gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coding and detection for 2-dimensional channels (2006)

Coding and detection techniques for one-dimensional (1-D) intersymbol interference (ISI) channels, particularly magnetic and optical recording channels, have been studied extensively for almost three decades. On the modulation coding side, the state-splitting algorithm has been developed to design efficient systematic modulation codes. On the detection side, Viterbi detector and decision- feedback equalization (DFE) have been well-understood. Two -dimensional (2-D) holographic data storage, has been developed to store the information page-wise instead of on 1-D tracks. This will signifficantly increase the storage density and read/write access of the information. However, most of the modulation coding and detection techniques for 1-D recording systems are unusable for 2-D holographic data storage. In this work, we present various methods for modelling and equalizing 2-D ISI channels. Some low complexity detectors, such as a threshold detector, have been proposed for certain 2-D ISI channels. One of the main problems of the holographic data storage is the misalignment between written and sampled data pages. This problem is addressed by using more detector pixels than data points, which is called oversampling. We also attempted to characterize the distance properties of certain 2-D ISI channels. An algorithm for finding error events is developed for any 2-D ISI channel. Unlike the 1- D constrained systems, the capacity of most 2-D constrained systems is not analytically known due to the lack of graph-based descriptions of such channels. This also complicates the design of efficient modulation codes. We propose algorithms for finding single-state and finite- state block codes for the hard-square constraint. The encoding and decoding of the modulation codes can be performed easily using codeword generating templates. We also propose an algorithm for finding single-state block codes for any 2-D constrained system represented by a set of forbidden patterns. For 1-D recording, we designed block codes satisfying the running digital sum (RDS) and time-varying maximum transition run (TMTR) constraints for perpendicular recording channels. The graphs of these constraints are combined to understand the design trade- off between the achievable coding rate and constraint parameters. The spectra of the combined constraints shows the properties of the constituent constraints. The modulations codes are designed by searching for all codewords satisfying certain constraint properties
Sarcopenia in Aging Humans: The Impact of Menopause and Disease (1995)

We examine the association of the menopause transition, congestive heart failure, and Parkinson's disease on body composition and energy expenditure. We present evidence suggesting that the normal menopausal transition is associated with accelerated loss of fat-free mass, a decline in resting metabolic rate, and increased central body fatness. Second, we show that the cardiac cachexia associated with heart failure is partially due to an elevated level of energy expenditure. Despite having a lower quantity of fat-free mass, congestive heart failure patients have a higher resting metabolic rate (approximately 283 kcal/d) for their metabolic size than healthy elderly. The elevated level of resting energy expenditure probably contributes to their unexplained weight loss. Parkinson's patients experience muscular rigidity and tremor which could contribute to inappropriately high levels of energy expenditure and difficulty in maintaining body weight and composition. We examined resting metabolic rate and body composition in eight Parkinson's patients and 34 healthy age-matched controls. Parkinson's patients showed lower levels of fat-free mass (approximately 6 kg), but similar resting metabolic rates (1601 +/- 250 kcal/d) versus healthy controls (1671 +/- 212 kcal/d), suggesting a hypermetabolic state. A re-examination of daily energy needs and the metabolic factors contributing to periods of energy imbalance during the menopausal transition and in several disease states may be a prerequisite to offsetting accelerated sarcopenia.
Regularizers for Coherence Retrieval and Their Physical Interpretation (2014)

We present physically meaningful interpretations of two families of regularizers for coherence retrieval, and we demonstrate their ability to improve factored form descent’s resilience to poorly conditioned measurements in recovering a Schell-model beam’s mutual intensity.
Direct formation of highly functionalized allylic organocopper reagents from allylic chlorides and acetates (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect formation of highly functionalized allylic organocopper reagents from allylic chlorides and acetatesDouglas E. Stack, Bryan T. Dawson, and Reuben D. RiekeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 13, 5110–5116Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00039a023RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views415Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (930 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Omnidirectional driving gears and their input mechanism with passive rollers (2012)

As ordinary dual-axis driving mechanisms in X-Y directions, for example, commercially available X-Y stages with ball screws are familiar. However, such driving mechanisms have two stages, namely both upper and lower linear actuators, the latter of which must generate sufficient thrust to carry large weights, including that of the upper actuator mechanism, which has hampered efforts to achieve suitably fast and smooth driving motion due to the inertial force effect. It is also difficult to achieve a small and slimline driving mechanism with such overlapping two-stage structure. In these ordinary two-stage driving mechanisms, the motion of the X-Y stage can be disturbed by the wires of the upper actuator. In this research, we have considered the abovementioned problems, and propose a new omnidirectional driving gear mechanism that enhances its driving area from the normal X-Y plane to convex and concave curved surfaces respectively, and even various combinations of both. The smoothness of basic omnidirectional motion and effectiveness of the driving method of this proposed omnidirectional driving gear mechanism have been confirmed with several experiments involving our setups.
Preparation and Structure of Amino-Acid Films Based on Vacuum Deposition Processing with and without an Irradiation of Inductively Coupled Plasma. (2000)

熱反応を起こさない程度の高温でアミノ酸を昇華させて得られた薄膜は,溶液法では得られない,アミノ酸分子自身の性質を反映した構造を有することが期待できる。D-フェニルアラニン(D-Phe)を原料に用い,るつぼ温度200°Cの条件で,さんご巣状の内部骨格を有する球状団塊(直径:2-6μm)より成る蒸着膜が作成できる。この表面からは平板状の薄片が1-3nmの段差でずれ重なった組織が観測される。この膜はアミノ酸分析,赤外分光分析,X線光電子分光分析より原料D-Pheを2/3以上含有している。さらに蒸着中に誘導結合型高周波プラズマを照射してふく射の影響を調べた。これはプラズマ化学のみならず,生命科学の視点からも興味深い。プラズマ効果で薄膜は極端に平らになり(表面粗さ:1nm)し,原料含有率が2 %以下とD-Pheが構造変化した分子で大部分の膜分子は構成されている。また,電子スピン共鳴分析よりダングリングボンド由来の不対電子が104spins/cm3の低レベル濃度で確認できた。しかし原料D-Pheと比較して,すべてのD-Phe膜で構成元素比に関する顕著な変化は認められない。
ZrO2 coatings on stainless steel by aerosol thermal spraying (1998)

International audience
(Table 1) Carbonate concentration of sediments from ODP Leg 164 (1998)

Sediment cores recovered during ODP drilling operations are commonly scanned using a Minolta CM-2002 spectrophotometer to obtain spectral data. Core processing procedures aboard the JOIDES Resolution require that these spectral data be measured on wet cores. However, the effects of changing water content on the spectra of marine sediments is unknown. We examined the effects of changing water content on visible light (VIS) diffuse refiectance spectra for core samples composed of clay to foraminiferal ooze. The spectra of dry powdered samples were measured, then the samples were completely saturated (~35% water content) and spectra were measured at set time intervals as the samples progressively dried. The fully saturated samples were appreciably darker than the initial dry samples. The samples continued to darken during the initial phases of drying until the water content had decreased from 35% to ~20%. As the water content continued to decrease below 20%, the samples became progressively lighter and attained spectral values similar to the fully saturated samples at water contents of ~ 17%. Samples continued to lighten until they were totally dry; however, values never became as light as those of the dry samples prior to initial wetting. Changes in refiectance with decreasing water content are not uniform across the VIS. If the water content is greater than 5%, the refiectance decrease relative to a dry sample is greater at the red end of the spectrum. However, at water contents of less than 5%, the spectral curves of the wet and dry sediments are similar in shape, but the wet sediments are still darker. Comparison of these data with data obtained from similar saturation experiments using a coarse-grained beach sand suggest that the initial darkening of the saturated carbonate sediments apparently results frorn changing of the physical properties of the sediment; decreasing the water content apparently rearranges the grains. These studies suggest that maximum information will be obtained when spectral measurements are taken on samples that are allowed to dry as much as possible.
Anisotropic Properties Measured as a Function of Temperature (1971)

Anisotropic properties have been measured with a rotating sample magnetometer as a function temperature on a sample, Fe3O4, in which K1(T) →0 as Ms(T) changes slowly, and on one, GdIG, in which Ms(T) →0 as K1(T) changes slowly. K2(T) for Fe3O4 was found from differences in lock-in output at 6 and 8 ω in a (110) plane disk; at 129 K where K1 is zero, V⊥(6ω) varied as K2/H. K1(T) and K1(T)/Ms(T) in GdIG were obtained from V⊥(2nω), at n=2, 4, and 6, for H&gt;2K1(T)/Ms(T).
Optical superheterodyne receiver uses laser for local oscillator (1966)

Optical superheterodyne receiver uses a laser coupled to a frequency translator to supply both the incident signal and local oscillator signal and thus permit reception of amplitude modulated video bandwidth signals through the atmosphere. This receiver is useful in scientific propagation experiments, tracking experiments, and communication experiments.
Coherent Minimisation: Towards efficient tamper-proof compilation (2012)

Automata representing game-semantic models of programs are meant to operate in environments whose input-output behaviour is constrained by the rules of a game. This can lead to a notion of equivalence between states which is weaker than the conventional notion of bisimulation, since not all actions are available to the environment. An environment which attempts to break the rules of the game is, effectively, mounting a low-level attack against a system. In this paper we show how (and why) to enforce game rules in games-based hardware synthesis and how to use this weaker notion of equivalence, called coherent equivalence, to aggressively minimise automata.
Analogy for the Effect of Material and Geometrical Variables on Energy-Absorption Capability of Composite Tubes (1992)

Simplified procedures for determining the qualitative effect a variable has on structural response of a composite tube are very useful in both preliminary design as well as in providing insight into the general response. An analysis procedure is pre sented that can be used to determine the qualitative change in the sustained crushing load due to a change in specimen material properties or geometry. The analysis procedure is similar in form to the equation for the buckling load of a column on an elastic foun dation.
Partial Recovery of Events Lost in Paralyzable Event Counters (1978)

Many event detector-counter systems have dead times associated with them during which events are not detected and are lost. A method is proposed for recovery of some of the events occurring during the dead times of a paralyzable event counter. Simulation and theoretical results are presented. As the event recovery method relies on a knowledge of the dead time, a method, using only the event recovery technique, through which this knowledge can be obtained is indicated. Several possible cases in which this result could be used to improve an event counting system are also stated.
Robust adaptive control of direct drive brushless DC motors and applications to robotic manipulators (2002)

Application of robust adaptive nonlinear control to brushless DC motors is considered in this paper. The advocated robust adaptive controller enjoys robustness to parametric and dynamic uncertainties in the motor dynamics. In addition, the controller can reject any bounded disturbances acting on the motor. The controlled variables are phase voltages which are designed based on the backstepping technique. The closed-loop stability of the system is shown using Lyapunov techniques. The tracking errors are shown to be globally uniformly bounded. The design procedure is shown to be also applicable to multi-link manipulators actuated by brushless DC motors. The control design may be improved to achieve asymptotic tracking.
Band-gap engineered digital alloy interfaces for lower resistance vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1993)

We report on a technique of grading the heterobarrier interfaces of a p-type distributed Bragg reflector mirror to reduce the operating voltages of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). We report VCSELs with lower operating voltages (2–3 V) and record continuous-wave room-temperature power-conversion efficiencies (17.3%). We experimentally demonstrate that by using a parabolic grading and modulating the doping correctly, a flat valence band is generated that provides low voltage hole transport. The low resistance mirrors are achieved using low Be doping, digital-alloy grading and 600 °C growth temperatures.
Influence of the Solubility Parameter of Intermediary Resin on the Effectiveness of the Gluma Bonding System (1991)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the solubility parameter of the intermediary resin in the Gluma system on the bonding to dentin. The solubility parameter of the resins was varied between 18.8 x 10(3) and 21.1 x 10(3) J(1/2)/m3/2 by varying the composition of the resin. The efficacy of the bonding system was determined by measurements of marginal gaps formed by polymerization contraction of a restorative resin in dentin cavities treated with the bonding system. The bonding system had maximum efficacy at a solubility parameter of the intermediary resin of delta = 20.0 x 10(3) J(1/2)/m3/2. This finding corroborates a concept of bonding to dentin that involves a mechanical interlocking by interpenetrating resins.
ChemInform Abstract: BLOCKING OF RECOMBINATION SITES AND PHOTOASSISTED HYDROGEN EVOLUTION AT SURFACE‐MODIFIED POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILMS OF P‐TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE (1985)

Abstract Es werden dünne, polykristalline Filme mit großer Oberfläche von p‐WSe2 hergestellt und charakterisiert (SEM, voltammetrische und Impedanz‐Messungen, Photostromspektren).
Die Struktur des Anhydro‐isocalebassin‐methyläthers; Säurekatalysierte Umlagerungen des Curare‐Alkaloids C‐Calebassin. 60. Mitteilung über Calebassen‐Alkaloide [1] (1969)

Abstract Treatment of the Calebash alkaloid C‐calebassine ( 1 ), C 40 H 48 N 4 O 2 ++ ·2X − , with hot mineral acid yielded the anhydro‐isocalebassine acid adduct 3H , with the formula C 40 H 47 N 4 O +++ ·3X − .H 2 O. This was converted into anhydro‐isocalebassine methyl ether salts ( 4 ) C 41 H 48 N 4 O ++ ·2X − ·H 2 O with alkaline dimethyl sulphate. A total X‐ray analysis of the orthorhombic diiodide led to formula 4 . The conversion of C‐calebassine ( 1 ) into 4 involves a radical change in the central part of the molecule. The structure of the acid adduct 3H can be deduced from the structure of 4. Treatment of 3 H with warm methanol or treatment of C‐calebassine ( 1 ) with acetic acid yielded a pale yellow compound 2 , C 40 , H 44 N 4 ++ ·2X − ·H 2 O. The central part of the molecule 2 contains a pyrrole ring, and most probably this is an intermediate in the conversion of 1 into 3 H by mineral acid. The changes of 3 H and 2 in acidic, neutral and basic media can be shown by electronic spectroscopy. Reaction of 3 H with 1 mole of oxygen at pH 4 converted it into a stable blood‐red oxidation product C 40 H 44 N 4 O 2 ++ ·2X − containing a merocyanine system. The structure 7 , proposed for this compound, is discussed.
Bone marrow lesions from osteoarthritis knees are characterized by sclerotic bone that is less well mineralized (2009)

Our preliminary data localize specific changes in bone mineralization, remodeling and defects within BMLs features that are adjacent to the subchondral plate. These BMLs appear to be sclerotic compared with unaffected regions from the same individual based on the increased bone volume fraction and increased trabecular thickness. The mineral density in these lesions, however, is reduced and may render this area to be mechanically compromised, and thus susceptible to attrition.
E-016 A Comparative Review of the Hemodynamics and Pathogenesis of Cerebral and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Lessons to Learn From Each Other (2014)

<h3>Introduction/purpose</h3> Cerebral aneurysms (CAs) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are both degenerative vascular pathologies that manifest as an abnormal dilation of the arterial wall. They arise with different morphologies in different types of blood vessels under different haemodynamic conditions. Although these aneurysms are treated as very different and separate pathologies, we sought to examine common pathways in the haemodynamic pathogenesis to further elucidate mechanisms of formation. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> A systematic review of the literature was performed. Current concepts on the pathogenesis and hemodynamics of CAs and AAAs were collected and compared. <h3>Results</h3> CAs arise as saccular (berry-like) dilation on the cerebral arteries of the circle of Willis under high blood flow, high wall shear stress (WSS), and high wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) conditions. AAAs arise as fusiform (spindle-like) dilations on the infrarenal aorta under low blood flow, low, oscillating WSS, and high WSSG conditions. While the two pathologies exist at likely the opposite ends of the spectrum of WSS, they both share high WSSG. These changes in blood flow have been shown to be a critical factor of introducing arterial remodeling. It is possible that the unique haemodynamic environments in which CAs and AAAs arise cause mechanical damage to the arterial wall. This mechanical damage alone may not be enough to initiate the aneurysm formation, but may ignite a cascade of downstream events that lead to the development of aneurysms. Despite marked differences in their morphology and the structure of the arteries in which they form, CAs and AAAs share many histopathological and biomechanical characteristics. Endothelial cell damage, loss of elastin, and smooth muscle cell loss are universal findings in CAs and AAAs. Increased matrix metalloproteinases and other proteinases as well as reactive oxygen species likely play an important role in the pathogenesis of both CAs and AAAs. Inflammation, which plays an integral role in the initiation of AAAs, seems to play a stronger role in CAs downstream from initiation events. <h3>Conclusion</h3> A critical review of the literature revealed similar pathways in two seemingly different pathologies. Specifically, the roles of WSSG, inflammation and sequences of endothelial dysfunction play an important role in both AAA and CA formation. We also highlight the need for cross-disciplinary reviews that help aid in finding similar threads between pathologies. <h3>Disclosures</h3> O. Tanweer: None. T. Wilson: None. E. Metaxa: None. H. Riina: None. H. Meng: None.
Penitricin, a new class of antibiotic produced by Penicillium aculeatum. II. Isolation and characterization. (1984)

A novel antibiotic, penitricin, Ro 09-0804, has been produced in the culture filtrate of Penicillium aculeatum NR 5165. This antibiotic was purified by repeated extraction of culture filtrate with 1-butanol, and passage of the crude extracts through Sephadex G-10, followed by HPLC (Shodex Ionpak S-801). Physico-chemical characterization was made on penitricin, while two open-ringed penitricins B and C co-produced by the producer strain were also identified.
Expression of glnA in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 is initiated from a single nif-like promoter under various nitrogen conditions (1993)

The glnA mRNA, encoding glutamine synthetase, is differentially accumulated in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 in media containing different nitrogen sources. With the different nitrogen compounds, transcription of glnA initiated at a single site located -146 nucleotides upstream of the translation start site of the gene. A similarity of the nif-like promoter of the glnA gene of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 and a binding-site sequence for the Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 transcription regulator, NtcA, were found upstream of the transcription initiation site.
Extending x-ray streak camera operation to vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths (1995)

A major limitation in the use of x-ray streak cameras at longer wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region is the strong absorption of the radiation in the conductive thin films that are used for transmission photocathode substrates. Reflection photocathodes require off-axis illumination and hence do not couple easily to instruments such as flat-field spectrographs. We are investigating the use and optimization of an open-geometry photocathode structure consisting of a fine-mesh wire screen coated with the photoemissive material. Photons impinge directly onto this coated screen. Photoelectrons emitted from the side surfaces of the wires are accelerated into the streak tube by the applied field penetrating into the plane of the wire screen. Coatings of CsI and CuI are under study. Laser-produced plasmas, as well as discharge sources, are being used for the testing and optimization. A flat-field grazing-incidence spectrograph and a 1 m, normal-incidence spectrograph are used to cover the spectral region from 3 to 200 nm.
ChemInform Abstract: BASE‐CATALYZED CIS‐TRANS ISOMERIZATION OF BIS(4‐BENZYLIDENEAMINOCYCLOHEXYL)METHANE (1978)

Abstract 4,4′‐Diamino‐diphenylmethan (I) wird zum Gemisch der stereoisomeren 4,4′‐Diamino‐dicyclohexylmethane (II) hydriert.
Effect of Interstitial Impurities on the Magnetic Transitions of Er-rich PrxEr1-x Alloys (2002)

No abstract prepared.