gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isothermal SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics: Tools for Enabling Distributed Pandemic Testing as a Means of Supporting Safe Reopenings (2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, poses grave threats to both the global economy and health. The predominant diagnostic screens in use for SARS-CoV-2 detection are molecular techniques such as nucleic acid amplification tests. In this Review, we compare current and emerging isothermal diagnostic methods for COVID-19. We outline the molecular and serological techniques currently being used to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, past or present, in patients. We also discuss ongoing research on isothermal techniques, CRISPR-mediated detection assays, and point-of-care diagnostics that have potential for use in SARS-CoV-2 detection. Large-scale viral testing during a global pandemic presents unique challenges, chief among them the simultaneous need for testing supplies, durable equipment, and personnel in many regions worldwide, with each of these regions possessing testing needs that vary as the pandemic progresses. The low-cost isothermal technologies described in this Review provide a promising means by which to address these needs and meet the global need for testing of symptomatic individuals as well as provide a possible means for routine testing of asymptomatic individuals, providing a potential means of safely enabling reopenings and early monitoring of outbreaks.
Efficient algorithms for large-scale temporal aggregation (2003)

The ability to model time-varying natures is essential to many database applications such as data warehousing and mining. However, the temporal aspects provide many unique characteristics and challenges for query processing and optimization. Among the challenges is computing temporal aggregates, which is complicated by having to compute temporal grouping. We introduce a variety of temporal aggregation algorithms that overcome major drawbacks of previous work. First, for small-scale aggregations, both the worst-case and average-case processing time have been improved significantly. Second, for large-scale aggregations, the proposed algorithms can deal with a database that is substantially larger than the size of available memory. Third, the parallel algorithm designed on a shared-nothing architecture achieves scalable performance by delivering nearly linear scale-up and speed-up, even at the presence of data skew. The contributions made in this paper are particularly important because the rate of increase in database size and response time requirements has out-paced advancements in processor and mass storage technology.
In vivo selection of conditional-lethal mutations in the gene encoding elongation factor G of Escherichia coli (1994)

The ribosome translocation step that occurs during protein synthesis is a highly conserved, essential activity of all cells. The precise movement of one codon that occurs following peptide bond formation is regulated by elongation factor G (EF-G) in eubacteria or elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in eukaryotes. To begin to understand molecular interactions that regulate this process, a genetic selection was developed with the aim of obtaining conditional-lethal alleles of the gene (fusA) that encodes EF-G in Escherichia coli. The genetic selection depends on the observation that resistant strains arose spontaneously in the presence of sublethal concentrations of the antibiotic kanamycin. Replica plating was performed to obtain mutant isolates from this collection that were restrictive for growth at 42 degrees C. Two tightly temperature-sensitive strains were characterized in detail and shown to harbor single-site missense mutations within fusA. The fusA100 mutant encoded a glycine-to-aspartic acid change at codon 502. The fusA101 allele encoded a glutamine-to-proline alteration at position 495. Induction kinetics of beta-galactosidase activity suggested that both mutations resulted in slower elongation rates in vivo. These missense mutations were very near a small group of conserved amino acid residues (positions 483 to 493) that occur in EF-G and EF-2 but not EF-Tu. It is concluded that these sequences encode a specific domain that is essential for efficient translocase function.
Isolation of the Volatile Compounds from the Brown Alga<i>Dictyopteris membranacea</i>by Focused Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation (2002)

Abstract A new method of hydrodistillation assisted by a focused microwave oven was applied to the essential oil production of the brown alga Dictyopteris membranacea. This oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and the results were compared with those of conventional hydrodistillation. The concentration of the volatile CM 1 hydrocarbons was higher in the focused microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, while the yield of heavy compounds was lower.
O.J. and reality (1999)

What we refer to as “reality” is really a maplike mental image, the end product of a process that begins with light refraction in the environment and ends in the intricate and complex dynamics of the mind.(Seward Barry 1997, p. 15)
Some developments on the affected-pedigree-member method of linkage analysis. (1993)

Some improvements are presented for the affected-pedigree-member method of linkage analysis, which is a generalization of the sib-pair method. The test statistic is extended to include contrasts between affected and unaffected pedigree members, so that it now utilizes marker information from all typed pedigree members rather than just the typed affected members. Computer simulation using a sample pedigree of 14 individuals shows that this modification can substantially increase statistical power where there is a direct association between marker variation and disease and where disease risk is elevated in carriers of the disease allele. Data on Huntington disease in 16 British families, which were analyzed previously using only the affected individuals, are reanalyzed with the unaffected individuals included. Strong rejection of the null hypothesis of no association between Huntington disease and the HindIII polymorphism is confirmed, but the particular families in which the association is significant differs from that obtained through an analysis based only on affected individuals and reflects more closely the results obtained from a lod-score analysis. The test statistic is also modified here to incorporate contrasts between individuals of zero kinship, if needed. This enables contrasts between individuals from different pedigrees, as well as contrasts involving individuals sampled from the general population, to be incorporated into the test of association. For population data, the methodology reduces to a type of contingency-table analysis, in which the rows of the table correspond to different marker-locus genotypes and in which the two columns categorize subjects into an "affected" group versus an "unaffected," or control, group. This aspect of the methodology is illustrated using two population data sets, the first relating APO-E genotype to the frequency of individuals undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and the second relating APO-B genotype to the frequency of coronary artery disease. The present methodology confirms the lack of association between marker and disease in the former data set and confirms the presence of association in the latter. Finally, the methodology is formulated here in terms of ordinary, multiperson kinship coefficients rather than in terms of the generalized kinship coefficients originally proposed. This greatly reduces the number of coefficients to be calculated, thereby enhancing the computational efficiency of the computer program.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of High‐Strength Fe‐Mn‐Al‐C Light‐Weight TRIPLEX Steels (2006)

High‐strength TRIPLEX light‐weight steels of the generic composition Fe‐xMn‐yAl‐zC contain 18 ‐ 28 % manganese, 9 ‐ 12 % aluminium, and 0.7 ‐ 1.2 % C (in mass %). The microstructure is composed of an austenitic γ‐Fe(Mn, Al, C) solid solution matrix possessing a fine dispersion of nano size κ‐carbides (Fe,Mn) 3 AlC 1‐x and α‐Fe(Al, Mn) ferrite of varying volume fractions. The calculated Gibbs free energy of the phase transformation γ fcc → ∊ hcp amounts to ΔG γ→∊ = 1757 J/mol and the stacking fault energy was determined to Γ SF = 110 mJ/m 2 . This indicates that the austenite is very stable and no strain induced ∊‐martensite will be formed. Mechanical twinning is almost inhibited during plastic deformation. The TRIPLEX steels exhibit low density of 6.5 to 7 g/cm 3 and superior mechanical properties, such as high strength of 700 to 1100 MPa and total elongations up to 60 % and more. The specific energy absorption achieved at high strain rates of 10 3 s −1 is about 0.43 J/mm 3 . TEM investigations revealed clearly that homogeneous shear band formation accompanied by dislocation glide occurred in deformed tensile samples. The dominant deformation mechanism of these steels is shear band induced plasticity ‐SIP effect‐ sustained by the uniform arrangement of nano size κ‐carbides coherent to the austenitic matrix. The high flow stresses and tensile strengths are caused by effective solid solution hardening and superimposed dispersion strengthening.
The Calcium Entry Pas de Deux (2000)

The careful regulation of calcium ion entry by the cell is essential for activation of numerous signal transduction cascades. It is well-established that the depletion of internal calcium ion stores such as those of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the opening of plasma membrane channels (SOCs) allowing calcium ions to flow into the cell. However, the mechanism by which calcium ion store depletion and the opening of SOCs are coupled is not clear. In a Perspective, [Berridge and colleagues][1] discuss new findings ([ Ma et al. ][2]) demonstrating that the inositol trisphosphate receptor in the ER membrane forms a physical connection with the SOCs in the plasma membrane. Inhibitors that block activation of inositol trisphosphate receptors prevent opening of SOCs in response to depletion of internal calcium stores.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5458/1604
 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5458/1647
Museum preparations of the conducting system of the heart. (1975)

A technique of dissection of the sinuatrial node and of the atrioventricular node and main conducting bundles of the ox heart, without injection, is described. Museum specimens prepared in this way are illustrated.
Tryptophan metabolism and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in coeliac disease (2007)

We have investigated the possible role of the metabolism of tryptophan and activity of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the immune regulation of coeliac disease (CD). Serum concentrations of tryptophan and its metabolites kinurenines were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in 24 patients with CD, seven patients with Crohn's disease and five healthy patients. We detected an increase of kynurenine (4.2 micromol/l +/- 0.27 versus 2.6 micromol/l +/- 0.54, P < 0002) and of the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in supernatants of coeliac patients (11.5 micromol/l +/- 1.01 versus 6.5 micromol/l +/- 1.57, P < 0005) in comparison with healthy patients, respectively, and we found no differences with Crohn's disease patients. Immunohistochemistry analysis of intestinal biopsies from CD patients showed an increased expression of IDO, interferon-gamma, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta. Our data suggest that a mechanism(s) dependent on tryptophan catabolism might regulate the immune responses in CD.
Assets and Financial Management Among Poor Households in Extreme Poverty Neighborhoods (1994)

Proposals supporting the accumulation of assets in poor households are hopeful of creating upward mobility. The experiences of poor families in managing assets and other elements of daily economic life were explored through interviews with low-income Hispanic and Anglo families. All families exhibited planning and management skills needed for assets accumulation, but were unable to escape the effects of unrewarding neighborhood environments. Assets did not provide clear avenues out of poverty. If assets-based programs are to raise the economic status of poor families in extreme poverty neighborhoods they must include mechanisms to protect value and reduce uncertainty.
Induction of petite mutation with acriflavine and elevated temperature in<i>Candida albicans</i> (1987)

A method of inducing respiratory deficient (petite) mutation in Candida albicans (which has been previously classed as a petite-negative yeast) and characteristics of some isolated mutants are reported. When grown at 42 degrees C in the presence of a cytoplasmic mutagen (acriflavine), C. albicans exhibited diauxie-like biphasic growth. Mutants which were unable to grow on a non-fermentable substrate, glycerol, were isolated from the above culture at a frequency of less than 1%. The simultaneous action of both acriflavine and a supraoptimal temperature of 42 degrees C was required to induce respiratory mutation. The respiratory mutants were separated into two groups: i. mutants exhibiting a complete cytochrome spectrum but with low respiratory activity and ii. those deficient in cytochrome aa3. Further characterization of their respiratory activity, colony morphology, mitochondrial morphology and growth manner supported the evidence that members of the latter group can be regarded as petite mutants.
Effect of formulation variables on the prediction of release from microparticles with experimental design (2006)

Abstract Different formulations of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) encapsulated in microparticles (MPs) based on poly( D,L ‐lactide‐ co ‐glycolide) (PLGA), poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL), and poly(methyl vinyl ether‐ co ‐maleic anhydride) (Gantrez AN119) blends were obtained by spray‐drying with a mixture experimental design. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of the mixture composition, particle size, particle shape, enthalpy of melting (Δ H m ) of PCL, enthalpy of depolymerization of PLGA, and glass‐transition temperature of Gantrez on drug release at pH 1.2 and 6.8. The presence of Gantrez in the MPs made PCL more amorphous because of the reduction of its Δ H m . The determination of the activation energy ( E a ) associated with TA release from the MPs was used to calculate the fitting equation of the drug‐release profile, and subsequently, a thermodynamic (Arrhenius‐like) model was established. Drug release increased as E a and Δ H m decreased. Our results suggest that this approach was capable of predicting in vitro TA release from these MPs, which allowed us to develop formulations with low‐release patterns at pH 1.2 and to modulate drug release at enteric pH. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4546–4553, 2006
Temperature compensation in the oscillatory hydrogen peroxide–thiosulfate–sulfite flow system (1999)

A simple controlling mechanism assuming reasonable activation energies for the reaction steps is used to simulate temperature compensation of the period length of the large amplitude sustained pH oscillations observed experimentally in a H2O2–S2O32––SO32––H+ aqueous flow reaction system under optimized conditions.
Kinetics of phenyl radical reactions studied by the cavity-ring-down method (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of phenyl radical reactions studied by the cavity-ring-down methodT. Yu and M. C. LinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 10, 4371–4372Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00063a069https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00063a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views613Altmetric-Citations136LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Automatic digital image analysis for identification of mitotic cells in synchronous mammalian cell cultures. (1986)

Mitotic frequency in a synchronous culture of mammalian cells was determined fully automatically and in real time using low-intensity phase-contrast microscopy and a newvicon video camera connected to an EyeCom III image processor. Image samples, at a frequency of one per minute for 50 hours, were analyzed by first extracting the high-frequency picture components, then thresholding and probing for annular objects indicative of putative mitotic cells. Both the extraction of high-frequency components and the recognition of rings of varying radii and discontinuities employed novel algorithms. Spatial and temporal relationships between annuli were examined to discern the occurrences of mitoses, and such events were recorded in a computer data file. At present, the automatic analysis is suited for random cell proliferation rate measurements or cell cycle studies. The automatic identification of mitotic cells as described here provides a measure of the average proliferative activity of the cell population as a whole and eliminates more than eight hours of manual review per time-lapse video recording.
Gegenstand, Einordnung und Ziele (1995)

Es gibt nicht die Theorie der Unternehmung. In der Wirtschaftswissenschaft wurden vielmehr unzählige Ansätze zur Theorie der Unternehmung entworfen. So identifiziert SCHNEIDER in einem jüngsten Überblick produktions- und entscheidungsorientierte Theorien, ältere mstitutionenökonomische Ansätze sowie die Theorie der Unternehmerfunktionen und der Prinzipal-Agent-Beziehungen.1 Trotzdem oder gerade deshalb - konstatiert DEMSETZ , daß bisher die Theorie der Unternehmung unvollständig und unklar geblieben sei.2 Weder die Funktion von Unternehmungen für das übergeordnete Ganze noch deren inneres Wesen konnte bisher befriedigend ergründet werden.3 Es ist deshalb auch nicht überraschend, daß es ebenso viele Vorstellungen über das Wesen der Unternehmung gibt, wie Theorieansätze. Denn das, was unter einer Unternehmung verstanden werden kann, ist von der zugrundeliegenden Theorie abhängig.4 Die Unternehmung ist in diesem Sinne ein “bewußt zweckmäßig geschaffenes Denkobjekt oder ein Erkenntnisobjekt”5, ein theoretisches Konstrukt;6 So steht im Zentrum der neoklassischen Theorie die Modellierung der Unternehmung als Produktionsfunktion.
Near-field scanning optical microscopy in reflection: A study of far-field collection geometry effects (1996)

We have designed and demonstrated two simple and versatile reflection mode near-field scanning optical microscopes (NSOMs). In one scanner far-field collection is coaxial with the NSOM tip, and in the other scanner, the far-field collection is at a 45° angle to the NSOM tip. We quantitatively compare images obtained with the two scanners. While off-axis collection offers a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio, it also introduces tip shadowing in samples with topographic features larger than approximately 40 nm. The additional contrast from the shadowing further complicates image interpretation and must be considered when performing NSOM in reflection with off-axis collection. In addition, we discuss some general issues that should be considered when designing a reflection NSOM.
Alphafetoprotein (1980)

Alphafetoprotein (AFP) is a serum protein normally found in high concentrations in fetal blood, but barely detectable in adult blood. This protein has attracted increasing interest because of its association with developmental, regenerative, and carcinogenic events.
Data distribution service on top of Ethernet networks (2015)

Data Distribution Service (DDS) middleware has become one of the best solutions for real-time distributed industrial systems. An interesting innovation would be the use of the DDS middleware on top of Ethernet networks to enhance the performances of automobile applications. In this paper, we will introduce the use of DDS on top of Ethernet networks and propose as a testing application an extended SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) benchmark. The main aim is to be able to calculate the worst case response time (WCRT) based on a scheduling model, and using it as a metric to evaluate the respected of DDS real-time QoS (Quality of Service).
Practical application of the cake-complete, pore-plugging model for sizing normal flow filters. (2010)

Considerable process development efforts are spent selecting and sizing normal flow filters-typically beginning with small-scale experiments on flat sheet membrane samples and then scaling up to pleated membrane capsules and cartridges. Experimentally measuring filter capacity requires long test times; therefore, many scientists perform a short, small-scale test and fit the data to a mechanistic model which is used to extrapolate the filter's capacity. For more than a decade, the most commonly used fouling model has been the standard (or gradual pore-plugging) model. In 2006, Bolton et al. proposed a new model which combined both cake formation and complete pore-plugging (the "cake-complete" model). The authors used this model to fit data sets generated under constant flow and constant pressure conditions on microporous and ultrafiltration membranes. They concluded that the new model could more consistently predict filter performance as it was able to provide good fits of all data sets over a wide range of plugging behavior. This work describes a reliable method for solving the constant flow and constant pressure forms of the cake-complete model and for predicting the initial values of the plugging constants. Additionally, algorithms for determining required filter area to satisfy process conditions (batch volume and batch time) are proposed.