gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Ni-Mediated Crystallization of a-Si Through a SiN[sub x] Cap Layer (2004)

We studied the kinetics of Ni-induced crystallization of amorphous silicon (a-Si) using a silicon-nitride cap layer (metal induced crystallization through a cap, MICC). Ni particles were sputtered onto the layer, and then it was annealed in a rapid thermal annealing system. The Ni diffuses through a cap and then forms crystallites in a-Si, which is able to induce crystallization. The grain size increases from 27 to 50 μm with increasing the cap layer thickness from 50 to 350 nm and decreases from 80 to 27 μm with increasing the metal density on the cap from to atom/cm2. These results can be interpreted by assuming a critical size of crystallite required to induce crystallization. The formation of crystallites, lateral crystallization from these seeds, and formation of disk-like grains have been observed by optical microscopy. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Chemical Mechanism of Low Salinity Water Flooding in Sandstone Reservoirs (2010)

Abstract Both laboratory and single well field tests have documented that enhanced oil recovery can be obtained from sandstone reservoirs by performing a tertiary low saline waterflood. Due to the complexity of the crude oil-brine-rock interactions, the mechanism behind the low saline EOR process has been debated in the literature for the last decade. Both physical and chemical mechanisms have been proposed, but it appears that none of the suggested processes has so far been generally accepted as the main contributor to the observed low salinity EOR effect. Based on published data and new experimental results on core flooding, effects of pH and salinity on adsorption of acidic and basic organic components onto different clay minerals, clay properties like ion exchange capacity and selectivity, and oil properties, a new chemical mechanism is suggested, which agrees with documented experimental facts. At reservoir conditions, the pH of formation water is about 5 due to dissolved acidic gases like CO2 and H2S. At this pH, the clay minerals, which act as cation exchange material, are adsorbed by acidic and protonated basic components from the crude oil, and cations, especially divalent cations from the formation water, like Ca2+. Injection of a low saline fluid, which promotes desorption of Ca2+, will create a local increase in pH close to the brine-clay interface because Ca2+ is substituted by H+ from the water. A fast reaction between OH- and the adsorbed acidic and protonated basic material will cause desorption of organic material from the clay. The water wetness of the rock is improved, and increased oil recovery is observed. To observe low salinity EOR effects in sandstones, a balanced initial adsorption of organic components and Ca2+ onto the clay is needed. Both the adsorption capacity and the pH-window for adsorption/desorption of organic material is somewhat different for various types of clay minerals. A detailed knowledge of the chemical mechanism behind the low saline EOR process together with information on formation brine composition, oil properties and type of clay material present, will make it possible to evaluate the potential for increase in oil recovery by a low salinity waterflood.
Limitations in predicting defect level based on stuck-at fault coverage (2002)

The stuck-at fault model has been used over decades as a guide to the test generation process and as an evaluation mechanism for the quality of the test set. As demands on quality have increased, the use of the stuck-at fault model as a predictor of the defect level has been questioned. This paper provides some insight on the issue and shows the limitations of using the stuck-at fault coverage to predict the defect level. The authors demonstrate that as defect level decreases the uncertainty of the estimate grows.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prognostic Factors in Elderly Patients with AML and the Implications for Treatment (2007)

The outcome of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not improved in the last three decades. These patients are more likely to have comorbid illness, poor performance status, and impaired organ function. These clinical features limit their ability to tolerate intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy and result in greater early mortality. The AML seen in elderly patients is also more likely to have evolved from a prior hematologic disorder, and the leukemic blasts are more likely to have poor-risk structural and numeric cytogenetic abnormalities and expression of multidrug resistance protein (MDR1). These blast features have been associated with greater resistance to therapy. Attempts to improve outcome have generally been unsuccessful. Priming of leukemic blasts with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors during cytarabine therapy, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support to speed neutrophil recovery following induction therapy, inhibition of the MDR1 p-glycoprotein efflux pump, the use of alternative anthracyclines, and the addition of high-dose cytarabine have all been investigated in the last three decades. Further manipulation of standard cytotoxic chemotherapy alone is unlikely to improve the outcome for the majority of patients with AML. Incorporation of molecularly targeted therapies may prove to be less toxic and/or more efficacious. However, patient selection for clinical trials will continue to confound the interpretation of treatment outcomes on clinical trials of older patients with AML.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF BIS‐α‐L‐ARABINOFURANOSIDES OF CYTOTOXIC PHENOLS (1976)

Abstract Zur Entgiftung von N‐Lostderivaten werden 4‐N‐Lostbrenzcatechin‐bis‐a‐ L‐arabinofuranoside (Ie) und (If) aus den Nitroverbindungen (Ia) und (Ib) über die Aminoverbindung (Ic) und das Hydroxyäthylprodukt (Id) dargestellt.
[Mechanisms of azithromycin accumulation and efflux in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes]. (2002)

Azithromycin achieves prolonged, high tissue concentrations in spite of low serum levels and obviously must be effective at tissue sites of infection. These unique features prompted us to evaluate the interactions of azithromycin and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Uptake of radiolabeled antibiotic by PMN was determined by a velocity-gradient centrifugation technique and expressed as the ratio of cellular to extracellular drug concentration (C/E). Azithromycin was massively accumulated by human PMN (C/E = 387.2 at 2 h). Uptake was not influenced by inhibitors of cellular metabolism, but phagocytosis slightly inhibited the entry of azithromycin into PMN. After removal of extracellular drug, the release (efflux) of azithromycin from PMN was extremely slow. Agents which neutralize lysosomal pH, preventing protonation and trapping of azithromycin, markedly increased antibiotic efflux. Active concentration and prolonged retention of azithromycin by phagocytic cells should allow delivery and subsequent release of accumulated drug at sites of infection.
Drillstring axial vibration and wave propagation in boreholes (1991)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1991.
Syntheses de l'Acide (2R, 3S); (2S, 3R) Agarique (<sup>14</sup>C‐4) et de l'Acide (2R, 3R); (2S, 3S) Agarique (<sup>3</sup>H‐4,4,5,5) (1984)

Abstract (2R, 3S); (2S, 3R) [4‐ 14 C] Agaric acid and (2R, 3R); (2S, 3S) [4,4,5,5‐ 3 H] agaric acid were synthesized from respectively threo methyl 1,2‐epoxypropane‐1,2,3‐tricarboxylate 3 and erythro epoxide 2 . Epoxy ring opening of 2 and 3 with [1‐ 14 C] hexadecyl copper 10 . gave respectively the analog 4 of agaric acid trimethyl ester and methyl [4‐ 14 C]agaricate 5, which was hydrolyzed to 1a by lithium hydroxide in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME). Epoxy ring trans opening of 2 with diethyl 1‐hexadecynylalane 9 gave the alcynyl derivative 7 which was saturated with tritium in presence of Pd/C to lead to 6 . After hydrolysis (LiCH + DME), 1b was obtained. The structures of the diastereoisomers (2R, 3R); (2S, 3S) 1b and (2R, 3S); (2S, 3R) 1a rest on 1 H‐NMR.
Fibrous Dysplasia of the Middle Ear: A Case Report (1967)

MONOSTOTIC fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone is extremely rare. A review of the literature revealed only one case reported by Schlumberger<sup>1</sup>in which the mastoid was involved. A slowly increasing swelling was noticed behind the left ear of the patient who also had intermittent pain in the area and frequent discharge from the ear. At operation "the content of the mastoid process was found to be extremely vascular and gritty, with the consistency of hard, dried-out cheese." Nowhere else in the literature was I able to find any mention of fibrous dysplasia of the bones of the middle ear. The following case, therefore, seems to be worth reporting. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 40-year-old white man was seen on Feb 1, 1965, with a history of pulsating tinnitus in his left ear of 2½ years' duration. He was seen by several physicians and was treated with vasodilator drugs
Het effect van OV-informatie op vervoerswijzekeuzes van automobilisten: modellen en simulaties op basis van spijt-minimalisatie (2006)

Dit artikel onderzoekt de determinanten van het effect van Openbaar Vervoer (OV)-reisinformatie op de vervoerswijzekeuzes van automobilisten. De focus ligt op die automobilisten die het OV als een serieus alternatief beschouwen voor de auto, en bereid zijn te leren van ontvangen OV-informatie. Een gedragsmodel op basis van spijt-minimalisatie geeft de theoretische basis voor een aantal numerieke simulaties. Deze simulaties illustreren hoe gepercipieerde onbetrouwbaarheid van de informatie, gepercipieerde irrelevantie van de informatie en een intrinsieke voorkeur voor de auto kunnen verhinderen dat een ontvangen gunstig bericht over het OV leidt tot een uiteindelijke keuze voor het OV, ook voor die categorie van automobilisten die openstaan voor het OV en OV-informatie.
High voltage devices integration into advanced CMOS technologies (2008)

This paper focuses on CMOS technologies for mobile applications having integrated high voltage devices to address analog baseband and RF power applications. Technology evolution from BCD-like to advanced CMOS technologies on bulk and thin SOI substrates and some selected device architectures (extended drain MOSFET, drift MOSFET, lateral and vertical diffused MOSFET) are reviewed. Main challenges encountered when integrating these devices in advanced CMOS are explained. The influence of the gate oxide thickness on the relevant figures of merit and some considerations on performance-reliability trade-off are provided.
On-chip analog signal generation for mixed-signal built-in self-test (1999)

A new method for generating analog signals with very low complexity and hardware requirements has recently been introduced. It consists of periodically reproducing short optimized bitstreams recorded from the output of a sigma-delta modulator. In this paper, various types of signals generated using the bitstream approach are discussed. Two different silicon implementations are presented, and their performance is analyzed through experimental results. Various ways in which the generators can be used are also demonstrated. Emphasis is placed on the simplicity of the design process and its compact implementation, which are crucial considerations when implementing a built-in self-test strategy.
Underwater SLAM in a marina environment (2007)

This paper describes a navigation system for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in partially structured environments, such as dams, harbors, marinas or marine platforms. A mechanical scanning imaging sonar is used to obtain information about the location of planar structures present in such environments. A modified version of the Hough transform has been developed to extract line features, together with their uncertainty, from the continuous sonar datafiow. The information obtained is incorporated into a feature-based SLAM algorithm running an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Simultaneously, the AUV’s position estimate is provided to the feature extraction algorithm to correct the distortions that the vehicle motion produces in the acoustic images. Experiments carried out in a marina located in the Costa Brava (Spain) with the Ictineu AUV show the viability of the proposed approach.
Expression of heterochromatin by restriction endonuclease treatment and distamycin A/DAPI staining of Indian muntjac (<i>Muntiacus muntjak</i>) chromosomes (1986)

The constitutive heterochromatin of the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) was examined following digestion with various restriction endonucleases (AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, and MboI), as well as by selective fluorescence staining with distamycin A plus 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Distinct areas within the C-bands were found to have characteristic staining patterns which were more conspicuous in the sex chromosomes. Two dot-like structures resistant to AluI were found in the X and Y1 chromosomes in the same position as the nucleolus organizer regions.
A Real Time Face Tracking And Animation System (2005)

In this paper, a novel system for real time face tracking and animation is presented. The system is composed of two major components: (1) real time infra-red (IR) based active facial feature tracking, and (2) real time facial expression generation based on a 3D face avatar. Twenty-two feature points, head pose orientation and eye close-open status are effectively extracted through a video input. Based on the detected facial features, a 3D face model is animated by a dynamic inference algorithm and a transformation from facial motion parameters to facial animation parameters. The work can be extended to the fields of real time facial expression analysis and synthesis for applications of human-computer interaction, model-based video conferencing and low bit rate avatar communication. The performance of the developed system is evaluated by its real time implementation for facial expression generation.
[Experiences with a new cat coryza-panleukopenia-rabies combined vaccine]. (1990)

The development of a new combined vaccine against cat flu, panleukopenia and rabies should lead to a simplification of the vaccination calendar in small animal practice. In order to judge the suitability of the new vaccine, its efficacy, local tolerability, and safety were evaluated. All vaccinated cats developed high antibody titres against herpes-, calici-, panleukopenia- and rabies virus that persisted well during the trial of 18 months. In comparison to other vaccines containing a smaller number of antigens the suitability of the vaccine on trial could be shown.
Biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols bySaccharomyces cerevisiae,Torulaspora delbrueckii andKluyveromyces lactis (2000)

Monoterpenoids are important flavour compounds produced by many plant species, including grapes (Vitis vinifera) and hops (Humulus lupulus). Biotransformation reactions involving monoterpenoids have been characterized in filamentous fungi, but few examples have been observed in yeasts. As monoterpenoids are in contact with yeasts during beer and wine production, biotransformation reactions may occur during the fermentation of these beverages. This paper describes the biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols, of significance in the alcoholic beverage industries, by three yeast species. All three species analysed had the ability to convert monoterpenoids. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis reduced geraniol into citronellol, whilst all three yeasts produced linalool from both geraniol and nerol. Monocyclic alpha-terpineol was formed from both linalool and nerol, by all three yeasts. alpha-Terpineol was then converted into the diol cis-terpin hydrate. K. lactis and Torulaspora delbrueckii also had the ability to form geraniol from nerol. Finally, the stereospecificity of terpenoid formation was analysed. Both (+) and (-) enantiomers of linalool and alpha-terpineol were formed in roughly equal quantities, from either geraniol or nerol.
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: safety and tolerability issues (2003)

An examination is needed of the potential adverse effects of the agents most commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. Most of these therapies can be used safely to induce or maintain remissions, although some aspects of monitoring for toxicity are necessary. Aminosalicylates, including sulfasalazine and mesalamine delivery systems, are most commonly associated with sulfa-related effects (sulfasalazine) or intolerance, with rare instances of nephritis, pulmonitis, hepatitis, or worsening colitis. The immunomodulators are most commonly associated with bone marrow suppression, hepatitis, and the risk of opportunistic infections. Methotrexate is contraindicated in pregnancy. Antibiotics used for inflammatory bowel disease are generally safe and well tolerated, although metronidazole carries a long-term risk of peripheral neuropathy. The well-recognized multitude of adverse effects from corticosteroids are eliminated or minimized when rapidly metabolized steroids, such as budesonide, are used.
Classification and Physical Diagnosis of Instability of the Shoulder (1993)

Recent clinical and basic science work has increased our knowledge of shoulder instability. Valuable information has been gained by cutting studies of the capsuloligamentous complex to clarify the biomechanics of instability. It is now clear that a significant overlap exists in the concepts of instability and impingement relating to anterior shoulder pain. These concepts have added new importance to organization and standardization when classifying and diagnosing shoulder instability. This manuscript presents an algorithmic approach to classification of shoulder girdle complaints that may be related to instability. This classification system is designed around the direction, degree, chronology, cause, and volition of instability. With accurate and detailed analysis of the historical presentation, most shoulder instability complaints can be classified using this approach. The physical examination also should proceed in an orderly fashion, including general impression of the musculoskeletal system, inspection, palpation, and range of motion of both the uninvolved and involved shoulder, neurologic examination, rotator cuff evaluation, and stability assessment. Stability assessment includes glenohumeral translation examination with apprehension and provocative testing. Management techniques are predicted on an accurate diagnosis. With a thorough and organized examination, the correct diagnosis can be achieved.
Relationship between n-3 PUFA content and energy metabolism in the flight muscles of a migrating shorebird: evidence for natural doping (2007)

During their fall migration from the Arctic to South America, semipalmated sandpipers Calidris pusilla stop in the Bay of Fundy (east coast of Canada) before flying non-stop for approximately 4500 km across the ocean. Refueling birds double their body mass by feeding on Corophium volutator, an amphipod containing high amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). In mammals, high dietary intake of n-3 PUFA is known to increase capacity for oxidative metabolism. Therefore, we hypothesized that tissue incorporation of n-3 PUFA would be associated with increases in the activity of key muscle enzymes to upregulate energy metabolism for prolonged exercise. Birds were collected at various stages of fat loading to monitor changes in lipid composition and flight muscle enzymes simultaneously. Enzymes were measured to assess oxidative capacity [citrate synthase (CS)], beta-oxidation [carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) and 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase (HOAD)] and glycolytic capacity [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]. Changes in the fatty acid composition of muscle membranes (phospholipids) and fuel reserves (neutral lipids) were measured separately to distinguish between membrane-related and systemic effects of n-3 PUFA. Results show that muscle CS and HOAD are stimulated during refueling and that their activities are correlated with n-3 PUFA content in phospholipids (22:6 for CS, 20:5 for HOAD) and in neutral lipids (20:5 for CS). This suggests that 20:5 and 22:6 have different effects on energy metabolism and that they act via changes in membrane structure and systemic mechanisms. CPT and LDH did not change during refueling, but LDH activity was significantly related to the n-3 PUFA content of fuel reserves. This study shows that oxidative capacity increases rapidly during refueling and supports the idea that dietary n-3 PUFA are used as molecular signals to prime flight muscles of some long-distance migrants for extreme exercise.
Enhanced efficacy of diclofenac sodium-loaded lipogelosome formulation in intra-articular treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

Recent research into the complex and varied components of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is leading to the development of more effective targets for pharmaceutical approach than even before. Current treatment of RA frequently includes the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as Diclofenac sodium (DFNa) in spite of the severe adverse effects. Local application and incorporation of the drugs in liposome based formulations may reduce those side effects and improve the efficacy of drugs by reducing the availability of them in systemic circulation and increasing accumulation and retention time in the sites of inflammation. Herein, anti-inflammatory efficacy of the DFNa containing lipogelosome formulations (L1J1) was evaluated and found that L1J1 elicits a better anti-inflammatory efficacy after a single dose i.a. administration in comparison with commercial product, VE-CP, which is used topically. Histopathological examination of the opened joints showed that joints treated with L1J1, had significantly (p < 0.05) lower scores than contra lateral control joints for inflammatory changes in the synovium. These results were also confirmed by biodistribution studies.
The application of hardware-in-the-loop on the hybrid power system&#x2019;s simulation (2008)

To simulate the hybrid system more accurately and develop control strategies more efficiently, a driver-in-the-loop real-time simulation method is put forward. The corresponding dynamic models of a hybrid system are built. Also a driver-in-the-loop real-time simulation platform is built. The simulation experiments for a differential-combined hybrid system were performed. It shows that the real-time simulation system can simulate the characteristics of vehicle very well.