gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tombusvirus P19-Mediated Suppression of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Is Controlled by Genetic and Dosage Features That Influence Pathogenicity (2002)

The p19 protein (P19) of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is a pathogenicity determinant with host-dependent effects on virus spread and symptom induction. In addition, results in this study confirm that Potato virus X-mediated delivery of P19 suppresses posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). To study the relevance of this activity for TBSV biology, we evaluated whether TBSV activates virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and if this process is suppressed by P19. TBSV vectors with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, either active or inactive for P19 expression, were inoculated onto GFP-transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants. In the absence of P19 expression, VIGS was activated, as evidenced by the disappearance of GFP mRNA and green fluorescence. Coexpression of GFP and P19 from the TBSV vector suppressed VIGS, except in the newly emerging leaves. The suppressor activity required a central P19 region that is also known to be essential for host-dependent virus spread and symptom induction. Defective interfering RNAs (DIs) that contained the 3' end of the GFP gene induced silencing very effectively. The concomitant DI-instigated reduction in P19 accumulation failed to suppress this process, analogous to the known P19 dosage effects for other biological activities. In conclusion, (i) TBSV and its DIs are very effective inducers of VIGS, (ii) P19 is a strong suppressor of PTGS, (iii) P19 is a moderate suppressor of VIGS, and (iv) the suppressor activity is influenced by genetic and dosage features that are also important for P19-associated pathogenesis.
A Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabricated with Pressure-Treated P25−TiO<sub>2</sub> and CuSCN:  Analysis of Pore Filling and IV Characteristics (2002)

Solid-state dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells have been fabricated with TiO2 as the electron conductor and CuSCN as the hole conductor. The cells show photocurrents of ≈8 mA/cm2, voltages of ∼600 mV, and energy efficiencies of ≈2% at 1 sun. The CuSCN was deposited into the pores of the nanoparticulate TiO2/dye film from dilute solution in propylsulfide. The degree of pore filling achieved is near 100% for TiO2 films <2-μm thick and falls to ≈65% for films near 6 μm. The final drying step after the CuSCN deposition is shown to be critical; drying in vacuum or argon is required for photocurrents above 2 mA/cm2. The photocurrent IVs of these cells are fit to a single diode equation and the results are discussed and compared to those for equivalent photoelectrochemical cells, and similar solid cells composed of ZnO/dye/CuSCN.
Hepatitis C Virus Attachment Mediated by Apolipoprotein E Binding to Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate (2012)

Viruses are known to use virally encoded envelope proteins for cell attachment, which is the very first step of virus infection. In the present study, we have obtained substantial evidence demonstrating that hepatitis C virus (HCV) uses the cellular protein apolipoprotein E (apoE) for its attachment to cells. An apoE-specific monoclonal antibody was able to efficiently block HCV attachment to the hepatoma cell line Huh-7.5 as well as primary human hepatocytes. After HCV bound to cells, however, anti-apoE antibody was unable to inhibit virus infection. Conversely, the HCV E2-specific monoclonal antibody CBH5 did not affect HCV attachment but potently inhibited HCV entry. Similarly, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of the key HCV receptor/coreceptor molecules CD81, claudin-1, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr), occludin, and SR-BI did not affect HCV attachment but efficiently suppressed HCV infection, suggesting their important roles in HCV infection at postattachment steps. Strikingly, removal of heparan sulfate from the cell surface by treatment with heparinase blocked HCV attachment. Likewise, substitutions of the positively charged amino acids with neutral or negatively charged residues in the receptor-binding region of apoE resulted in a reduction of apoE-mediating HCV infection. More importantly, mutations of the arginine and lysine to alanine or glutamic acid in the receptor-binding region ablated the heparin-binding activity of apoE, as determined by an in vitro heparin pulldown assay. HCV attachment could also be inhibited by a synthetic peptide derived from the apoE receptor-binding region. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that apoE mediates HCV attachment through specific interactions with cell surface heparan sulfate.
Bacterial vaginosis in women attending STD clinic: diagnostic criteria and prevalence of Mobiluncus spp. (1987)

The diagnostic criteria of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and the prevalence of Mobiluncus spp as detected by monoclonal antibodies were investigated in all new women patients attending the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Uppsala during a four month period. Of 455 patients, 164 fulfilled the generally accepted criteria for BV, but in 57 of them simultaneous infection with a recognised pathogen was diagnosed. BV was thus the only clinical diagnosis in 107 (24%) of the women. The sniff test and clue cells in the wet smear were the two criteria most relevant for the diagnosis of BV. The sniff test was positive in 95% (156) of the 164 patients with BV and negative in all other cases. The corresponding figure for the clue cells was 98% (160 of 164), but clue cells were also detected in 19 patients without BV. Though 99% (162) of women with BV had a vaginal pH of more than 4.5, so did 83 women without BV. Only 59% (96) of women fulfilling the criteria of BV had a characteristic discharge. Mobiluncus spp were present in 20% (90) of the 455 women and in 50% (53) of the 107 women with BV only. Of the 90 Mobiluncus spp isolates, M curtisii comprised 44% (40), M mulieris 34% (31), and both strains together 21% (19). Mobiluncus spp were detected with monoclonal antibodies in 35 women who had no motile curved rods on wet smear microscopy. Furthermore, Mobiluncus spp were often detected in women infected with recognised pathogens, as well as in a few women without signs of genital infection.
The accounting system of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1812 (1991)

This paper adds to the knowledge of pre–1850 accounting. Based on original, archival research, it looks at the accounting system of Magdalen College, Oxford, England, in 1812, in a contemporary context. This system was based on a medieval charge/discharge system and had remained largely unchanged for hundreds of years. Its main purposes, at Magdalen, were to prevent fraud, promote accountability and facilitate the calculation of an annual dividend distributed to fellows. The system comprised two main books and six subsidiary books. There was an annual rough balance sheet (Transmissio) and audit. Possible reasons why the college was still using a charge/discharge system in 1812 are examined.
Application of deep belief networks in image semantic analysis and lossy compression for transmission (2013)

This paper presents a method of modern deep machine learning and its application in dimension reduction and lossy compression. Deep belief networks (or DBN's), first proposed by Yoshua Bengio, are hierarchic, stochastic, neural networks with appropriate architecture and dedicated training algorithms. They are composed of layers, each one of which is a restricted Boltzmann machine (or RBM). There exists a consistent and well formulated mathematical model describing how DBN's work. Such adaptive systems are used to learn presented training sets with or without a supervisor. In this paper, the knowledge acquired in this manner is used to classify handwritten digits, stored in a database; then compress and shape the explored, abstract information for the transmission purposes. The experiments performed show, that recognition error of order of less than 5% can be achieved by iterative training.
Management of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Disease Complex on Tomato by Trichoderma harzianum, Tinopsora longifolia and Glomus fasciculatum (2007)

In a two year survey, the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and root wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici was found to cause disease complex resulting in heavy damage to tomato crop. Several saprophytic fungi viz. Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium oxysporum, Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma harzianum were found associated with the rhizosphere soil. Of these, Aspergillus species exhibited high toxicity (89–100%) to second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita but were not egg-parasitic. C. oxysporum was ineffective against J2 but parasitized the eggs by 86%, while T. harzianum was effective against juveniles and eggs of M. incognita by 80% and 72% respectively. The synergistic effect of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in causing disease complex on tomato was established. Soil amendment of vasicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum) @ 100 chlamydospores per kg soil and T. harzianum @ 7 g kg−1 (2 x 108 spore load) as talc based formulation along with leaf-powder (0.05%w/w) of Tinospora longifolia managed the disease complex by reducing its severity and making the host tolerant.
High-Frequency Switching and KERR Effect - Nonlinear Problems Solved with Nonstationary Time Domain Techniques (1997)

A time domain method building on the concept of wave splitting is used to study direct wave propagation phenomena in weakly nonlinear media. The starting point is the linear wave equation with time-dependent coefficients. This means that the studied nonlinear medium in some sense has to be approximated with a nonstationary medium which changes while the wave passes through. For the nonstationary equation homogeneous as well as particular solutions can be obtained. Two different iterative procedures to find the nonlinear solutions are discussed. They are illustrated by two problems fetched from different research fields of current interest. In the first case, the nonlinear term is linearized using the Fr´echet derivative. This leads into a truly nonstationary, mixed initial boundary value problem with a linear equation characterized by both time-dependent coefficients and source terms. In this example a semiconductor device used for switching in high-frequency applications is considered. It can be described as a coplanar waveguide loaded with distributed resonant tunnel diodes. In the other example, wave propagation in Kerr media is considered. Then Taylor expansion transforms the nonlinear equation into a linear one with nonstationary source terms. In this case the nonlinearity does not lead to time-depending coefficients in the equation. The way to obtain the solution is a nonlinear variant of the Born approximation.
Predicting the Future of Employment Law: Reflecting or Refracting Market Forces? (2001)

Symposium: New Rules for a New Game: Regulating Employment Relationships in the 21st Century, held at the Indiana University School of Law-Bloomington.
Ultrasonic Procedures for Inspecting Composite Tubes (1973)

Ultrasonic spectroscopy is introduced as a test procedure for nondestructively evaluating composite materials. Tests reported in this study show that it is possible to locate flaw areas in a composite tube with both ultrasonic C-scan and ultrasonic spectroscopy procedures. In particular, the purpose of this paper is not to present quantitative comparisons of theoretical and experimental results of ultrasonic wave propagation in composite tubes but to indicate that frequency signatures obtained from ultrasonic spectroscopy can be useful in nondestructively evaluating composite materials. A theoretical sample problem is presented that demonstrates the sensitivity of the spectroscopy method in detecting pulse spreading. Experiments on two composite tubes are also presented to show the difference in frequency signatures that occurs when comparing flaw and no flaw areas in a structure. The major advantage of this method compared to conventional ultrasonic methods lies in its ability to detect precisely pulse dispersion and pulse location in the time domain. The frequency signature approach represents an alternative approach to standard ultrasonic pulse echo and through transmission signal analysis that often proves useful when standard methods of analysis fail because of poor resolution and lack of basic understanding and interpretation.
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents (2008)

Many position stands and review papers have refuted the myths associated with resistance training (RT) in children and adolescents. With proper training methods, RT for children and adolescents can be relatively safe and improve overall health. The objective of this position paper and review is to highlight research and provide recommendations in aspects of RT that have not been extensively reported in the pediatric literature. In addition to the well-documented increases in muscular strength and endurance, RT has been used to improve function in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis and cerebral palsy, as well as pediatric burn victims. Increases in children's muscular strength have been attributed primarily to neurological adaptations due to the disproportionately higher increase in muscle strength than in muscle size. Although most studies using anthropometric measures have not shown significant muscle hypertrophy in children, more sensitive measures such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound have suggested hypertrophy may occur. There is no minimum age for RT for children. However, the training and instruction must be appropriate for children and adolescents, involving a proper warm-up, cool-down, and appropriate choice of exercises. It is recommended that low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise should be done 2-3 times/week on non-consecutive days, with 1-2 sets initially, progressing to 4 sets of 8-15 repetitions for 8-12 exercises. These exercises can include more advanced movements such as Olympic-style lifting, plyometrics, and balance training, which can enhance strength, power, co-ordination, and balance. However, specific guidelines for these more advanced techniques need to be established for youth. In conclusion, an RT program that is within a child's or adolescent's capacity and involves gradual progression under qualified instruction and supervision with appropriately sized equipment can involve more advanced or intense RT exercises, which can lead to functional (i.e., muscular strength, endurance, power, balance, and co-ordination) and health benefits.
Managing an enterprise in a networked society (2005)

Extracted from text ... I 
Managing an enterprise in a 
network networked ed society 
28 Management Today October 2005 
Anything is possible. 
Anything is likely. 
Are you ready? 
Change is coming and 
coming fast. 
One question confronts 
every institution and 
every individual: fight 
the change ... or grab 
hold and enjoy the ride? 
I say: Enjoy yourself! 
It's later than you think! 
Tom Peters 
Dr Richard Weeks has worked as a 
business strategist for many years 
including at the Greater Johannesburg 
Transitional Metropolitan 
Council as the manager: strategic 
services. He is currently employed by 
IBM South Africa as a senior IT 
specialist. 
In ..
Bacterial Biofilms and Human Disease (2001)

The term biofilm is used to denote a polymer-encased community of microbes which accumulates at a surface. Biofilms are responsible for a number of diseases of man and, because of the intrinsic resistance of these structures to antibiotics and host defence systems, such diseases are very difficult to treat effectively. The application of new microscopic and molecular techniques to biofilms has revolutionised our understanding of their structure, composition, organisation and activities. This review will describe the role that biofilms play in human disease and will outline our new millennial view of these complex and fascinating bacterial communities.
Pet dander and difficult-to-control asthma: Therapeutic options (2010)

The prevalence of sensitization to cat and dog allergens is high in the general population and poses a challenge to the physician managing allergic asthma. Adequate allergen avoidance is difficult to achieve because of the physical characteristics of airborne animal allergens and patient noncompliance. Allergen-specific high-dose subcutaneous immunotherapy has shown benefit in cat-allergic patients with asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, whereas the data for dog-allergic patients are not as convincing. Alternative immunotherapy approaches including the sublingual route or allergen-derived peptide-based immunotherapy remain experimental. Pharmacotherapy of pet-allergic asthmatic patients requires a stepwise approach following established asthma management guidelines. In addition to short-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids, prophylactic antihistamines before anticipated pet exposure, the use of intranasal steroids, and the use of leukotriene antagonists may also be considered as adjunctive therapy in pet-allergic patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Omalizumab appears to have particular efficacy in pet allergen-induced asthma. Novel therapies such as Fcgamma-Fel d 1 chimeric proteins still have to be evaluated in the human setting.
Characterization of p18, a Component of the Lamin B Receptor Complex and a New Integral Membrane Protein of the Avian Erythrocyte Nuclear Envelope (1996)

Employing avian erythrocytes, we have previously isolated a multimeric complex consisting of the lamin B receptor (LBR, or p58), the nuclear lamins, an LBR-specific kinase, a 34-kDa protein, and an 18-kDa polypeptide termed p18. As the LBR kinase and the 34-kDa component have been recently characterized, we now proceed in the characterization of p18. We show here that p18 is an integral membrane protein specific to the erythrocyte nuclear envelope which binds to LBR and B-type lamins. NH2-terminal sequencing indicates that p18 is distinct from other nuclear envelope components, but has similarity to the mitochondrial isoquinoline-binding protein. In situ analysis by immunoelectron microscopy and examination of digitonin-permeabilized cells by indirect immunofluorescence show that p18, unlike LBR and other lamin-binding proteins, is equally distributed between the inner and outer nuclear membrane. Furthermore, cycloheximide inhibition experiments reveal that the fraction of p18 that resides in the outer nuclear membrane does not represent nascent chains en route to the inner nuclear membrane, but rather material in equilibrium with the p18 that partitions with the inner nuclear membrane. The paradigm of p18 suggests that transmembrane complexes formed by the nuclear lamins and LBR provide potential docking sites for integral membrane proteins of the nuclear envelope that equilibrate between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the inner nuclear membrane.
Graphene–Amorphous Transition‐Metal Chalcogenide (MoS<sub><i>x</i></sub>, WS<sub><i>x</i></sub>) Composites as Highly Efficient Hybrid Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (2015)

Abstract Layered transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) show promising electrocatalytic properties towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A series of graphene–amorphous TMD composites were prepared under hydrothermal conditions. Materials with varying contents of MoS x and WS x were synthesized from ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and ammonium tetrathiotungstate precursors in the presence of graphene oxide and diethylene glycol as a reducing agent. The synthesized materials exhibit not only a homogeneous distribution over the graphene surface, but also high electrocatalytic activity towards the HER. These findings are highly promising for industrial electrocatalysis, because the onset potential is close to the HER potential of industrially used platinum catalysts.
Silver nanodisks: Size selection via centrifugation and optical properties (2005)

Silver nanodisks, having two different sizes, and spherical particles are synthesized by soft chemistry. By using centrifugation, nanodisks are mainly selected. The experimental absorption spectra of these nanodisks with different sizes are compared to those simulated using the discrete dipole approximation method. For small nanodisk sizes, the nanodisk shape is neglected and the simulated spectra closest to the experiments are obtained by assuming a spheroidal particle. Conversely, for larger nanodisks, the precise geometries represented by snip and aspect ratio are needed for good agreement between experiments and simulations.
Endothelin-1 Augments Na+/H+ Exchange Activity in Murine Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells via Rho Kinase (2012)

Excessive production of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, occurs with several forms of pulmonary hypertension. In addition to modulating vasomotor tone, ET-1 can potentiate pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) growth and migration, both of which contribute to the vascular remodeling that occurs during the development of pulmonary hypertension. It is well established that changes in cell proliferation and migration in PASMCs are associated with alkalinization of intracellular pH (pH(i)), typically due to activation of Na(+)/H(+) exchange (NHE). In the systemic vasculature, ET-1 increases pH(i), Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity and stimulates cell growth via a mechanism dependent on protein kinase C (PKC). These results, coupled with data describing elevated levels of ET-1 in hypertensive animals/humans, suggest that ET-1 may play an important role in modulating pH(i) and smooth muscle growth in the lung; however, the effect of ET-1 on basal pH(i) and NHE activity has yet to be examined in PASMCs. Thus, we used fluorescent microscopy in transiently (3-5 days) cultured rat PASMCs and the pH-sensitive dye, BCECF-AM, to measure changes in basal pH(i) and NHE activity induced by increasing concentrations of ET-1 (10(-10) to 10(-8) M). We found that application of exogenous ET-1 increased pH(i) and NHE activity in PASMCs and that the ET-1-induced augmentation of NHE was prevented in PASMCs pretreated with an inhibitor of Rho kinase, but not inhibitors of PKC. Moreover, direct activation of PKC had no effect on pH(i) or NHE activity in PASMCs. Our results indicate that ET-1 can modulate pH homeostasis in PASMCs via a signaling pathway that includes Rho kinase and that, in contrast to systemic vascular smooth muscle, activation of PKC does not appear to be an important regulator of PASMC pH(i).
Finger flexion force sensor based on volar displacement of flexor tendon (2012)

A wearable sensor for measuring finger flexion force based on volar displacement of flexor tendon is presented. The proposed sensor utilizes a principle that the volar displacement of tendon under a pulley depends on both of tendon tension and finger posture when a external compressive force is applied on the pulley. A prototype sensor is built for the verification of the proposed method. Experiments with isometric conditions are performed in 9 different finger postures to observe the response of the sensor with regard to the finger flexion force and finger posture. The results show that the output of the proposed sensor has dependency on both of finger force and posture. This implies that the sensor can be used for measuring finger flexion force when the finger posture and the corresponding sensor response is known. A simulation with simplified model is performed to explain the behavior of the sensor output.