gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of image-guided targeted two-photon PDT for the treatment of head and neck cancers (2014)

There has been significant effort over the past two decades in the treatment of malignancies of epithelial origin, including some of the most devastating of cancers, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), squamous call carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), and carcinomas of the pancreas, lungs, (both Small Cell and Non-Small Cell), renal cell, prostate, bladder and breast. Recurring, refractory HNSCC is a particularly difficult cancer to treat once the tumors recur due to mutations that are resistant to repeat chemotherapy and radiation. In addition, repeat surgery is often difficult due to the requirement of significant surgical margins that may not be possible due to the attending potential functional deficits (e.g., salivary glands, nerves and major blood vessels in confined areas). In this study FaDu HNSCC xenograft tumors in SCID mice were imaged, and “optical”, as opposed to “surgical” margins defined for the tumor being treated. The subsequent two-photon treatment irradiation was computer-controlled to carry out the tumor treatment by rastering the laser beam throughout the tumor volume plus the defined optical margins simultaneously. In our initial studies, up to 85% regression in tumor volume was observed in 5 days post PDT, with complete tumor regression in 18 days. No re-growth was observed up to 41 days post-PDT, with little or no scarring and complete hair re-growth. However, competition between imaging and PDT moieties was also observed in some mouse models, possibly favoring tumor re-growth. Strategies to selectively optimize the PDT effect will be discussed.
7-Alkylation and 7-sulphonylation of 5,6-dihydroimidazolo[2,1-b]thiazoles (1980)

Reinvestigation of the alkylation of 3-phenyl-5,6-dihydroimidazolo[2,1-b]thiazole has shown that methylation occurs exclusively at the 7-position, and that the free base is readily solvolysed to a mixture of 1 -methylimidazolidin-2-one, 1 -methylimidazolidine-2-thione, and diphenacyl sulphide and disulphide. 3-Methyl-5,6-dihydroimidazolo[2,1-b]thiazole with methane- and arene-sulphonyl chlorides gave the corresponding 7-sulphonylthiazolium chlorides. On heating, these rearranged to 3-(2-chloroethyl)-4-methyl-3-aryl (or alkyl)sulphonylimido-2,3-dihydrothiazoles. The 7-(4-chlorophenylsulphonyl) derivative lost this substituent with aqueous base while concentrated aqueous ammonia attacked the 7a-position leading to a 3-[2-(p-chlorobenzenesulphonamido) ethyl]-2-imino-4-methyl-2,3-dihydrothiazole.
Nonlinear Programming of Field and Plant Vegetable Processing Activities (1963)

Empirical studies of plant costs and efficiency always have stressed the importance of both size of plant and length of operating season on the level and shape of the economies of scale curve as well as the technical organization of production implied in it. Because most processing firms are integrated systems of product assembly, processing, and distribution, the minimum- cost combination of plant size and hours operated must be considered in terms of total operation, not of any single "stage" or component. This paper presents a method for determining optimum combinations of hours of operation and size of plant (as measured by rates of output) for two components, field and plant operations, of an integrated system of preparing lima beans for freezing. Though the analysis is oriented to only two "stages" and a particular product, the authors are hopeful that it may point the way toward extension to addi-tional "stages" and other products.
Forward Raman Instability and Electron Acceleration (1981)

It is demonstrated by experiments and supporting particle simulations that the forward Raman instability is capable of producing extremely high-energy electrons in an underdense plasma. The instability has a high saturation level for the electrostatic wave component. Its consequences and applications to the laser electron accelerator and the laser-fusion pellet preheat are discussed.
Risk of Childhood Leukemia Associated with Exposure to Pesticides and with Gene Polymorphisms (1999)

We conducted a population-based case-control study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to evaluate the risk posed by reported exposure to pesticides used in and around the home. We compared 491 cases 0–9 years of age to as many controls. We also conducted a case-only study on a sub sample of 123 cases to evaluate gene-environment interaction between child genotype and maternal exposure during pregnancy as well as child exposure after birth. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach to analyze polymorphisms in CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTT1, and GSTM1 genes, which en code enzymes involved in carcinogen metabolism. Indoor use of some insecticides by the owners and pesticide use in the garden and on interior plants, in particular frequent prenatal use, was associated with increased risks up to several fold in magnitude. Interaction odds ratios were increased among carriers of the CYP1A1m1 and CYP1a1m2 mutations when mother during pregnancy or the child had been exposed to certain indoor insecticides. No such effects were observed in the presence of other tested polymorphisms.
Etude d’une Aci-reductone Sulfurée: l’Acide β-Mercaptopyruvique (1971)

Les solutions aqueuses d’acide β-mercaptopyruvique présentent une tautomérie de pK apparent 9,3: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qacaWGdbGaamisa8aadaWgaaWcbaWdbiaaikdaa8aabeaak8qacaWG % tbGaamisaiabgkHiTiaadoeacaGGOaWaaCbeaeaacaWGpbGaamisaa % WcbaGaamysaaqabaGccaGGPaWdamaaBaaaleaapeGaaGOma8aadaah % aaadbeqaa8qacqGHsislaaaal8aabeaak8qacaWGdbGaam4taiaad+ % eapaWaaWbaaSqabeaapeGaeyOeI0caaOGaey4kaSIaam4taiaadIea % paWaaWbaaSqabeaapeGaeyOeI0caaOGaeSiZHmOaam4qaiaadIeaca % GGOaGaam4ua8aadaahaaWcbeqaa8qacqGHsislaaGccaGGPaGaeyyp % a0Jaam4qaiaacIcadaWfqaqaaiaad+eacaWGibaaleaacaWGjbGaam % ysaaqabaGccaGGPaGaeyOeI0Iaam4qaiaad+eacaWGpbWdamaaCaaa % leqabaWdbiabgkHiTaaakiabgUcaRiaaikdacaWGibWdamaaBaaale % aapeGaaGOmaaWdaeqaaOWdbiaad+eaaaa!60EC! $$ C{H_2}SH - C{(\mathop {OH}\limits_I )_{{2^ - }}}CO{O^ - } + O{H^ - } \rightleftharpoons CH({S^ - }) = C(\mathop {OH}\limits_{II} ) - CO{O^ - } + 2{H_2}O $$ Le comportement à l’électrode de mercure est différent selon qu’il s’agit de la forme I ou de la forme II. En milieu acide (forme I) le processus de réduction est à deux faradays: CH2SH-CO-COO− + 2H+ + 2 e → CH2SH-CHOH-COO− tandis que l’oxydation correspond à un faraday et donne un mercaptide: CH2H-CO-COO− + Hg ⇋ CH2(SHg)-CO-COO− + H+ + e En milieu alcalin (forme II) les réactions précédentes sont concurrentes de processus spécifiques de la forme II: en chauffant, on développe une réaction de réduction désulfurante (jusqu’à 100%:à 50 °C): De son côté, l’oxydation par deux faradays est accompagnée d’une décarboxylation; le terme principal de la réaction serait un hémimercaptal double de CHO-CHS.
Stereochemistry of amine additions to acetylenic and allenic sulfones and sulfoxides (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereochemistry of amine additions to acetylenic and allenic sulfones and sulfoxidesWilliam E. Truce and Lowell D. MarkleyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 10, 3275–3281Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00835a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00835a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views232Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Automated Bale Mapping Using Machine Learning and Photogrammetry (2021)

An automatic method of obtaining geographic coordinates of bales using monovision un-crewed aerial vehicle imagery was developed utilizing a data set of 300 images with a 20-megapixel resolution containing a total of 783 labeled bales of corn stover and soybean stubble. The relative performance of image processing with Otsu’s segmentation, you only look once version three (YOLOv3), and region-based convolutional neural networks was assessed. As a result, the best option in terms of accuracy and speed was determined to be YOLOv3, with 80% precision, 99% recall, 89% F1 score, 97% mean average precision, and a 0.38 s inference time. Next, the impact of using lower-cost cameras was evaluated by reducing image quality to one megapixel. The lower-resolution images resulted in decreased performance, with 79% precision, 97% recall, 88% F1 score, 96% mean average precision, and 0.40 s inference time. Finally, the output of the YOLOv3 trained model, density-based spatial clustering, photogrammetry, and map projection were utilized to predict the geocoordinates of the bales with a root mean squared error of 2.41 m.
Heparan Sulfate: A Ubiquitous Glycosaminoglycan with Multiple Roles in Immunity (2013)

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly acidic linear polysaccharide with a very variable structure. It is ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix and basement membrane of mammalian tissues. Synthesized attached to various core proteins to form HS-proteoglycans, HS is capable of interacting with various polypeptides and exerting diverse functions. In fact, a bioinformatics analysis of mammalian proteins that express a heparin/HS-binding motif and are associated with the immune system identified 235 candidate proteins, the majority having an intracellular location. This simple analysis suggests that HS may, in fact, interact with many more components of the immune system than previously realized. Numerous studies have also directly demonstrated that HS plays multiple prominent functional roles in the immune system that are briefly reviewed in this article. In particular, the molecule has been shown to regulate leukocyte development, leukocyte migration, immune activation, and inflammatory processes.
Affinité différentielle de la RNA polymérase pour divers polyribonucléotides synthétiques (1967)

Using synthetic polyribonucleotides templates as models, the problems of attachment or detachment of DNA dependent‐RNA polymerase to its template have been investigated. In addition, the hypothesis that sites of initiation or termination of transcription might be determined by some specific base sequences was tested with these models. In order to allow a distinction between the transcription process and its first step, which is the binding of the enzyme to its template, the inhibition by different polyribonucletides of the transcription of DNA was examined. A wide range of relative effects was found (Fig. 3). It is remarkable that the polyribonucleotides Poly G and Poly I showing the highest affinities for the enzyme, as well as the homopolymer pair Poly (G + C) of low affinity could not be transcribed into their complementary sequences when used as template. When using the polyribonucleotides as template instead of DNA, the K m for triphosphate binding is about 30 fold higher. It was shwon in inhibition experiments that for a given system, a polyribonucleotide was more efficient as an inhibitor as the concentration of its complementary triphosphate was increased (Fig. 4): this result shows that the triphosphate contributes to the stability of the polyribonucleotide‐enzyme complex. The properties of Poly I or Poly G of having very high affinity for RNA polymerase and of not being transcribed could be used to trap the enzyme not bound to its template at any time before or during the transcription process. Preliminary results are reported in Fig.5. The fact that Poly (G + C) has barely detectable affinity for RNA polymerase can explain the kinetic results obtained when Poly C is used as a template; the G/C ratio reaches one at the end of the reaction and no further incorporation of GMP is observed when enzyme or GTP is added. Only the addition of Poly C can allow resumption of incorporation of the complementary nucleotides (Fig.2A). Consistent with these results is the observation that the enzyme and the product of the reaction migrate separately in a sucrose gradient centrifugation. Our studies show that the relative affinity of RNA polymerase for different homopolymer pairs Poly (A + U), Poly (G + C) is dependent on the nature of the bases involved in these ordered double helical structures.
Producer and Veterinarian Perspectives towards Pain Management Practices in the US Cattle Industry (2021)

Producers and veterinarians are considered responsible for improving animal welfare, as they are responsible for implementing practices that directly impact the animal's well-being. Most husbandry procedures performed in cattle do not include pain mitigation, and understanding challenges faced by these stakeholders to use analgesics is key in improving on-farm pain management strategies. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to explore producer and veterinarian perspectives on pain management practices by (1) exploring inquires received by Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) regarding analgesic use in cattle and (2) using a survey instrument to identify factors that impact pain management implementation in the US cattle industry. Albeit analgesia use increased in the past ten years for some producers and the majority of veterinarians, administering analgesics for pain management on US cattle farms remains a challenge. From a producer perspective, drug cost, availability and logistics for administration. From a veterinarian perspective, lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) products hinders the support of on-farm protocols requiring extra-label drug use. Future steps to improve analgesic use on-farm include identifying and approving drugs that demonstrate efficacy for managing pain in cattle and disseminating educational resources to support stakeholders in both the implementation and drug withdrawal process.
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Inhibits TGFβ1-Mediated Primary Human Cardiac Myofibroblast Activation (2015)

Our results demonstrate that active vitamin D can prevent TGFβ1-mediated biochemical and functional pro-fibrotic changes in human primary cardiac fibroblasts. An inverse relationship between vitamin D status and cardiac fibrosis in end stage heart failure was observed. Collectively, our data support an inhibitory role for vitamin D in cardiac fibrosis.
DECREASING OF COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF DEMODULATION ALGORITHMS IN MULTI-ANTENNA SYSTEMS DUE TO APPLICATION OF FAST ALGORITHMS (2016)

Development of the MIMO technology is associated with appearance of large-size MIMO systems, which have still more advantages of the multi-array systems. However, increased number of arrays is also increasing the number of arithmetical operations necessary for the signal demodulation. This paper suggests applying of the Strassen algorithm and the 3M method for decreasing of the computational complexity in obtaining of the estimate, which is optimal in terms of the mean square error criterion, of the vector of transmitted symbols at the receiver end. The paper provides a calculation of the required number of arithmetical operations in order to obtain the estimation concerned both using the traditional methods of multiplication of the matrices and applying the suggested method. To calculate the number of operations depending upon the number of arrays in the multi-array system it is developed a simulation based on the MATLAB software. The results of comparison show that the suggested by us method allows decreasing the number of operations by up to 31% as compared to the traditional method depending upon the number of antenna.
A statistically rigorous approach for improving simulation methodology (2003)

Due to cost, time, and flexibility constraints, simulators are often used to explore the design space when developing new processor architectures, as well as when evaluating the performance of new processor enhancements. However, despite this dependence on simulators, statistically rigorous simulation methodologies are not typically used in computer architecture research. A formal methodology can provide a sound basis for drawing conclusions gathered from simulation results by adding statistical rigor, and consequently, can increase confidence in the simulation results. This paper demonstrates the application of a rigorous statistical technique to the setup and analysis phases of the simulation process. Specifically, we apply a Plackett and Burman design to: (1) identify key processor parameters; (2) classify benchmarks based on how they affect the processor; and (3) analyze the effect of processor performance enhancements. Our technique expands on previous work by applying a statistical method to improve the simulation methodology instead of applying a statistical model to estimate the performance of the processor.
General Principles of Learning-Based Multi-Agent Systems (1999)

We consider the problem of how to design large decentralized multi-agent systems (MAS's) in an automated fashion, with little or no hand-tuning. Our approach has each agent run a reinforcement learning algorithm. This converts the problem into one of how to automatically set/update the reward functions for each of the agents so that the global goal is achieved. In particular we do not want the agents to ``work at cross-purposes'' as far as the global goal is concerned. We use the term artificial COllective INtelligence (COIN) to refer to systems that embody solutions to this problem. In this paper we present a summary of a mathematical framework for COINs. We then investigate the real-world applicability of the core concepts of that framework via two computer experiments: we show that our COINs perform near optimally in a difficult variant of Arthur's bar problem (and in particular avoid the tragedy of the commons for that problem), and we also illustrate optimal performance for our COINs in the leader-follower problem.
QoS routing via multiple paths using bandwidth reservation (1998)

The authors address the problem of computing a multipath, consisting of possibly overlapping paths, to transmit data from the source node s to the destination node d over a computer network while ensuring deterministic bounds on end-to-end delay or delivery rate.They consider two generic routing problems within the framework wherein bandwidth can be reserved, and guaranteed, once reserved, on various links of the communication network. The first problem requires that a message of finite length be transmitted from s to d within {tau} units of time. The second problem requires that a sequential message of r units be transmitted at a rate of {eta} such that maximum time difference between two units that are received out of order is no more than q. They propose a polynomial-time algorithm to the first problem based on an adaptation of the classical Ford-Fulkerson`s method. They present simulation results to illustrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm. They show the second problem to be NP-complete, and propose a polynomial-time approximately solution.
The Controversial Role of Microglia in Malignant Gliomas (2013)

Malignant gliomas contain stroma and a variety of immune cells including abundant activated microglia/macrophages. Mounting evidence indicates that the glioma microenvironment converts the glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) into glioma-supportive, immunosuppressive cells; however, GAMs can retain intrinsic anti-tumor properties. Here, we review and discuss this duality and the potential therapeutic strategies that may inhibit their glioma-supportive and propagating functions.
Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin/A Insertion Using an Encapsulated Interface Bilayer (2012)

Many signaling mechanisms in living cells occur at biological boundaries via cell surface receptors and membrane proteins embedded in lipid bilayers. The coordination of actions of sensory and motor neurons in the nervous system represents one example of many that heavily depends on lipid membrane bound receptor mediated signaling. As a result, chemical and biological toxins that disrupt these neural signals can have severe physiological effects, including paralysis and death. Botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) is a proteolytic toxin that inserts through vesicle membranes and cleaves membrane receptors involved with synaptic acetylcholine uptake and nervous system signal conduction. In this work, we investigate the use of a Bioinspired liquid-supported interface bilayer for studying the insertion of BoNT/A toxin molecules into synthetic lipid bilayers. DPhPC lipid bilayers are formed using the regulated attachment method (RAM), as developed by Sarles and Leo, and we perform current measurements on membranes exposed to BoNT/A toxin to characterize activity of toxin interacting with the synthetic bilayer. Control tests without toxin present are also presented. The results of these tests show an increase in the magnitude of current through the bilayer when the toxin is included. We interpret these initial results to mean that incorporation of BoNT/A toxin at a high concentration in an interface bilayer increases the permeability of the membrane as a result of toxin molecules spanning the thickness of the bilayer.
<title>Laser shock processing of materials: characterization and application of the process</title> (1997)

The main objective of this work was first to set-up the basic principles of LSP, then to characterize and control the laser-induced surface stress loadings and lastly, through different `material' applications, to evaluate its potential as competitive surface treatment. In a first part, all the general aspects about LSP are presented, from the physical shock wave generation mode in water confined regime to the mechanical modifications conventionally induced in metals like plastic strain and compressive stresses. In a second part we focused on an experimental characterization of the process to highlight the influence of several process aspects on the stress wave generation: with the use of a velocimeter system (VISAR) for measuring back free velocities behind thin targets, different parameters were investigated like coating effects, laser spot size effects or plastic flow limit determination at very high strain rate (10<SUP>6</SUP> s<SUP>-1</SUP>) for most of the materials investigated. THe next part of the paper concerns the mechanical changes induced within targets by LSP in water confinement regime. Experimental results are shown for residual stress fields, surface roughness or work-hardening level increases focusing on 55C1 steel. Based upon these results, general trends are drawn concerning the mechanical changes of surfaces with LSP as a function of shock parameters. Lastly, recent fatigue results obtained on 55C1 investigated under different shock conditions displayed some 30% increases on the bending fatigue limits at R equals 0.1. As a conclusion, the recent developments of LSP are discussed, mainly dealing with the use of new high cadency excimer lasers for shock processing which seem to provide the most convenient configuration for industrial applications.