gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microemulsions: A Novel Drug Carrier System (2013)

Microemulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically stable transparent (or translucent) systems of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant with a droplet size usually in the range of 20-200 nm. They can be classified as oil-in-water (o/w), water-in-oil (w/o) or bicontinuous systems depending on their structure and are characterized by ultra low interfacial tension between oil and water phases. These versatile systems are currently of great technological and scientific interest to the researchers because of their potential to incorporate a wide range of drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) due to the presence of both lipophilic and hydrophilic domains. These adaptable delivery systems provide protection against oxidation, enzymatic hydrolysis and improve the solubilization of lipophilic drugs and hence enhance their bioavailability. In addition to oral and intravenous delivery, they are amenable for sustained and targeted delivery through ophthalmic, dental, pulmonary, vaginal and topical routes. They offer the advantage of spontaneous formation, ease of manufacturing and scale-up, thermodynamic stability, improved drug solubilization of hydrophobic drugs and bioavailability. While microemulsions are used in several fields, this article focuses on the reported investigations for topical and various other applications which exhibit minimal systemic absorption.
Back to life (2001)

Jenny Wall worked in partnership with colleagues and other health professionals to nurse a young man with myotonic dystrophy. She wrote this reflective account of an 'amazing' experience
La fin des Militants ? (1997)

Cette édition numérique a été réalisée à partir d’un support physique, parfois ancien, conservé au sein du dépôt légal de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, conformément à la loi n° 2012-287 du 1er mars 2012 relative à l’exploitation des Livres indisponibles du XXe siècle.
Traumatic brain injury and marital relationships (1990)

This is a review of the research regarding the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on the marital relationship. Individuals who have withstood a severe traumatic brain injury usually exhibit a range of cognitive and behavioural disabilities. Typical problems outlined in the research include: attention and concentration deficits, memory and information-processing deficits, judgement and perception difficulties. While these impediments pose problems for community re-integration, they may become sources of difficulty for the spouse. The following report critically examines the literature on the effects of head injury on marital relationships. This research has demonstrated that spouses' reactions to TBI include feelings of anxiety, isolation, and loss. In addition, this literature review shows that there is a dearth of research that has regarded the individual with TBI to be a valid source of information, or has considered women with TBI in a marital situation.
Short Subjects: Southeastern State Archives and Local Records: A Sampler (1986)

Georgia has 159 counties, 187 school systems, over 500 chartered municipalities and numerous local boards, commissions, and authorities. Many are experiencing dramatic growth, and that is straining their resources and necessitating change in their traditional operations. Preservation of the historical record is a responsibility recognized by Georgia's local government officials. This fact is supported by requests to the Department of Archives and History, by laws passed by the legislature, and by recent studies.
An interactive interface for visualizing events on Twitter (2014)

In recent years, social media has become one of the most popular tools for discovering and following breaking news and ongoing events. However tools and interfaces have lagged behind users' expectations, with current tools making it difficult to discover new events and failing to provide a solution to the problem of information overload. We have developed an interactive interface for visualizing events, backed by a state-of-the-art event detection approach, which is able to detect, track and summarize events in real-time. Our interface provides up-to-the-second information about ongoing events in an easy to understand manner, including category information, temporal distribution, and location information -- all of which was previously unobtainable in real-time.
A Student Learning Environment without the Overhead? Reviewing Costs and Benefits of CAL within a Manufacturing Course* (2004)

This paper begins with a brief discussion of the current drivers within higher education and their impact and influence on the learning process. The requirements for an effective infrastructure at the class level are described, with specific links made to the use of computer-aided learning/assessment, effectiveness and efficiency. The paper goes on to describe the authors’ experience of using Computer-Aided Learning (CAL) and Computer-Aided Assessment (CAA) in several linked classes over a number of years and to review them in terms of costs, benefits and efficiency.
Using Robotic Sensor Networks to build a search and rescue application (2012)

The content formerly presented as the proceedings of this conference in IEEE Xplore was found to be unauthorized, and thus a wholly inaccurate representation of the proceedings of the conference.The content now presented as the proceedings of this conference has been verified as a true and accurate representation of the research presented at the conference. We apologize for this incident, and have taken steps to prevent this from happening in the future.
New agents in gastrointestinal malignancies: Part 1: Irinotecan in clinical practice (1999)

In 1996 two chemotherapy agents were introduced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with indications for the gastrointestinal malignancies for advanced colon and pancreatic cancers. The agents approved were irinotecan hydrochloride (CAMPTOSAR Injection, Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI; also investigated under the name CPT-11) for the second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, recurrent or relapsed, after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy, and gemcitabine hydrochloride (GEMZAR for injection, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; also referred to as dFdC) for first-line treatment of locally advanced and metastatic cancer of the pancreas. Irinotecan and gemcitabine, with demonstrated activity in colorectal and pancreatic cancer, respectively, are generally well tolerated and can be administered safely on an outpatient basis. Clinically relevant activity is documented for both single agents. Therapy-related side effects are manageable with appropriate monitoring and intervention, and reversible with dose modification or discontinuation. This article is one of a two-part series on new chemotherapeutic agents for gastrointestinal malignancies. The first in the series, this article addresses the agent irinotecan hydrochloride (CAMPTOSAR Injection). The second article, appearing in a subsequent issue, will review gemcitabine hydrochloride (Gemzar for Injection). Both articles review the current clinical use, safety profile, and key patient management guidelines for these new and novel cytotoxics. As clinical and investigational use of irinotecan and gemcitabine increases, the oncology nurse and other members of the health care team will need to anticipate potential treatment associated toxicities and be knowledgeable in their early identification and management. As patient advocates, oncology nurses play a key role in treatment outcome and related quality of life through expert patient education, symptom recognition, and intervention individualized to patient tolerance. This first article of the series addresses irinotecan, which in 1996 was approved for the second-line therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer, recurrent or elapsed, after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).
Conformance testing : measuring the alignment between event logs and process models (2005)

Abstract. Many companies have adopted Process Aware Information Systems (PAIS) for supporting their business processes in some form. On the one hand these systems typically log events (e.g., in transaction logs or audit trails) related to the actual business process executions. On the other hand explicit process models describing how the business process should (or is expected to) be executed are frequently available. Together with the data recorded in the log, this raises the interesting question “Do the model and the log conform to each other?”. Conformance testing, also referred to as conformance analysis, aims at the detection of inconsistencies between a process model and its corresponding execution log, and their quantification by the formation of metrics. This paper proposes an incremental approach to check the conformance of a process model and an event log. At first, the fitness between the log and the model is ensured (i.e., “Does the observed process comply with the control flow specified by the process model?”). At second, the appropriateness of the model can be analyzed with respect to the log (i.e., “Does the model describe the observed process in a suitable way?”). Furthermore, this suitability must be evaluated from both a structural and a behavioral perspective. To verify the
Metastasising sarcoma of the aorta (1996)

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Effect of the Passivation Layer on the Noise Characteristics of Mid-Wave-Infrared InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photodiodes (2012)

The authors describe the noise characterization of a mid-wavelength-infrared (MWIR) photodiode based on indium arsenide and gallium antimonide (InAs/GaSb) superlattice (SL), addressing the influence of different passivation layers applied to the surface of the device. The MWIR InAs/GaSb SL design structure is based on p-i-n configuration grown by the molecular beam epitaxy on a (001) n-GaSb substrate. The SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -passivated SL photodiodes demonstrated a Schottky-limited noise up to a bias voltage of -0.1 V where the measured peak responsivity is 1.37 AAV with a cut-off wavelength of 4.9 μm and the specific detectivity as high as 1.23 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cm. Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> /W, demonstrating the high quality of the fabricated MWIR SL photodiodes. The noise measurements exhibited a frequency-dependent plateau (i.e., 1/f noise) for unpassivated and Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> -passivated samples, whereas 1/f-type noise suppression (i.e., frequency-independent plateau) with a noise current reduction at about 30 Hz of more than one order of magnitude was observed for the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -passivated ones.
Activation of both <i>acfA</i> and <i>acfD</i> transcription by <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> ToxT requires binding to two centrally located DNA sites in an inverted repeat conformation (2005)

The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the infectious agent responsible for the disease Asiatic cholera. The genes required for V. cholerae virulence, such as those encoding the cholera toxin (CT) and toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), are controlled by a cascade of transcriptional activators. Ultimately, the direct transcriptional activator of the majority of V. cholerae virulence genes is the AraC/XylS family member ToxT protein, the expression of which is activated by the ToxR and TcpP proteins. Previous studies have identified the DNA sites to which ToxT binds upstream of the ctx operon, encoding CT, and the tcpA operon, encoding, among other products, the major subunit of the TCP. These known ToxT binding sites are seemingly dissimilar in sequence other than being A/T rich. Further results suggested that ctx and tcpA each has a pair of ToxT binding sites arranged in a direct repeat orientation upstream of the core promoter elements. In this work, using both transcriptional lacZ fusions and in vitro copper-phenanthroline footprinting experiments, we have identified the ToxT binding sites between the divergently transcribed acfA and acfD genes, which encode components of the accessory colonization factor required for efficient intestinal colonization by V. cholerae. Our results indicate that ToxT binds to a pair of DNA sites between acfA and acfD in an inverted repeat orientation. Moreover, a mutational analysis of the ToxT binding sites indicates that both binding sites are required by ToxT for transcriptional activation of both acfA and acfD. Using copper-phenanthroline footprinting to assess the occupancy of ToxT on DNA having mutations in one of these binding sites, we found that protection by ToxT of the unaltered binding site was not affected, whereas protection by ToxT of the mutant binding site was significantly reduced in the region of the mutations. The results of further footprinting experiments using DNA templates having +5 bp and +10 bp insertions between the two ToxT binding sites indicate that both binding sites are occupied by ToxT regardless of their positions relative to each other. Based on these results, we propose that ToxT binds independently to two DNA sites between acfA and acfD to activate transcription of both genes.
Identification of leukemia stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia and their clinical relevance (2012)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is considered to be a disease of stem cells. A rare defective stem cell population is purported to drive tumor growth. Similarly to their normal counterparts, leukemic stem cells (LSC) divide extreme slowly. This may explain the ineffectiveness of conventional chemotherapy in combatting this disease. Novel treatment strategies aimed at disrupting the binding of LSC to stem cell niches within the bone marrow might render the LSC vulnerable to chemotherapy and thus improving treatment outcome. This review focuses on the detection of LSC, our current knowledge about their cellular and molecular biology, and LSC interaction with the niche. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance of LSC and prospective targeted treatment strategies for patients with AML.
Advanced Organic Optoelectronic Materials: Harnessing Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) Process (2011)

Recently, organic fluorescent molecules harnessing the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process are drawing great attention due to their unique photophysical properties which facilitate novel optoelectronic applications. After a brief introduction to the ESIPT process and related photo-physical properties, molecular design strategies towards tailored emission are discussed in relation to their theoretical aspects. Subsequently, recent studies on advanced ESIPT molecules and their optoelectronic applications are surveyed, particularly focusing on chemical sensors, fluorescence imaging, proton transfer lasers, and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Screening for scab resistance by RAPD markers in cultivars of apple (<i>Malus</i> spp.) (1996)

Abstract Genetic markers are a much faster and more practical alternative to classical methods for the identification of genes for scab resistance present in different apple cultivars. In our study, 28 scab‐resistant cultivars, four wild sources of the resistance genes and 10 susceptible cultivars were screened for the presence of the RAPD fragments OPM18/900, OPD20/600 and OPA15/900, which are reported to be linked to the Vf gene. All three marker fragments were successfully amplified with different protocols in Vf ‐resistant cultivars including ‘ M. floribunda 821’. No marker fragments were amplified in susceptible cultivars, three out of four Va ‐resistant cultivars, three out of four Vm ‐resistant cultivars, two Vr ‐resistant cultivars, ‘Antonovka PI 172612’ and ‘ M. pumila R 12740‐7A’. All three markers were found in the cv. ‘Nova Easygro’, reported to possess the Vr gene, and the cv. ‘Reglindis’, reported to be Va ‐resistant. M. atrosanguinea of unknown origin showed the presence of OPD20/600 and OPA 15/900 marker bands. The cvs. ‘Nova Easygro’, ‘Reglindis’ and M. atrosanguinea are probably carriers of the VF gene.
Brand personality of two beverages categories (2011)

This study focuses on the 42 traits of brand personality(Aaker 1997) of six drink brands spanning across two drink segments – fizzy drink and mineral water, and measure the congruity of the brands’ personalities (five dimension) to the consumer (drinker) of those brands. A number of implications for businesses will be discussed, suggestions for future research are reviewed and the main contributions of the study will also be delineated.
Building Gauge Theories: The Natural Way (2011)

The construction of a gauge field theory for elementary particles usually starts by promoting global invariance of the matter action to a local one, this in turn implying the introduction of gauge fields. We present here a procedure that runs the other way: starting from the action for gauge fields, matter is gauge invariantly coupled on the basis of Lorentz invariance and charge conservation. This natural approach prevents using the concept of particles separated from gauge fields that mediate interactions. Gauge invariance was introduced by H. Weyl (1) in 1919 in an attempt of unifying electrodynamics and general relativity. In his original proposal, gauging meant a space dependent change in the space-time unit of length together with the rescaling of the compensating or connection fields, the gauge potentials. Weyl's original proposal was incorrect but, nevertheless, the concept of gauge invariance survived as a central symmetry of Maxwell equations, extremely useful in the development of electrodynamics, particularly at the quantum level. At present, electromagnetic interactions of matter mediated by photons can be understood arising from the requirement of local Abelian gauge invariance in the theory. This idea was
[Franco-Mexican medical action and the Mexican Expedition (1864-1867)]. (1999)

In the days when French expeditionary troops were fighting in Mexico, Napoleon the Third founded a "Mexican Scientific Committee" in the same wave length as his uncle, General Bonaparte in Egypt. The Committee was headquartered in Paris and since April 1864, a "Franco-Mexican Committee" took place at Mexico-City. The medical branch was led, in Paris, by the Baron Hippolyte Larrey and chaired on the spot by Dr Ehrmann; it will become the "Academia de Medicina de Mexico" and published the "Gaceta Medica". Numerous researchs were undertaken and most of them printed in the "Gaceta Medica" with some regards to many diseases, particuliarly Yellow Fever and Typhus. The Academia and Gaceta will last long after war ending and, in 1970, a special session was hallowed to their foundation, more than one century before.
Analysis of the retention signals of two resident luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins by in vitro mutagenesis. (1991)

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI, ERp59), ERp72, and ERp61 are luminal proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are characterized by the presence of sequences corresponding to the active site regions of PDI. Each one of these proteins possesses a different COOH-terminal tetrapeptide ER retention signal. In order to investigate what other tetrapeptide sequences could serve as retention signals and to determine to what extent the function of the retention signal is modulated by the protein carrying the signal, we have constructed a set of mutants of two of these resident ER proteins, PDI and ERp72. In each of these proteins, the wild type tetrapeptide sequences were replaced by each member of the set of the 12 possible combinations consisting of (K,R,Q)-(D,E)-(D,E)-L. Analysis of the efficiency of retention of the variant proteins when each was transiently expressed in COS cells showed that the retention efficiencies vary with both the COOH-terminal sequence and with the protein that carries this sequence.
A new content-related advertising model for interactive television (2008)

The development of information and communication technologies has helped a television become a networked and digitized media device. Simultaneously, televiewers have changed from passive to interactive. This research suggests an interactive advertising model that uses a TV program, and investigates a means of encouraging a viewer to be more interactive with the system. The efficiency of system, the level of user satisfaction and the behavior of the user are studied through an experiment, a survey and an interview. The results were analyzed to discern the user reactions to a content-related interactive advertising model on a television. It was found that a difference exists between the preferred interface in terms of user satisfaction and the efficiency of the advertising model. This research provides a number of clues that can improve user experience with interactive advertising using interfaces and related content. By categorizing the ads provided in the experiment, the most popular type of interactive advertising was determined.
Time course of alpha-fluorinated valproic acid in mouse brain and serum and its effect on synaptosomal gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in comparison to valproic acid. (1997)

To prevent the hepatotoxicity of valproic acid (VPA), a fluorine substituent was introduced at the alpha-position to eliminate the formation of putative toxic metabolites through mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Although the alpha-fluorinated VPA analogue (alpha-fluoro VPA) is more acidic (pK(a) = 3.55) than VPA (pK(a) = 4.80), the lipophilicity of these two compounds, as determined by their log P values, were similar when compared at pH 2.5. Brain, serum and urine samples were prepared from mature male CD-1 mice treated with either alpha-fluoro VPA or VPA for quantitation of drug concentrations. Brain synaptosomes were isolated to determine gamma-aminobutyric acid levels. After equivalent doses of 0.83 mmol/kg, alpha-fluoro VPA was characterized by its slower access into mouse brain, compared to VPA. The peak concentration of alpha-fluoro VPA in mouse brain was achieved 45 min later than in the serum, whereas the peak brain level of VPA coincided with the peak serum level occurring within 15 min. Simultaneous curve fitting of both brain and serum drug concentrations using a two-compartment model indicated that alpha-fluoro VPA, like VPA, may be asymmetrically transported across the blood-brain-barrier. This property of alpha-fluoro VPA was also reflected in its low brain-to-serum concentration ratio of 0.09 at the peak brain drug concentration (0.16 for VPA). The primary beta-oxidation metabolite of VPA was not found in the serum and urine of mice treated with alpha-fluoro VPA. Although the glucuronide was a major metabolite of VPA (28.5% of the dose), alpha-fluoro VPA was observed to conjugate extensively with L-glutamine (33.3% of the dose). Alpha-fluoro VPA appeared to persist in the general circulation, which, in turn, may contribute to the apparent slow elimination of the drug from the brain. The fluorinated compound was demonstrated to have anticonvulsant activity in the 1,5-pentamethylenetetrazole seizure test and to be capable of increasing brain synaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid, the ED50 being 1.70 mmol/kg. These results suggest that alpha-fluoro VPA has potential as a new anticonvulsant drug.