gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Throughput SNP Genotyping to Accelerate Crop Improvement (2014)

Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping promise to greatly accelerate crop improvement if properly deployed. High-throughput SNP genotyping offers a number of advantages over previous marker systems, including an abundance of markers, rapid processing of large populations, a variety of genotyping systems to meet different needs, and straightforward allele calling and database storage due to the bi-allelic nature of SNP markers. NGS technologies have enabled rapid whole genome sequencing, providing extensive SNP discovery pools to select informative markers for different sets of germplasm. Highly multiplexed fixed array platforms have enabled powerful approaches such as genome-wide association studies. On the other hand, routine deployment of trait-specific SNP markers requires flexible, low-cost systems for genotyping smaller numbers of SNPs across large breeding populations, using platforms such as Fluidigm's Dynamic Arrays, Douglas Scientific's Array Tape, and LGC's automated systems for running KASP markers. At the same time, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is rapidly becoming popular for low-cost high-density genome-wide scans through multiplexed sequencing. This review will discuss the range of options available to modern breeders for integrating SNP markers into their programs, whether by outsourcing to service providers or setting up in-house genotyping facilities, and will provide an example of SNP deployment for rice research and breeding as demonstrated by the Genotyping Services Lab at the International Rice Research Institute.
Clinical features of Sjögren’s syndrome associated with recurrent annular erythema (1998)

Our objective was to describe the clinical features of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) with recurrent annular erythema which resembles subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), and determine a possible association of anti-SS-A/Ro and/or SS-B/La antibody titers with the episodes of cutaneous manifestation. Recurrent annular erythema was observed in 4% (six patients; five females and one male) of our 143 patients diagnosed as primary SS. All the patients developed annular erythema on the facial area as their initial manifestation when they were between 21 and 31 years old. They had few subjective sicca symptoms, but both anti-SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La antibodies were positive and parotid sialography showed typical findings for SS (subclinical SS). Parotid gland swellings had developed in five of the patients during their follow-up periods, (3–12 years). In addition to the facial area, most patients repeated the cutaneous episodes on extremities and palmar, plantar or auricular areas. Skin biopsy was performed in three patients and the common findings were mononuclear cell infiltrations in the dermis with few epidermal changes. Transient leukopenia (four patients), low titers of anti-DNA antibodies (one patient) and chronic false-positive results of serological tests for syphilis (one patient) were observed. Two of our patients, therefore, temporarily fulfilled four items of the ARA classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), if their facial erythema was considered as malar rash. Serum antibodies to 52 kDa SS-A/Ro peptides (80%) were more frequently detected in the five patients examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), compared with those to 60 kDa SS-A/Ro peptides (40%). Furthermore, we could serially determine serum anti-SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La antibody titers in three patients by using ELISA for 3 or 4 years. Annular erythema usually developed when the antibody titers became relatively high and disappeared after the treatment with oral prednisolone which suppressed the antibody titers. We could observe five pregnancies in our three patients and all the patients developed annular erythema during their pregnant periods. Their five infants, however, were free from any complications such as neonatal lupus erythematosus and congenital heart block. We conclude that annular erythema is a rare manifestation of SS and develops in relatively young patients who are subclinical for sicca symptoms. The cutaneous episodes seemed to relate with anti-SS-A/Ro and/or SS-B/La antibody titers. Some of the erythema observed in SS patients may belong to SCLE, but they do not usually develop typical SLE. The possibility that SS may be more frequent in the SCLE patients remains to be determined.
Ecofriendly Application of Nanomaterials: Nanobioremediation (2014)

Nanomaterials exhibit unique physical and chemical properties and, hence, they have received much attention from scientists and researchers in different areas of environmental sciences, specifically in bioremediation. Bioremediation provides a good clean-up strategy for some types of waste, but as it is expected, it will not be useful for all. For example, bioremediation may not provide a feasible strategy at sites with high concentrations of chemicals that are toxic to most microorganisms. These include heavy metals and salt. Further, the advancement in science and technology has increased standard of living which directly or indirectly contributes to the increase in waste and toxic material. Therefore, the remediation of contaminants by use of existing technology is not effective and efficient in cleaning up the environment. Hence, nanomaterials may be applied for bioremediation, which will not only have less toxic effect on microorganisms, but will also improve the microbial activity of the specific waste and toxic material which will reduce the overall time consumption as well as reduce the overall cost. In this paper we have briefly summarized the major types of nanomaterials that have been used so far in bioremediation of waste and toxic materials.
Electrophoretic Map of Boar Sperm Plasma Membrane Polypeptides and Localization and Fractionation of Specific Polypeptide Subclasses (1983)

A high resolution, two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoretic map of the plasma membrane (PM) polypeptides from the ejaculated boar spermatozoon is described. 2-D silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) gels revealed over 250 polypeptides; Coomassie blue staining revealed more than 100. Fifty Coomassie-staining polypeptides were catalogued and biochemically characterized, with twenty of these designated major sperm PM polypeptides. Cavitation pressures ranging from 50 PSI to 1000 PSI were used to enrich 2-D maps either in head PM (50 PSI) or in flagellar PM (1000 PSI) and provided tentative localization of certain PM polypeptides. Immunoabsorption chromatography showed that most major polypeptides seen in the 2-D map were antigenic. Major polypeptide bands from single dimensional (1-D) gels were excised, antibodies against them were produced in rabbits, and the polypeptides were localized via indirect fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) technique. Cross-reacting antigenic determinants in the PAGE PM polypeptides were determined by transblotting and staining the transblots by an indirect peroxidase technique. Cross-reactivity was extensive with several polypeptide groups, but specific enough with others to allow tentative localization. Lectin affinity chromatography using Con A, WGA, RCA-1, PNA, and DBA indicated the lectin specificity of PM polypeptides. These data together with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and carbohydrate-specific silver staining permitted identification of glycoproteins in the 2-D maps. FITC coupled to specific lectins showed the regional distribution of these lectins on the sperm surface. The 2-D polypeptide map and the catalogue of properties of major Coomassie-stained PM polypeptides provides a reference for future studies in the boar and other species.
Remote-sensing, biologging and other innovative electronic technology reveal new aspects of penguin ecology and biology (2016)

第7回極域科学シンポジウム:[OB] 極域生物圏 11月30日（水）国立極地研究所 3階 多目的会議室
REPERFUSION OF THE BRAIN AFTER GLOBAL ISCHEMIA (1997)

Recovery of the brain after a period of cerebral ischemia depends greatly on the restoration of nutritive blood flow, which, however, may be severely disturbed. Early post-ischemic deficits (no-reflow) multiply with increasing duration of ischemia. The pathophysiology is multifactorial and includes vascular factors (endothelial blebs, compression by swollen glial cells), blood factors (viscosity changes due to erythrocyte sludging, platelet aggregation, blood dehydration), and general cardiovascular factors (post-ischemic hypotension, venous congestion). Treatment of no-reflow requires a combination therapy (e.g., hypertensive flush, small volume hypertonic solutions, fibrinolysis) for interfering with as many of these factors as possible. Delayed post-ischemic hypoperfusion develops after a preceding phase of post-ischemic hyperemia and is characterized by increased vasotonus. Hypoperfusion is associated with a disturbed coupling between brain function, metabolism, and blood flow, and may lead to secondary stimulation of anaerobic metabolism. Causal factors include disturbed blood/vessel wall interactions (expression of adhesion molecules, generation of free radicals) and possibly down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Treatment of post-ischemic hypoperfusion includes neutrophil elimination and free radical scavengers but is still unsatisfactory. Improvement of reperfusion deficits is a challenging task that must be solved before proceeding to specific molecular interventions for the treatment of ischemic cell injury.
Further investigations of fundamental directivity limitations of small antennas with and without ground planes (2008)

In this paper, we have presented a heuristic formula for the maximum achievable directivity of single-port antennas of any size. The formula is well rooted in electromagnetic theory in the low and high frequency ends. It has been tested by comparison with reported theoretical directivities of some practically realized antennas in the intermediate frequency range where the diameter of the smallest enclosing sphere is between 0.1lambda and 4lambda, and it seems to work as a practical limitation.
Effects of physical properties on electrical conductivity of compacted lateritic soil (2013)

Natural soils of various types have different electrical properties due to the composition, structure, water content, and temperature. In order to investigate the electrical properties of lateritic soil, electrical conductivity experiments have been conducted on a self-developed testing device. Test results show that the electrical conductivity of laterite increases with the increase of water content, degree of saturation and dry density. When the water content is below the optimum water content, the electrical conductivity of soils increases nonlinearly and the variation rate increases dramatically. However, when the water content, degree of saturation, or dry density increases to a certain value, the electrical conductivity tends to be a constant. In addition, soil electrical conductivity increases with the increase of temperature, and it is observed that the electrical conductivity decreases with the increase of the number of wetting–drying cycles.
Improvement of Sorghum through Transgenic Technology (2007)

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world. It is largely grown on marginal soils with residual moisture where other major cereals cannot be grown due to inadequate water. Sorghum is a multipurpose crop and the species shows great diversity. For a large part of Asia and Africa, sorghum’s grain is used as food and its stalk as fodder and feed. In rest of the world, sorghum is considered as forage crop and also as stock for ethanol production. Sorghum yield has been substantially increased through conventional breeding in India. However, resistance to abiotic stresses and biotic stresses such as shoot fly, stem borer, grain mold, and charcoal rot is limited due to inadequate genetic resources that can be readily used in crop improvement programs. Therefore, genetic engineering technology can assist the production of agronomically desirable crops that exhibit increased resistance to pests, pathogens, and environmental stress and enhancement of nutritional qualities. Sorghum research has received less attention compared to other cereals for adoption of modern molecular tools, and very few laboratories in the world are addressing sorghum crop improvement programs through novel methods. Extensive research has been focused on other cereal crops, and a number of genes conferring agronomic advantages have been introduced through Agrobacterium and particle bombardment. In this article, we present the current status, progress, and prospects in transgenic sorghum technology and future approaches to increase its economic value, thereby providing monetary benefits to sorghum farmers. Sorghum Transformation The first report of the successful transformation of sorghum appeared as early as the 1990s. Yet, sorghum is considered to be
Kimmel's “General Case” for the Relationship between Chi Square and Size of Sample (1957)

Kimmel ( 1 ) provides a table showing the sum of squared obtained frequencies required for significance at .05 and .O1 levels for several values of N (the total frequency) and number of cells ( n ) from 3 through 10. He does not make clear that his table applies only to the special situation where each theoretical frequency is N/n. Thus his general is not the usual contingency table with theoretical frequencies determined from the marginal sums. It may be helpful to stress this important point by outlining the derivation of his Formula [2].' Beginning with his Formula [I] for chi square in terms of obtained frequencies, f,, and frequencies expected under the null hypothesis, f,, we find for the special case where f, = N/n (and hence df = n 1) that
The Effect of Folic Acid on Gingival Health (1976)

On days 0 and 30 of a double blind study, two groups of 15 subjects each were evaluated using a plaque index, a gingival index, a gingival exudate flow and fasting plasma folic acid levels. Group I received 2 mg of folic acid twice daily for 30 days while Group II received a placebo. Results of the study seem to indicate that folic acid supplemented to the diet may increase the resistance of the gingiva to local irritants and thus lead to a reduction in inflammation.
Task-oriented restructuring of an application domain: a multi-agent architecture for doing things in Internet e-mail (2003)

Users are increasingly more mobile, using different e-mail systems in different places. Based on the results of an explorative study of task management in a user's daily electronic life, and earlier work on information management in e-mail, we begin a restructuring of the domain of Internet e-mail. The purpose is to make it even more suitable for message-based communication in organizations where many users, groups, and tasks are involved. By introducing the concept of tasks we hypothesize that e-mail can be made more usable for managing short-term interests of a user. We describe a design of a multi-agent architecture that supports the integration of disparate and distributed information sources. Our goal is to combine the information in the sources for the dynamic and automatic construction of classification and prioritization rules. A prototype implementing the architecture is tentatively described, which uses information from the user's current electronic environment to manage her short-term interests.
Superresolution Imaging of Biological Systems Using Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (2014)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTSuperresolution Imaging of Biological Systems Using Photoactivated Localization MicroscopyPrabuddha Sengupta, Schuyler B. van Engelenburg, and Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz*View Author Information Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 6, 3189–3202Publication Date (Web):January 13, 2014Publication History Received29 October 2013Published online13 January 2014Published inissue 26 March 2014https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr400614mhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr400614mreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © This article not subject to U.S. Copyright. Published 2014 by the American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4266Altmetric-Citations121LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Fluorescence,Molecules,Peptides and proteins,Protein structure Get e-Alerts
The Impact of Electricity Outages on Households (2016)

Electricity outages are a common occurrence in developing countries and can have a substantial impact on household welfare. In this dissertation, I assemble a unique data set with a district level measure of outages, electricity generation prices, and labour market outcomes to examine the effect of outages on employment and earnings. I also develop an analytical framework that can be used to measure the welfare impact of outages on households arising from disruption of electricity used in the home. In chapter 1, I construct a district level measure of outages in Pakistan using the intra-annual variability in night lights observed in meteorological satellite data. I estimate the elasticity between variability and reported outages, and use household electricity consumption data to show that electricity consumption declines as variability increases within districts. These findings establish that night lights variability is a valid measure of outages that can be used in empirical applications where subnational data on outages is not available. In chapter 2, I estimate the effect of outages on labour market outcomes of adult males in Pakistan. To address the problem of measurement error and potential endogeneity in night lights variability, I use exogenous variation in the price of energy used to generate electricity at thermal plants near a district, as an instrument. I find that outages have a significant negative effect on employment, days worked, earnings and productivity. A larger effect on districts with a greater reliance on electricity intensive industries and more educated workers suggests labour demand driven reduction in productivity. In chapter 3, I develop an analytical framework to measure the welfare impact of electricity outages on households. The welfare effect or the willingness to pay for a reduction in outages is larger the greater is the impact on home produced services affected by outages. It is also larger the smaller is the observed change in grid electricity expenditures. I find that the elasticity of grid electricity consumption to outages is smaller the more outward shifted is the demand for electricity, suggesting that households with a high value for electricity adapt by rescheduling activities or acquiring off-grid supply.
Identification of Novel Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus<i>Orf50</i>Transcripts: Discovery of New RTA Isoforms with Variable Transactivation Potential (2016)

Gammaherpesviruses are associated with the development of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative diseases, as well as several other types of cancer. The human gammaherpesvirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is tightly associated with the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and multicentric Castleman's disease, as well as a rare form of B cell lymphoma (primary effusion lymphoma) primarily observed in HIV-infected individuals. RTA is an essential viral gene product involved in the initiation of gammaherpesvirus replication and is conserved among all known gammaherpesviruses. We show here for KSHV that transcription of the gene encoding RTA is complex and leads to the expression of several isoforms of RTA with distinct functions. This observed complexity in KSHV RTA expression and function likely plays a critical role in the regulation of downstream viral and cellular gene expression, leading to the efficient production of mature virions.
Biological Effects of Prenylated Hydroquinones: Structure-Activity Relationship Studies in Antimicrobial, Brine Shrimp, and Fish Lethality Assays (1994)

Twenty-three hydroquinone and quinone derivatives were assayed for antimicrobial effects and brine shrimp and fish lethalities, to establish relevant structure-activity relationships (SAR). Linear 2-prenyl-1,4-hydroquinones used for bioassay were obtained either by isolation from the sponge Ircinia spinosula or by synthesis. Corresponding quinones, as well as hydroquinones possessing saturated side-chains composed of one to eight isopentane units, were also synthesized and biologically evaluated. Terpenoid 1,4-benzoquinones displayed moderate antimicrobial activity against three microorganisms, SAR studies indicate the optimum length of the side-chain is in the range of five to fifteen carbon atoms.
ION CHANNELS OF NOCICEPTION (1999)

Nociceptors are the first cells in the series of neurons that lead to the sensation of pain. The essential functions of nociceptors--transducing noxious stimuli into depolarizations that trigger action potentials, conducting the action potentials from the peripheral sensory site to the synapse in the central nervous system, and converting the action potentials into neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic terminal--all depend on ion channels. This review discusses recent results in the converging fields of nociception and ion channel biology. It focuses on (a) the capsaicin receptor and its possible role in thermosensation, (b) ATP-gated channels, (c) proton-gated channels, and (d) nociceptor-specific Na+ channels.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL MODELING OF AGRICULTURAL YIELD DATA WITH AN APPLICATION TO PRICING CROP INSURANCE CONTRACTS (2005)

This article focuses on the modeling of agricultural yield data using hierarchical Bayesian models. In recovering the generating process of these data, we consider the temporal, spatial and spatio-temporal relationships pertinent to the prediction and pricing of insurance contracts based on regional crop yields. A county-average yield data set was analyzed for the State of Paraná, Brazil for the period of 1990 through 2002. The choice of the best model from among the several non-nested models considered was based on the posterior predictive criterion. The methodology used in this article proposes improvements in the statistical and actuarial methods often applied to the calculation of insurance premium rates. These improvements are especially relevant to situations of limited data. These conditions are frequently encountered, especially at the individual level.