gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NO‐dependent and NO‐independent IL‐1 production by a human colonic epithelial cell line under inflammatory stress (1997)

1. The present study was designed to investigate, in an in vitro model of the human intestinal barrier, the ability of epithelial cells to produce interleukin-1 (IL-1), the cellular mechanisms involved in IL-1 release, and the intracellular signalling pathways involved in IL-1 up-regulation during inflammatory stress. 2. This study was based on the human colonic epithelial cell line HT29-Cl.16E, maintained as polarized monolayers on filters mounted in culture chambers and treated with various proinflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma (IFN gamma), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), IL-1 beta) alone or in combination. 3. IL-1 production, restricted to IL-1 alpha, was induced by the combination of IFN gamma/TNF alpha. When IL-1 beta was added to IFN gamma/TNF alpha, it led to an additional production of IL-1 alpha. IL-1 alpha release was associated with cell damage, as shown by the correlation between lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and extracellular IL-1 production, and was not accounted for by a secretory mechanism. 4. Both IFN gamma/TNF alpha and IFN gamma/TNF alpha/IL-1 beta induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression as shown by quantitation of NO2-/NO3- by use of the Griess reagent, quantitation of cells scoring positive with an anti-iNOS antibody and detection of mRNAs coding for iNOS by RT-PCR. The use of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of NOS, led to the demonstration of two distinct signalling pathways in IL-1 production by HT29-Cl.16E cells, one dependent on NO (L-NMMA-sensitive) under treatment with IFN gamma/TNF alpha/IL-1 beta, and the other independent of NO (L-NMMA-insensitive) under treatment with IFN gamma/TNF alpha. 5. Moreover, we examined whether a redox-based mechanism could be responsible for the apparent discrepancy between NO production and NO implication in IL-1 production under IFN gamma/TNF alpha and IFN gamma/TNF alpha/IL-1 beta treatments. Experiments with cysteine, which acts as a powerful reductant, suggest that the nitrosonium character of NO is involved in the NO-dependent pathway in IL-1 production.
A double-blind trial of pulsed electromagnetic fields for delayed union of tibial fractures (1990)

A total of 45 tibial shaft fractures, all conservatively treated and with union delayed for more than 16 but less than 32 weeks were entered in a double-blind multi-centre trial. The fractures were selected for their liability to delayed union by the presence of moderate or severe displacement, angulation or comminution or a compound lesion with moderate or severe injury to skin and soft tissues. Treatment was by plaster immobilisation in all, with active electromagnetic stimulation units in 20 patients and dummy control units in 25 patients for 12 weeks. Radiographs were assessed blindly and independently by a radiologist and an orthopaedic surgeon. Statistical analysis showed the treatment groups to be comparable except in their age distribution, but age was not found to affect the outcome and the effect of treatment was consistent for each age group. The radiologist's assessment of the active group showed radiological union in five fractures, progress to union in five but no progress to union in 10. In the control group there was union in one fracture and progress towards union in one but no progress in 23. Using Fisher's exact test, the results were very significantly in favour of the active group (p = 0.002). The orthopaedic surgeon's assessment showed union in nine fractures and absence of union in 11 fractures in the active group. There was union in three fractures and absence of union in 22 fractures in the control group. These results were also significantly in favour of the active group (p = 0.02). It was concluded that pulsed electromagnetic fields significantly influence healing in tibial fractures with delayed union.
A model for the distortion due to switch on-resistance in sample-and-hold circuits (2006)

A behavioral model of a sample-and-hold circuit is presented, focused on the distortion due to the nonlinear switch on-resistance. A simplified expression for third-order harmonic distortion has been derived, by using a quadratic MOS model where body effect is neglected, and it has been extended to the case of a transmission gate switch. Both the behavioral model and the distortion estimation have been validated by comparison with Cadence simulations, and very low errors have been obtained over a wide range of circuital and signal parameters
Technical and regulatory issues associated with naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the gas and oil industry. Final report, April 10, 1992 (1992)

The report presents an overview of technical and regulatory issues that have arisen because of growing interest, on the part of regulatory agencies, in the role of NORM in gas and oil industry waste. The Industry operations producing NORM-containing waste are identified, the general characteristics of the wastes are discussed, and regulatory measures being considered for handling NORM-containing waste are cited. Finally suggestions for R and D to deal with important technical issues are presented.
Localization of Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction Pathways: The Inside Story (2002)

Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) elicit proliferation, migration, and differentiation in a wide spectrum of cell types through various signal transduction pathways. These activities are attenuated by receptor internalization, intracellular trafficking through endosomes, and degradation in lysosomes, resulting in decreased receptor expression. However, there is now considerable evidence that EGFRs continue to signal in endosomes, forcing us to reevaluate the outcomes of receptor trafficking. An exciting revelation is that internalized receptors extend some signaling activities but not others, suggesting that certain responses, such as cell motility, must be mediated at the cell surface. Still, only when the effects of decreased receptor populations and signaling compartmentalization are integrated can we hope to understand and manipulate receptor function at the molecular level.
A two-view approach to constructing user interfaces (1989)

This paper describes a system for constructing graphical user interfaces following a two-view paradigm: one view contains a textual representation of the interface in a special-purpose, "little" language, and the other view contains a direct manipulation, interactive editor for the user interface. The user interface can be edited in either view, and the changes are reflected in the other view. The language allows dialog boxes to be expressed in a simple and natural way, and has a well-defined mapping into the interactive editor. A base set of interactors is currently available, but the system can be easily extended with more interactors. We believe this approach to building user interfaces combines the advantages of the direct manipulation, WYSIWYG approach with the advantages of the textual, descriptive approach, and does not suffer from the limitations of either approach.
Larmoiement congénital par anomalie de la valve de Hasner : traitement endoscopique sans pose de sonde d’intubation (2015)

Le larmoiement congenital est une pathologie frequente en consultation ophtalmologique. Une guerison spontanee est frequente dans les six premiers mois. A partir du sixieme mois jusqu’a un an, un sondage simple de la voie lacrymale resout le larmoiement dans 90 % des cas. Apres l’âge d’un an, une intervention sous anesthesie generale est proposee. L’apport de l’endoscopie nasale permet un traitement sous controle visuel, ce qui n’etait pas possible avec les techniques precedentes (pose d’une intubation siliconee ou dilatation par ballonnet). L’abord endoscopique permet d’analyser et de traiter la cause du larmoiement. La cause mise en evidence par l’endoscopie etait dans un tiers des cas une imperforation simple de la valve de Hasner, dans un tiers des cas une dilatation pseudo-kystique de la valve de Hasner et dans le dernier tiers une anomalie en taille et en diametre de la valve de Hasner parfois associee a des rapports anormaux avec le cornet inferieur et une permeabilite conservee de la voie lacrymale. L’abord endoscopique permet de pratiquer les deux gestes essentiels a la guerison : la luxation du cornet inferieur et l’ouverture de la valve de Hasner. La pose d’une intubation siliconee n’est plus necessaire. L’absence d’intubation permet de se dispenser de tout suivi postoperatoire.
Thrust Measurements of a Radio Frequency Plasma Source (2013)

There is interest in the use of a helicon plasma source in propulsive applications as both an ion source and a thruster. Development of a helicon thruster requires a performance baseline as a basis for future optimization and modification. For the first time, the thrust of a helicon plasma source is measured using a null-type inverted pendulum thrust stand at an operating pressure of through the operating range of 215–840 W RF power, 11.9 and 13.56 MHz RF frequency, 150–450 G magnetic field strength, and propellant flow rate for argon. Maximum thrust is found to be 6.3 mN at a specific impulse of 140 s and a maximum specific impulse of 380 s at 5.6 mN. Thrust efficiency is less than 1.4% and demonstrates very-low-power coupling to ion acceleration.
Max Weber and Jürgen Habermas: The Sociology and Philosophy of Law During Crises of the State (1997)

The English-speaking intellectual world has eagerly awaited the translation of Faktizität und Geltung, Jürgen Habermas's magnum opus of legal and state theory, since its German publication in 1992. Anticipation has run particularly high with respect to Habermas's attempts to (1) definitively mediate his influential system-lifeworld thesis of modernity through the institution of law; (2) translate his social-philosophical theory of communicative ethics into the terms of political and legal theory; and, perhaps most ambitiously, (3) overcome the opposition between purely empirical and strictly normative approaches to modern societies, particularly the treatment of law in such analyses.\nI will argue here that in order fully to understand Habermas's theoretical efforts in Between Facts and Norms one must take into account the legal-sociological framework that he inherits from Max Weber. This is by no means a purely intellectual or cultural inheritance, for Weber's sociology of law played a crucial role in the historical drama that was the collapse of Germany's first effort at liberal and social democracy: the Weimar Republic. It is the ghost of this failure that has haunted virtually all of Habermas's theoretical endeavors, no less Between Facts and Norms - perhaps even especially therein because of the centrality of law to its framework.
International Finance and Financial Policy. (1991)

Foreword by Paul A. Volcker Introduction by Hans R. Stoll International Imbalances and International Policy Coordination Exchange Rates and International Imbalances by John H. Makin Exchange Rates and Balance-of-Payments Adjustment: The Post-1945 Experience by Samuel I. Katz Deficits and Imbalances by Knut Anton Mork Future Challenges to the International Monetary System by Richard N. Cooper The U.S. Trade Deficit and the U.S. Fiscal Deficit: Cause and Effect by Robert Z. Aliber International Economic Policy: The Role of Exchange Rates by Edwin M. Truman Understanding the Foreign Exchange Market by Scott E. Pardee International Economic Policy Issues by Jacob A. Frenkel Economic Policy Coordination by Paul W. McCracken Central Banking: A Japanese Perspective by Shijuro Ogata Dos and Don'ts for Macroeconomic Policy by E. Gerald Corrigan Question and Answer Session I The International Debt Crisis An Overview of the International Debt Crisis by Robert Solomon Question and Answer Session II The LDC Debt Crisis: An Interpretation of History by Richard A. Debs The Debtor Position in Perspective by Helen B. Junz Current Developments in the Debt Crisis by Richard D. Erb Question and Answer Session III Global Financial Markets Financial Futures Markets by Richard L. Sandor Option Markets by Alger B. (Duke) Chapman Japanese Financial Markets by Scott E. Pardee The Global Markets: Where Do We Stand? by David E. Bodner International Equity Market Links by Joseph R. Hardiman Global Futures Trading Systems by William J. Brodsky The Shape of World Equity Markets by Hans R. Stoll International Finance and Financial Policy: Implications for Investors by William B. Hummer Index
What's in a message? (2008)

In this paper we describe content determination issues involved in the Atlas.txt project, which aims to automatically describe geo-referenced information such as census data as text for the visually-impaired (VI). Texts communicating geo-referenced census information contain census data abstractions and their corresponding geographic references. Because visually impaired users find interpreting geographic references hard, we hypothesized that an introduction message about the underlying geography should help the users to interpret the geographic references easily. We performed user studies to design and evaluate the introduction message. An initial evaluation study with several sighted users and one partially sighted user showed that an introduction message is certainly preferred by most participants. Many of them used an introduction message themselves when they described maps textually. But the study also showed that the introduction message made no difference when the participants were asked to draw maps using the information in the textual descriptions.
Discontinued drugs in 2006: central and peripheral nervous system drugs (2007)

This perspective describes compounds that target the central and peripheral nervous system, whose development was discontinued in 2006 and which were being developed for the treatment of a range of neurological disorders, including chronic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and anxiety. These discontinued candidates are described by disease area, based on information available from the Pharmaprojects database.
Effect of cocaine on testicular blood flow in rats: evaluation by percutaneous injection of xenon-133. (1999)

This study demonstrates that cocaine, when given subcutaneously at a 30 mg/kg body weight dose, results in prolonged vasoconstriction of the blood vessels to the testes. Adverse effects of cocaine on the testes may be in part due to ischemic and postischemic reperfusion injury to the organ.
14‐3‐3 proteins: key regulators of cell division, signalling and apoptosis (2001)

The 14-3-3 proteins constitute a family of conserved proteins present in all eukaryotic organisms so far investigated. These proteins have attracted interest because they are involved in important cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, stress response and malignant transformation and because at least 100 different binding partners for the 14-3-3 proteins have been reported. Although the exact function of 14-3-3 proteins is still unknown, they are known to (1) act as adaptor molecules stimulating protein-protein interactions, (2) regulate the subcellular localisation of proteins and (3) activate or inhibit enzymes. In this review, we discuss the role of the 14-3-3 proteins in three cellular processes: cell cycle control, signal transduction and apoptosis. These processes are regulated by the 14-3-3 proteins at multiple steps. The 14-3-3 proteins have an overall inhibitory effect on cell cycle progression and apoptosis, whereas in signal transduction they may act as stimulatory or inhibitory factors. This article contains supplementary material which may be viewed at the BioEssays website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0265-9247/Suppmat/23/v23_10.936.
Rapid, Learning-Induced Inhibitory Synaptogenesis in Murine Barrel Field (2010)

The structure of neurons changes during development and in response to injury or alteration in sensory experience. Changes occur in the number, shape, and dimensions of dendritic spines together with their synapses. However, precise data on these changes in response to learning are sparse. Here, we show using quantitative transmission electron microscopy that a simple form of learning involving mystacial vibrissae results in approximately 70% increase in the density of inhibitory synapses on spines of neurons located in layer IV barrels that represent the stimulated vibrissae. The spines contain one asymmetrical (excitatory) and one symmetrical (inhibitory) synapse (double-synapse spines), and their density increases threefold as a result of learning with no apparent change in the density of asymmetrical synapses. This effect seems to be specific for learning because pseudoconditioning (in which the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are delivered at random) does not lead to the enhancement of symmetrical synapses but instead results in an upregulation of asymmetrical synapses on spines. Symmetrical synapses of cells located in barrels receiving the conditioned stimulus also show a greater concentration of GABA in their presynaptic terminals. These results indicate that the immediate effect of classical conditioning in the "conditioned" barrels is rapid, pronounced, and inhibitory.
Wireless systems-on-a-chip design (2003)

Summary form only given. There is a fundamental shift that is occurring in the implementation of wireless systems. Not only is the underlying technology shifting to mainstream CMOS technology, but the applications and specifications of the supported links are also rapidly evolving. The multiple inter-related technologies required for implementation of such wireless systems requires a co-design strategy in communication algorithms, digital architectures and the analog and digital circuits required for their implementation. Critical to good design of these chips is the definition of energy and area performance metrics that can facilitate the tradeoff of issues such as the cost of providing flexibility or the amount of parallelism to exploit. These design decisions can result in differences of orders of magnitude in the metrics between what is possible in the technology and what is often achieved if the costs are not fully understood. A design infrastructure which supports architectures and which optimizes the metrics is described for wireless systems, providing a fully automated chip design flow from a high level system specification.
Engineering a central metabolic pathway: glycolysis with no net phosphorylation in an <i>Escherichia coli gap</i> mutant complemented with a plant <i>GapN</i> gene (1999)

A cDNA fragment containing the Pisum sativum GapN gene, which encodes the non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was cloned in a prokaryote expression vector. This construct enabled Escherichia coli strain W3CG, a mutant which lacks the glycolytic phosphorylating G3P dehydrogenase, to grow aerobically on sugars. The functionally complemented mutant exhibited high levels of the catalytically active plant enzyme, which renders 3-phosphoglycerate and NADPH, thus bypassing the first substrate level phosphorylation step of the glycolysis. As expected if such a glycolytic bypass would be operative in vivo, this clone failed to grow anaerobically on sugars in contrast to W3CG clones complemented with phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases. According to the irreversible catabolic character of the non-phosphorylating reaction, the GapN-complemented clone was unable to grow on gluconeogenic substrates. This metabolic engineering approach demonstrates that a pure catabolic Embden-Meyerhof pathway with no net energy yield is feasible.
Numerical Simulation of Hydrostatic Extruding Cu/Al Bimetal Clad through Equal-Strain Contour Concave Die (2008)

A bimetal composite material is a variant of the typical composite that is composed of two materials joined at their interface surface. The advantage of clad material is that the combination of different properties of materials can satisfy both the need of good mechanical properties and the demand of user such as electrical properties simultaneously. This paper is concerned with the hydrostatic extrusion process of copper-clad aluminum rod. The commercially available finite element program ANSYS was used to simulate the process of hydrostatic extrusion for Cu/Al bimetal composite through the equal-strain contour concave dies. The relative slippage between the inner and outer metals under the condition of different friction factors is studied, and the stress-strain distribution in the billet was analyzed. Experiment test was carried out; it was found that the experimental result has good agreement with relative slippage from the finite element analysis.
Do irregular grids make a difference? Relaxing the spatial regularity assumption, in cellular models of social dynamics (2001)

Three decades of CA-modelling in the social sciences have shown that the cellular automata framework is a useful tool to explore the relationship between micro assumptions and macro outcomes in social dynamics. However, virtually all CA-applications in the social sciences rely on a potentially highly restrictive assumption, a rectangular grid structure. In this paper, we relax this assumption and introduce irregular grids with variation in the structure and size of neighbourhoods between locations in the grid. We test robustness of two applications from our previous work that are representative for two broad classes of CA models, migration dynamics and influence dynamics. We tentatively conclude that both influence dynamics and migration dynamics have important general properties that are robust to variation in the grid structure. At the same time, we find in both examples substantively interesting implications of the irregular grid that could not be identified with a regular grid structure.
Nonlinear field effects in quadrupole mass filters (1999)

The performance of a quadrupole mass filter (QMF) generally degrades when using electrodes of circular cross section in place of mathematical ideal hyperbolic electrodes. The circular cross section of electrodes produces nonlinear resonances resulting in distortion and peak splitting in mass spectra. In addition, resonances reduce the actual working cross section, resulting in limited ion yield. In this article we study nonlinear resonances and intensities of resonance lines passing through the tip of the stability diagram of the QMF. We have found that balancing of multipole terms, rather than eliminating individual multipole terms, improves the sensitivity of the QMF considerably. The theory for assessing intensities of nonlinear resonances is presented in detail along with rescaling laws to adjust current QMF parameter settings. A general formula is presented from which the location and intensity of nonlinear can be derived, which then may be used for the design of special purpose QMFs.
Atomic Scale Fluctuations Govern Brittle Fracture and Cavitation Behavior in Metallic Glasses (2011)

We perform atomistic simulations on the fracture behavior of two typical metallic glasses, one brittle (FeP) and the other ductile (CuZr), and show that brittle fracture in the FeP glass is governed by an intrinsic cavitation mechanism near crack tips in contrast to extensive shear banding in the ductile CuZr glass. We show that a high degree of atomic scale spatial fluctuations in the local properties is the main reason for the observed cavitation behavior in the brittle metallic glass. Our study corroborates with recent experimental observations of nanoscale cavity nucleation found on the brittle fracture surfaces of metallic glasses and provides important insights into the root cause of the ductile versus brittle behavior in such materials.