gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The cell biology of aging. (1985)

It is only within the past ten years that biogerontology has become attractive to a sufficient number of biologists so that the field can be regarded as a seriously studied discipline. Cytogerontology, or the study of aging at the cellular level, had its genesis about 20 years ago when the dogma that maintained that cultured normal cells could replicate forever was overturned. Normal human and animal cells have a finite capacity to replicate and function whether they are cultured in vitro or transplanted as grafts in vivo. This phenomenon has been interpreted to be aging at the cellular level. Only abnormal somatic cells are capable of immortality. In recent years it has been found that the number of population doublings of which cultured normal cells are capable is inversely proportional to donor age. There is also good evidence that the number of population doublings of cultured normal fibroblasts is directly proportional to the maximum lifespan of ten species that have been studied. Cultures prepared from patients with accelerated aging syndromes (progeria and Werner's syndrome) undergo far fewer doublings than do those of age-matched controls. The normal human fibroblast cell strain WI-38 was established in 1962 from fetal lung, and several hundred ampules of these cells were frozen in liquid nitrogen at that time. These ampules have been reconstituted periodically and shown to be capable of replication. This represents the longest period of time that a normal human cell has ever been frozen. Normal human fetal cell strains such as WI-38 have the capacity to double only about 50 times. If cultures are frozen at various population doublings, the number of doublings remaining after reconstitution is equal to 50 minus the number of doublings that occurred prior to freezing. The memory of the cells has been found to be accurate after 23 years of preservation in liquid nitrogen. Normal human cells incur many physiologic decrements that herald the approach of their failure to divide. Many of these functional decrements are identical to decrements found in humans as they age. Thus it is likely that these decrements are also the precursors of age changes in vivo. The finite replicative capacity of normal cells is never seen to occur in vivo because aging and death of the individual occurs well before the doubling limit is reached.
Galvanic Replacement Reactions of Active‐Metal Nanoparticles (2012)

We present a systemic investigation of a galvanic replacement technique in which active-metal nanoparticles are used as sacrificial seeds. We found that different nanostructures can be controllably synthesized by varying the type of more noble-metal ions and liquid medium. Specifically, nano-heterostructures of noble metal (Ag, Au) or Cu nanocrystals on active-metal (Mg, Zn) cores were obtained by the reaction of active-metal nanoparticles with more noble-metal ions in ethanol; Ag nanocrystal arrays were produced by the reaction of active-metal nanoparticles with Ag(+) ions in water; spongy Au nanospheres were generated by the reaction of active-metal nanoparticles with AuCl(4)(-) ions in water; and SnO(2) nanoparticles were prepared when Sn(2+) were used as the oxidant ions. The key factors determining the product morphology are shown to be the reactivity of the liquid medium and the nature of the oxidant-reductant couple, whereas Mg and Zn nanoparticles played similar roles in achieving various nanostructures. When microsized Mg and Zn particles were used as seeds in similar reactions, the products were mainly noble-metal dendrites. The new approach proposed in this study expands the capability of the conventional nanoscale galvanic replacement method and provides new avenues to various structures, which are expected to have many potential applications in catalysis, optoelectronics, and biomedicine.
The use of patient complaints to drive quality improvement: an exploratory study in Taiwan (2010)

This study aims to investigate the nature and resolutions of patient complaints and further to explore the use of complaints to drive quality improvement in a selected hospital in Taiwan. A teaching hospital (i.e. the Case Hospital) in Taiwan was purposefully chosen for a case study. The author conducted the critical incident technique (CIT) using questionnaires to obtain information about the complaints and the process of their resolutions. To enhance the reliability of the study, the author also conducted non-participant observations as an outsider at the Case Hospital. In this study, 59 complainants registered 87 complaints. The CIT found that care/treatment, humaneness and communication were the most common causes of complaints. The response time of patient complaints averaged 1.76 days, except for five cases in which response time was not reported. The majority of complaints were resolved within three days. Moreover, this study found that of 149 resolutions, 105 taken by the hospital involved an explanation of the facts to complainants (n = 41), investigation of events (n = 33) and empathy with complainants (n = 31). The lack of any systematic use of complaints data was one of the most crucial failures of the Case Hospital. Instead of attempting to use such data as the basis for initiating quality improvement measures, complaints were consigned to a 'black hole' where their existence was conveniently forgotten. Based on this study, the author suggests ways to strengthen the capacity of the hospital in terms of using patient feedback and complaints to improve the quality.
<title>Second Derivative And Fourier Self-Deconvolution Approaches To Resolution Enhancement Of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra</title> (1981)

Several methods can be used to resolved overlapped bands in the spectra of mixtures. For most of these methods an estimate of the number of components in the mixture must be made as the first step. The number of components can sometimes be deduced using factor analysis or the absorbance ratio technique, but the answers given by these techniques are often ambiguous. When the number of components is known, the spectrum of each individual component may be obtained using absorbance subtraction routines; however, for this technique to be successful the spectroscopist should have some knowledge of the composition of his sample, and he needs the spectra of at least as many samples of different composition as there are components in the mixture. The problem of mixture analysis is therefore often reduced to the problem of estimating the number of components present in the sample.
Evaluating the structure and magnitude of the ash plume during the initial phase of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption using lidar observations and NAME simulations (2011)

[1] The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland erupted explosively on 14 April 2010, emitting a plume of ash into the atmosphere. The ash was transported from Iceland toward Europe where mostly cloud-free skies allowed ground-based lidars at Chilbolton in England and Leipzig in Germany to estimate the mass concentration in the ash cloud as it passed overhead. The UK Met Office's Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modeling Environment (NAME) has been used to simulate the evolution of the ash cloud from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano during the initial phase of the ash emissions, 14–16 April 2010. NAME captures the timing and sloped structure of the ash layer observed over Leipzig, close to the central axis of the ash cloud. Relatively small errors in the ash cloud position, probably caused by the cumulative effect of errors in the driving meteorology en route, result in a timing error at distances far from the central axis of the ash cloud. Taking the timing error into account, NAME is able to capture the sloped ash layer over the UK. Comparison of the lidar observations and NAME simulations has allowed an estimation of the plume height time series to be made. It is necessary to include in the model input the large variations in plume height in order to accurately predict the ash cloud structure at long range. Quantitative comparison with the mass concentrations at Leipzig and Chilbolton suggest that around 3% of the total emitted mass is transported as far as these sites by small (<100 μm diameter) ash particles.
Topiramate placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial in refractory partial epilepsy using 600-, 800-, and 1,000-mg daily dosages (1996)

We conducted a randomized double-blind comparison of three doses of the novel antiepileptic drug (AED) topiramate (200, 400, and 600 mg/day) and placebo as adjunctive therapy in patients with refractory partial onset epilepsy receiving one or two other AEDs at therapeutic concentrations. A total of 181 patients completed the 12-week baseline phase and were randomized to double-blind therapy. Median percent reductions from baseline in average monthly seizure rate, the principal efficacy evaluation, were 13% for placebo, 30% for topiramate 200 mg/day, 48% for topiramate 400 mg/day, and 45% for topiramate 600 mg/day. For the seizure rate comparison of active drug to placebo p values were: topiramate 200 mg/day, p = 0.051; topiramate 400 mg/day, p = 0.007; topiramate 600 mg/day, p < 0.001. Percent responders ( > or = 50% reduction in seizure rates) were 18% for placebo, 27% for topiramate 200 mg/day, 47% for topiramate 400 mg/day (p = 0.013), and 46% for topiramate 600 mg/day (p = 0.027). A significant (p = 0.003) reduction in secondarily generalized seizures compared with placebo treatment was also documented with topiramate. Topiramate plasma concentrations were closely related to dosage, and there were no significant interactions between topiramate and other AEDs. The minimal effective dose of topiramate in this study population was approximately 200 mg/day. Mild or moderate CNS symptoms were the primary treatment-emergent adverse events, but treatment-limiting adverse events occurred in only 9% of patients given topiramate compared with 7% given placebo. Results of this initial well-controlled study in patients indicate that topiramate is a very promising new AED.
Viewing-angle-enhanced integral imaging by lens switching (2002)

In spite of the many advantages of integral imaging, its narrow viewing angle has been a disadvantage. We propose a method to enhance the viewing angle of integral imaging by opening and shutting each lens in the array (i.e., the elemental lenses) sequentially. We prove our idea by using a mask that has a pattern of an on-off vertical array of apertures. Moving the mask prevents the aliasing of a neighboring lens. Thus image overlap or image flipping is reduced and the viewing angle of the system is increased.
An Evaluation of Cinema Advertising Effectiveness (1996)

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of cinema advertising. Specifically: To quantify the proportion of cinema audiences who had an opportunity to see advertising messages screened prior to a movie; to calculate the number of brands recalled by movie goers exposed to advertising messages; and to detail the level of advertisement recognition displayed by movie goers exposed to advertising messages. The findings raise some questions about the effectiveness of cinema advertising. First, a reasonable proportion of the audience was not exposed to any advertising, although this is, arguably, also a characteristic of other media. Second, the low levels of unprompted recall, the vagueness with which respondents recalled some advertisements, and the varying proportions of respondents able to recall any details about the advertising content, raises more questions than it addresses about cinema advertising and its effectiveness. Overall, it seems reasonable to conclude that, while cinema may fulfil a useful role as a support medium, media schedules in which it is the dominant medium may be unable to generate high frequency.
Development and application of desktop virtualization technology (2011)

Desktop virtualization is a practical research focus on the virtualization technology. The purpose of desktop virtualization is to make the desktop virtual, so that users can log in to get their personal desktops through the network with any devices at any time and any place. This technology has a lot of advantages such as mobile computing, security, easier management and cost reduction, to greatly facilitate people's lives. This paper describes the research status and the system structure of desktop virtualization technology in detail, analyzes its advantages and disadvantages, and describes its application in real world.
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics with nonlocal potentials (1999)

We consider supersymmetric quantum mechanical models with both local and nonlocal potentials. We present a nonlocal deformation of exactly solvable local models. Its energy eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are determined exactly. We observe that both our model Hamiltonian and its supersymmetric partner may have normalizable zero-energy ground states, in contrast to local models with nonperiodic or periodic potentials.
Store-operated Ca<sup>2+</sup>channels in human glomerular mesangial cells (2000)

Experiments were performed to identify the biophysical properties of store-operated Ca 2+ channels (SOC) in cultured human glomerular mesangial cells (MC). A fluorometric technique (fura 2) was utilized to monitor the change in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) evoked by elevating external [Ca 2+ ] from 10 nM to 1 mM (Δ[Ca 2+ ]). Under control conditions, Δ[Ca 2+ ] averaged 6 nM and was unaffected by elevating bath [K + ]. After treatment with 1 μM thapsigargin to deplete the intracellular Ca 2+ store, the change in [Ca 2+ ] i (Δ[Ca 2+ ] th ) averaged 147 ± 16 nM. In thapsigargin-treated MC studied under depolarizing conditions (75 mM bath K + ), Δ[Ca 2+ ] th was 45 ± 7 nM. The Δ[Ca 2+ ] th response of thapsigargin-treated cells was inhibited by La 3+ (IC 50 = 335 nM) but was unaffected by 5 μM Cd 2+ . In patch clamp studies, inward currents were observed in cell-attached patches with either 90 mM Ba 2+ or Ca 2+ in the pipette and 140 mM KCl in the bathing solution. The single-channel conductance was 2.1 pS with Ba 2+ and 0.7 pS with Ca 2+ . The estimated selectivities were Ca 2+ > Ba 2+ >> K + . These channels were sensitive to 2 μM La 3+ , insensitive to 5 μM Cd 2+ , and voltage independent, with an average channel activity ( NP o ) of 1.02 at command potential (− V p ) ranging from 0 to −80 mV. In summary, MC exhibited an electrogenic Ca 2+ influx pathway that is suggestive of Ca 2+ entry through SOC, as well as a small-conductance divalent-selective channel displaying biophysical properties consistent with SOC. Based on estimates of whole cell Ca 2+ influx derived from our data, we conclude that SOC with low single-channel conductance must be highly abundant in MC to allow significant capacitative Ca 2+ entry in response to depletion of the intracellular store.
Plant‐Based Hollow Microcapsules for Oral Delivery Applications: Toward Optimized Loading and Controlled Release (2017)

Efficient oral administration of protein‐based therapeutics faces significant challenges due to degradation from the highly acidic conditions present in the stomach and proteases present in the digestive tract. Herein, investigations into spike‐covered sunflower sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) for oral protein delivery using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug are reported and provide significant insights into the optimization of SEC extraction, SEC loading, and controlled release. The phosphoric‐acid‐based SEC extraction process is optimized. Compound loading is shown to be driven by the evacuation of air bubbles from SEC cavities through the porous SEC shell wall, and vacuum loading is shown to be the optimal loading method. Three initial BSA‐loading proportions are evaluated, leading to a practical loading efficiency of 22.3 ± 1.5 wt% and the determination that the theoretical maximum loading is 46.4 ± 2.5 wt%. Finally, an oral delivery formulation for targeted intestinal delivery is developed by tableting BSA‐loaded SECs and enteric coating. BSA release is inhibited for 2 h in simulated gastric conditions followed by 100% release within 8 h in simulated intestinal conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that sunflower SECs provide a versatile platform for the oral delivery of therapeutics.
Terminals (1972)

The rapid development of several different kinds of terminals and the greater ease that they offer for the use of real-time on-line systems are having a major impact on the computer industry and on computer applications. Trends that influence the increasing utilization of terminals are identified. The major subsets of the terminal market include keyboard/printer terminals, CRT terminals, "smart" terminals, remote-batch terminals, real-time data acquisition and control terminals, transaction and point-of-sale terminals, and several miscellaneous types of less frequently used terminals. Applications, characteristics, and some design considerations are discussed for each of these types of terminals. The important relationship between terminal capability and communications requirements is analyzed. To the extent that stored program capability in the terminal permits part of the task to be performed locally, communication of data between terminal and central communication can be reduced with a consequent reduction in communication costs and increase in overall system reliability.
Mesoporous Silica Particles Integrated with All‐Inorganic CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Quantum‐Dot Nanocomposites (MP‐PQDs) with High Stability and Wide Color Gamut Used for Backlight Display (2016)

All-inorganic CsPbX3 (X=I, Br, Cl) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have been investigated because of their optical properties, such as tunable wavelength, narrow band, and high quantum efficiency. These features have been used in light emitting diode (LED) devices. LED on-chip fabrication uses mixed green and red quantum dots with silicone gel. However, the ion-exchange effect widens the narrow emission spectrum. Quantum dots cannot be mixed because of anion exchange. We address this issue with a mesoporous PQD nanocomposite that can prevent ion exchange and increase stability. We mixed green quantum-dot-containing mesoporous silica nanocomposites with red PQDs, which can prevent the anion-exchange effect and increase thermal and photo stability. We applied the new PQD-based LEDs for backlight displays. We also used PQDs in an on-chip LED device. Our white LED device for backlight display passed through a color filter with an NTSC value of 113 % and Rec. 2020 of 85 %.
Genome scanning for complex disease genes using the transmission/disequilibrium test and haplotype‐based haplotype relative risk (1995)

Two tests for allelic association were applied to a simulated complex disease for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 9. The transmission/disequilibrium test [Spielman et al., 1993] and the haplotype-based haplotype relative risk approach [Terwilliger and Ott, 1992] were used to detect disease-associated alleles in a set of 360 computer-simulated markers located on six chromosomes and genotyped in 200 nuclear families. This analysis emulates a genome-based search for linked markers. Computer simulations were also performed to clarify statistical properties of the TDT.
Asynchronous videoconferencing: a hybrid communication prototype (2003)

The article introduces a hybrid asynchronous, distributed audio/video group conferencing system. One of the chief benefits of Internet communication systems is that they allow communicators to write messages when they need to, and read messages when they can. However, most theories of interactive technologies suggest that users would achieve more accurate interpersonal perceptions and more efficient work transactions if all visual and auditory nonverbal cues were available via desktop communication systems. Synchronous multimedia communication technologies achieve this, but forego the benefits of store-and-forward and retrieve-on-demand. The technological barrier has been in wedding asynchronous communication to the storage, indexing, and retrieval of sound and video. The paper reviews the literature on the costs and benefits of synchronous and asynchronous interaction, and full- versus partial-cue messaging that prompted development of the system. It also discusses the technological basis of a working prototype asynchronous audio/video (a/v) conferencing system, including its facility for a nonlinear indexing system. Validation tests for the utility of asynchronous a/v that are being conducted are discussed. These address the affective, co-presence, satisfaction, and effectiveness outcomes such a system provides.
The first mountain pass built in South Africa (2005)

Extracted from text ... 34 Siviele Ingenieurswese | September 2005 
JAN VAN RIEBEECK, the fellow who was dumped on the shores of Table Bay in April 1652 and told to supply passing ships with fresh vegetables and other provisions, had to get timber from up Kirstenbosch way. So on 26 May 1653 he built a two-wheeled carpenter's cart on which he balanced the trees and things, and on 30 May 'in order that the cart may run over the road more easily, others were sent with picks, mattock, shovels and spades to level the road somewhat, being rather uneven'. To supplement their praiseworthy construction ..
Creating general model for activity recognition with minimum labelled data (2015)

Since people perform activities differently, to avoid overfitting, creating a general model with activity data of various users is required before the deployment for personal use. However, annotating a large amount of activity data is expensive and time-consuming. In this paper, we create a general model for activity recognition with a limited amount of labelled data. We combine Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and AdaBoost to jointly train a general activity model with partially labelled data. After that, when AdaBoost is used for online prediction, we combine it with graphical models (such as HMM and CRF) to exploit the temporal information in human activities to smooth out accidental misclassifications. Experiments on publicly available datasets show that we are able to obtain the accuracy of more than 90% with 1% labelled data.
Transport phenomena in fluids (1969)

Abstract July 1969, 528 pages, illustrated, $25.50
The crystal structure of (±)-dehydroaltenusin (1971)

D. Rogers, D. J. Williams and R. Thomas, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1971, 393 DOI: 10.1039/C29710000393
Localization of a mosquito-larval toxin of Bacillus sphaericus 1593 (1980)

Cell-free wall, membrane, and cytoplasmic fractions were prepared from Bacillus sphaericus 1593, which exhibited toxic activity against larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens var. quinquefasciatus. Breakage of 12- to 14-h cells by sonication or French pressure cell yielded toxic material which could be assayed in a standard mosquito larva bioassay. When sporulating cells of strain 1593 were fractionated, the majority of the toxic activity was localized in the cell wall rather than in the plasma membrane or cytoplasm. The toxin located in the bacterial cell wall was relatively stable, in that activity was unaffected by treatment with trypsin, pronase, CHCl3-CH3OH-water, Triton X-100, 8 M urea (30 min), heat (80 degrees C, 12 min), sonication, refrigeration, lyophilization, or freezing. Activity was destroyed by boiling for 10 min or by 0.01 N NaOH. Only about 1.0% of the activity present in purified cell walls could be recovered by a 2-h extraction with 8 M urea or 3 M guanidine hydrochloride. A comparison of the toxicity of a cell-free cell wall fraction with that of a sample consisting entirely of heat-stable spores indicated that the spore preparation was about 10 times more active.