gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cleaning of graphene surfaces by low-pressure air plasma (2018)

The polymer residues still present on a chemical vapour-deposited graphene surface after its wet transfer by the poly(methyl methacrylate) method to the arbitrary substrates, tend to cause problems such as electrical degradation and unwanted intentional doping. In this study, by using an effective cleaning method for the graphene surface by air-assisted plasma, the graphene surface was cleaned significantly without damaging the graphene network, which resulted in the reduction (approx. 71.11%) of polymer residues on its surface. The analysis reveals that this approach reduced the D-band (impurities, polymer residues) formation while maintaining the π-bonding of the graphene, which affects conductivity. By characterizations of the optical microscope, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, we obtained a significantly cleaner graphene surface (roughness of 4.1 nm) compared to pristine graphene (roughness of 1.2 nm) on a SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data revealed that the C1s peak of the air-assisted graphene film was higher than the one of a pristine graphene film, indicating that a cleaner graphene surface was obtained.
Learning with Information Systems: Learning Cycles in Information Systems Development (1996)

In Learning with Information Systems the author takes the developing world as the context and through a series of case studies develops a commonly used systems analysis methodology. He demonstrates how this methodology can evolve and adapt as new ideas become prominent. Issues of sustainability of information systems, participation in systems design and user ownership of systems are all examined.
Birefringence and large mode area analysis of segmented cladding index-guiding photonic crystal fibers (2015)

High birefringence and large mode area are the two paramount requirements of single-mode fibers to control polarization mode dispersion and nonlinear effects. We have investigated the birefringence, higher-order mode coupling loss of a fundamental mode (FM), and numerical aperture of index-guiding segmented cladding photonic crystal fibers in continuation to our previous analysis of the design for FM confinement and V parameter. High birefringence on the order of 10−4 to 10−3 over the near-infrared to short-wavelength infrared (0.75 to 2.3 μm) spectral range has been obtained. The finite difference time domain method has been used for simulation. The center defect in the lattice forms the core and the remaining part represents the cladding. With phosphate glass (ngl=1.56) as a base material, cladding consists of different segments formed by varying the air hole diameter resulting in strong form birefringence and reduced numerical aperture which leads to a large mode area. We inferred a relation between fiber symmetry and birefringence by varying the duty cycle of the designs. A significant reduction in beat lengths shows reduced power losses in the FM due to higher-order mode coupling.
Fotochemotherapie der Psoriasis mit 8-Methoxypsoralen und UVA. I. Bestrahlungsanlage (1976)

Die gesteuerte fototoxische Behandlung mit dem Fotosensibilisator 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) und langwelliger ultravioletter Strahlung (UVA) verspricht eine wesentliche Verbesserung vor allem der Psoriasistherapie. Im einschlägigen Schrifttum finden sich erstaunlicherweise keine exakten Angaben über die nach lokaler 8-MOP-Anwendung erforderlichen UVA-Dosen. Wir berichten deshalb über Konstruktion und Leistung einer UVA-Bestrahlungsanlage.
High Performance Risk Aggregation: Addressing the Data Processing Challenge the Hadoop MapReduce Way (2013)

Monte Carlo simulations employed for the analysis of portfolios of catastrophic risk process large volumes of data. Often times these simulations are not performed in real-time scenarios as they are slow and consume large data. Such simulations can benefit from a framework that exploits parallelism for addressing the computational challenge and facilitates a distributed file system for addressing the data challenge. To this end, the Apache Hadoop framework is chosen for the simulation reported in this paper so that the computational challenge can be tackled using the MapReduce model and the data challenge can be addressed using the Hadoop Distributed File System. A parallel algorithm for the analysis of aggregate risk is proposed and implemented using the MapReduce model in this paper. An evaluation of the performance of the algorithm indicates that the Hadoop MapReduce model offers a framework for processing large data in aggregate risk analysis. A simulation of aggregate risk employing 100,000 trials with 1000 catastrophic events per trial on a typical exposure set and contract structure is performed on multiple worker nodes in less than 6 minutes. The result indicates the scope and feasibility of MapReduce for tackling the computational and data challenge in the analysis of aggregate risk for real-time use.
Dynamic prioritization of database queries (2011)

Enterprise database systems handle a variety of diverse query workloads that are of different importance to the business. For example, periodic reporting queries are usually mission critical whereas ad-hoc queries by analysts tend to be less crucial. It is desirable to enable database administrators to express (and modify) the importance of queries at a simple and intuitive level. The mechanism used to enforce these priorities must be robust, adaptive and efficient. In this paper, we present a mechanism that continuously determines and re-computes the ideal target velocity of concurrent database processes based on their run-time statistics to achieve this prioritization. In this scheme, every process autonomously adjusts its resource consumption using basic control theory principles. The self-regulating and decentralized design of the system enables effective prioritization even in the presence of exceptional situations, including software defects or unexpected/unplanned query termination with no measurable overhead. We have implemented this approach in Greenplum Parallel Database and demonstrate its effectiveness and general applicability in a series of experiments.
A Survey on Back EMF Sensing Methods for Sensorless Brushless (2014)

This paper provides a technical review of Back EMF Sensing Methods for Sensorless Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor drives. Brushless DC (BLDC) motors and their drives have been proven to be best type of motors in recent years because of their long life, high efficiency, reliability, compact form, low maintenance and low heat dissipation. To improve the performance and reliability of BLDC motor drive system, sensorless technology is preferred. The study includes an overview of back-EMF sensing methods, which includes Back-EMF Zero Crossing Detection Method, PWM schemes, Third Harmonic Voltage Integration, Back-EMF Integration and Free-wheeling Diode Conduction method.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐CYANOETHYL N,N‐DIALKYLAMINO/N‐MORPHOLINOMONOCHLOROPHOSPHOAMIDITES, NEW PHOSPHITYLATING AGENTS FACILITATING EASE OF DEPROTECTION AND WORK‐UP OF SYNTHESIZED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES (1984)

Abstract Cyanethoxy‐dichlor‐phosphin (I) wird selektiv zur Titelverbindung (III) substituiert, mit der zahlreiche Nucleotide (IV) umgesetzt werden.
Microlaparoscopy (2004)

Laparoscopic surgeons have made significant efforts to minimize the trauma induced by their procedures. One of the newest methods is the use of mini and micro instruments. This work is reviewed here.
Synthese von pyridylphenyl‐imidazo[2,1‐<i>b</i>]thiazolen (1985)

Abstract The synthesis of the isomeric 6(5)‐phenyl‐5(6)‐pyridyl‐2,3‐dihydroimidazo[2,1‐ b ]thiazoles are described. Only the synthesis of 5‐phenyl‐6‐(2‐pyridyl)‐2,3‐dihydroimidazo[2,1‐ b ]thiazole failed.
Non-Transferable Proxy Re-Encryption Scheme for Data Dissemination Control. (2010)

A proxy re-encryption (PRE) scheme allows a proxy to re-encrypt a ciphertext for Alice (delegator) to a ciphertext for Bob (delegatee) without seeing the underlying plaintext. With the help of the proxy, Alice can delegate the decryption right to any delegatee. However, existing PRE schemes generally suffer from at least one of the followings. Some schemes fail to provide the non-transferable property in which the proxy and the delegatee can collude to further delegate the decryption right to anyone. This is the main open problem left for PRE schemes. Other schemes assume the existence of a fully trusted private key generator (PKG) to generate the re-encryption key to be used by the proxy for re-encrypting a given ciphertext for a target delegatee. But this poses two problems in PRE schemes if the PKG is malicious: the PKG in their schemes may decrypt both original ciphertexts and re-encrypted ciphertexts (referred as the key escrow problem); and the PKG can generate re-encryption key for arbitrary delegatees without permission from the delegator (we refer to it as the PKG despotism problem). In this paper, we propose the first non-transferable proxy re-encryption scheme which successfully achieves the non-transferable property. We show that the new scheme solved the PKG despotism problem and key escrow problem as well. Further, we find that the new scheme satisfies requirements of data dissemination control which seeks to control information and digital objects even after they have been delivered to a legitimate recipient. We explore the potential of adopting our new scheme to achieve data dissemination control and implement a non-transferable re-encryption based encrypted PC/USB file system. Performance measurements of our scheme demonstrate that nontransferable re-encryption is practical and efficient. Yi-Jun He, Tat Wing Chim, Lucas Chi Kwong Hui, Siu-Ming Yiu Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong Tel.: +852-28578440 Fax: +852-25598447 E-mail: {yjhe, twchim, hui, smyiu}@cs.hku.hk
Static Disorder Depth Profile in Ion Implanted Materials by Means of Large Angle Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (1998)

A new experimental method for static disorder depth profile in ion implanted crystalline materials is presented. Large angle convergent beam electron diffraction patterns of high angle reflections are used to directly compare, on a depth scale of the order of 10 nm, the integrated intensity coming from the undamaged crystal and from different slabs of the damaged layer. The case of high dose hydrogen implanted single crystal silicon wafers is studied. The results agree with the static disorder depth profile expected in both the as-implanted and the low temperature annealed samples.
Reduced toxicity and enhanced antitumor efficacy of plumbagin using poly (Lactic-co-glycolic) biodegradable injectable implant (1997)

Objective: To prepare poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) injectable gel implant for the delivery of plumbagin (PLB) to reduce the toxicity and enhance the antitumour efficacy.

Method: PLGA was dissolved in triacetin and PLB was dissolved in this. A gel matrix was formed immediately on contact with aqueous fluid. In vitro release studies were carried out in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4. Acute toxicity studies were performed in normal BALB/c mice and antitumour efficacy in BALB/c mice bearing Sarcoma-180 tumour. LD50 and volume doubling time (VDT) values for plain PLB and gel implant injection was found after subcutaneous injection. 

Results: In vitro release of PLB was observed for a week. It was dependent on the concentration of PLGA used. The LD50 for plain PLB and gel Implant was found to be 8.60 mg/kg and 9.33 mg/kg. VDT for plain PLB and gel implant was found to be 6.5n 0.9 days and 11.5 n 0.5 days respectively.

Conclusion: The toxicity of PLB was reduced in mice after subcutaneous injection of the gel containing PLB compared to plain PLB. The VDT was significantly higher for the gel compared to plain PLB. Thus the gel implant could be an effective drug delivery system for reducing toxicity and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of PLB.
Approximate Gauss–Newton Methods for Nonlinear Least Squares Problems (2007)

The Gauss–Newton algorithm is an iterative method regularly used for solving nonlinear least squares problems. It is particularly well suited to the treatment of very large scale variational data assimilation problems that arise in atmosphere and ocean forecasting. The procedure consists of a sequence of linear least squares approximations to the nonlinear problem, each of which is solved by an “inner” direct or iterative process. In comparison with Newton’s method and its variants, the algorithm is attractive because it does not require the evaluation of second‐order derivatives in the Hessian of the objective function. In practice the exact Gauss–Newton method is too expensive to apply operationally in meteorological forecasting, and various approximations are made in order to reduce computational costs and to solve the problems in real time. Here we investigate the effects on the convergence of the Gauss–Newton method of two types of approximation used commonly in data assimilation. First, we examine “truncated” Gauss–Newton methods where the inner linear least squares problem is not solved exactly, and second, we examine “perturbed” Gauss–Newton methods where the true linearized inner problem is approximated by a simplified, or perturbed, linear least squares problem. We give conditions ensuring that the truncated and perturbed Gauss–Newton methods converge and also derive rates of convergence for the iterations. The results are illustrated by a simple numerical example. A practical application to the problem of data assimilation in a typical meteorological system is presented.
Real-Time Performance Analysis of Water-Injection Wells (2007)

Abstract This work presents a complete reformulation of the Hall method involving both pre- and post-breakthrough situations. Two approaches involving both transient and material-balance methods produced very similar solutions, which were verified with the results of coupled geomechanical/fluid-flow simulations. The new formulations allow tracking the expanding water-bank radius from inception to breakthrough. Pressure of this bank at the water/oil interface is evaluated at every timestep, thereby allowing continuous update of the ‘external pressure’ in Hall's formulation. We show that Hall's formulation is a particular case of the proposed approach. Several simulated and field examples demonstrate the value of reformulated Hall analysis. Because Hall formulation involves an integral, the resultant signature, by nature, is insensitive in revealing clues about subtle changes that may occur during formation fracturing or plugging. We observed that the derivative of modified-Hall integral, obtained analytically, provides definitive signatures about fracturing or plugging. The new interpretation approach is particularly suitable for projects at the inception of flooding. Mature projects can benefit equally from the new tool. Perhaps the biggest appeal of the proposed tool lies in the green fields, where real-time data are readily available.
Prevention of Zearalenone-Induced Hyperestrogenism in Prepubertal Mice (2005)

Previous methods for the control of zearalenone (ZEN)-induced hyperestrogenism in animals have proven largely ineffective. The main objective in this study was to identify an enterosorbent that decreases the dietary bioavailability, and subsequent estrogenic effects, of ZEN. Initial in vitro screenings in aqueous solution (4 microg ZEN/ml) indicated that an activated carbon (AC) was the most efficient sorbent (99%), followed by a combination of 2 parts AC plus 3 parts HEC (hectorite) (69%), cetylpyridinium-exchanged low-pH montmorillonite (CP-LPHM) clay (58%), hexadecyltrimethylammonium-exchanged low-pH montmorillonite (HDTMA-LPHM) clay (54%), and HEC alone (28%). Results from the adult hydra bioassay suggested that the addition of either AC or HEC effectively decreased the effects of ZEN on Hydra attenuata without toxicity, as was observed with the use of either CP-LPHM or HDTMA-LPHM. Based on these results, AC, HEC, and 2AC:3HEC were evaluated in prepubertal mice. At a dietary inclusion level of 0.8% (w/w), AC alone significantly protected mice against the estrogenic effects induced by 35 mg ZEN/kg feed. Inclusion of 1.2% HEC with the 0.8% AC showed no additional protection; whereas 1.2% HEC alone failed to decrease the estrogenic effects. Ground flaxseed (25% w/w) in the diet also elicited protection, but to a lesser extent. Preliminary studies suggested that three similar carbons failed to decrease ZEN bioavailability. These findings suggest that the AC used in this study may be efficacious as an enterosorbent in animals consuming ZEN-contaminated diets. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the binding specificity, as well as the safety of chronic exposure.
Specific modification of the external surface of ZSM-5 zeolites by 12-tungstosilicic acid (1991)

A medium-pore zeolite ZSM-5 has been modified by impregnation with an aqueous solution of 12-tungstosilicic acid. Adsorption measurements, IR spectroscopy and catalytic probe reactions (ethylbenzene conversion and m-xylene isomerization) show that the Keggin unit [SiW12O40]4– cannot penetrate the ZSM-5 pore system but merely becomes deposited on the external zeolite surface. Thermal decomposition of the acid yields WO3 at high loading accompanied by a loss of acid sites in the channel system. This is not exclusively caused by further dealumination but has partially to be attributed to site blocking by WO3. Obviously, the decomposition of the acid involves mobile species of smaller size which are able to migrate into the interior of the zeolite.
Real-time tracking management system using GPS, GPRS and Google earth (2008)

Due to the high cost of fossil-based energy, several methods are proposed to reduce the usage of the energy in logistics and fleet management to be even more. GPS tracking system is a common approach to get vehicle location information in real-time for fleet planning. We proposed a GPS tracking system called Goo-Tracking that is composed of commodity hardware, open source software and an easy-to-manage user interface via a Web server with Google Map or via Google Earth software. The system includes a GPS/GPRS module to location acquisition and message transmission, MMC to temporary store location information, and an 8-bit AVR microcontroller. Our system prototype is shown and tested on a trip from Bangkok to Chonburi. It has shown great stability and also robust message transfer protocol that most of locations are accurately acquired and transmitted to the server in real-time.
Preserving Privacy in WiFi Localization With Plausible Dummy Locations (2020)

Benefiting from the development of wireless communication, WiFi localization plays a vital role in various mobile applications. However, users' locations are breached by untrusted localization servers, thus disclosing users' location privacy and other sensitive personal information. Existing works on WiFi localization preservation employed homomorphic encryption, which incurs extremely high overheads. On the other hand, lightweight methods like k-anonymity and dummy-based approaches are hardly used for privacy preservation in WiFi localization scenarios due to their inherent drawbacks, i.e., k-anonymity approaches rely on trusted third parties while dummy-based approaches are susceptible to spatio-temporal correlation attacks. To design an effective yet lightweight WiFi localization privacy algorithm, this paper proposes to reinforce dummy techniques with plausible dummy location to resist the attacks. This study presents a novel algorithm, referred to as Location Preservation Algorithm with Plausible Dummies (LPPD), which is the first attempt towards WiFi localization privacy preservation using dummy techniques. The benefits of the algorithm are three-fold: First, it is lightweight. Second, it does not rely on trusted third parties. Third, it can resist spatio-temporal correlation attacks. Moreover, this study implements a WiFi localization system that integrates the proposed privacy-preserving algorithm with a WiFi fingerprint based indoor localization algorithm. Experiments results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach when compared with existing algorithms.
Inhibiting the growth of malignant melanoma by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor using an RNA interference approach (2005)

The delivery of siRNA directed against VEGF was shown not only to give efficient and specific downregulation of the expression of VEGF, inhibit proliferation of A375 and ECV-304 cells and induce apoptosis of A375 cells in vitro, but also to suppress growth of MM in vivo. These results suggest that a strategy based on siRNA targeting of VEGF may build the foundation to the clinical management of MM.
Prolonged PR interval despite a programmed short sensed AV delay: the role of intra-atrial conduction time (2002)

Intracavitary electrogram (IEGM) is a useful tool in the interpretation of difficult pacemaker electrograms. A case of 320 ms P-V spike interval on the surface ECG despite a 110 ms programmed sensed AV delay is presented. Atrial IEGM revealed atrial tachycardia with a significant atrial conduction delay.
Transition‐Metal‐Based <i>Lewis</i> Acid Catalysis of Aza‐Type <i>Michael</i> Additions of Amines to <i>α</i>,<i>β</i>‐Unsaturated Electrophiles in Water (2004)

Abstract Several transition‐metal‐based Lewis acid catalysts, especially FeCl 3 ⋅7 H 2 O, CrCl 3 ⋅6 H 2 O, and SnCl 4 ⋅4 H 2 O, were shown to be highly effective for aza‐type Michael reactions between electrophilic α , β ‐unsaturated compounds and both aliphatic and aromatic amines in aqueous solution. Advantages of the new protocol include 1 ) high‐yielding reactions that can be conducted at ambient temperature; 2 ) the use of inexpensive, stable transition‐metal salts as catalysts; and 3 ) plain H 2 O as an environmentally benign solvent.
Training neural networks using Salp Swarm Algorithm for pattern classification (2018)

Pattern classification is one of the popular applications of neural networks. However, training the neural networks is the most essential phase. Traditional training algorithms (e.g. Back-propagation algorithm) have some drawbacks such as falling into the local minima and slow convergence rate. Therefore, optimization algorithms are employed to overcome these issues. Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) is a recent and novel nature-inspired optimization algorithm that proved a good performance in solving many optimization problems. This paper proposes the use of SSA to optimize the weights coefficients for the neural networks in order to perform pattern classification. The merits of the proposed method are validated using a set of well-known classification problems and compared against rival optimization algorithms. The obtained results show that the proposed method performs better than or on par with other methods in terms of classification accuracy and sum squared errors.
Orthodontic Rare Earth Magnets—<i>In Vitro</i> Assessment of Cytotoxicity (1994)

The aim of this study was to assess and compare in vitro the cytotoxic effects of uncoated and parylene-coated rare earth magnets, used in orthodontics. Cytotoxicity of samarium-cobalt magnets (SmCo5 and Sm2Co17) and neodymium-iron-boron magnets (Nd2Fe14B) was assessed by two in vitro methods, the millipore filter method and an extraction method. Orthodontic stainless steel brackets served as controls. Uncoated SmCo5-magnets showed high cytotoxicity while uncoated Sm2Co17-magnets demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity. Uncoated neodymium-iron-boron magnets, as well as parylene coated Sm2Co17-magnets and parylene-coated neodymium-iron-boron magnets, showed negligible cytotoxicity. Short-term exposure to a static magnetic field did not cause any cytotoxic effect on the cells.