gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Veracity: A Fully Decentralized Secure Network Coordinate Service (2008)

Decentralized network coordinate systems have been proposed as a means of efficiently estimating network distances among end-hosts over the Internet without having to contact them directly. These systems support a wide range of network services, including proximity-based routing, neighbor selection in overlays, and replica placement in content-distribution networks. Unfortunately, these systems are vulnerable to even a small number of malicious nodes lying about their coordinates or measurements. In this technical report, we describe Veracity, a fully-decentralized service for securing network coordinate systems. In Veracity, all advertised coordinates and subsequent coordinate updates must be independently verified by a small set of nodes via a voting scheme. Unlike existing approaches, Veracity does not require any a priori secrets or trusted parties, and does not depend on outlier analysis of coordinates based on a chosen set of neighbors. We have implemented Veracity by modifying an opensource network coordinate system, and have demonstrated within a simulated network environment and deployment on PlanetLab that Veracity mitigates attacks for moderate sizes of malicious nodes (up to 30 % of the network), even when coalitions of attackers coordinate their attacks. We further show that Veracity is resistant to high levels of churn and incurs only a modest communication overhead. 1
Multiple wavelength operation of an erbium-doped fiber laser (1992)

Wavelength-locked, six-channel, colasing operation using a single gain medium is reported for the first time. The system is an all-fiber, erbium-amplifier-based design that uses a grating wavelength division multiplexer with a fixed channel spacing of 4.8 nm for frequency selection. The authors investigate two possible configurations for the laser cavity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular and Functional Analyses of Kunjin Virus Infectious cDNA Clones Demonstrate the Essential Roles for NS2A in Virus Assembly and for a Nonconservative Residue in NS3 in RNA Replication (2003)

A number of full-length cDNA clones of Kunjin virus (KUN) were previously prepared; it was shown that two of them, pAKUN and FLSDX, differed in specific infectivities of corresponding in vitro transcribed RNAs by approximately 100,000-fold (A. A. Khromykh et al., J. Virol. 72:7270-7279, 1998). In this study, we analyzed a possible genetic determinant(s) of the observed differences in infectivity initially by sequencing the entire cDNAs of both clones and comparing them with the published sequence of the parental KUN strain MRM61C. We found six common amino acid residues in both cDNA clones that were different from those in the published MRM61C sequence but were similar to those in the published sequences of other flaviviruses from the same subgroup. pAKUN clone had four additional codon changes, i.e., Ile59 to Asn and Arg175 to Lys in NS2A and Tyr518 to His and Ser557 to Pro in NS3. Three of these substitutions except the previously shown marker mutation, Arg175 to Lys in NS2A, reverted to the wild-type sequence in the virus eventually recovered from pAKUN RNA-transfected BHK cells, demonstrating the functional importance of these residues in viral replication and/or viral assembly. Exchange of corresponding DNA fragments between pAKUN and FLSDX clones and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the Tyr518-to-His mutation in NS3 was responsible for an approximately 5-fold decrease in specific infectivity of transcribed RNA, while the Ile59-to-Asn mutation in NS2A completely blocked virus production. Correction of the Asn59 in pAKUN NS2A to the wild-type Ile residue resulted in complete restoration of RNA infectivity. Replication of KUN replicon RNA with an Ile59-to-Asn substitution in NS2A and with a Ser557-to-Pro substitution in NS3 was not affected, while the Tyr518-to-His substitution in NS3 led to severe inhibition of RNA replication. The impaired function of the mutated NS2A in production of infectious virus was complemented in trans by the helper wild-type NS2A produced from the KUN replicon RNA. However, replicon RNA with mutated NS2A could not be packaged in trans by the KUN structural proteins. The data demonstrated essential roles for the KUN nonstructural protein NS2A in virus assembly and for NS3 in RNA replication and identified specific single-amino-acid residues involved in these functions.
The electrophilic cleavage of allylsilanes : investigations into the mechanism of the electrophilic cleavage of allylsilanes and the synthesis of optically active silicon centred allylic silacyclopentanes (1992)

The mechanism of the reaction of allyltrimethylsilanes with electrophiles was investigated using a number of approaches. Firstly, the kinetics of the reaction of the relatively simple allylsilane, allyltrimethylsilane, with dichloroacetic acid were investigated by 1H NMR. Both addition and electrophilic cleavage reactions were observed, with no reversion to starting material occurring. A comparison was made with the reaction of the alkene, 4,4-dimethylpent-l-ene, where a rate enhancement of four orders of magnitude was observed on substituting the s-CMe3 group by a s-SiMe3 group. The second approach involved the synthesis of an optically active siliconcentred allylsilane, based on the relatively uncongested, unstrained silacyclopentane structure. Of the methods of synthesis attempted, the most successful was asymmetric synthesis via dimenth-3-oxysilane derivatives. Using this route, optically active 1-cis-crotyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-silacyclopentane was synthesised. The electrophilic cleavage of this allylsilane with anhydrous hydrogen chloride proceeded with inversion (after the intermediate formation of an addition compound). The reactions of various allylsilanes with trifluoroacetic acid were also investigated. These reactions generally proceeded with y-addition relative to silicon, followed by rearrangement and cleavage in an SE’ fashion. However, for the silane derivatives of s-pinene (E- and Z-1,2-dimethyl-(2,10-pinen-10-yl)methylsilacyclopentane) the stabilisation offered by the formation of a tertiary carbenium ion outweighed that produced by the s-silyl effect. Thus, s-addition of a proton followed by rearrangement of the intermediate carbenium ion and ring opening of the pinene structure before addition of the anion was observed.
Small displacement measurement based on surface plasmon resonance and heterodyne interferometry (2005)

A new method for small displacement measurement based on surface plasmon resonance and heterodyne interferometry is presented. A heterodyne light is focused on a mirror and reflected from it, and then it is incident on a prism which was coated with a thin gold film. When the mirror or the objective lens has a small displacement, the light will be converging or diverging into the prism, and the phase variation between two parts of the test beam under the condition of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be measured by using a two-segment photodiode and a lock-in amplifier. This phase difference between two parts of the test beam is proportional to the departure of the mirror from the focal plane, so the displacement can be obtained in real-time. It has some merits, such as, simple, stable, very high sensitivity and resolution. And its resolution is better than 1nm.
Hybrid Pharmacophoric Approach in the Design and Synthesis of Coumarin Linked Pyrazolinyl as Urease Inhibitors, Kinetic Mechanism and Molecular Docking (2017)

The current research article reports the synthesis of coumarinyl pyrazolinyl thioamide derivatives and their biological activity as inhibitors of jack bean urease. The coumarinyl pyrazolinyl thioamides were synthesized by reacting thiosemicarbazide with newly synthesized chalcones to afford the products in good yields and the synthesized compounds were purified by recrystallization. Coumarinyl pyrazolinyl thioamide derivatives 5a - 5q showed significant activity against Urease enzyme and also exhibited good antioxidant potential. The compound 3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5n) was found to be superior agent in the series with an IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.358 ± 0.017 μm compared to standard thiourea with an IC<sub>50</sub> = 4720 ± 174 μm. To undermine the binding mode of inhibition kinetic studies were performed for most potent derivative and it was found that compound 5n inhibits urease enzyme by non-competitive mode of inhibition. Molecular docking studies were carried out to delineate the binding affinity of the synthesized derivatives.
Differential mechanisms of asparaginase resistance in B-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia and malignant natural killer cell lines (2015)

Bacterial L-asparaginase (ASNase), hydrolyzing L-asparagine (Asn), is an important drug for treating patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma. Although different native or pegylated ASNase-based chemotherapy are efficient, disease relapse is frequently observed, especially in adult patients. The neo-synthesis of Asn by asparagine synthetase (AsnS) following ASNase treatment, which involves the amino acid response and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways, is believed to be the basis of ASNase-resistance mechanisms. However, AsnS expression has not emerged as an accurate predictive factor for ASNase susceptibility. The aim of this study was to identify possible ASNase sensitivity/resistance-related genes or pathways using a new asparaginase, namely a pegylated r-crisantaspase, with a focus on classic Asn-compensatory responses and cell death under conditions of Asn/L-glutamine limitation. We show that, for B-ALL cell lines, changes in the expression of apoptosis-regulatory genes (especially NFκB-related genes) are associated with ASNase susceptibility. The response of malignant NK cell lines to ASNase may depend on Asn-compensatory mechanisms and other cellular processes such as cleavage of BCL2A1, a prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 protein family. These results suggest that according to cellular context, factors other than AsnS can influence ASNase susceptibility.
Vitamin D-Dependent Calcium Binding Proteins in the Kidney and Intestine of the X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Mouse: Changes With Age and Responses to 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol* (1987)

We have previously observed decreased intestinal 9 kilodalton (kd) vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (CaBP) and decreased calcium absorption in juvenile X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mice. The present studies were undertaken to examine whether the kidney CaBPs (9 kd and 28 kd) are also affected in young Hyp mice and to investigate the ability of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] to increase CaBP in the intestine and kidney. The 28 kd CaBP and the 9 kd CaBP were measured in the kidneys and the 9 kd CaBP in the intestines of normal and Hyp mice from 1 week to 40 weeks of age. At all times between 3 and 6 weeks, intestinal CaBP in Hyp mice was decreased by more than 50% (P less than 0.005-0.001) and no significant decrease was present in the adult Hyp mice (12 and 40 weeks of age). By contrast, both kidney CaBPs were decreased only slightly in young Hyp mice. Between 1 and 6 weeks of age, the 9 kd CaBP in Hyp mice was 82% +/- 4% of control (P less than 0.001) and the 28 kd protein was 89% +/- 3% of control (P less than 0.001). Minipumps containing 1,25-(OH)2D3 or vehicle were implanted in 4-week and 13-week-old Hyp mice for 3 days to provide a dose of 0.12 micrograms/kg mouse X day. The 9 kd CaBP was increased approximately 3-fold (P less than 0.001) by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the intestines of Hyp mice at both ages. The 9 kd kidney CaBP in Hyp mice also was increased by 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment at both ages, but only by 33-52%. The 28 kd CaBP in the kidney was not affected by 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment of Hyp mice at either age. We conclude that (9 kd and 28 kd) CaBPs levels in both intestine and kidney are decreased in juvenile Hyp mice although to much different degrees. The administration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to Hyp mice increases the 9 kd CaBP in both intestine and kidneys, whereas the renal 28 kd CaBP is unaffected.
Effects of activation pattern on human skeletal muscle fatigue (1998)

Variable-frequency stimulation trains (VFTs) that take advantage of the catchlike property of skeletal muscle have been shown to augment the force production of fatigued muscles compared with constant-frequency trains (CFTs). The present study is the first to report the force augmentation produced by VFTs after fatiguing the muscle with VFTs versus fatiguing the muscle with CFTs. Data were obtained from the human quadriceps femoris muscles of 12 healthy subjects. Each subject participated in three experimental sessions. Each session fatigued the muscle with one of three protocols: CFTs with 70-ms interpulse intervals (CFT70); CFTs with 55.5-ms interpulse intervals (CFT55.5); or VFTs. Following each fatiguing protocol the muscles were tested with all three stimulation patterns (i.e., CFT55.5, CFT70, and VFT). At the end of the fatiguing protocol the VFT produced force-time integrals and peak forces approximately 18% and 32% greater than the CFT70, respectively. The testing trains showed that the VFT produced approximately 25-35% greater force-time integrals than either CFT and approximately 35-47% greater peak forces than the CFT70. For each testing train, approximately 10-15% greater force-time integrals were seen when the muscles were fatigued with the CFTs than when fatigued with the VFTs. These results support suggestions that VFTs may be useful during clinical applications of electrical stimulation.
Acceptance of Tumor Homografts by Mice Injected with Antiserum. I. Activity of Serum Fractions. (1956)

Antiserums to mouse tissues, produced in rabbits or mice, induce acceptance of an otherwise incompatible tumor homograft in mice, when injected into the host prior to grafting of the tumor. Activity of antiserums was associated with the globulin fractions, and was most concentrated in the gamma-globulin fraction. The activity was not impaired by treatment with sodium periodate, or by heating to 56°C. It was slightly impaired by heating to 70°C, and was destroyed at 100°C.
Generational comparisons (F1 versus F3) of vinclozolin induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of sperm differential DNA methylation regions (epimutations) using MeDIP-Seq (2017)

Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and phenotypic variation has been shown to involve DNA methylation alterations in the germline (e.g. sperm). These differential DNA methylation regions (DMRs) are termed epimutations and in part transmit the transgenerational phenotypes. The agricultural fungicide vinclozolin exposure of a gestating female rat has previously been shown to promote transgenerational disease and epimutations in F3 generation (great-grand-offspring) animals. The current study was designed to investigate the actions of direct fetal exposure on the F1 generation rat sperm DMRs compared to the F3 transgenerational sperm DMRs. A protocol involving methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) followed by next-generation sequencing (Seq) was used in the current study. Bioinformatics analysis of the MeDIP-Seq data was developed and several different variations in the bioinformatic analysis were evaluated. Observations indicate needs to be considered. Interestingly, the F1 generation DMRs were found to be fewer in number and for the most part distinct from the F3 generation epimutations. Observations suggest the direct exposure induced F1 generation sperm DMRs appear to promote in subsequent generations alterations in the germ cell developmental programming that leads to the distinct epimutations in the F3 generation. This may help explain the differences in disease and phenotypes between the direct exposure F1 generation and transgenerational F3 generation. Observations demonstrate a distinction between the direct exposure versus transgenerational epigenetic programming induced by environmental exposures and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance phenomenon.
Dose dependence in the laser annealing of arsenic-implanted silicon (1978)

In the laser annealing of silicon by Nd : YAG laser irradiation a dose dependence of the annealing threshold and final impurity depth distribution has been observed. Impurity depth distributions and damage profiles observed by Rutherford backscattering are consistent with the notion of the formation of a thin liquid layer and subsequent regrowth of the crystal upon cooling. We conclude that the annealing behavior is very sensitive to the time of formation of the liquid layer during the laser pulse.
Growth hormone response to thyrotropin-relesing hormone in cancer patients. (1980)

Plasma GH responses to TRH were investigated in 50 cancer patients. Out of 50 cancer patients, 33 were found to be responders. At 15, 30 and 60 min after TRH injection, the mean values GH for cancer patients was significantly higher than the corresponding value for normal controls and the base-line level following saline injection in cancer patients (p < 0.001). Our results suggests that a possible alteration of hypothalamic-pituitary function regulating GH secretion may occur in patients with cancer.
Molecular Modeling of Environmentally Important Processes: Reduction Potentials (2004)

Instructional interest at the undergraduate and graduate levels in computational quantum chemistry and molecular modeling as it applies to environmentally important processes is increasing. This is a reflection of the research interest in this emerging area. We describe in detail the data handling, construction of thermodynamic cycles, and resolution of standard-state conventions required to compare theoretically predicted and experimentally measured one- and two-electron reduction potentials. This is achieved within the context of specific examples that would be useful for instructional purposes. In particular, the reduction potentials of the insecticide DDT and the structurally similar miticide dicofol are predicted. Discussion of the applicability of different computational models to different aspects of the modeling is provided.See Correction.
Family Study of Restless Legs Syndrome in Quebec, Canada (2010)

Restless legs syndrome significantly aggregated in families with variable phenotypic expressivity, and the siblings of severely affected individuals have an increased risk of developing the disease.
<title>Data fusion through nondeterministic approaches: a comparison</title> (1993)

Information gathered by different knowledge sources from the same scene are often uncertain, imprecise, fuzzy, or incomplete. Using a multi-sensory system to integrate several types of data should yield more meaningful information otherwise unavailable or difficult to acquire by a single sensory modality. In this paper, we examine a number of non-deterministic methods for solving the fusion problem. Within the framework of fuzzy sets theory, we present a new technique for data fusion. We develop a fusion formula based on the measure of fuzziness. The fusion formula is mathematically tested against several desirable properties of fusion operators. Also, the Super Bayesian Approach and Dempster's rule of combination are presented. These approaches were implemented and tested with real range and intensity images acquired by an Odetics Laser Range Scanner. The goal was to obtain better scene descriptions through a segmentation process of both images. A systematic method for evaluating and comparing segmentation results was presented. Various levels of noise were added to the real data and segmentation results from all three approaches were evaluated.
Cost-effectiveness of screening for hereditary hemochromatosis (1994)

<h3>Background:</h3> Recent studies have estimated the prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis to be 3 to 8 per 1000. Early detection and treatment can prevent disease manifestations and normalize life expectancy. We used decision analysis techniques to determine whether screening the population at large for hereditary hemochromatosis would be cost-effective. <h3>Methods:</h3> We constructed a model to compare the cost and outcome of a strategy of performing screening transferrin saturation tests on cohorts of 30-year old men with that of awaiting symptomatic disease. Baseline estimates of disease prevalence and complication rates were based on the published literature. Costs of treatment were estimated based on prevailing local costs. Sensitivity analyses were then conducted to determine which variables had the most significant impact on the decision to screen. <h3>Results:</h3> At our baseline estimates, the decision to screen was found to be a dominant strategy and resulted in cost saving. Sensitivity analysis showed that four variables had the most significant impact on the decision to screen: (1) the prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis, (2) the probability of developing disease manifestations, (3) the cost of the screening test, and (4) the discount rate. Screening was a dominant strategy for asymptomatic men provided that the prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis was at least 3 per 1000, the probability of developing disease manifestations was greater than 0.4, the test cost was less than $12, and the discount rate was less than 3%. Using more pessimistic estimates, the cost per life year saved was still less than that considered acceptable for many common medical interventions. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> Screening for hereditary hemochromatosis has a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio over a wide range of assumptions. We recommend that practitioners consider including a serum transferrin saturation test in their routine screening for asymptomatic white men. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:769-776)