gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efferent vestibular neurons: A study employing retrograde tracer methods in the pigeon (<i>Columba livia</i>) (1981)

Efferent neurons innervating the vestibular labyrinth and cochlea of the pigeon have been identified by means of a variety of retrograde tracers: [3H]-adenosine (Ad), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Evan's Blue (EB) and Bisbenzimide (Bb). Discrete injections into individual cristae ampullares of the semicircular canals, into the macula utriculi, or into several of these end organs resulted in similar patterns of neuronal labelling. Efferent vestibular neurons were always found within a small portion of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (RP), ventrolateral to the abducens nucleus on both sides. No systemic difference in the locations of labelled cells was found following injection into different sensory epithelia. Cell counts following injections into individual cristae did not differ significantly from those following injections into all three cristae. The injections into all cristae in both labyrinths yielded cell counts that were much lower than twice the number of cells labelled by injections into the three cristae on one side only. When HRP was injected into the right lateral canal crista and Ad into the right posterior canal crista, a high proportion of neurons was labelled with both compounds (61% of the HRP-labelled cells and 67% of the Ad-labelled cells). Injections of EB into all three cristae on the right side and Bb into all three cristae on the left side produced a smaller percentage of doubly labelled cells (10% of the EB-labelled cells and 6% of the Bb-labelled cells). It is concluded, therefore, that there is a considerable degree of collateralization within one labyrinth. Fewer collaterals of efferent neurons are directed to both labyrinths. Since each semicircular canal represents head rotation in one direction and one plane, it is unlikely that efferents which contact several different movement sensors can provide sensory motor control that is specific for directions and planes of head movements. Control injections of these tracers into the cochlea yielded labelled cells in a different reticular structure, the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis lateralis (Pgc), on both sides, as well as in the RP. It is proposed that the Pgc cells represent cochlear efferents, while the RP neurons are related to the macula lagenae, an otolithic organ of balance in the pigeon.
IC‐P1‐050: In vivo detected thalamic deposits in APP transgenic mice are calcifications, not amyloid plaques (2008)

Extended deposits of Aβ in the thalamus have been reported to be present in various strains of APP transgenic mice. We have found extended thalamic signals in 22 month old Tg2576 mice using T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2*-MRI), which we then attempted to correlate with deposits identified histopathologically in the same regions. To do this we sectioned the whole brain of each animal used in MRI studies and used several staining protocols on a subset of sections to identify the nature of the deposits. Located in the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, the deposits were negative for amyloid deposits when stained with Congo red and negative for amyloid β peptide when stained with the antibody 6G1, indicating they were not large amyloid plaques. They were also negative for Fe3+ when stained with Prussian blue, indicating they were not hemorrhages. However, all thalamic deposits stained positive for Ca2+ with Von Kossa. Interestingly, similar MRI signals were also detected in non-transgenic old mice and in another APP transgenic mouse strain at an older age. We conclude that the thalamic T2*-MRI signals are not large amyloid plaques but rather calcified lesions, which are observed in subcortical regions of wildtype and transgenic mice as well as AD patients and age-matched controls.
Exemple d'etude experimentale portant sur la formulation optimale d'un beton de fibres metalliques (BFM) pour dalle (2001)

In order for metallic-fibre concrete (MFC) to make inroads in the field of construction and broaden its range of industrial applications, the ability to strike a balance between mechanical performance and cost remains the paramount concern. During an experimental study conducted at the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées research facility, the comparison between responses of two MFC samples, in terms of post-cracking behaviour under uniaxial tension, offered some interesting findings. The first material, with a 1% (by volume) reinforcement in long (60-mm) steel fibers and displaying an average compressive strength of 54.5 MPa, generated a post-cracking energy greater than that of the second one, which was reinforced at 1.28% with shorter fibers (30 mm) and whose compressive strength came to 93.6 MPa. This rather unexpected result is owed to the preferential direction of metallic fibers for a given industrial application; the phenomenon at work herein has since been studied quantitatively.
Two statistical parsing models applied to the Chinese Treebank (2000)

This paper presents the first-ever results of applying statistical parsing models to the newly-available Chinese Treebank. We have employed two models, one extracted and adapted from BBN's SIFT System (Miller et al., 1998) and a TAG-based parsing model, adapted from (Chiang, 2000). On sentences with ≤40 words, the former model performs at 69% precision, 75% recall, and the latter at 77% precision and 78% recall.
RNAi- AND ANTISENSE-TARGETED DOWN-REGULATION OF GASTRIN IN PANCREATIC CANCER CELLS INHIBITS TUMOR GROWTH AND METASTASIS (2006)

Background: The gastrointestinal peptide gastrin stimulates pancreatic cancer growth by an autocrine mechanism. Unlike normal pancreas, pancreatic cancer cells produce gastrin, and gastrin expression has been correlated with clinical aggressiveness. Methods & Results: A panel of six human pancreatic cancer cell lines was screened for gastrin expression and in vivo tumorigenicity. Gastrin real-time RT-PCR revealed that cancer cell lines which endogenously express low levels of gastrin mRNA (e.g. MiaPaCa-2, PANC-1) form slower growing tumors than cells with higher gastrin levels (e.g. BxPC-3). To further examine the contribution of gastrin to tumor growth and metastasis, gastrin was down-regulated in BxPC-3 cells using two parallel techniques. First, stable transfection of an antisense gastrin gene produced clones with significantly decreased levels of gastrin mRNA (37-95%). In vivo, antisense clones formed smaller subcutaneous tumors, smaller orthotopic tumors, and fewer local and distant metastases. Second, three shRNA (short hairpin RNA) constructs targeting independent regions of the gastrin mRNA were individually transfected into BxPC-3 cells. Gastrin expression was reduced by 67-94% compared to a non-specific shRNA sequence. When assessed in vivo, these stable shRNA clones had an average of 60% smaller tumors (by weight) than non-specific control clones (p < 0.02). Conclusions Taken together, both down-regulation techniques suggest gastrin significantly promotes primary tumor growth. Gastrin may also play a crucial role in the establishment and growth of disseminated metastatic tumor cells. The efficacy of the shRNAs in decreasing in vivo pancreatic tumor growth suggests RNAi targeting of gastrin could serve as a new and effective approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Supported by grants from the National Pancreas Foundation to GLM and American Cancer Society PF-04-104-01-CSM to JFH.
Modelling and numerical simulation of 3D bubble flow by the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach (2007)

This work deals with some numerical simulations concerning bubble behaviour in a 3D turbulent pipe flow. A hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is employed for the calculation of the particulate flow: Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes approach with a κε realisable model for modelling the continuous fluid phase and a kinetic approach for describing the change of the bubble number density distribution function due to break-up and coalescence. For modelling the break-up and coalescence processes, we consider the models proposed by Martinez-Bazan et al. (1999a) and Kamp et al. (2001), respectively. Interfacial forces, such as drag force and transverse lift force are taken into account in the bubbles' dynamics equation. The coupling between the two-phases is considered through momentum source terms and sink terms in κ and ε equations. The numerical results are quantitatively compared with measurements performed by Kamp (1996), showing that profiles of void fraction, bubble size distribution and slip velocity are in fair agreement with experimental data.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Highly Enantioselective Catalyst for Nitro‐Michael Addition: Tuning Through Variation of the Number of H‐Bond Donors and Spacer Length. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
K-Ar Age Constraints on the Origin Of Micaceous Minerals in Savannah River Site Soils, South Carolina, USA (2012)

Abstract K-Ar measurements were used in this study of upland Savannah River Site soils to distinguish between sorbed K and the K remaining in remnants of primary minerals. Study of sorbed K contributes to understanding further the interaction of alkali metals (Cs in particular) with the soils. Primary mineral K and the associated radiogenic Ar were studied to characterize soil mica with respect to its provenance and its relationship to hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. K-Ar age values of Na-saturated clay fractions from five samples of these soils range in age from 270 to 370 Ma. After a moderate acid treatment (6% HNO 3 v/v, ~1 mol dm -3 , 3 h, 80°C) of the clay fractions, K-Ar age values (270-325 Ma) were little changed on the whole, but they were more closely grouped near 300 Ma. Earlier work had shown that most of the K in these soils is found in material resistant to moderate acid extraction. The K-Ar age values show that this acid-resistant material is much older than any pedogenic minerals could be, even much older than the sedimentary parent rocks from which the soils were derived. These observations support earlier inferences by others that the K in these well leached soils is largely in remnants of primary muscovite from the parent sediments. Age values near 300 Ma suggest that the muscovite is largely from proximal Piedmont terranes of the Appalachian orogen, where the K-Ar relationship in most micas was set by Alleghanian tectonic processes late in the Paleozoic Era. The structural location of the K within mica, shown by the retention of the associated radiogenic Ar, is in contrast to the sorption-dominated behavior of the Cs and most of the Rb in these soils during pedogenesis. Stronger acid treatment (~6 mol dm -3 HNO 3 , 3 h, 100°C) extracted substantial fractions of both the K and the radiogenic Ar from bulk-soil portions, indicating destruction of some of the primary mica. K-Ar age values for the sand-rich bulk soils were not useful for this study because the sand contains excess radiogenic Ar, probably in sand-sized vein quartz.
Mechanism of interchange of the syn and anti protons of tetra(trihaptoallyl)zirconium(IV) (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of interchange of the syn and anti protons of tetra(trihaptoallyl)zirconium(IV)Jeanne K. Krieger, J. M. Deutch, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1973, 12, 7, 1535–1545Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50125a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50125a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Assessing and Enhancing Functional Safety Mechanisms for Safety-Critical Software Systems (2015)

More and more devices of our everyday life are computerized with smart embedded systems and software-intensive electronics. Whenever these pervasive embedded systems interact with the physical world and have the potential to endanger human lives or to cause significant damage, they are considered safety-critical. To avoid any unreasonable risk originating from the failure of such systems, stringent development processes, safety engineering practices, and safety standards are followed and applied for their development and operation. Thereby, functional safety mechanisms provide technical solutions to detect faults or control failures in order to achieve or maintain a safe state. In consequence, the requirements on their dependable and trustworthy operation are correspondingly high. On this background, this thesis is concerned with the assessment and enhancement of functional safety mechanisms in software-intensive safety-critical embedded systems at the example of automotive systems based on the AUTOSAR standard. An established technique for dependability assessments is fault injection (FI). The effective adaptation and application of FI to modern embedded safety-critical software systems, such as AUTOSAR, is non-trivial due to their complexity and multiple levels of abstraction that are introduced by model-based development, layered architectures, and the integration of components from various suppliers, which impact the overall customizability, usability, and effectiveness of experiments. Facing these challenges, this thesis develops a complete FI process, which includes a guidance framework for the systematic and automated instrumentation with FI test code, a FI framework for the automated execution of experiments, a detailed discussion on the derivation of fault models, and the demonstration of their effective application in two case studies that uncovered an actual deficiency in a functional safety mechanism. Due to the high cost-saving potential, functionality of varied criticality is increasingly integrated into so-called mixed-criticality systems. To provide efficient protection of critical tasks, functional safety mechanisms benefit from accounting for different criticality levels. At the example of AUTOSAR's timing protection, we illustrate the issues emerging from the lack of criticality awareness and the resulting indirect protection of critical tasks. As mitigation, we propose a novel monitoring scheme that directly protects critical tasks by providing them with execution time guarantees and implement our approach as an enhancement to the existing monitoring infrastructure.
Molecular Catalysts for Multielectron Redox Reactions of Small Molecules: The “Cofacial Metallodiporphyrin” Approach (1994)

Abstract The role of metalloenzymes in important biological transformations has attracted increasing attention over the past several decades. Of the many chemical transformations mediated by enzymes, few are as challenging as multielectron redox reactions. Recent studies have revealed a partial structural and mechanistic description of these redox‐active metalloenzymes, but there is much still to be learned regarding the mechanisms of substrate transformation. Due to the complexity of the metalloenzyme systems, simplified model systems are employed to mimic structural or functional features of the enzyme. In multielectron redox enzymes, several metals are probably in‐volved in both substrate binding and the subsequent redox reactions. Thus, functional mimics of multielectron redox enzymes might also need two or more metal centers to be efficacious. The roles of multiple metal centers are to (1) increase the substrate's affinity for the catalyst, (2) increase the rate of electron transfer to the bound substrate, (3) increase the reactivity of the bound substrate, and (4) inhibit deleterious side reactions. Deter‐mining the importance of each factor may help in the development of these catalysts. Cofacial metallodiporphyrins, because of the control they provide over the geometric and electronic properties of the synthetic reaction center, are ideal bimetallic model complexes. The knowledge gained from model studies will help in understanding the mechanisms of metalloenzymes and can be used to design new homogeneous catalysts to effect multielectron transformations.
Loss of p27 expression and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Results from the I-SPY Trial (CALGB150007/150012, ACRIN6657) (2009)

11091 Background: Loss of expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27 has been associated with decreased survival among patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. The I-SPY Trial is a multicenter study of locally advanced breast cancer in which pretreatment tumor biopsies were obtained prior to the administration of anthracycline and taxane-based neoadjuvant therapy, and serial MRIs were performed to assess response to treatment. The aim of this study was to determine if loss of tumor p27 expression was associated with response to cytotoxic therapy. Methods: Eligible patients had biopsy-confirmed primary breast cancer measuring at least 3 cm. Immunohistochemistry for p27 was performed centrally on pretreatment core samples using rabbit anti-p27 (Upstate Cell Signaling #06–445). Nuclear p27 was classified as absent (no staining), low (1–50% staining) or normal (>50% staining). Following completion of chemotherapy, post-surgical excision/mastectomy cases were reviewed centrally to determine response to therapy including residual cancer burden (RCB) and pathologic complete response (pCR) rate. Exact Chi2 was used to compare proportions. Results: Pretreatment samples from 164 of 237 enrolled patients demonstrated that p27 expression was absent in 55 (33%), low in 96 (58%) and normal in 14 (8%). P27 loss was not associated with patient age. Compared to normal p27 expression, absent p27 was significantly associated with ER negativity (48% vs. 14%; p=0.03), PR negativity (59% vs. 21%; p=0.03), Her2 overexpression (28% vs. 14%; p=0.017) and basal molecular subtype (29% vs. 13%). The proportion of patients with p27 loss (absent or low) was higher for those with high Ki-67 expression compared to low/mod expression (98% compare to 88%) and lower for grade 1 (72% vs 92%) compared to grade 2/3 tumors (p=0.071 and p=0.090, respectively). Low or absent p27 was not associated with response to therapy as measured by pCR, RCB or change in tumor diameter by MRI. Conclusions: p27 loss in this neoadjuvant patient population was associated with aggressive tumor features, but not predictive of response to cytotoxic therapy. These findings suggest that the poor prognosis associated with loss of p27 is not due to relative chemotherapy resistance. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
5-[4-(9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl)aminomethyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy]pentanoic Acid (PAL Linker) (2005)

[115109-65-4] C29H31NO7 (MW 505.57) InChI = 1S/C29H31NO7/c1-34-26-15-19(36-14-8-7-13-28(31)32)16-27(35-2)24(26)17-30-29(33)37-18-25-22-11-5-3-9-20(22)21-10-4-6-12-23(21)25/h3-6,9-12,15-16,25H,7-8,13-14,17-18H2,1-2H3,(H,30,33)(H,31,32) InChIKey = ATYUCXIJDKHOPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (acid-labile linker/handle used for solid-phase synthesis of peptide amides, and more general applications to solid-phase organic synthesis) Alternate Names: peptide amide linker, Fmoc-PAL. Physical Data: mp 178–180 °C (para), 116–118 °C (ortho). Analytically calculated for C29H31NO7 (MW 505.57): C, 68.90; H, 6.18; N, 2.77. Found: C, 68.92; H, 6.16; N, 2.80. Solubility: soluble in most polar organic solvents. Form Supplied in: the title compound is a crystalline solid. It is available in its pure para, pure ortho, or ortho/para mixture as a solid, off-resin. It can also be obtained attached to a suitable solid support. See main text for further details. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, elemental analysis, TLC, or other chromatographic criteria. Preparative Methods: can be prepared in five steps in solution, starting with Vilsmeier formylation of 3,5-dimethoxyphenol. Purification: para—recrystallization from minimal hot MeOH–CHCl3 (2:1), then chilling to −20 °C; ortho—recrystallization from minimal hot MeOH. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no special precautions are necessary. Details depend on whether the reagents are solid organic compounds or are attached to a solid support. If possible, they should be refrigerated to increase the shelf-life. Disposal: these compounds are not particularly hazardous, and standard methods for solid organic waste disposal should be adequate.
Akt2/LDLr double knockout mice display impaired glucose tolerance and develop more complex atherosclerotic plaques than LDLr knockout mice (2013)

Akt2/LDLr dKO mice develop insulin resistance and complex atherosclerotic lesions. These phenotypic characteristics make Akt2/LDLr dKO mice an interesting mouse model to study the effects of insulin resistance on the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
P4‐326: UNSUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING ON BASELINE BRAIN MRI IDENTIFIES MCI SUBGROUP WITH A FASTER DECLINE OVER TWO YEARS COMPARED TO CLASSICAL HIPPOCAMPAL SPARING AD SUBTYPE (2019)

Alzheimer Disease (AD) subtypes (hippocampal sparing [HpSp], limbic predominant, typical AD) have been described at autopsy. MRI phenotype based on HpSp atrophy characteristics have been noted to predict faster clinical decline among AD subjects. We investigated if an unsupervised machine learning (ML) approach was able to identify groups that replicate similar atrophy characteristics on brain MRIs among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD dementia, and if it could predict faster rate of decline on the MMSE and Clinical dementia rating scale (CDR-SB). A two-step unsupervised ML approach was used. First, 504 ADNI1 subjects (169 normal cognition subjects, 234 MCI, 101 AD dementia) were t-SNE-embedded in a 2-dimensional MRI feature space using 89 FreeSurfer MRI measurements, both sub-cortical volumetry and cortical thickness. Second, following principal component analysis (PCA), MCI and AD dementia subjects were grouped separately according to the four main quadrants of the PCA. For comparison, HpSp subtype was computed using approach from literature. After checking for normality of data, demographics and baseline clinical parameters were compared among the 4 ML groups (Chi-Square or independent samples Kruskal Wallis test). The fastest progressing ML group was compared to HpSp in terms of FreeSurfer ROIs (t-test with Bonferroni corrected threshold) and MMSE and CDR at baseline and follow-up (Wilcoxon rank sum test). The 4 ML groups differed on age and baseline MMSE, but not on sex, education and APOE E4 status, baseline CDR-SB and AD CSF biomarkers. Compared with HpSp, the fast progressing ML MCI group had significantly faster decline on CDR-SB at 12 and 24 months (Figure with stats). The group's rate of decline was similar to HpSp in AD dementia. The atrophy signature of the fast progressing ML MCI group had significantly lower regional volumes in hippocampus and amygdala and larger superior parietal and post central gyrus (all FDR P<0.001) at baseline compared to HpSp.