gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptation versus selection as the mechanism responsible for the relapse of prostatic cancer to androgen ablation therapy as studied in the Dunning R-3327-H adenocarcinoma. (1981)

The Dunning R-3327-H rat prostatic adenocarcinoma is a well-differentiated, slow-growing, serially transplantable tumor of spontaneous origin. When intact male rats bearing such an exponentially growing H-tumor s.c. are castrated, tumor growth abruptly stops, demonstrating the initial androgen sensitivity of this tumor. Eventually, however, after an extended period, the tumor invariably relapses and once again appears to grow exponentially. At the time of relapse, the tumor is no longer androgen sensitive but has irreversibly progressed to a completely insensitive state. The mechanism responsible for this irreversible progression has been demonstrated by fluctuation analysis not to be due to environmentally induced adaptation of initially androgen-dependent H-tumor cells to a new androgen-independent state. Instead, the progression is due to the basic heterogeneity of the original H-tumor (i.e., it is composed of a mixture of preexisting clones of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent tumor cells). Following castration, only the preexisting clones of androgen-independent tumor cells are able to continue exponential growth; the androgen-dependent tumor cells stop proliferating and die. Thus, androgen ablation creates a host environment in which the androgen-independent tumor cells have a highly selective growth advantage over the androgen-dependent cells. Eventually, with time, this selective growth advantage results in a tumor which is completely composed of androgen-independent cells. It is the continuous proliferative growth of these androgen-independent tumor cells which leads to the relapse phenomenon.
Monitoring Lignin Content in Paper Processing (1984)

Feedstock and finished pulp analyzed and controlled automatically. System acquires samples from feed hopper, digestor, and blow tank. Sample homogenized, washed, and dried while conveyed to flash pyrolyzer. In pyrolyzer material converted into basic constituent, mostly compounds of molecular weight less than 200.
Measurement of visual fat igue for large-sized TVs in a home viewing environment (2009)

The authors report here the result of the evaluation experiments that measured visual fatigue for large-sized TVs in a home viewing environment using 42-inch and 65-inch PDP displays by physiological and psychological measurements. Our results indicate that the optimum viewing distance for minimizing visual fatigue lies between 165 and 220 cm, a semi-absolute distance, rather than a strict relative distance such as three times the screen height (3H). Moreover these results indicate that the viewing distance for less visual fatigue and a closer feeling of involvement might be in between the two distances.
Cell Cycle Control and HIV-1 Susceptibility Are Linked by CDK6-Dependent CDK2 Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 in Myeloid and Lymphoid Cells (2014)

Proliferating cells are preferentially susceptible to infection by retroviruses. Sterile α motif and HD domain-containing protein-1 (SAMHD1) is a recently described deoxynucleotide phosphohydrolase controlling the size of the intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pool, a limiting factor for retroviral reverse transcription in noncycling cells. Proliferating (Ki67(+)) primary CD4(+) T cells or macrophages express a phosphorylated form of SAMHD1 that corresponds with susceptibility to infection in cell culture. We identified cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 6 as an upstream regulator of CDK2 controlling SAMHD1 phosphorylation in primary T cells and macrophages susceptible to infection by HIV-1. In turn, CDK2 was strongly linked to cell cycle progression and coordinated SAMHD1 phosphorylation and inactivation. CDK inhibitors specifically blocked HIV-1 infection at the reverse transcription step in a SAMHD1-dependent manner, reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. Our findings identify a direct relationship between control of the cell cycle by CDK6 and SAMHD1 activity, which is important for replication of lentiviruses, as well as other viruses whose replication may be regulated by intracellular dNTP availability.
Nano 6H Diamond Polytype Polycrystalline Powder (2004)

In 1967, “Hexagonal diamond- a new form of carbon” was reported to be found in meteorites. This hexagonal form, 2H, was named Lonsdaleite, after the noted crystallographer, Kathleen Lonsdale. Since the corrected structures and x-ray diffraction data for all six possible non-cubic polytypes was published in 1992, the considerably increased interest in CVD diamond has resulted in finding others of the predicted polytypes, including 6H, 8H and 15R. The rapid crystallization and cooling characteristics of CVD diamond, and that produced by rapid implosion in meteorites and from man-made explosions, tend to produce non-cubic polytypes because of the rapid and short-lived transformation to the more dense crystal structure. Powder from the latter source has been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, and Rietveld x-ray and neutron diffraction. For particle size fractions in the range of 10 to 1000 nanometers, the non-cubic, 6H hexagonal polytype phase is present in amounts 50 % and the cubic diamond phase is present at the 50 % level. In all of these size ranges each particle is polycrystalline containing crystallites of nanometer and sub-nanometer dimensions.
Transforming Dyes into Fluorophores: Exciton‐Induced Emission with Chain‐like Oligo‐BODIPY Superstructures (2022)

Abstract Herein we present a systematic study demonstrating to which extent exciton formation can amplify fluorescence based on a series of ethylene‐bridged oligo‐BODIPYs. A set of non‐ and weakly fluorescent BODIPY motifs was selected and transformed into discrete, chain‐like oligomers by linkage via a flexible ethylene tether. The prepared superstructures constitute excitonically active entities with non‐conjugated, Coulomb‐coupled oscillators. The non‐radiative deactivation channels of Internal Conversion (IC), also combined with an upstream reductive Photoelectron Transfer (rPET) and Intersystem Crossing (ISC) were addressed at the monomeric state and the evolution of fluorescence and (non‐)radiative decay rates studied along the oligomeric series. We demonstrate that a “masked” fluorescence can be fully reactivated irrespective of the imposed conformational rigidity. This work challenges the paradigm that a collective fluorescence enhancement is limited to sterically induced motional restrictions.
A graph-based dynamic coordinated clustering scheme for base station cooperation (2011)

In this paper, a graph-based dynamic coordinated clustering scheme is proposed for base station cooperation (BSC) wireless systems. An interference weighted graph is constructed to assist dynamic coordinated clustering for inter-cell interference mitigating and improving the cell-user performance. The assist graph is constructed with weighted interference value among users, considering the overhead exchange constraint, only 2 bits (1 bit for diversity set judgment, 1 bit for user status) signalling exchange between base stations are needed during the graph constructing. Based on the interference weighted graph, a modified Hungarian algorithm is used for the coordinated clustering. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the performance of cell-edge users.
Mono- versus bidentate coordination of the NONOate [Et2N(N2O2)]- to copper(II) complexes of tetradentate ligands (1998)

J. L. Schneider, J. A. Halfen, V. G. Young, J. A. H. V. G. Y. Jr., W. B. T. and W. B. Tolman, New J. Chem., 1998, 22, 459 DOI: 10.1039/A800561C
Investigations on Polymeric and Monomeric Intramolecularly Hydrogen-Bridged UV Absorbers of the Benzotriazole and Triazine Class (1996)

Various copolymers of MA-TIN 1, 2-[2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-(O-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)propyl]-2-carbonyloxyethyl)phenyl]benzotriazole, and MA-TZ 1, 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-[2-methylpropenoyloxy])propoxyphenyl]-1,3,5-triazine, with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid have been synthesized by radical polymerization. Their absorption spectra in the long-wavelength UV region appear unchanged compared to those of the monomeric UV absorbers, indicating the stabilizer chromophore to remain unimpaired in the course of the polymerization. Both the monomeric and the polymeric stabilizers exhibit a strongly Stokes-shifted, temperature-dependent, low-quantum-yield fluorescence which arises from an intermediate species formed by intramolecular proton transfer. The intramolecular hydrogen bond which is essential for the photostability of this type of UV absorbers thus is still intact in the copolymers. Activation energies for the radiationless deactivation process can be evaluated from the temperature dependence of the proton-transferred fluorescence. These energies lie between 4 and 5 kJ/mol for most of the benzotriazole and triazine stabilizers investigated and show hardly any matrix dependence. Fluorescence-decay measurements with crystalline MA-TIN 1 at different temperatures reveal a close correspondence of the temperature dependence between decay times and relative quantum yields. The radiationless process thence is concluded to originate from the proton-transferred level S1‘. The decay time at room temperature is estimated at 70 ps, close to the value for crystalline TIN P. The proton-transferred fluorescence of MA-TIN 1, in contrast, exhibits a biexponential decay profile.
Gap-state spectroscopy in amorphous selenium (2005)

possible to locate several of the energy levels of the charged coordination defects (D+ and D-) that constitute the chalcogenide negative-U model in the amorphous selenium bandgap. However it has also been observed that the energy position of those levels is influenced by external influences such as light soaking or annealing of the samples. The post-transit time-of-flight photocurrents that reveal those energy positions have, therefore, been systematically studied in samples with different pre-histories. The optical absorption in the samples was further examined through the constant-photocurrent method (CPM), and by photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS). Although the TOF results provide information on the D+ and D- levels separately, while the CPM and PDS data reflect the integral optical absorption between both centres and the bands, the results do agree. The photo-induced changes that are observed are stable at room temperature.
High-T<sub>c</sub> Superconducting Film on Silicon Substrate with ZrO<sub>2</sub> Buffer Layer (1988)

A screen-printed YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- x superconducting film with T c,zero =85 K has been fabricated on a ZrO 2 -coated silicon substrate made by the sol-gel technique. The ZrO 2 buffer layer effectively protects the superconducting film from the interfacial reaction between the Y-Ba-Cu-O film and the Si substrate during the firing process.
Adaptive error concealment for Multiple Description Video Coding using motion vector analysis (2012)

Multiple Description Coding (MDC) is an efficient error resilient video coding method especially for real-time applications when retransmission is unacceptable. For applications with scalable, multicast and P2P environments, it is advantageous to use more than two descriptions. In this paper, we present an adaptive temporal-spatial error concealment method using motion vector analysis to improve the performance of MDC. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Variations in design for a nanoscale silicon laser (2003)

In the design of optoelectronic devices, size and compatibility with current technology are two significant considerations. A much desired optoelectronic laser design would be one in which the laser formed a very small integrated component of a silicon microchip and was fabricated entirely from CMOS compatible materials. Until recently, the prospect for such a device seemed unlikely, and the future of optoelectronic functionality appeared to lie largely with direct bandgap semiconductors such as GaAs. However, the recent observation of optical gain in silicon nanocrystals has opened an opportunity to develop a nanoscale silicon-based laser. In this paper we report on various designs that could be used to achieve such a breakthrough. The designs are based on photonic crystal architecture and utilize Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO<sub>2</sub> for the lasing media. The designs could be employed for other nanolasers providing specific lasing criteria are met.
Random fluctuations in first-order waveguide grating filters (1979)

A simple method is proposed for studying the spectral response of a first-order waveguide grating filter with random fluctuations in the period of the grating. The method can be applied to any grating groove shape, and it can be used to study the effect of both random and systematic variations in other grating filter parameters. The numerical calculations using this model are simple to carry out, but may be time-consuming in some cases. Results are presented for grating filters with rectangular and triangular grooves.
Regulation of male sexual development by <i>Sry</i> and <i>Sox9</i> (2001)

Sry, a gene from the Y chromosome, is known to initiate testis formation and subsequent male differentiation in mammals. A related gene, Sox9, also plays a critical role in testis determination, possibly in all vertebrates. A number of models have been presented regarding the molecular modes of action of these two genes. However, details regarding their regulation, regulatory target genes, and interacting protein factors and co-factors have not been established with any certainty. In this review, we examine new evidence and re-examine existing evidence bearing on these issues, in an effort to build up an integrative model of the network of gene activity centred around Sry and Sox9. J. Exp. Zool. 290:463-474, 2001.
METABOLISM OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE BY THE HUMAN FOETUS AT MIDPREGNANCY (1966)

ABSTRACT Four previable foetuses (18th to 20th week of gestation) were perfused with a combination of 14 C-labelled dehydro epi androsterone (DHA) and 3 H-labelled dehydro epi androsterone sulphate (DHAS). Approximately 80% of the radioactive material administered was recovered from the various foetal tissues and perfusates. With the exception of the liver, which exhibited an approximately equal concentration of the two isotopes, all foetal tissues contained more 14 C-than 3 H-labelled material. On an average, 27% of the 14 C-, and 8% of the 3 H-labelled material administered was retained by the foetal organism. Approximately 80% of the 14 C-labelled material recovered from the foetal tissues was in a conjugated form; very little, if any of the 3 H-labelled material was recovered as unconjugated (free) material. More than 90% of the conjugated radioactive material present in the different foetal tissues, except the liver and residual foetus, was isolated and identified as DHAS. The 3 H- to 14 C-ratio of the DHAS isolated from various tissues showed marked differences; it was lowest in the lungs and adrenals, indicating that these organs are active sites of sulpho-conjugation of DHA. In addition to DHAS, androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol 3-sulphate (Δ 5 -DIOLS) and androst-5-ene-3β,16α,17β-triol 3-sulphate (Δ 5 -TRIOLS) were isolated from the liver and a smaller amount of Δ 5 -TRIOLS from the residual foetal tissues. From the perfusates, 3β,16α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3 sulphate (16αHO-DHAS) was isolated. The 3 H- to 14 C-ratio of the Δ 5 -TRIOLS isolated from the liver was considerably lower than those of Δ 5 -DIOLS and DHAS isolated from the same organ. It is concluded that DHA is extensively sulphurylated by a variety of foetal tissues, very little, if any DHAS is hydrolysed by the foetal organism, DHAS and also some DHA is 16α-hydroxylated by the previable foetus, the foetal liver is the principal site of 16α-hydroxylation of the DHAS circulating in the foeto-placental unit.
Dasatinib, a Kinase Inhibitor to Treat Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Discussion Clinical Findings and Summary References
Visualization of high- and low-affinity beta-adrenergic receptors in rat lung: upregulation by chronic hypoxia (1993)

Chronic hypoxia induces a hyperadrenergic state which down-regulates beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) in the heart. We visualized lung beta-AR binding sites after adaptation to chronic hypoxia by autoradiography of whole lung sections labeled with 50 pM 125I-labeled pindolol. A low concentration of agonist (32 nM isoproterenol) selectively masked beta-ARs with high affinity for agonists. Total specific beta-AR binding increased twofold with hypoxia. In both the control and hypoxic lung sections, 60-70% of the beta-ARs were in a high-affinity state, which could be reversed by guanine nucleotide. Autoradiography revealed a high density of high- and low-affinity beta-AR sites in lung parenchyma, predominantly involving alveolar walls, but also the walls of airways and blood vessels. The distribution of high- and low-affinity beta-AR within the lung was qualitatively identical. Hypoxia increased beta-AR binding without affecting its distribution. The majority of the additional beta-ARs induced during adaptation to chronic hypoxia are in the high-affinity state, and are thus of probable functional significance.
A Model of the Cellular Iron Homeostasis Network Using Semi-Formal Methods for Parameter Space Exploration (2012)

This paper presents a novel framework for the modeling of biological networks. It makes use of recent tools analyzing the robust satisfaction of properties of (hybrid) dynamical systems. The main challenge of this approach as applied to biological systems is to get access to the relevant parameter sets despite gaps in the available knowledge. An initial estimate of useful parameters was sought by formalizing the known behavior of the biological network in the STL logic using the tool Breach. Then, once a set of parameter values consistent with known biological properties was found, we tried to locally expand it into the largest possible valid region. We applied this methodology in an effort to model and better understand the complex network regulating iron homeostasis in mammalian cells. This system plays an important role in many biological functions, including erythropoiesis, resistance against infections, and proliferation of cancer cells.
Biosensors based on ion-selective field effect transistors: theory, technology, practice (2004)

Рассматриваются основные теоретические принципы, лежащие в основе работы ионоселективных полевых транзисторов и их применения в биоаналитической, практике. Приведены некоторые особенности наиболее продвинутых микротехнологий для
Coalescence during annealing of quiescent immiscible polymer blends (2011)

Abstract Coalescence during annealing of quiescent immiscible polymer blends, containing polypropylene (PP) matrix and different amount of ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPR) as dispersed phase, was studied. Comparison of experimental results with available coalescence theories revealed that changes in the phase structure after 20 min annealing can be precisely estimated using the approximate theory of coalescence induced by van der Waals forces and considering drainage of the matrix film between spherical droplets. All results evidenced growth of the EPR droplet size with the annealing time and temperature; increase in the content of dispersed phase contributed to higher growth rate of the dispersed phase, more pronounced at the coalescence origin. Anisometry of the EPR droplets and droplet shape relaxation were perceived, both interfering the course of coalescence. Enhanced elasticity of examined blends at low frequencies and positive deviation of the complex viscosity from the linear mixing rules was observed.
Antipsychotic, antidepressant, and cognitive-impairment properties of antipsychotics: rat profile and implications for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (2014)

Many dementia patients exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD), including psychosis and depression. Although antipsychotics are frequently prescribed off-label, they can have marked side effects. In addition, comparative preclinical studies of their effects are surprisingly scarce, and strategies for discovery of novel pharmacotherapeutics are lacking. We therefore compared eight antipsychotics in rat behavioral tests of psychosis, antidepressant-like activity, and cognitive impairment as a basis for preclinical evaluation of new drug candidates. The methods used in this study include inhibition of MK-801-induced hyperactivity, forced swim test (FST), passive avoidance (PA), spontaneous locomotor activity, and catalepsy. The drugs exhibited antipsychotic-like activity in the MK-801 test but with diverse profiles in the other models. Risperidone impaired PA performance, but with some dose separation versus its actions in the MK-801 test. In contrast, clozapine, olanzapine, lurasidone, and asenapine showed little or no dose separation in these tests. Aripiprazole did not impair PA performance but was poorly active in the MK-801 test. Diverse effects were also observed in the FST: chlorpromazine was inactive and most other drugs reduced immobility over narrow dose ranges, whereas clozapine reduced immobility over a wider dose range, overlapping with antipsychotic activity. Although the propensity of second-generation antipsychotics to produce catalepsy was lower, they all elicited pronounced sedation. Consistent with clinical data, most currently available second-generation antipsychotics induced cognitive and motor side effects with little separation from therapeutic-like doses. This study provides a uniform in vivo comparative basis on which to evaluate future early-stage drug candidates intended for potential pharmacotherapy of BPSD.
Functional analysis of monocyte activity through synthesis patterns of proinflammatory cytokines and neopterin in patients in surgical intensive care. (1992)

This study was designed to further differentiate monocyte behavior in critically ill patients with operative or accidental trauma. The patient population studied consisted of 39 patients (17 patients undergoing elective surgery [ES], seven patients with major multiple injuries [MI], and 15 patients in an acute septic state [S]). Immunologic parameters assessed included monocyte phenotyping with the monoclonal antibody LeuM3, measurement of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated in vitro cultures of mononuclear leukocytes (PBMCs), and determination of neopterin in gamma-interferon-stimulated in vitro cultures and corresponding serum samples. Serum neopterin levels were very high in S patients (89.0 nmol/L; p less than 0.05) compared with control values (4.6 nmol/L), with a rise to 16.4 nmol/L in ES patients on day 7 and 13.4 nmol/L in MI patients on day 7. The concentrations of gamma-interferon-induced neopterin in the supernatants of the PBMC cultures were elevated in all patient groups. Severe impairment of IL-1 synthesis was seen in MI and S patients. IL-8 synthesis (818 +/- 150 units/ml, control value) was also suppressed (p less than 0.05) in MI patients; the values were 135 +/- 65 units/ml on day 1,231 +/- 110 units/ml on day 3,347 +/- 131 units/ml on day 7, and 355 +/- 107 units/ml in S patients. The kinetic patterns of synthesis were comparable for IL-1 and IL-8 in all patient groups. Lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 synthesis (9.4 +/- 1.5 x 10(3) units/ml, control value) was significantly elevated in the PBMC cultures of all patient groups, with the exception of the early phase after accidental trauma. Maximum amounts of IL-6 synthesis after surgery were 19.6 +/- 7 x 10(3) units/ml in S patients and 19.0 +/- 2.2 x 10(3) units/ml in ES patients. These results demonstrate (1) the impairment of the functional capacity of circulating monocytes and (2) that the degree of functional impairment is proportional to the severity of the injury.