gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparison study of SARA fractions from conventional and heavy crude oils in relation to their deposition tendency in production pipelines (1995)

Asphaltene deposition is a widespread problem in the oil industry. Well and oil pipeline clogging causes very significant economic losses and operational delays. In spite of these problems, very little has been reported about the chemical nature of such deposits and the mechanism by which they form. The results show that conventional crudes (troublesome) have a lower asphaltene content. However, such asphaltenes exhibit a higher degree of condensation and aromaticity than their counterpart in heavy crude oils (trouble-free). In addition, conventional crude oils have a higher paraffin content than heavy crude oils. Furthermore, resins are found at higher percentages in heavy crude oils. These observations suggest that the chemical structure of conventional crude oil asphaltene is not compatible with the matrix in which they are contained. Following the same line of thought, a heavy crude oil asphaltene is stabilized by the matrix, due to the solvent effect provided by the high aromatic content of such crudes. Extensive data in chemical parameters of the different fractions and a possible explanation for the deposit formation are discussed.
Involvement of toxin-antitoxin modules in<i>Burkholderia cenocepacia</i>biofilm persistence (2014)

Biofilms are involved in the recalcitrance of infections due to the presence of persister cells. Although the molecular basis of persistence is still largely unknown, toxin-antitoxin modules (TA) are thought to play a role in this process. In this study, we investigated whether TA modules contribute to persistence toward antibiotics in Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315. Sixteen pairs of genes were identified based on their apparent similarity to TA modules. Overexpression of the putative toxins had various effects on growth, persistence, and biofilm formation. Toxins, whose overexpression resulted in growth inhibition, often increased the number of surviving persisters; in contrast, overexpression of putative toxins showing no effects on growth had no positive influence on the number of surviving persisters. Furthermore, the expression of the TA modules was compared between treated and untreated sessile and planktonic wild-type cultures. For 10 toxin-encoding genes, the expression was higher in untreated sessile cells than in untreated planktonic cells. Nine toxin-encoding genes were upregulated after treatment with tobramycin, but none after treatment with ciprofloxacin. These results indicate that most, but not all TA modules contribute to persistence in B. cenocepacia J2315 and that this contribution depends on the mode of growth and the antibiotic used.
Supporting farmer innovations, recognizing indigenous knowledge and disseminating success stories. (2013)

The term “innovative farmers” refers to those who have tried or are trying out new and often value-adding practices, using their own knowledge and wisdom or through appropriation of outsiders’ knowledge. It has been recognized that farmers’ innovations are crucial in order to achieve cumulative growth, both economically and socially. In most cases, farmers’ innovations are encouraged by the need to maintain economically viable production; in other cases, social needs such as food security are also drivers for innovation to increase income. Environmental sustainability, such as preservation or restoration of local species, has also been a driver of innovations in some regions. However, several social, political, economic and environmental factors have hampered farmers’ innovation; these include lack of information on aquaculture, inadequate science and technology policies and lack of governmental support. At the commercial level, fish farmers frequently indicate that economic constraints limit in-house development or appropriation of knowledge-based technology. In terms of organization, innovation is a process that requires science to support technology development that is applicable to production. Crucial factors needed to promote, encourage and support farmers’ innovative processes are presented and discussed in this review, including changes in science and technology laws to promote knowledge-based adaptations, specific policies to encourage investment in innovation, educational policies focussed on developing specific profiles to manage technology-based aquaculture, appropriate personnel training and extension services, and policies that contribute to the development of aquaculture directed to specific social and cultural groups. Proper design interventions and policies can help to bring a much needed empathetic understanding and holistic vision in order to connect and integrate the various innovative efforts towards a positive outcome. These could provide adequate guidelines for developing countries in order to become transformed into innovation-driven economies. The concepts of farmers’ innovations are assessed from a broad spectrum of geographical areas and farming systems, and how these innovations have contributed and can contribute to food security, poverty alleviation and
Sturm Numbers and Substitution Invariance of 3iet Words (2008)

In this paper, we give a necessary condition for an infinite word defined by a non-degenerate interval exchange on three intervals (3iet word) to be invariant by a substitution: a natural parameter associated with this word must be a Sturm number. We deduce some algebraic consequences from this condition concerning the incidence matrix of the associated substitution. As a by-product of our proof, we give a combinatorial characterization of 3iet words.
The Current Research Methodology of Pharmacopucture for the Treatment of Animal Cancer Models in Korea<sup>※</sup> (2014)

Objectives: The purpose of this study is analyzing the current research methodology of pharmacopucture for the treatment of animal cancer models. Methods: Four electronic databases were searched for animal studies published from January 2000 to September 2014 onward using these search terms "cancer, anticancer, pharmaco-puncture, beevenom". Selected articles were described about animal cancer models. The methods used to induce cancer and the outcome measures used to assess the effects of pharmacopuncture on animal cancer models were analyzed. Results: 37 articles were included. For producing animal cancer models BALB/C mice(n=22) and C57BL/6 mice(n=17) were selected. And intravenous injection of B16-F10 melanoma cells into tail vein(n=14) or intraperitoneal injection of sarcoma-180 cells(n=14) were frequently used to induce cancer. Various pharmacopunctures were injected into acupoints CV12(n=19), ST36 (n=8), BL18(n=8) or peritoneal cavity(n=6), tumor site(n=2), tail vein(n=2). Outcome measures were categorized into anti-cancer, anti-metastasis, general condition, cytotoxicity, immune response, toxicity. Median Survival Time(MST) and increase of life span(ILS)(n=26) was frequently used for evaluating anti-cancer effects. And pulmonary colonization assay(n=13) was frequently used for evaluating anti-metastasis effects Conclusions: Based on these data, further research would be needed to ascertain the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture for treating cancer and broaden the range of clinical applications. Key Words: Cancer; Pharmacopuncture; Bee venom; Animal model.
AbrB is a regulator of the Ï<sup>W</sup>regulon in<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2002)

The Bacillus subtilis global regulator AbrB was found to negatively control expression of sigW and genes of the sigma(W) regulon. AbrB bound to DNA regions in the autoregulatory sigW promoter and to some, but not all, of the other sigma(W)-dependent promoters in B. subtilis. Defects in antibiotic resistance properties caused by spo0A mutations are at least partially correlated with AbrB repression of the sigma(W) regulon.
Effects of Test Sample Parameters on Moisture Content in Tobacco Leaf Determined with Oven Method (2012)

For better consistency of test results in determining moisture contents in tobacco leaves with oven method,test samples of different dimensions and volumes were experimented,and their influences on samples with low or high initial moisture contents were compared as well.The results showed that: 1) Within the test range,the measured moisture content increased with the increase of test sample dimensions,while decreased with the increase of test volume.2) The measured moisture content was significantly affected by test sample dimensions and volume.When test sample dimensions ranged from 3 mm × 3 mm to 6 mm × 6 mm and sample mass from 6 to 10 g,the measured moisture contents in samples with low or high initial moisture contents showed no obvious difference.
Relationships of Bees to Host Ornamental and Weedy Flowers in Urban Northwest Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica (2013)

Ecological studies on native bees in urban tropical environments are rare, however, ever-increasing urban areas world-wide necessitate study on how many of these bees can and have adjusted to human constructs. Predictable ecological patterns that emerge from these studies can provide guidance on how future urban constructs can be designed to provide habitat for conserving and protecting native bees. These patterns can also be used for bee habitat restoration in natural and agricultural environments. An extensive survey of native bees and honey bees and their relationships to a community of 102 plant types in urban residential environments of Bagaces and Liberia in northwestern Costa Rica was conducted from 2003–2012. Bees were attracted and recorded at measurable frequencies to 82 plant genera in 41 families, the most common of which was Fabaceae. Forty-two plant types were native ornamentals; 39 were non-natives; and 21 were native weed species. Standardized bee visitation (frequency) counts, 17,000 , were used to record relationships between bees and flowers. The following data were recorded for each plant type: flowering phenology in months, type of floral reward(s) (pollen, nectar, and/or oil), main daily attraction period, and most frequently visiting bee taxa. Plant life forms included trees, shrubs, lianas/vines, herbs, and palms. Each plant group had a different seasonal flowering phenology with native ornamentals and native weeds having patterns that closely resembled the general patterns for wild plants in the dry forest. Predictable associations of certain bee taxa with each plant type emerged from the count data, which allowed for categorizing relationships into four types: small bee, diverse bee, specialized bee, and nocturnal pollination systems. Intraspecific variations in bee attraction to several plant types were also noted. Honey bees (Africanized) did not figure prominently in most pollination relationships, especially with regard to native plants. Most native bee species were generalized foragers. Beyond the urban environment, it is suggested that knowledge of predictable bee-flower relationships can also be used to restore bee habitat in disturbed environments such as deforested areas. With some imagination and outreach education, bee habitats could also be installed for some agricultural crops. Outreaching information on native bee-flower relationships at local, regional, and state levels is important for short and long-term propagation of urban (and agricultural) plants. Yet, very few outlets for transferring this knowledge currently exist in Costa Rica. A few limited options for sharing this information are discussed, including collaborative partnerships with local NGOs.
A Joint Carrier Offset and Channel Estimation Method for Synchronous CDMA System (2006)

This paper addresses the problem of blindly estimating the carrier offset and channel response in the uplink of multi-user CDMA systems having large variation in carrier offset. Two blind subspace-based estimation methods, namely Exact Determinant Minimization Method (EDMM) and Approximate Determinant Minimization Method (ADMM) are proposed, which exploit the orthogonality between the signal and noise subspaces. The performance of the proposed methods is compared with the available solution using Generalized Eigenvalue Problem Method (GEVPM). Simulation results are given to show that the proposed methods give better performance than the GEVPM and have a wider acquisition range for the carrier offset.
Simulating the software engineering interview process using a decision-based serious computer game (2011)

Unfortunately, the stereotype of a software engineer is one who spends his or her whole day in a cubicle programming. In this paper, we present an interactive, decision-based game to help students ranging from middle school to college juniors learn about the interview process in the requirements analysis phase of the software engineering life cycle. The important aspect of our game is that the student does not actually interview personnel for a real software system, which could be an abstract and intimidating process. Instead, the student interviews an assembled panel for a hypothetical scenario, which is appealing especially to a younger audience. The assembled panel lies, deceives and contradict one another in order to promote the same strategies that would be used in a real software requirements elicitation. The interview process is emphasized in our game, as this is the most common technique used in requirements elicitation.
Fault-tolerant algorithms for fair interprocess synchronization (1994)

The implementation of nondeterministic pairwise synchronous communication among a set of asynchronous processes is modeled as the binary interaction problem. The paper describes an algorithm for this problem that satisfies a strong fairness property that guarantees freedom from process starvation. This is the first algorithm for binary interactions with strong fairness whose message cost and response time are independent of the total number of processes in the system. The paper also describes how the fair algorithm may be extended to tolerate detectable fail-stop failures. Finally, we show how any solution to the dining philosophers problem can be embedded to design a fair algorithm for binary interactions. In particular, this embedding is used to derive a fair algorithm that can cope with undetectable fail-stop failures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Non-aqueous synthesis of silver nanoparticles using tin acetate as a reducing agent for the conductive ink formulation in printed electronics (2011)

We have developed a process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles protected with a passivating shell of dodecylamine in toluene media using tin(II) acetate as a reducing agent. Based on the electrochemical series, during the reduction process Sn(II) oxidizes into Sn(IV) which reduces Ag(I) into Ag(0). The nucleation and growth processes result in particles with diameters in the range 5–20 nm. This simple non-aqueous one pot synthesis can be easily scaled up to produce grams of nanoparticles in a matter of hours. The particles can also be dispersed in many non-aqueous solvents which make them a suitable candidate for many applications. Characterization of the end product using TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction verified the presence of a silver metallic core whereas TGA confirmed the presence of a dodecylamine shell. The resulting particles were used in non-aqueous conductive ink formulation. The ink was used to print conductive tracks on flexible substrates like Epson photo paper and polyimide (Kapton) using an Aerosol Jet based printing technique.
Migrant Health Education at Broetje Orchards (2015)

Although it is recognized that there is a gap in health education in migrant and other under-served populations, very few programs have been established to address this problem. This research is important because it highlights areas in which health education is lacking and provides suggestions on how to address these issues. The purpose of the research was to assess the health education program present in the migrant community living in the Vista Hermosa community at the Broetje Orchards in Prescott, Washington, and to compare it to other migrant and agricultural communities. The Vista Hermosa Community is a unique case study because the Broetje family established this community for their migrant workers in 1988. Along with supplying housing, the family also provides a schooling system, daycare, and a health education program for their employees. The public health committee was established in hopes of increasing the availability of health education materials available to the community. The public health committee and members of the Broetje family were interviewed to assess the current health education available in the Vista Hermosa Community. More than half of the community has attended either one or both of the previous health fairs offered by the public health committee, thus it is important to consider the content and scope of education materials provided for participants.
Fish Chromatophores as Cytosensors in a Microscale Device: Detection of Environmental Toxins and Bacterial Pathogens (2002)

Fish chromatophores from Betta splendens are used as the cytosensor element in the development of a portable microscale device capable of detecting certain environmental toxins and bacterial pathogens by monitoring changes in pigment granule distribution. The adaptation of chromatophores to a microscale environment has required the development of enabling technologies to produce miniaturized culture chambers, to integrate microfluidics for sample delivery, to miniaturize image capture, and to design new statistical methods for image analyses. Betta splendens chromatophores were selected as the cytosensor element because of their moderate size, their toleration of close contact, and most importantly, for their responses to a broad range of chemicals and pathogenic bacteria. A miniaturized culture chamber has been designed that supports chromatophore viability for as long as 3 months, and that can be easily transported without damage to the cells. New statistical methods for image analyses have been developed that increase sensitivity and also decrease the time required for detection of significant changes in pigment granule distribution. Betta chromatophores have been tested for their responses to selected pathogenic bacteria and chemical agents. We discuss in detail the aggregation of pigment granules seen when chromatophores are incubated with Bacillus cereus, a common cause of food poisoning. Also described are the more subtle responses of chromatophores to a class of environmental chemical toxins, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. We show that the chromatophores are able to detect the presence of certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons at concentrations lower than the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) 550.1 standards.
Identification of Histidine‐Rich Glycoprotein, a Potential Autoantigen, in Human and Rat Brain Preparations (2007)

Beta(2)-glycoprotein-I (beta(2)-GPI, also known as apolipoprotein H) is a major autoantigen in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a disease commonly affecting the central nervous system. We examined whether beta2-GPI and similar proteins exist in rat and human brains. No expression was found on Northern blot analysis of human brain. Utilizing a standard procedure for the isolation of serum beta2-GPI we purified a 100 kD human brain protein, which was found by peptide sequencing to have full homology with the serum protein, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP). Expression of HRGP in rat and human brain was established by RT-PCR studies and a partial sequence of rat brain HRGP was obtained showing 68% homology with the human protein. IgG from most APS patients bound to HRGP, which shares distinct biochemical properties with beta2-GPI, is present in the brain and may be an important autoantigen.
Secure DPSK-based M-ary block-ciphered multicarrier optical communication (2020)

To improve the physical-layer data confidentiality in short-reach optical networks, we have proposed an <i>M</i>-ary blockciphered system using an optical code multiplexing approach. In a previous system, each optical code (OC), that corresponds to a frequency subcarrier, was mapped onto one of the log<sub>2</sub><i>M</i> bits, and the computational security is related to the correspondence between the bit-block and the OC, and the number of possible combinations equates <i>M</i>!. However, this system presents two critical issues (1) <i>Computational Security</i>: the number <i>M</i> of OCs that can be generated by an optical arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is limited, due to the port number and the subcarrier crosstalk. (2) <i>Physical security</i>: a careful differential analysis of the corresponding time waveform, optical power, and/or optical spectrum can be used to identify the symbol pattern. To mitigate the effects of interchannel interference, we propose a new differential phase-shift keying (DPSK)-based multi-dimensional <i>M</i>-ary block ciphering system, that assigns binary phase difference patterns to adjacent symbols and demonstrate a 16-dimensional 2<sup>16</sup>-ary ciphered system. In addition, to increase the <i>M</i>-ary number, without increasing the number of OCs, we consider also a differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK)-based multi-dimensional <i>M</i>-ary block ciphered system and demonstrate a 16-dimensional 2<sup>32</sup>-ary ciphered system.
Optical principles of beam transport for relativistic electron cooling (2000)

In conventional low energy electron coolers, the electron beam is immersed in a continuous solenoid, which provides a calm and tightly focused beam in a cooling section. While suitable for low energies, the continuity of the accompanying magnetic field is hardly realizable at relativistic energies. We consider the possibility of using an extended solenoid in the gun and the cooling section only, applying lumped focusing for the rest of the electron transport line.
Cross-Validation Optimization for Structured Hessian Kernel Methods (2006)

We propose a highly efficient framework for kernel multi-class models with a large and structured set of classes, and more general for penalized likelihood kernel methods. As opposed to many previous approaches which try to decompose the fitting problem into many smaller ones, we focus on a Newton optimization of the complete model, making use of model structure and linear conjugate gradients in order to approximate Newton directions. Crucially, our learning method is based entirely on matrixvector multiplication primitives with the kernel matrices and their derivatives, allowing straightforward specialization to new kernels, and directing the focus of code optimization to these primitives. Kernel parameters are learned automatically by maximizing the cross-validation log likelihood, and predictive probabilities are estimated. We demonstrate our approach on large scale text classification tasks with hierarchical structure on throusands of classes, achieving state-of-the-art results in an order of magnitude less time than previous work. We also discuss an extension to label sequence learning with kernel conditional random fields. 1