gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microtubule-Associated Protein MAP2 Shares a Microtubule Binding Motif with Tau Protein (1988)

The microtubule-associated protein MAP2 is a prominent large-sized component of purified brain microtubules that, like the 36- to 38-kilodalton tau proteins, bears antigenic determinants found in association with the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease. The complete sequence of mouse brain MAP2 was determined from a series of overlapping cloned complementary DNAs. The sequence of the carboxyl-terminal 185 amino acids is very similar (67 percent) to a corresponding region of tau protein, and includes a series of three imperfect repeats, each 18 amino acids long and separated by 13 or 14 amino acids. A subcloned fragment spanning the first two of the 18-amino acid repeats was expressed as a polypeptide by translation in vitro. This polypeptide copurified with microtubules through two successive cycles of polymerization and depolymerization, whereas a control polypeptide derived from the amino-terminal region of MAP2 completely failed to copurify. These data imply that the carboxyl-terminal domain containing the 18-amino acid repeats constitutes the microtubule binding site in MAP2. The occurrence of these repeats in tau protein suggests that these may be a general feature of microtubule binding proteins.
New insights into oxidative folding (2010)

The oxidoreductase ERO1 (endoplasmic reticulum [ER] oxidoreductin 1) is thought to be crucial for disulfide bond formation in the ER. In this issue, Zito et al. (2010. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.200911086) examine the division of labor between the two mammalian isoforms of ERO1 (ERO1-alpha and -beta) in oxidative folding. Their analysis reveals a selective role for ERO1-beta in insulin production and a surprisingly minor contribution for either ERO1 isoform on immunoglobulin folding and secretion.
An Open-Cavity Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma/Ion Source (1999)

An open-cavity plasma/ion source design was presented in this study. Both the cases with the solenoid and the ring magnet to generate the static magnetic field were studies. The open-cavity electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma/ion source design optimizes the microwave to plasma coupling by combining the quarter wavelength transformer technique and the resonant cavity matching technique in transverse magnetic (TM 01 ) mode. This design reduces the microwave reflection power typically to less than 5% of forward microwave power and very little tuning is needed even when the plasma condition is changed. The open-cavity plasma source design was also used in designing an ion beam source with the plasma-floated concept. Uniform and intense ion beam can be successfully generated from such an ion beam source. The plasma floated concept makes the system easy and safe to operate by keeping the chamber at ground potential, not at a high voltage.
Experimental study of the two-layer electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antenna (1990)

Experimental results on the characteristics of two-layer electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antennas are presented. In addition to the relatively large bandwidth region that occurs when the separation between the two layers is less than 0.15 wavelength, a high-gain region is found when the separation exceeds 0.3 wavelength. The relative sizes of the parasitic and fed patches are found to have significant effects on the resonant input resistance and bandwidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Good Home Improvers Make Good Neighbors (2008)

Research on the determinants of home improvement activity generally ignores the neighborhood context in which homeowners live. However the condition and trends of the surrounding properties influence a homeowner’s attitude toward his or her own house. This “neighborhood effect” is a situation where neighborhood conditions (including overall level of home improvement spending) impose costs and benefits or otherwise influence the behavior or actions of a homeowner. Similarly, the home improvement activities of an individual homeowner may impose costs and benefits on nearby property owners and thereby influence the general level of maintenance in the neighborhood. To the extent that the level of home improvement influences the desirability of a particular home or of homes on average in the neighborhood, these externalities can be measured by examining changes in home valuations. Using the Metropolitan Surveys of the American Housing Survey, from 1995-2004, this paper analyzes the differences in real appreciation rates between neighborhoods with different levels of median home improvement spending, even for households with comparable levels of individual expenditures. This paper finds a modest but statistically significant neighborhood effect, which was strongest among those households which spend the least individually. For a given level of individual home improvement spending, the inflation-adjusted annual house price appreciation rate was 15% higher in high spending neighborhoods compared to low spending ones.
A liveness checking algorithm that counts (2012)

We present a simple but novel algorithm for checking liveness properties of finite-state systems, called k-Liveness, which is based on counting and bounding the number of times a fairness constraint can become true. Our implementation of the algorithm is completely SAT-based, works fairly well in practice, and is competitive in performance with alternative methods. In addition, we present a pre-processing technique which can automatically derive extra fairness constraints for any given liveness problem. These constraints can be used to potentially boost the performace of any liveness algorithm. The experimental results show that the extra constraints are particularly beneficial in combination with our k-Liveness algorithm.
The Effect of Chloride Etching on GaAs Epitaxy Using TMG and AsH3 (1978)

A study has been made of the effect of in situ etching of (100) Cr‐doped semi‐insulating and Te‐doped substrates on epitaxial layers, grown by the reaction of trimethylgallium and arsine. It is shown that in situ etching enables the growth rate to be increased by a factor of two while retaining a specular surface. In addition, the Hall mobility is higher in epitaxial layers grown on in situ etched substrates than on unetched ones. Epitaxial films on both and gas‐etched substrates had a room temperature mobility that decreased from ≃6100 cm2/V‐sec in 5.5 μm layers to ≃5100 cm2/V‐sec in 1 μm layers. However, for layers grown on substrates which were not in situ etched, the mobility decreased from ≃5800 to ≃3800 cm2/V‐sec for layer thicknesses from 5.5 to 1 μm, respectively. Further it is shown that the carrier concentration profile is more abrupt near the epitaxial layer/Te‐doped substrate interface when the substrates were in situ etched. Finally, experiments with chloride etching during growth were disappointing because it was not possible to obtain simultaneously good surface morphology, low carrier concentration, and high mobility for any given set of reactor conditions.
Minimum variance beamforming combined with adaptive coherence weighting applied to medical ultrasound imaging (2009)

Currently, the nonadaptive delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer is used in medical ultrasound imaging. However, due to its data-independent nature, DAS leads to images with limited resolution and contrast. In this paper, an adaptive minimum variance (MV)-based beamformer that combines the MV and coherence factor (CF) weighting is introduced and adapted to medical ultrasound imaging. MV-adaptive beamformers can improve the image quality in terms of resolution and sidelobes by suppressing off-axis signals, while keeping onaxis ones. In addition, CF weighting can improve contrast and sidelobes by emphasizing the in-phase signals and reducing the out-of-phase ones. Combining MV and CF weighting results in simultaneous improvement of imaging resolution and contrast, outperforming both DAS and MV beamformers. In addition, because of the power of CF in reducing the focusing errors, the proposed method presents satisfactory robustness against sound velocity inhomogeneities, outperforming the regularized MV beamformer. The excellent performance of the proposed beamforming approach is demonstrated by several simulated examples.
SEGMENTATION OF 3D PHOTOGRAMMETRIC POINT CLOUD FOR 3D BUILDING MODELING (2018)

Abstract. 3D city modeling has become important over the last decades as these models are being used in different studies including, energy evaluation, visibility analysis, 3D cadastre, urban planning, change detection, disaster management, etc. Segmentation and classification of photogrammetric or LiDAR data is important for 3D city models as these are the main data sources, and, these tasks are challenging due to their complexity. This study presents research in progress, which focuses on the segmentation and classification of 3D point clouds and orthoimages to generate 3D urban models. The aim is to classify photogrammetric-based point clouds (> 30 pts/sqm) in combination with aerial RGB orthoimages (~ 10 cm, RGB image) in order to name buildings, ground level objects (GLOs), trees, grass areas, and other regions. If on the one hand the classification of aerial orthoimages is foreseen to be a fast approach to get classes and then transfer them from the image to the point cloud space, on the other hand, segmenting a point cloud is expected to be much more time consuming but to provide significant segments from the analyzed scene. For this reason, the proposed method combines segmentation methods on the two geoinformation in order to achieve better results.
Quantitative Assessment of Channel Seepage Using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Approach (2003)

Channel seepage has been identified as a significant loss from the irrigation channels from both water quantity and environmental degradation perspectives. Recent studies have indicated that estimates of channel seepage are an essential component in the management of earthen channel systems. Seepage losses from channel or drains must be located and quantified to establish their economic and environmental importance. Because of drought scenarios and environmental concerns, there is much pressure on existing water resources in Australia. Seepage from earthen channels has therefore become an important issue in Australia for several reasons including the loss of an economically valuable resource and of channel assets and accession to groundwater. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been recently employed for the solution of many hydraulic, hydrologic, and water resources problems but ANNs do not seem to have been applied for analysis of seepage from irrigation channels. In the present study ANNs have been applied to analyse channel seepage in the Murrumbidgee region of New South Wales, Australia. It is predicted by ANN that if channel seepage is not remediated, over 42 GL of water can be lost from 500 kilometres of channel in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) each year as seepage and 12.5 GL will be lost through evaporation for the measured length of the channels. The traditional seepage estimate methods such as inflow-outflow and ponding tests are only useful in providing bulk estimates of losses from the studied channel reaches. The distributed qualitative methods using EM-31 and local quantitative methods using the Idaho seepage meter were an improvement in the estimation of seepage losses. However, due to varying soil properties and underlying groundwater characteristics it was not possible to effectively determine spatial distribution of channel seepage which is necessary for cost-effective lining of channels.Due to the complexity and the nonlinearity of the seepage phenomenon and impossibility of building linear relationship between seepage and EM data an ANN method was developed to overcome this limitation. This helped spatially map the seepage extent along the supply channels of the MIA and therefore guide the most cost effective investments for reducing seepage losses. Results from this study clearly show that ANNs can be successfully applied to analyse distributed channel seepage by using key input variables since the ANN method is capable of handling nonlinearity due to quick adaptation and parallel computation power. The channel seepage study in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in Australia indicates that most significant seepage (> 20 mm/day per unit area) occurs in less than 32 percent of the surveyed channel length, therefore it is important to initially target channel lining investments to the leakiest parts, 'hotspots' of the channel system. The approach using ANNs has proven its advantages in this paper, it may be the most effective way of ascertaining seepage hotspots. 2299
Rearranged Prenylated C<sub>6</sub>−C<sub>3</sub> Compounds and a Highly Oxygenated <i>seco</i>-Prezizaane-Type Sesquiterpene from the Stem Bark of <i>Illicium oligandrum</i> (2009)

Three new rearranged prenylated C(6)-C(3) compounds, named illioliganones A, B, and C (1-3), and a new highly oxygenated seco-prezizaane-type sesquiterpene, oligandriortholactone (7), together with three known prenylated C(6)-C(3) compounds (4-6) and a known sesquiterpene lactone (8), have been isolated from the stem bark of Illicium oligandrum. The structures of 1-3 and 7 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS, and CD experiments. The absolute configuration of the 11,12-diol moiety in 2 and 3 was determined on the basis of observing the induced circular dichroism after addition of Mo(2)(OAc)(4) in DMSO solution. The anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of 1-8 were evaluated.
6.5 A 6.4-to-32Gb/s 0.96pJ/b Referenceless CDR Employing ML-Inspired Stochastic Phase-Frequency Detection Technique in 40nm CMOS (2020)

Continuous-rate referenceless clock and data recovery (CDR) circuits are capable of operating over a wide range of data rates in multiple standards. To achieve wide-range operation without an external reference clock, several frequency detection techniques are presented [1]-[5]. However, most of the previous techniques require considerable hardware and power overhead to obtain information for frequency detection. It leads to a performance tradeoff between capture range, lock time, and power consumption. As well as the performance aspects, they rarely address significant concerns such as compatibility with the conventional CDR architecture, transition from phase locking to frequency locking, and harmonic locking. In this work, a referenceless CDR employing a stochastic phase-frequency detection technique is proposed. While the proposed CDR architecture is almost similar to the conventional bang-bang CDR, it achieves an unlimited frequency detection capability by adopting a machine learning (ML)-inspired design procedure. The design procedure finds optimal weights for both phase and frequency detection utilizing the same information as the bang-bang phase detector (BBPD). As a result, the proposed technique achieves low-power, wide-range operation with minimal hardware overhead while overcoming the conventional logical approaches. Moreover, a robust operation without the transition and harmonic locking issues is obtained.
Combined Effect of the Carrier Recovery and Symbol Timing Recovery Error on the P&lt;inf&gt;e&lt;/inf&gt;Performance of QPR and Offset QPR Systems (1982)

In this paper we investigate the combined effect of sampling offset and phase error on the probability of error P <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</inf> performance of quadrature partial response (QPR) and offset QPR systems. The Gram-Charlier series expansion method is used to get accurate probability of error expressions. As an example, class 1 and class 4 partial response signaling schemes are examined.
Modeling the Optical Interaction Between a Carbon Nanotube and a Plasmon Resonant Sphere (2007)

A model is presented for the electromagnetic interaction between a carbon nanotube and an electrically-small sphere, such as a plasmonic metal particle. The sphere is characterized by its dipole moment, which is coupled to an integral equation for the nanotube. The model can be easily adapted to other systems consisting of electrically-small objects coupled to larger objects requiring a full-wave treatment. It is found that the presence of a non-plasmonic electrically-small sphere has a small effect on observed system properties, but that a plasmonic nanosphere in close proximity to a carbon nanotube leads to pronounced coupling, and may be useful as a way to excite carbon nanotube antennas. Furthermore, backscattering from a plasmonic nanosphere-carbon nanotube system is dominated by the nanosphere response. An approximate analytical solution is provided for the current induced on a nanotube in the presence of a plasmonic nanosphere.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy biopsy derived proteomic patterns predict indeterminate colitis into ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s colitis (2015)

Patients with indeterminate colitis (IC) are significantly younger at diagnosis with onset of symptoms before the age of 18 years with significant morbidity in the interim. The successful care of IC is based on microscopic visual predict precision of eventual ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's colitis (CC) which is not offered in 15%-30% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients even after a combined state-of-the-art classification system of clinical, visual endoscopic, radiologic and histologic examination. These figures have not changed over the past 3 decades despite the introduction of newer diagnostic modalities. The patient outcomes after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis may be painstaking if IC turns into CC. Our approach is aiming at developing a single sensitive and absolute accurate diagnostic test tool during the first clinic visit through endoscopic biopsy derived proteomic patterns. Matrix-assisted-laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MS) and/or imaging MS technologies permit a histology-directed cellular test of endoscopy biopsy which identifies phenotype specific proteins, as biomarker that would assist clinicians more accurately delineate IC as being either a UC or CC or a non-IBD condition. These novel studies are underway on larger cohorts and are highly innovative with significances in differentiating a UC from CC in patients with IC and could lend mechanistic insights into IBD pathogenesis.
Structural Similarities between Neuregulin 1–3 Isoforms Determine Their Subcellular Distribution and Signaling Mode in Central Neurons (2017)

The Neuregulin (NRG) family of ErbB ligands is comprised of numerous variants originating from the use of different genes, alternative promoters, and splice variants. NRGs have generally been thought to be transported to axons and presynaptic terminals where they signal via ErbB3/4 receptors in paracrine or juxtacrine mode. However, we recently demonstrated that unprocessed pro-NRG2 accumulates on cell bodies and proximal dendrites, and that NMDAR activity is required for shedding of its ectodomain by metalloproteinases. Here we systematically investigated the subcellular distribution and processing of major NRG isoforms in rat hippocampal neurons. We show that NRG1 isotypes I and II, which like NRG2 are single-pass transmembrane proteins with an Ig-like domain, share the same subcellular distribution and ectodomain shedding properties. We furthermore show that NRG3, like CRD-NRG1, is a dual-pass transmembrane protein that harbors a second transmembrane domain near its amino terminus. Both NRG3 and CRD-NRG1 cluster on axons through juxtacrine interactions with ErbB4 present on GABAergic interneurons. Interestingly, although single-pass NRGs accumulate as unprocessed proforms, axonal puncta of CRD-NRG1 and NRG3 are comprised of processed protein. Mutations of CRD-NRG1 and NRG3 that render them resistant to BACE cleavage, as well as BACE inhibition, result in the loss of axonal puncta and in the accumulation of unprocessed proforms in neuronal soma. Together, these results define two groups of NRGs with distinct membrane topologies and fundamentally different targeting and processing properties in central neurons. The implications of this functional diversity for the regulation of neuronal processes by the NRG/ErbB pathway are discussed.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Numerous Neuregulins (NRGs) are generated through the use of different genes, promoters, and alternative splicing, but the functional significance of this evolutionary conserved diversity remains poorly understood. Here we show that NRGs can be categorized by their membrane topologies. Single-pass NRGs, such as NRG1 Types I/II and NRG2, accumulate as unprocessed proforms on cell bodies, and their ectodomains are shed by metalloproteinases in response to NMDA receptor activation. By contrast, dual-pass CRD-NRG1 and NRG3 are constitutively processed by BACE and accumulate on axons where they interact with ErbB4 in juxtacrine mode. These findings reveal a previously unknown functional relationship between membrane topology, protein processing, and subcellular distribution, and suggest that single- and dual-pass NRGs regulate neuronal functions in fundamentally different ways.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Pyridine Nucleotides. Structural Property of Some New NAD-analogs, and Base Conditions Available for the Analog Formation (1982)

Abstract Some new β-NAD-analogs were prepared by a base-exchange reaction catalyzed by pig-brain NADase. The analogs produced from methyl 4-(methylamino)- and 4-(dimethylamino)nicotinates were proved to be 1,4-dihydropyridine form. On the contrary, the analog obtained from 4-(acetylamino)nicotinamide was shown to be a quaternary pyridinium form. Moreover, an unexpected analog of 1,4-dihydro-4-pyridinone form was given by 4-methoxynicotinamide. It was shown to be indispensable for the formation of NAD-analog that the ring nitrogen of pyridine bases concerned should at least be free from protonation around pH 7. Interestingly nicotinic acids with 4-amino, methylamino, and dimethylamino groups were found to be much more basic for the ring nitrogen atom than their respective methyl esters.
Herbs containing L- Dopa: An update. (2007)

L-Dopa is the drug of choice in the treatment of Parkinson's disease but it has dose related adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, orthostatic hypotension, end of dose deterioration, on off phenomena and on chronic therapy motor complications synonymous to parkinsonism. Mucuna pruriens (M.P) commonly known as velvet beans or cowitch are used in case of spasms associated with Parkins onism. Clinical efficacy of seeds of this plant was confirmed and the efficacy was contributed to its L-Dopa content. M.P extract showed twice the antiparkinsonism activity compared with synthetic L-Dopa. There is sufficient L-Dopa in broad bean (Vicia faba) pods. One study proved its efficacy in Parkinsonism. Ginkgo biloba extract showed protective effect in vivo and invitro. 50% ethanolic extract of Plumbago zeylanica was effective in rats. The following plants were reported to have L-Dopa but their protective effect is yet to be established in animal models. Vigna aconitifolia, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna vexillata, Prosopis chilensis, Pileostigma malabarica, Phanera vahlis, Parkinsonia acculeata, Macuna urens, Canvavalia glandiata, Cassia floribanda, Casia hirsute and Dalbergia retusa etc.