gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diltiazem Potentiation of Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells (1995)

The calcium channel blocker diltiazem, which possesses coronary vasodilator activity, greatly enhanced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. 20% of the doxorubicin-treated tumor-bearing animals (2 mg/kg, every other day, three doses) survived, with a mean survival time of 35 days. However, pretreatment with diltiazem increased survival to 70% with a mean survival time of 43 days. Diltiazem treatment increased the intracellular level of doxorubicin, and there was a good correlation between the high cellular level of doxorubicin and its cytotoxic activity. In tumor-bearing animals pretreated with diltiazem, doxorubicin showed a pronounced inhibitory effect on cellular DNA, RNA content and acid phosphatase activity of tumor cells. In addition, there was a marked increase in cellular cholesterol and lipid contents. This study may suggest the benefit of using diltiazem to potentiate the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin, allowing its dose and consequently the serious side effects to be reduced.
Facile polyisobutylene functionalization via thiol–ene click chemistry (2010)

Thiol–ene click chemistry was adapted to easily and rapidly modify exo-olefin polyisobutylene with an array of thiol compounds bearing useful functionalities, including primary halogen, primary amine, primary hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid.
Assessment of methods used for predicting lipophilicity: Application to nucleosides and nucleoside bases (1993)

Abstract Estimating log P (logarithm of “1‐octanol to water” partition coefficients) as a measure of lipophilicity for organic compounds is of considerable importance in drug discovery. Several methods have been developed for this purpose, each with its own drawbacks and advantages. In this article, a systematic comparison of three well‐documented and fully computerized methods has been attempted for a set of nucleosides and bases. The first method (BLOGP) is based on overall molecular properties derived from a molecular orbital calculation to predict log P . The second method (CLOGP) uses fragmental lipophilicity constants with correction factors and treats log P as an additive‐constitutive property. The third method (ALOGP) is based on an additivity scheme of atomic lipophilicity constants, with the constitutive factor governed by an elaborate list of atom types. However, none of these methods take into account conformational flexibility or intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which can cause substantial discrepancy between observations and predictions. A comparison of predictions from each of these methods indicates that the atomic contribution method (ALOGP with r = 0.842 and SD = 0.51) is better than other methods (with r = 0.395 and SD = 1.2 for BLOGP and r = 0.713 and SD = 0.93 for CLOGP) for this class of compounds. Our overall assessment is that we do not have, as yet, a highly reliable, fully computerized log P prediction method applicable to flexible heterocycles such as nucleoside analogs. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Programmatic Interface for Particle Plasma Simulation in Python (2010)

Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations are a popular approach to plasma physics problems in a variety of applications. These simulations range from interactive to very large, and are well suited to parallel architectures, such as GPUs. PIC simulations frequently serve as input to other simulations, as a part of a larger system. Our project has two goals: facilitate exploitation of increasing availability of parallel compute resources in PIC simulation, and provide an intuitive and efficient programmatic interface to these simulations. We plan to build a modular backend with multiple levels of parallelism using tools such as PyCUDA/PyOpenCL and IPython. The modular design, following the goals of our Object-Oriented Particle-in-Cell (OOPIC) code this is to replace, enables comparison of multiple algorithms and approaches. On the frontend, we will use a runtime compilation model to generate an optimized simulation based on available resources and input specification. Maintaining NumPy arrays as the fundamental data structure of diagnostics will allow users great flexibility for data analysis, allowing the use of many existing powerful tools for Python, as well as the definition of arbitrary derivative diagnostics in flight. The general design and preliminary performance results with the PyCUDA backend will be presented. This project is early in development, and input is welcome.
Optical coherence tomography in autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (2018)

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the SACS gene. Thickened retinal nerve fibres visible on fundoscopy have previously been described in these patients; however, thickening of the retinal nerve fibre layer as demonstrated by optical coherence tomography appears to be a more sensitive and specific feature. To test this observation, we assessed 292 individuals (191 patients with ataxia and 101 control subjects) by peripapillary time-domain optical coherence tomography. The patients included 146 with a genetic diagnosis of ataxia (17 autosomal spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, 59 Friedreich's ataxia, 53 spinocerebellar ataxias, 17 other genetically confirmed ataxias) and 45 with cerebellar ataxia of unknown cause. The controls included 13 asymptomatic heterozygotes for SACS mutations and 88 unaffected controls. The cases with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay included 11 previously unpublished SACS mutations, of which seven were nonsense and four missense mutations. Most patients were visually asymptomatic and had no previous history of ophthalmic complaints and normal or near normal visual test results. None had visual symptoms directly attributable to the retinal changes. Twelve of the 17 cases (70.6%) had thickened retinal nerve fibres visible on fundoscopy. All patients with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay had thickening of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer on optical coherence tomography, whereas all the remaining cases and controls except one showed normal or reduced average peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness on optical coherence tomography. We propose a cut-off value of 119 µm in average peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, which provides a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99.4% amongst patients affected with ataxia. This is the largest cohort of patients with this condition to undergo systematic evaluation by optical coherence tomography. This is a useful tool in identifying cases of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay from other causes of ataxia. Visualization of thickened retinal fibres by direct fundoscopy is less sensitive. We therefore advocate the use of this technique in the assessment of possible cases of this condition.
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Deficiency Amplifies Acute Lung Injury in Bleomycin-Exposed Mice (2005)

Bleomycin-induced lung injury triggers a profound and durable increase in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 expression, suggesting a potential role for this antiproteinase in the regulation of lung inflammation and fibrosis. TIMP-1 protein induction is spatially restricted to areas of lung injury as determined by immunohistochemistry. Using TIMP-1 null mutation mice, we demonstrate that TIMP-1 deficiency amplifies acute lung injury as determined by exaggerated pulmonary neutrophilia, hemorrhage, and vascular permeability compared with wild-type littermates after bleomycin exposure. The augmented pulmonary neutrophilia observed in TIMP-1-deficient animals was not found in similarly treated TIMP-2-deficient mice. Using TIMP-1 bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice, we observed that the TIMP-1-deficient phenotype was abolished in wild-type recipients of TIMP-1-deficient BM but not in TIMP-1-deficient recipients of wild-type BM. Acute lung injury in TIMP-1-deficient mice was accompanied by exaggerated gelatinase-B activity in the alveolar compartment. TIMP-1 deficiency did not alter neutrophil chemotactic factor accumulation in the injured lung nor neutrophil migration in response to chemotactic stimuli in vivo or in vitro. Moreover, TIMP-1 deficiency did not modify collagen accumulation after bleomycin injury. Our results provide direct evidence that TIMP-1 contributes significantly to the regulation of acute lung injury, functioning to limit inflammation and lung permeability.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOCARBAMID‐DERIVATE MIT TUBERKULOSTATISCHER WIRKUNG 2. MITT. ACYL‐THIOCARBAMIDE (1971)

Abstract 1‐Substituierte 3‐Acyl‐thiocarbamide entstehen bei der Reaktion geeigneten Amine mit Acyl‐isothiocyanaten.
Comparisons of the effects of systemic administration of L-thyroxine and doxycycline on orthodontically induced root resorption in rats (2010)

The aim of this study was to histologically evaluate and compare the effects of the systemic administration of L-thyroxine (TX) and doxycycline (DX) on orthodontically induced root resorption, Twenty-eight male 50- to 60-day-old Wistar rats were used. Seven rats served as the baseline control. Seven animals received TX (20 μg/kg bodyweight/day) and seven DX (1.2 mg/kg bodyweight/day), by means of a mini-osmotic pump implanted subcutaneously. Seven rats were separated as a sham, in order to evaluate the pure effect of the surgical procedure on the animals' health. Tooth movement (TM) was achieved with a continuous force of 50 g by placing Elgiloy coil springs between the right maxillary first molar and incisors for 14 days. The animals were sacrificed and specimens containing the appliance and maxillary tooth-bearing segments were processed for light microscopy. The surface area of root resorption lacunae was measured histomorphometrically using digital photomicrographs. To evaluate the resorptive changes on the molar root surface of each group, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations were also carried out. Statistical evaluation of root resorption percentages was performed using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test. Multiple comparisons were determined by the Student-Newman-Keuls method. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Histomorphometric analysis of root resorption, expressed as a percentage, showed that the average relative root resorption affecting the maxillary molars on the TM side was 0.32 ± 0.25 in the TX and 0.26 ± 0.06 in the DX groups and 2.19 ± 0.86 in the control. Statistically significant inhibition of root resorption was determined both in the TX and DX groups (P < 0.001) on the TM side. There was no statistically significant difference in relative root resorption between the TX and DX groups. Systemic administration of TX and DX demonstrated similar effects on root resorption in rats and may have inhibitory effects on orthodontically induced resorptive activity.
Language model adaptation using Random Forests (2010)

In this paper we investigate random forest based language model adaptation. Large amounts of out-of-domain data are used to grow the decision trees while very small amounts of in-domain data are used to prune them back, so that the structure of the trees are suitable for the desired domain while the probabilities in the tree nodes are reliably estimated. Extensive experiments are carried out and results are reported on a particular task of adapting Broadcast News language model to the MIT computer science lecture domain. We show 0.80% and 0.60% absolute WER improvement over language model interpolation and count merging techniques, respectively.
<title>Noise-robust phase-unwrapping method in radar interferometry</title> (1995)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry is a technique based on the exploitation of the interference pattern of two SAR images acquired in similar geometric conditions, at two different dates. This technique has a very broad range of applications. It is used to generate digital elevation models (DEM). It also can detect centimeter-size changes on the ground surface. In order to extract topography from interferograms, the interference pattern has to be unwrapped and transformed into altitude. Phase unwrapping is one of the most difficult parts of the process and has become one of the most studied subjects in the interferometric community. In this paper, we present a new phase unwrapping method, based on a global analysis of the interferogram. The interferogram is divided into surface elements that can be modeled by local slopes. A model of the unwrapped phase is computed thanks to these elementary surfaces. We show that the interferogram can be unwrapped using the computed model as soon as the differences between the model and the interferogram are smaller than half a fringe on the entire image. Then, we present two algorithms based on this method, an automatic one and an interactive one. We discuss the performances of each algorithm on test sites. We show that the automatic algorithm is very efficient in noisy areas, and that the interactive one can be of interest in areas with shadow or overlay. Finally, possibilities of improvements are discussed.
SIMS with highly excited primary beams for molecular depth profiling and imaging of organic and biological materials (2010)

Abstract Recent developments in SIMS with both Ar cluster ions and swift heavy ions are presented. With these primary beams, the analysis of organic semiconductors and animal cells shows that one of the key factors to realizing the SIMS analysis of organic materials is high‐energy deposition near the surface. Molecular depth profiling and images of organic materials were demonstrated by using SIMS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Methylcarbonate and Bicarbonate Phosphonium Salts as Catalysts for the Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction. (2012)

Abstract The phosphonium salt CPS and its bicarbonate analogue efficiently promote the addition of aldehydes and ketones to nitroalkanes.
Spectral differences in 6 MV beams with matched PDDs and the effect on chamber response (2012)

The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) has installed an Elekta Synergy platform linac to establish a direct megavoltage primary standard calibration service, instead of relying on calibrations derived from (60)Co. One of the 6 MV beams of the ARPANSA linac has been approximately matched to the Varian high energy platform 6 MV photon beam. The electron beam energy was adjusted to match the percentage depth dose (PDD) curve and TPR(20,10). This work calculates the error introduced when using a calibration factor from this Elekta Synergy Platform linac on a Varian high-energy platform beam at 6 MV. Monte Carlo models of the Varian and matched Elekta accelerator accurately predict the measured PDDs and profiles, but show significantly different energy spectra, resulting mainly from differences in target thickness between the two accelerators. Monte Carlo modelling of the energy correction factor k(Q) of a secondary standard NE2561 chamber shows a difference of 0.4% between the Varian and the Varian-matched Elekta beams. Although small, this is a significant discrepancy for primary standard calibrations. Similar variations are expected for chambers of similar construction, and additional variations may occur with other linac manufacturers. The work has also investigated the design of a custom flattening filter to precisely match the energy spectrum of the Varian beam on the Elekta platform.
Task-based detectability comparison of exponential transformation of free-response operating characteristic (EFROC) curve and channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) (2016)

This study quantitatively evaluated the performance of the exponential transformation of the free-response operating characteristic curve (EFROC) metric, with the Channelized Hotelling Observer (CHO) as a reference. The CHO has been used for image quality assessment of reconstruction algorithms and imaging systems and often it is applied to study the signal-location-known cases. The CHO also requires a large set of images to estimate the covariance matrix. In terms of clinical applications, this assumption and requirement may be unrealistic. The newly developed location-unknown EFROC detectability metric is estimated from the confidence scores reported by a model observer. Unlike the CHO, EFROC does not require a channelization step and is a non-parametric detectability metric. There are few quantitative studies available on application of the EFROC metric, most of which are based on simulation data. This study investigated the EFROC metric using experimental CT data. A phantom with four low contrast objects: 3mm (14 HU), 5mm (7HU), 7mm (5 HU) and 10 mm (3 HU) was scanned at dose levels ranging from 25 mAs to 270 mAs and reconstructed using filtered backprojection. The area under the curve values for CHO (AUC) and EFROC (A<sub>FE</sub>) were plotted with respect to different dose levels. The number of images required to estimate the non-parametric A<sub>FE</sub> metric was calculated for varying tasks and found to be less than the number of images required for parametric CHO estimation. The A<sub>FE</sub> metric was found to be more sensitive to changes in dose than the CHO metric. This increased sensitivity and the assumption of unknown signal location may be useful for investigating and optimizing CT imaging methods. Future work is required to validate the A<sub>FE</sub> metric against human observers.
The More Elements, the Merrier (2003)

New alloy materials are commonly discovered by trial and error, a labor-intensive approach that is not well suited for alloys containing more than two or three elements. But as
 Shiflet
 explains in his Perspective, new approaches based on computational thermodynamics and quantum mechanics are heralding a new age of alloy discovery. He highlights the report by
 Saito
 et al., who have used such an approach to discover a new superplastic, multifunctional Ti alloy containing five elements. Because of the strict chemical constraints, such a complex material would most likely never be designed using a trial-and-error approach.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON METHYLENCYCLOPROPANEN MIT BLEITETRAACETAT (1970)

Abstract Die Umsetzung verschiedener Methylencyclopropane ,z.B. (I), nütBleitetraacetat (II) ergibt 2‐Methylenpropan‐1 ,3‐dio1diacetate,z,BIHÜ‐ Bei der Reaktion der Methylencyclopropane (VIII) oder (XI)mit Bleitetraacetat (II) entsteht neben dem Diacetat (IX) in geringer Menge das Monoacetat (X).
Parameter Estimates of Field Solute Transport Models Based on Time Domain Reflectometry Measurements (1992)

Abstract A new technique using vertically installed time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes can be used to measure the mass flux of solute past the ends of the TDR probes and characterize the probability density functions of travel times. The procedure is applicable for a conservative tracer under steady‐state leaching conditions of constant surface volume flux density of water. The procedure is, however, limited to soils low in salts where the addition of a solute spike will cause a measurable reduction in the TDR signal. We developed the transport equations used to analyze the breakthrough data and obtain the appropriate parameters of two steady‐state models, the convective dispersion equation and the convective lognormal transfer function, as well as a moment analysis. Other models could also have been used. The TDR measurements (reduced in terms of the maximum measured value) for a Dirac‐delta function (spike) input of solute are shown to be equivalent to the solution of a step function input of pure water at the surface to a soil containing unit concentration to infinite depth, i.e., the complement of the flux‐averaged reduced concentration for a step function input of solute. Nonlinear curve‐fitting techniques were used to obtain the transport parameters. Fitting the measured TDR readings to the two models for both field and laboratory data gave good estimates of the transport parameters. The moment analysis, however, reflected the early breakthrough and tailing of the solute, resulting in a doubling of the variance. In addition, variances at the averaged field scale were found to be slightly more than double those at the local scale. The field TDR procedure is fast, inexpensive and nondestructive; the analysis presented yields needed parameters for model predictions.
Aqueous cytokine and growth factor levels do not reliably reflect those levels found in the vitreous. (2011)

Proteins in the aqueous cannot be assumed to correlate with their counterparts in the vitreous.
Periocular Injection of Microspheres Containing PKC412 Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization in a Porcine Model (2003)

Sustained local delivery of PKC412 provides a promising approach for treatment of CNV.
Static analysis to support the evolution of exception structure in object-oriented systems (2003)

Exception-handling mechanisms in modern programming languages provide a means to help software developers build robust applications by separating the normal control flow of a program from the control flow of the program under exceptional situations. Separating the exceptional structure from the code associated with normal operations bears some consequences. One consequence is that developers wishing to improve the robustness of a program must figure out which exceptions, if any, can flow to a point in the program. Unfortunately, in large programs, this exceptional control flow can be difficult, if not impossible, to determine.In this article, we present a model that encapsulates the minimal concepts necessary for a developer to determine exception flow for object-oriented languages that define exceptions as objects. Using these concepts, we describe why exception-flow information is needed to build and evolve robust programs. We then describe Jex, a static analysis tool we have developed to provide exception-flow information for Java systems based on this model. The Jex tool provides a view of the actual exception types that might arise at different program points and of the handlers that are present. Use of this tool on a collection of Java library and application source code demonstrates that the approach can be helpful to support both local and global improvements to the exception-handling structure of a system.
2-Sulfanilamido-5-methoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazole and Related Compounds (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Sulfanilamido-5-methoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazole and Related CompoundsM. L. Sassiver and R. G. ShepherdCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1966, 9, 4, 541–545Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00322a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00322a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views270Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts