoc activities. The base of the approach is a peer-to-peer style with peers supporting work participants. Peers are subdivided into active task spaces, associating information resources, software components, and communication. Independent connectors define the relationships between peers and provide the mechanism for defining larger more complex structures. This paper describes the style in detail and discusses a prototype implementation
Microwave Eddy-Current Experiments with Ferromagnetic Resonance Probes (1981)

Experimental results obtained with the ferromagnetic resonance probe described in the companion paper by B. A. Auld are presented for a variety of real and fabricated flaws. Details of the apparatus are given with a brief explanation of the measurement technique used. Particular reference is made to the important property of discrimination between flaw and liftoff signals. An illustration of the edge-discrimination characteristics of the ferromagnetic resonance probe is shown.
Novel Low-molecular-weight Organic Gels: <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′,<i>N</i>″-Tristearyltrimesamide/Organic Solvent System (1996)

Abstract A novel class of low-molecular-weight organic gels has been developed; N,N′,N″-tristearyltrimesamide (TSTA) forms gels with various organic solvents, immobilizing solvent at a low concentration of TSTA. The gels, which form fibrous bundles leading to three-dimensional networks, exhibit well-defined sol-gel transitions. Both intermolecular hydrogen bonding and intermolecular inteactions between long alkyl chains are suggested to be responsible for the formation of gels.
Free-Electron Network Model for Conjugated Systems. I. Theory (1953)

The free-electron model for conjugated systems is consistently developed as the limiting case of a three-dimensional quantum-mechanical treatment of the π electrons in such systems. Joint conditions (for branching points) and boundary conditions (for free end points) are derived and the hermiticity of the Hamiltonian is shown. A matrix formulation of the theory is established which makes the application to large systems feasible, and at the same time leads to a close analogy with the LCAO model (LCAO MO treatment considering only nearest neighbor interactions). Quantities analogous to the quantities q (the charge in an atomic orbital) and p (the bond order) are defined, and special attention is given to alternant conjugated systems for which a population theorem, analogous to the one in LCAO theory, is valid.
Tracking a moving object with a binary sensor network (2003)

In this paper we examine the role of very simple and noisy sensors for the tracking problem. We propose a binary sensor model, where each sensor's value is converted reliably to one bit of information only: whether the object is moving toward the sensor or away from the sensor. We show that a network of binary sensors has geometric properties that can be used to develop a solution for tracking with binary sensors and present resulting algorithms and simulation experiments. We develop a particle filtering style algorithm for target tracking using such minimalist sensors. We present an analysis of fundamental tracking limitation under this sensor model, and show how this limitation can be overcome through the use of a single bit of proximity information at each sensor node. Our extensive simulations show low error that decreases with sensor density.
Key role of the positive feedback between PGE<sub>2</sub>and COX2 in the biology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (2012)

PGE(2) is the key factor needed for MDSCs development, accumulation and functional stability. PGE(2) initiates an EP2/EP4-mediated positive feedback between COX2 and PGE(2) in monocytic precursors, redirecting dendritic cell differentiation to MDSCs. COX2- or EP2/EP4- blockade abrogates MDSC functions and their CXCR4-CXCL12-mediated attraction to cancer environment, providing convenient immunotherapeutic targets.
STUDIES OF STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALLS V (1960)

Investigations of the cellular components concerned with the antigenicity and virulence of group A streptococci indicate that the typespecific M protein is the antigen most consistently associated with virulence (Lancefield, 1940). The ability of these organisms to resist phagocytosis is, perhaps, the most important factor in conferring virulence. Wiley and Wilson (1956) have made an extensive study of the phagocytosis of group A streptococci, confirming and extending earlier findings (Lancefield and Todd, 1928; Rothbard, 1945, 1948) that organisms which have M protein resist ingestion by leucocytes, and that little or no M protein is found in strains which are readily phagocytized and are avirulent. However, not all M containing organisms are virulent (Lancefield, 1940), indicating that other factors are important in determining whether a culture can establish infection when inoculated in small numbers. The investigations of Lancefield (1943), which showed that digestion of the streptococci with trypsin removed the M protein without killing the cells, indicated that it is located at or near the cell surface. A serologically active, but poorly antigenic M preparation can be obtained from the streptococcal cell by acid-heat extraction (Lancefield, 1928). More recent investigations have shown that the M protein is located on the cell wall (Salton, 1953) and can be extracted from the cell walls by acid-heat extraction (Barkulis and Jones, 1957). Approximately 40 per cent of the cell wall of group A streptococci is rendered soluble by treatment with trypsin (Barkulis and Jones, 1957), leaving a trypsinresistant residue composed, for the most part, of
Random migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by GM-CSF involving a signal transduction pathway different from that of fMLP (1997)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induced random migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) but not chemotaxis. Chemoattractants such as N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) induced both random migration and chemotaxis. Other inflammatory cytokines, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), did not induce either movement. One-minute exposure of PMNs to GM-CSF was sufficient for the induction of random migration, whereas fMLP-induced random migration required continued presence of fMLP. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), protein kinase C (PKC), and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) had no effect on random migration induced by GM-CSF, whereas fMLP-induced movements were partially inhibited by PTK inhibitors but not by inhibitors of PI3-K inhibitors nor PKC inhibitors. Myosin light chain kinase inhibitors inhibited movements of PMNs induced by both GM-CSF and fMLP. These findings also imply that some aspects of the signal transduction pathway of GM-CSF leading to random migration is different from that of fMLP. Our findings suggest that cell movements are controlled through diverse signal transduction systems.
Investigation of Hexagonal Ferrite Film Growth Techniques for Millimeter-Wave Systems Applications. (1987)

Abstract : During this program we surveyed a number of new substrate and solvent solution systems for epitaxial ferrite growth. the growth of single crystals of two new materials, cobalt gallate and Ta-substituted barium vanadate, was successfully demonstrated. Compositions lattice-matched to the ferrites were demonstrated, and ferrite films were grown on cobalt gallate. Interdiffusion of barium hexaferrite and barium vanadate prevented high-quality hexaferrite film growth on the latter substrate.
sites for DNA topoisomerase I (1998)

Previous work in our group indicated that structural plasmid instability in Bacillus subtilis is often caused by illegitimate recombination between non-repeated sequences, characterized by a relatively high AT content. Recent I y we developed a positive selection vector for analysis of plasmid recombination events in B.subtilis which enables measurement of recombination frequencies without interference of selective growth differences of cells carrying wild-type or deleted plasmids. Here we have used this system to further analyse the sequence specificity of illegitimate plasmid recombination events and to assess the role of the host-encoded DNA topoisomerase I enzyme in this process. Severallines of evidence suggest that singlestrand DNA nicks introduced by DNA topoisomerase I are a major source of plasmid deletions in pGP100. First, strains overproducing DNA topoisomerase I showed increased levels of plasmid deletion. Second, these deletions occurred predominantly (>90% of the recombinants) between non-repeated DNA sequences, the majority of which resembie potential DNA topoisomerase I target sites. Sequence alignment of 66 deletion end-points confirmed the previously reported high AT content and, most importantly, revealed a highly conserved C residue at position -4 relative to the site of cleavage at both deletion termini. Based on these genetic data we propose the following putative consensus cleavage site for DNA topoisomerase lof B.subtilis: S'-A/TCATA/T TAA/~/TA-3'. and expression vectors for bacilli to exploit their full potenrial is the frequently observed genetic instability , in particular of foreign DNA. lllegitimate recombination, which is a major source of genome rearrangements in nature (for reviews see 2,3), was shown to underlie structural plasrnid instability in numerous cases. These rccA-independent events can occur in several different ways. Recombinarion between short directly repeated sequences (DRs) of 3-20 b p can result fiom either copy choice recombination or DNA breakage and reunion mechanisffis (for reviews see 3,4). Breakage and reunion events also underlie recombination between sequences that share no homology; these processes are thought to involve certain DNA handling enzymes, such as topoisomerases, origin nicking enzymes, transposases, invertases and site-specific recombinases. DNA topoisomerases are pivotal enzymes in the control of topological transitions of DNA. A role of these enzymes in illegitirnate recombination has been demonstrated by several authors (5-11). These events involve uncoupling of the nicking and closing reactions catalysed by DNA topoisomerases and result in joining of umelated ends, producing recombinant molecules. In addition, specialized type I topoisomerases, like phage A integrase (12) and PI Cre recombinase (13), mediate DNA strand transfer in site-specific recombination reactions. Recently Z hu and Schiestl ( 14) demonstrated that overproduction of topoisoffierase I (Topo I) in Saccharomyccs ccrcvisiac increased the levelof illegitimate integration in transformation studies with non-homologous DNA.
Creativity in the Engineering Design Process (2007)

It is accepted that innovation is key to any company's long term success. Despite this there are few published engineering design processes with the inclusion, mention or consideration of the creative process. With a strong body of research from the social sciences based upon the different creative processes, it is argued that engineering design research should embrace these processes in order to effectively adopt the tools, methods and techniques that have been developed around them. In this paper it is argued that the design process and the creative process are not synonymous, but it instead will consider creativity as an essential element in designing [1]. Over 100 different design and creative processes have been analysed and considered in total, 42 of which have been tabulated for comparative purposes within this paper. The linear style in which the majority of the process models are presented enabled easy comparison of the terminology. By extracting the key phases from both types of process, a descriptive process model is proposed describing creative process as a cyclical subset of the engineering design process. The overall purpose of this paper is to identify where and when in the process of design does creativity occur.
<i>Escherichia coli</i> RecO protein anneals ssDNA complexed with its cognate ssDNA-binding protein: A common step in genetic recombination (2002)

We present biochemical evidence for the functional similarity of Escherichia coli RecO protein and bacteriophage T4 UvsY protein to eukaryotic Rad52 protein. Although Rad52 protein is conserved in eukaryotes, no sequence homologue has been found in prokaryotes or archeabacteria. Rad52 protein has two unique activities: facilitation of replication protein-A (RPA) displacement by Rad51 protein and annealing of RPA-single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) complexes. Both activities require species-specific interaction between Rad52 protein and RPA. Both RecO and UvsY proteins also possess the former property with regard to their cognate ssDNA-binding protein. Here, we report that RecO protein anneals ssDNA that is complexed with only its cognate ssDNA-binding protein, suggesting the involvement of species-specific interactions. Optimal activity for RecO protein occurs after formation of a 1:1 complex with SSB protein. RecR protein, which is known to stimulate RecO protein to facilitate SSB protein displacement by RecA protein, inhibits annealing by RecO protein, suggesting that RecR protein may regulate the choice between the DNA strand invasion versus annealing pathways. In addition, we show that UvsY protein anneals ssDNA; furthermore, ssDNA, which is complexed only with its cognate ssDNA-binding protein, is annealed in the presence of UvsY protein. These results indicate that RecO and possibly UvsY proteins are functional counterparts of Rad52 protein. Based on the conservation of these functions, we propose a modified double-strand break repair model that includes DNA annealing as an important intermediate step.