gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunosuppressive drugs in Crohn's disease. (1994)

We review clinical experience with the immunosuppressive drugs 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate in the management of patients with Crohn's disease. 6-MP and azathioprine are closely related structurally. Their exact mechanism of action is unknown, but both cause immunosuppression by interfering with nucleic acid metabolism in the immunological sequence that follows antigenic stimulation. 6-MP and azathioprine have proved most useful for two indications: reducing steroid requirements and healing fistulas. Among patients who are dependent on steroids for control of active inflammatory Crohn's disease, approximately 50% can be completely weaned from prednisone, and an additional 25% can tolerate a substantial dose reduction when treated with 6-MP or azathioprine. Likewise, 6-MP is effective in closing fistulas in approximately one third of patients and in reducing fistula drainage in an additional one third. However, the onset of action is slow and the results may be dose dependent. Cyclosporine, a selective immunosuppressant drug, inhibits T lymphocytes by inhibiting expression of interleukin-2 and its receptors. Its principal usefulness may be in patients with disabling fistulas or active steroid-refractory colitis who cannot tolerate the several months required for a remission induced by 6-MP or azathioprine. Methotrexate, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, has antimetabolite and antiinflammatory properties. Methotrexate is only slightly, if at all, faster acting than 6-MP or azathioprine. Its principal usefulness may therefore be in cases when these other drugs have not been tolerated or are ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Points Reloaded: Point-Based Rendering Revisited (2004)

The increasing popularity of points as rendering primitives has led to a variety of different rendering algorithms, and in particular the different implementations compare like apples to oranges. In this paper we revisit a number of recently developed point-based rendering implementations. We briefly summarize a few proposed hierarchical multiresolution point data structures and their advantages. Based on a common multiresolution framework we then describe and examine different hardware accelerated point rendering algorithms. Experimental results are given with respect to performance timing and rendering quality for the different approaches.
Error traces in model-based debugging of hardware description languages (2005)

In this article we address the fault localization problem in HDLs, particularly in VHDL designs. Our approach relies on the model-based diagnosis paradigm and, unlike to other approaches that rely on the design's gate-level representation, we accurately represent the program's syntax and semantics in a debugging model. This detailed modeling approach, however, may cause scalability problems for larger designs, thus reducing the model's complexity and size is a crucial issue. Creating a debugging model specifically for a given test case in terms of its execution trace is, although tractable in terms of the model's size, uneligible for source level debugging. We illustrate this result by a simple example and relate it to similar findings in the area of program slicing. Moreover, we present a solution to this problem and discuss implications on software debugging by means of our recent empirical results.
Using Empirical Bayes Techniques in the Law School Validity Studies (1980)

Abstract The law school validity studies are primarily concerned with the prediction of first-year average in law school from Law School Aptitude Test score and undergraduate grade point average. Traditionally, a separate admitting equation is estimated in each law school by the method of least squares based on data from students who attended the law school in recent years. These least squares equations can fluctuate rather wildly from year to year. This study employs empirical Bayes techniques to obtain admitting equations that are better than the least squares admitting equations in two ways: for each law school, the empirical Bayes admitting equations are more stable in time than the least squares admitting equations; and the empirical Bayes admitting equations predict student performance more accurately than the least squares admitting equations.
Oil Distribution in Fried Potatoes Monitored by Infrared Microspectroscopy (2001)

ABSTRACT: During the last decade much attention has been given to investigating oil absorption during frying. Several studies have suggested the key role of the dehydrated crust, which is thought to control the main mechanisms in oil absorption, that is drainage and capillary suction during post‐frying cooling. To contribute to a better understanding of these mechanisms, we have used infrared microspectroscopy at the Synchrotron Radiation Source at Daresbury (UK) to monitor the oil distribution in fried potato cylinders. We report what we believe to be the first quantitative data on oil distribution within a fried product. Results show that the oil distribution within the crust reflects the anisotropic nature of the porous region in accordance with the proposed mechanism of oil absorption.
Fatigue of Fibrous Composite Materials (1981)

Description An ASTM book on the understanding of fatigue mechanisms that cover a wide range of topics from theory and experimental studies to prediction models, test methods, and review of classic procedures.
Protein dynamics in sperm membranes: Implications for sperm function during gamete interaction (1992)

A number of mammalian sperm plasma membrane antigens have been implicated as playing a functional role in sperm-egg interaction, by virtue of the fact that antibodies against these antigens interfere with fertilization. Two such mouse sperm plasma membrane antigens are M42, a 200/220 kD glycoprotein doublet, and M5, a 150-160 kD glycoprotein. We show that both of these antigens are concentrated on the posterior region of caudal epididymal and capacitated mouse sperm heads and are relatively diffusible, as determined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements (D = 3-8 x 10(-9) cm2/s with approximately 23% diffusing). Crosslinking of these antigens with bivalent antibodies causes them to redistribute into the anterior region (acrosomal crescent) of the sperm head. In contrast, we describe a third antigen, P220, which is also localized to the posterior region of the sperm head on caudal epididymal sperm but which exhibits very little diffusion and does not redistribute upon crosslinking. Bivalent anti-M42 blocks the ZP3-induced acrosome reaction. We have found that monovalent Fab fragments of anti-M42 do not block the ZP3-induced acrosome reaction, but that inhibition is restored by addition of a second antibody which crosslinks the Fabs. Thus, crosslinking is required for both inhibition of the acrosome reaction and redistribution. This suggests that redistribution of antigen away from the posterior region of the head may be part of the mechanism of inhibition of the ZP3-induced acrosome reaction.
Her-2/ neu and Breast Cancer (2001)

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women in the United States in the year 2000. The proto-oncogene Her-2/neu (c-erb-B2) has become an increasingly important prognostic and predictive factor in breast cancer. Overexpression/amplification of the Her-2/neu has been associated with a worse outcome in patients with breast cancer. Herceptin, a "humanized" murine monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the Her-2/neu protein, is being used to treat breast cancer that overexpresses Her-2/neu. The status of Her-2/neu in the tumor has become a critical factor in the management strategy of a breast cancer patient. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of all aspects of Her-2/neu in breast cancer, including biology, prognostic and predictive value, targeted Herceptin therapy, and the laboratory testing of Her-2/neu.
Sedimentary environments of lower Cambrian black shale in S. China (2003)

The δSpy of sedimentary pyrite from the Lower Cambrian black shale in NW Hunan of China have been determined. Except one sample with a δSpy value of –0.97‰ from the NiMo mineralized bed at the bottom Cambrian, total other 16 pyrite samples are all in the range from +10 ‰ to +28 ‰ with an mean value +20 ‰, obviously different from those in modern oceanic sediment (-20‰ to -10‰). If δS of the seawater sulphate was identical with the world seawater at the early Cambrian, about +34‰, there was a small fractionation only 14‰ during sedimentation of the black shale. The high δSpy value in the black shale should be caused by small fractionation between seawater sulphate and biogenic sedimentary pyrite in an anoxic sulfidic ocean in which the availability of sulphate is limited. Combining the data of δCorg, δCcarb and trace elements of the black shale and related paleo-atmosphere and -ocean models, we propose a preliminary idea of paleoenvironments of the Lower Cambrian black shale in NW Hunan as follows. This study supported by NSFC (40073007 & 40232020).
Lookahead scheduling (1992)

A new method of scheduling operations is presented. Lookahead scheduling, alone or in combination with other scheduling methods, can increase both the speed and the likelihood of correctness when generating schedules.
Heparin and dialysis: reasons to make a change? (2002)

The availability of heparin was undoubtedly one of the main factors contributing to the widespread use of clinical dialysis: although lipolytic activity, osteoporosis and thrombocytopenia were described, clinical advantages remained unrivalled until today. Nevertheless, several effects attributable to heparin are less widely recognized, though theoretically noteworthy. Heparin has immunosuppressive properties, interfering with both humoral and cell-mediated immunity [1–2]: these actions should be probably taken in to account since dialysis patients are prone to infections and receive an average of 500000–1 million units/year of heparin. Heparin is able to split the activin–follistatin complex, allowing activin to stimulate smooth muscle cells of vessel wall to proliferate [3]; the risk of systemic atherosclerosis could therefore be increased [4]. In addition, by the same mechanism heparin could favour the process of intimal hyperplasia leading to stenosis, usually observed just at the venous end of vascular access, the site where dialysis-administered heparin concentration is higher than in any other site of the vessel system. Finally, the source of heparin could be of some concern after description of the variant of Creutzfeld-Jacob encephalopathy (vCJ) as a prion disease transmitted by cows suffering from BSE. Of interest, it was reported that there was an increased risk of sporadic CJD for patients undergoing surgery, unfortunately without explanation of the mechanism(s) involved [5]. Intra-operative or prophylactic post-operative heparin administration could not be ruled out. Since heparin can be extracted from beef or pork offal, beef-derived heparin should be re-evaluated for medical use and dialysis patients suffering from encephalopathies should be screened for vCJ. Apart from the more specific mode of action [6], recombinant hirudin should be considered if the safe origin of heparin cannot be certified.
Efficient full-wave CAD of waveguide diplexers (1996)

The paper presents an efficient CAD algorithm for the design of waveguide front-end diplexers. Three different types of junctions can be employed: E-plane T-junction, H-plane T-junction and E-plane bifurcation. Channel filter configurations currently include — but are not limited to — waveguide stub filters and inductive-iris filters. The diplexer design is performed in three basic steps: synthesis, analysis and optimization. In order to improve the computing efficiency of the design algorithm, highly accurate transmission line models are used in the initial component design and optimization stages. The final optimization and the analysis of the entire diplexer makes use of a full-wave mode-matching model, which can include waveguide transformers at all ports. The CAD routine is verified against measurments, and excellent agreement between predicted and measured results is obtained.
Intestinal brush border revisited. (1989)

Cet article de synthese fait le point sur les aspects moleculaires de la structure, des biosyntheses et des fonctions de la bordure en brosse intestinale humaine et sur son cytosquelette
Ex vivo effects of low-dose rivaroxaban on specific coagulation assays and coagulation factor activities in patients under real life conditions (2013)

Global coagulation assays display variable effects at different concentrations of rivaroxaban. The aim of this study is to quantify the ex vivo effects of low-dose rivaroxaban on thrombophilia screening assays and coagulation factor activities based on the administration time, and to show how to mask possible interferences. Plasma samples from 40 patients receiving rivaroxaban 10 mg daily were investigated to measure activities of clotting factor II, V, VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII and XIII; protein C- and protein S-levels; lupus anticoagulants; anticardiolipin IgG and IgM; D-dimer, heparin-platelet factor 4 (HPF4) antibodies and screening tests for von Willebrand disease (VWD). Two hours after rivaroxaban administration, the activities of clotting factors were significantly decreased to different extents, except for factor XIII. Dilution of plasma samples resulted in neutralisation of these interferences. The chromogenic protein C activity assay was not affected by rivaroxaban. Depending on the timing of tablet intake in relation to blood sampling protein S activity was measured falsely high when a clotting assay was used. False-positive results for lupus anticoagulants were observed depending on the assay system used and the administration time of rivaroxaban. ELISA-based assays such as anticardiolipin IgG and IgM, D-dimer, HPF4-antibodies and the turbidimetric assays for VWD were not affected by rivaroxaban. Specific haemostasis clotting tests should be performed directly prior to rivaroxaban intake. Assay optimisation in the presence of rivaroxaban can be achieved by plasma dilution. Immunologic assays are not influenced by rivaroxaban, while chromogenic assays can be used, when they do not depend on factor Xa.
New antibiotic species formed in crosslinking polymyxin B to linear gramicidin dubos. (1983)

Crosslinking of a mixture of 1,3,5-tri-carbobenzoxy polymyxin B and desformylgramicidin using 4,4'-difluoro-3,3'-dinitrodiphenylsulphone(FNPS) at pH 10.5 results in the formation of three species of intermolecularly crosslinked products. The decarbobenzoxylated products are (polymyxin B) sub(2), polymyxin B-(desformylgramicidin) sub(2) and (desformylgramidicin) sub(2). The first product is isolated in very poor yield (5-10%), the second in 16-30% and the last product in 24-43% yield, respectively, under different experimental conditions of crosslinking. Addition of FNPS to a mixture of tri-carbobenzoxy polymyxin B and desformylgramicidin (1:2,25) favoured maximum yield (30%) of polymyxin B-(desformylgramicidin) sub(2). (Desformyl-gramicidin) sub(2) was the predominant product when desformylgramicidin was added after FNPS addition to tri-carbobenzoxy polymyxin B. The observation reveals possibilities of producing crosslinked antibiotics with tailor-made spectra of activity. However, the polymyxin B-(desformylgramicidin) sub(2) isolated by the authors is possessed of only lower levels of activity, relative to gramicidin and polymyxin B.
Different Activation States of Human Lymphocytes after Antibody‐Mediated Stimulation via CD3 and the α/β T‐Cell Receptor (1990)

BMA031 is an IgG2b antibody directed towards the human alpha/beta T-cell receptor that is able to induce proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells independent of antibody crosslinking. The proliferative response to BMA031 during the first 3 days of culture is usually of similar magnitude to that induced by the IgG2a CD3 antibody OKT3 but decreases quickly afterwards. Stimulation by BMA031 induces no measurable IL-2 release, very low expression of the IL-2 receptor, and does not trigger cytotoxic effector function. However, cross-linking of the antibody or addition of IL-2 leads to enhanced and prolonged proliferation, strong IL-2 receptor expression, and cytotoxic activity, features that are usually found after stimulation by the IgG2a CD3 antibody OKT3 in soluble form. The stimulatory effect of BMA031 cannot be diminished by IL-2 receptor blocking, whereas stimulation by OKT3 is strongly reduced. Moreover, proliferation induced by BMA031 has lower sensitivity to inhibition by ciclosporin than OKT3. From these results two major conclusions can be drawn: (1) an IL-2-independent way of activation may be important for the short-term proliferation of the T cells stimulated by BMA031 and (2) after stimulation by BMA031, cells reach a state of activation that is different from that induced by OKT3. These differences are most likely related to the different specificities of the antibodies, alpha/beta TcR versus CD3, suggesting that different activation signals are triggered via CD3 and via the alpha/beta TcR.
Mesure des températures (1992)

1. Notions de température 1.1 Température et énergie thermique 1.2 Position du problème de la mesure de température 2. Méthodes de mesure 2.1 Choix de la méthode en fonction du domaine de température 2.2 Méthodes spéciales de thermométrie 3. Mesure de la température dans un champ inhomogène 3.1 Pert
An expert system for voltage and reactive power control of a power system (1988)

A methodology called the sensitivity tree, which can be easily used to form an expert system for real-time control, is proposed. Based on this methodology, an expert system for the control of voltage and reactive power of a power system is developed. The main objective of this expert system is to help the operator detect buses experiencing abnormal conditions, select the most effective control measures, and calculate the control actions required to overcome the voltage violation. The control measures used to alleviate the voltage problem are capacitor compensation, transformer tap changes, and generator terminal voltage changes. By keeping the bus voltage in the entire system within limits, system security is increased. The expert system is written in the PROLOG language. Simulation studies with this expert system applied to a 30-bus power system show satisfactory results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Activities of four purified growth factors on highly enriched human hematopoietic progenitor cells (1987)

The activities of four purified human growth factors: biosynthetic (recombinant) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF); recombinant erythroid-potentiating activity (EPA); natural and recombinant pluripoietin (Ppo); and natural pluripoietin alpha (Ppo alpha), were compared on the growth of hematopoietic colonies from enriched populations of human marrow and blood progenitor cells. Conditioned medium from the Mo T cell line (MoCM) was used as a standard positive control. We found that activities of GM-CSF and Ppo alpha on the growth of hematopoietic colonies were indistinguishable; Ppo alpha is now believed to be identical to GM-CSF. Both factors were able to promote the growth of colonies derived from subpopulations of CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEM. Colonies derived from CFU-GM and CFU-GEM in cultures stimulated by GM-CSF and Ppo alpha were much smaller than in cultures stimulated by MoCM. In contrast to previous reports in which less highly enriched progenitors were used as target cells, Ppo had no detectable activity on the growth of colonies derived from BFU-E or CFU- GEM but promoted the growth of a subpopulation of CFU-GM derived colonies. Ppo is now recognized to be identical to G-CSF. The GM colonies in cultures stimulated by G-CSF (Ppo) were much smaller than in cultures stimulated by MoCM. EPA had no detectable activity on either the size or number of colonies derived from CFU-GM, BFU-E, or CFU-GEM. Results from experiments using target cell populations of marrow fractions separated by velocity sedimentation and marrow populations following freezing suggested that GM-CSF (Ppo alpha) and G- CSF (Ppo) primarily affect the growth of relatively mature subpopulations of progenitor cells. It is clear from these results that additional factor(s) are present in MoCM that are necessary to stimulate CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEM maximally in vitro.
Applications of intense ultra-short XUV pulses to solid state physics: time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy and radiation damage studies (2007)

The new XUV sources, which deliver spatially coherent pulses of high peak power, allow to study elementary processes in the light/solid interaction in the high intensity regime (⩾10<sup>11</sup><i>W/cm</i><sup>2</sup>). Here, we report two studies which have used high-order laser harmonics (HH) generated in gas as the excitation source. Firstly, we have investigated the dynamics of electron relaxation in the wide gap <i>CdWO</i><sub>4</sub> dielectric crystal, an efficient scintillator material, using time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy. The kinetics decay of luminescence shows evidence of non radiative relaxation of the self-trapped excitons at the &mgr;s damage to surfaces of poly(methyl methacrylate) - PMMA, induced by a multi-shot XUV-irradiation (1 <i>kHz</i> reprate) for given fluence, below damage threshold range of ≈<i>mJ/cm</i><sup>2</sup>. The main processes participating in the surface modification, polymer chain scission followed by the blow up of the volatile, molecular fragments and cross-linking in the near-surface layer of remaining material, are tentatively identified and associated to, crater formation for short-time exposure (< 1<i>min</i>) and surface hardening for long-time exposure (⩾1<i>min</i>).
What works in online trading (2001)

About the Contributors. Preface. TRADING BASICS. A Fool and His Money (M. Etzkorn). The Mechanics of Trading. Online Technology and the New Trading Landscape. Making Markets and Basic Analysis. TRADING STRATEGIES. Pattern-Based Strategies. Market Tendencies and Short-Term Techniques. More Swing Trading, Day Trading, and Options Strategies. RISK CONTROL AND MONEY MANAGEMENT. Limiting Risk and Maximizing Profit. TRADERS ON TRADING. Views from the Front Line: Interviews by Mark Etzkorn. Appendix: The Paper Trader. Index.
<title>Optical Beam Deflection Using Acoustic-Traveling-Wave Technology</title> (1976)

This paper describes recent advances in the area of acoustic-traveling-wave-lens technology as applied to optical beam deflection. Test data from a breadboard, beam deflector system will be presented. This system rapidly scans a focused laser beam across a recording medium (for recorder applications) or across an existing image (for readout applications). The scanner uses a Bragg-effect, acousto-optic beam deflector (AOBD) working in series with an acoustic-traveling-wave-lens (ATWL) device to produce an extremely fast, high resolution laser scanner that uses no moving parts. The breadboard system has achieved a resolution of approximately 5000 single-Rayleigh spots per scan line and a bandwidth of 100 MHz. A further advantage of this approach is its excellent linearity. A linearity of one part in 104 has been achieved and a goal of 2 parts in 105 has been established for experiments currently underway. This technology appears to possess excellent growth potential with resolutions of 20,000 spots and bandwidths of 200 MHz being clearly in the realm of possibility.