gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoaddition von Phenanthrenchinon‐(9.10) an benzocyclische Olefine zu Keto‐oxetanen als neuartige Cycloadditionsreaktion der Chinone (1965)

Abstract Die bisher übersehene C 3 O‐Cycloaddition einzelner Carbonylgruppen von o‐Chinonen führt zu Oxetanen mit α‐ständigen Ketogruppen. Phenanthrenchinon‐(9.10) reagiert so beim Belichten mit Furocumarinen, Furochromonen und anderen benzocyclischen Olefinen wie Cumaron und Isocumarin. Bei o‐Chinonen konkurriert die Bildung von Oxetanen mit der bisher allein gefundenen 1.4‐Addition der chinoiden O‐Funktionen zu 1.4‐Dioxenen, die bei Furanen und Vinyläthern in den Vordergrund tritt. Mit 2‐Phenyl‐cumaron, 3‐Phenyl‐isocumarin, Inden und 2.2‐Dimethyl‐chromen‐(3) reagiert Phenanthrenchinon unter gleichzeitiger Bildung beider Arten von Cycloaddukten. Benzil benimmt sich wie Phenanthrenchinon; mit Xanthotoxin und Visnagin entstehen α‐Keto‐oxetane.
Polyelectrolyte Complexes from Polysaccharides:  Formation and Stoichiometry Monitoring (2007)

Colloids were obtained from non-stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes with two polysaccharides of opposite charge: chitosan and dextran sulfate (DS) as the polycation and polyanion, respectively. The complexes were elaborated by a one-shot addition of the polymer in default to the one in excess. The colloids were positively or negatively charged according to the nature of the polymer in excess. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated that particles were formed at a very early stage in the complexation process. The consumption of the excess polyelectrolyte was monitored with a dye assay specific for dextran sulfate (toluidine blue) or chitosan (orange II). From these experiments, two different mechanisms of colloidal PEC formation were evidenced, according to the nature of the polymer in excess. On adding chitosan to DS in excess, regular consumption of the polyanion was observed at a constant stoichiometry, in the 1.5 to 1.85 range (sulfate residues for one glucosamine group), according to the molar mass of the polycation. When DS was added to chitosan in excess, the overall stoichiometry varied from ca. 6 (glucosamine residues for one sulfate group) down to 1 as the charge molar mixing ratio R=n+/n- decreased from 20 to 1. The existence of various mechanisms, according to the nature of the polymer in excess, could be attributed to the differences in chemical reactivity (strong vs low) of the ion in excess and the conformation and flexibility of the macromolecular chains related to their electrostatic potential.
Separation of quantum correlated particles by a heat bath (1983)

We consider the action of a heat bath on one particle of a pair of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ particles in a singlet state. The related relaxation effects are described by the Pauli master equation. We show that the density matrix of the two-particle system tends toward a product. The interpretation of this result is, however, complicated by the nonuniqueness of the decomposition of a given density matrix into pure states. To circumvent this difficulty we study separately the terms describing the fluctuations and the friction. The first one does not modify the correlations, although it screens them but the second one separates the systems. The action of a fluctuating magnetic field on one particle of a correlated pair is also investigated.
Modeling of the efficient 137Cs decontamination of fresh and saline waters by a new cyanoferrate mesoporous material (2016)

International audience
All-optical in-band OSNR monitoring at 40 Gb/s using a nonlinear optical loop mirror (2006)

We present an all-optical in-band optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitor using a nonlinear optical loop mirror. Monitoring is enabled from the nonlinear power transfer function of the loop mirror. Experimental results are provided at 40 Gb/s for three modulation formats: nonreturn-to-zero, carrier-suppressed return-to-zero, and return-to-zero. The monitor discriminates the various OSNR levels over a dynamic range of more than 25 dB with every modulation format.
Calibrated image-derived input functions for the determination of the metabolic uptake rate of glucose with [18F]-FDG PET (2013)

Previously proposed IDIF methods can be improved by using a simple calibration procedure. The calibration procedure may be used in other studies, thus obviating the need for arterial blood sampling, once the calibration parameters have been established in a subgroup of participants. The method has potential for use in other parts of the body as it is robust with regard to partial volume effects.
Modeling Association and Adsorption (2003)

I. INTRODUCTION The most characteristic property of surfactants is their strong amphipolarity caused by the primary structure of the molecules: a polar headgroup linked to an apolar hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon tail. The spacial separation between headgroup and the apolar tail and the chemical differences between both parts of the molecule give surfactants their specific properties. With the headgroups a first distinction can be made between ionic and nonionic surfactants. With the nonionic surfactants the headgroup consists of a sequence of hydrophilic or polar segments. For the ionic surfactants the headgroup is charged and coulomb interactions come into play. The specific nature of the headgroup can be emphasized by adhering specific (i.e., noncoulomb) properties to the headgroup in relation to the solvent and the surface. The tail segments of both the ionic and nonionic surfactants are apolar (hydrophobic). For the apolar tail the number of aliphatic or fluorocarbon segments and aromaticity and branching are important.
(3S,4S)‐3‐Amino‐1‐(3,4‐Dimethoxybenzyl)‐4‐[(R)‐2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐Dioxolan‐4‐yl]‐2‐Azetidinone (2003)

Abstract (3S,4S)‐3‐amino‐1‐(3,4‐dimethoxybenzyl)‐4‐[(R)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl]‐2‐azetidinone intermediate: 100 g of phthalylglycyl chloride (90% based on phthalylglycine) product: (3S,4S)‐3‐amino‐1‐(3,4‐dimethoxybenzyl)‐4‐[(R)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl]‐2‐azetidinone intermediate: N‐[(2R,3R)‐cis‐1‐(3,4‐Dimethoxybenzyl)‐2‐[(S)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl]‐4‐oxo‐3‐azetidinyl]phthalimide
Premenstrual syndrome, neuroactive steroids and the brain (1999)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: Premenstrual SyndromeNeuroactive SteroidsGabaOvarian SteroidsSerotonin Additional informationNotes on contributorsM. BixoJoyce Laing works in the Department of Child and Family Psychiatry, Playfield House, Cupar, Fife, and is a Consultant Art Therapist to Psychiatric Hospitals and Prisons and Chairwoman of the Scottish Society of Art and Psychology.
Mechanisch‐technologische Eigenschaften und Ausscheidungsverhalten hochreiner ferritischer Stähle mit 20 bis 28% Cr und bis zu 5% Mo (1975)

Einfluß der Legierungszusammensetzung (20 bis 28% Cr und 0 bis 5% Mo) auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften im lösungsgeglühten Zustand, die Ausscheidung von χ ‐ und σ‐Phase sowie das Auftreten der 475 °‐Versprödung. Aufstellen von Zeit‐Temperatur‐Ausscheidung‐Schaubildern zur Kennzeichnung der Versprödungsneigung.
Exhaled and nasal nitric oxide in relation to lung function, blood cell counts and disease characteristics in cystic fibrosis (2017)

CF patients have lower FeNO and nNO and similar Calv<sub>NO</sub> levels as healthy controls and asthma patients. Lower FeNO related to lower lung function in both adults and children with CF. Furthermore, in CF, lower FeNO also related to higher blood neutrophil counts.
Subject-specific mass and 3D localisation of the mass centre of child body segments using biplanar X-rays (2008)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKeywords: childmassbody segment3D model Acknowledgements Authors with to thank Dr T. Bellot, Dr D. N'Dri, Dr P. Thoreux, S. Campana, C. Fedelich, M. Thourot, J. Pokorski and J. Duflos for their assistances. This research was partly funded by ANR (SECUR_ENFANT_06_0385). Additional informationNotes on contributorsB. SandozWeb: http://bio-web.paris.ensam.fr
Highly Selective Cobalt-Mediated [6 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cycloheptatriene and Allenes (2011)

[6 + 2] Cycloadditions between cycloheptatrienes with allenes have been investigated. Cobalt salts were found to promote this transformation efficiently. Moreover, this reaction was found to be highly selective since only one regioisomer was obtained with an excellent <i>E</i>/<i>Z</i>-selectivity.
Solution Voltammetry of 4 nm Magnetite Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (2014)

The voltammetry of solution-dispersed magnetite iron oxide Fe3O4 nanoparticles is described. Their currents are controlled by nanoparticle transport rates, as shown with potential step chronoamperometry and rotated disk voltammetry. In pH 2 citrate buffer with added NaClO4 electrolyte, solution cyclic voltammetry of these nanoparticles (average diameter 4.4 ± 0.9 nm, each containing ca. 30 Fe sites) displays an electrochemically irreversible oxidation with E(PEAK) at ca. +0.52 V and an irreversible reduction with E(PEAK) at ca. +0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode. These processes are presumed to correspond to the formal potentials for one-electron oxidation of Fe(II) and reduction of Fe(III) at their different sites in the magnetite nanoparticle structure. The heterogeneous electrode reaction rates of the nanoparticles are very slow, in the 10(-5) cm/s range. The nanoparticles are additionally characterized by a variety of tools, e.g., TEM, UV/vis, and XPS spectroscopies.
Reactions of Free Radicals in Solution. V. Destruction of Polymeric Molecules by Free Radicals (1958)

Abstract 1. It was established that free radicals produce degradation of polymer chains. 2. Ideas were put forward on the possible mechanism of the reaction leading to the breaking of a carbon-carbon bond in polymer molecules.
Low voltage cycling of programmable metallization cell memory devices (2011)

Future nanoscale memory technologies must ultimately be able to operate at power supply voltages in the order of 0.6 V or less. We have demonstrated in this work that it is possible to utilize symmetric program-erase (P-E) cycling for Ag/Ag-Ge-S/W programmable metallization cell devices at voltages below 0.6 V and still maintain an OFF/ON resistance ratio well in excess or 10 over a wide range of program and erase currents (0.27, 1.6, 55 and 220 µA) as set by a series resistance. The distributions of resistance values for 10(4) P-E cycles indicate that the margins between the highest on- and lowest off-state resistances are sufficient for unambiguous differentiation in all but the lowest current case in which there is some overlap. In addition, there is no substantial change in switching speed for up to 1.5 × 10(6) P-E operations, the maximum number of cycles attempted in this study.
The Structure and Properties of Oxide Melts : Application of Basic Science to Metallurgical Processing (1998)

This book is an extended introductory treatise on the atomic scale structure and physicochemical properties of oxide melts (mainly silicates), from both the basic science and applied engineering points of view. It provides current experimental information on the structure of oxide melts and glasses as well as a convenient outline of their various physicochemical properties, including the subject of how structural data can be correlated with their macroscopic properties.The book also includes a fundamental introduction to the beneficial utilization of waste oxides largely arising from metal production around the world. This will be very useful for people working in the fields of metallurgy and environmental science. With more than 300 references, and numerous illustrations and tables, this book is a unique and valuable source of information and guidance for specialists and nonspecialists alike
Immunizations with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Conjugates Engender Toxin-Neutralizing Antibodies in Mice That Also Cross-React with Guanylin and Uroguanylin (2019)

Infection with enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) is a common cause of childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries, as well as of diarrhea among travelers to these countries. In children, ETEC strains secreting the heat-stable toxin (ST) are the most pathogenic, and there are ongoing efforts to develop vaccines that target ST. One important challenge for ST vaccine development is to construct immunogens that do not elicit antibodies that cross-react with guanylin and uroguanylin, which are endogenous peptides involved in regulating the activity of the guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor. We immunized mice with both human ST (STh) and porcine ST (STp) chemically coupled to bovine serum albumin, and the resulting sera neutralized the toxic activities of both STh and STp. This suggests that a vaccine based on either ST variant can confer cross-protection. However, several anti-STh and anti-STp sera cross-reacted with the endogenous peptides, suggesting that the ST sequence must be altered to reduce the risk of unwanted cross-reactivity. Epitope mapping of four monoclonal anti-STh and six anti-STp antibodies, all of which neutralized both STh and STp, revealed that most epitopes appear to have at least one amino acid residue shared with guanylin or uroguanylin. Despite this, only one monoclonal antibody displayed demonstrable cross-reactivity to the endogenous peptides, suggesting that targeted mutations of a limited number of ST residues may be sufficient to obtain a safe ST-based vaccine.
A gastric hyperplastic polyp which was torn spontaneously and presented with active spurting bleeding (2005)

症例は83歳男性。胃前庭部大彎に，約30mm大の山田Ⅳ型の過形成性ポリープを認めた。吐血したため，緊急内視鏡施行。ポリープの脱落消失と，その基部断端より噴出性出血が見られ，クリップで止血した。胃ポリープからの大量出血は稀だが，本症例のように基礎疾患がなくても自然脱落して大量出血を来たすことがあり，注意が必要である。
Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Physical Properties of [tetrakis((methylthio)methyl)borate]<sub>2</sub>M (M = Fe, Co, Ni) (1996)

The synthesis and characterization of a series of [RTt]2M (RTt- = tetrakis((methylthio)methyl)borate; M = Fe, Co, Ni) complexes are reported. Isostructural derivatives of the newly synthesized phenyltris((methylthio)methyl)borate (PhTt-) also have been prepared and characterized. In each case, the ligand provides tridentate, face-capping coordination to the divalent metal ion. The Fe(II) complexes exhibit spin-crossover behavior both in solution and in the solid state. For [PhTt]2Fe, the temperature dependence of μeff has been mapped between 5 K (1.3 μB) and 400 K (3.2 μB). The low-spin Co(II) derivatives exhibit characteristic axial EPR spectra; for [PhTt]2Co, g⊥ = 2.185, g∥ = 2.035, A⊥ = 55 G, and A∥ = 42 G. Using Oh Fe(II) and Co(II) derivatives as benchmarks, the ligand field strength imparted by these anions is significant and falls just below that of the neutral macrocycle 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane (ttcn). All complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction. X-ray data: [PhTt]2Fe·0.6Et2O, monoclinic space group C2/c, with a = 22.293(4) Å, b = 12.842(8) Å, c = 15.326(2) Å, β = 130.28(6)°, V = 3347.4(5) Å3, and Z = 4; [RTt]2Co, triclinic space group P1̄, with a = 8.396(6) Å, b = 8.850(2) Å, c = 9.124(4) Å, α = 107.43(2)°, β = 92.20(4)°, γ = 94.50(4)°, V = 643.0(3) Å3, and Z = 1; [PhTt]2Co, monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 8.821(1) Å, b = 14.127(8) Å, c = 12.055(3) Å, β = 103.93(2)°, V = 1458.0(5) Å3, and Z = 2; [RTt]2Ni, triclinic space group P1̄, with a = 8.607(3) Å, b = 8.876(3) Å, c = 9.173(3) Å, α = 107.44(2)°, β = 92.92(2)°, γ = 93.38(2)°, V = 665.70(3) Å3, and Z = 1; [PhTt]2Ni: triclinic space group P1̄, with a = 8.627(7) Å, b = 8.862(4) Å, c = 10.559(6) Å, α = 75.08(4)°, β = 76.64(5)°, γ = 72.71(5)°, V = 734.3(8) Å3, and Z = 1.
THE REACTION OF TROPONOID WITH YLIDE. V. THE REACTION OF TROPYLIUM- AND ALKOXYTROPYLIUM ION WITH STABLE SULFUR YLIDE (1972)

Abstract Tropylium ion reacted with stable sulfur ylides accompanying with the rearrangement of the seven membered ring to afford benzal derivatives. Analogous reaction of alkoxytropylium ion afforded o- and p-alkoxybenzylidene derivatives.
Studies of inner ear blood flow in animals and human beings (1995)

This article reviews current studies on inner ear blood flow, discusses their relevance to the maintenance of normal homeostasis of the inner ear, reports for the first time clear changes in fundamental properties of cochlear blood flow in the chronic hydropic ear, and describes the potential of applying laser Doppler flowmetry technology to the measurement of inner ear blood flow in human beings. Studies of the guinea pig in which perfusion pressure is varied demonstrate a broad range of autoregulatory capabilities of the inner ear vasculature. Gain factors range from 0.76 and higher for recovery for less than 1 minute of modified perfusion pressure. This is significantly greater than reports obtained for brain autoregulation. In a series of four investigations of cochlear blood flow in the hydropic ear in guinea pigs, a decreased responsiveness to electrical stimulation and direct stimulation of the superior cervical ganglia was found, indicating a change in sympathetic control of cochlear tone. Reduced vasomotion was observed, and autoregulatory capabilities were reduced. In human investigations, changes in cochlear blood flow were demonstrated with direct electrical stimulation of the round window and warm water irrigation of the ear canal, but not with carbogen breathing. Increased cochlear blood flow was observed with increased systemic blood pressure, and a remarkable decrease in cochlear blood flow was observed with the application of 1:10,000 epinephrine to the round window. These observations indicate the potential for development of laser Doppler flowmetry technology in the diagnosis and treatment of inner ear vascular disorders, and the animal investigations suggest that changes may occur in the chronic hydropic ear that compromise autoregulation and thus increase the sensitivity of the hydropic ear to other stress factors. Treatments can be found to modify such changes in vascular tone.
Expression of Stathmin, a Developmentally Controlled Cytoskeleton-Regulating Molecule, in Demyelinating Disorders (2005)

Understanding the biological relevance of reexpression of developmental molecules in pathological conditions is crucial for the development of new therapies. In this study, we report the increased expression of stathmin, a developmentally regulated tubulin-binding protein, in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In physiological conditions, stathmin immunoreactivity was observed in polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule-positive migratory progenitors in the subventricular zone, and its expression progressively decreased as the cells matured into oligodendrocytes (OLs). In MS patients, however, stathmin levels were elevated in 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase-positive OLs, in 10 of 10 bioptic samples analyzed. Increased levels of stathmin were confirmed by Western blot analysis of normal-appearing white matter samples from MS brains. In addition, using mass spectrometry, stathmin was identified as the main component of a specific myelin protein fraction consistently increased in MS preparations compared with controls. To test the biological relevance of increased stathmin levels, primary OL progenitors were transfected using a myc-tagged stathmin cDNA and were allowed to differentiate. Consistent with a distinct role played by this molecule in cells of the OL lineage at different developmental stages, transient transfection in progenitors favored the bipolar migratory phenotype but did not affect survival. However, sustained stathmin levels in differentiating OLs, because of overexpression, resulted in enhanced apoptotic susceptibility. We conclude that stathmin expression in demyelinating disorders could have a dual role. On one hand, by favoring the migratory phenotype of progenitors, it may promote myelin repair. On the other hand, stathmin in mature OLs may indicate cell stress and possibly affect survival.
Medial unicompartmental arthroplasty after failed high tibial steotomy (2001)

Satisfactory selection criteria are essential for the successful outcome of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UCA). We report the frequency of revision of the Oxford medial unicompartmental arthroplasty in knees previously treated for anteromedial osteoarthritis by high tibial osteotomy (HTO). The combined results from three sources were used to allow statistical analysis of this uncommon subgroup. In the combined series of 631 knees (507 patients) which had medial unicompartmental replacement, 613 were primary procedures and 18 were for a failed HTO. The mean follow-up times of the two groups were similar (5.8 years and 5.4 years, respectively). At review, 19 (3.1%) of the primary procedures and five (27.8%) of those undertaken for a failed HTO had been revised to total knee replacement. Survival analysis revealed the ten-year cumulative survivals to be 96% and 66%, respectively. The log-rank comparison of these survivals revealed a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001). We recommend that the Oxford UCA should not be used in knees which have previously undergone an HTO.
Image collection summarization for search result overviewing on mobile devices (2011)

Due to small displays of mobile devices, overviewing an image search result that contains many and various images is difficult. To provide an overview of thousands of images, recent studies have tried to develop a framework for image collection summarization that extracts a smaller set of representative images from the original set. Most existing methods take (a) relevance and (b) coverage of each image into account. However, for the use on mobile devices, several important issues remain: generated summaries must be compact enough so as to suit the small mobile displays but the legibility of the summaries should be sufficient -- but how? Our focus in this paper is to extend the framework of image collection summarization to fit the context of overviewing image search results on mobile devices. The key advances of this paper are to introduce two primary factors of (c) compactness and (d) legibility when generating summaries. Our solution is a two-stage optimization method. Given a keyword query and display size, its first stage ranks the images by taking (a) relevance and (b) coverage into account. The second optimization stage takes into account (c) compactness and (d) legibility and determines the number and sizes of images included in the final summary so as to satisfy the display size constraint. Experiments conducted on over 240,000 images demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Model-independent Travel-time Attributes for 2-D, Finite-offset Multicoverage Reflections (2002)

In this paper, we provide a 5-parameter stacking formula to transform 2-D prestack data into a particular common-offset section. This requires the knowledge of the near-surface velocity only and it is expected that ray theory holds to describe primary reflections. The earth model can be arbitrarily inhomogeneous. The new stacking approach can be viewed as a generalization of the 3-parameter common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack, by which 2-D multicoverage data are stacked into a simulated zero-offset section. The new 5-parameter formula can handle P-P, P-S and S-S reflections.
Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety of Intravesical Formulation of Oxybutynin in Patients with Detrusor Overactivity (2002)

Oxybutynin is readily absorbed from the bladder after intravesical administration. The serum concentrations of oxybutynin after single 5 mg intravesical doses are at least as high as those reported after oral drug intake, but the parent drug/metabolite ratio is much higher after intravesical administration. The elimination of oxybutynin as well as its metabolite is prolonged after intravesical administration compared with that reported after oral drug intake. The mean number of daily toilet visits decreased significantly in the oxybutynin group.