gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of the bile salt export pump, BSEP, in acquired forms of cholestasis (2009)

Generation of bile is a key function of the liver. Its impairment leads to accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts in hepatocytes and, consequently, to liver disease. The bile salt export pump, BSEP, is critically involved in the secretion of bile salts into bile. Its function can be disturbed or abolished by inherited mutations. This will lead to progressive intrahepatic cholestais and severe liver disease. In addition to mutations, BSEP can be inhibited by acquired factors, such as xenobiotics or drugs, aberrant bile salt metabolites, or pregnancy. This inhibition will lead to acquired cholestasis. Some drugs are now known to be competitive inhibitors of Bsep. In addition, a polymorphism in the gene coding for BSEP has been identified as a potential susceptibility factor for acquired cholestasis.
What Geriatricians Should Know About the Werner Syndrome (1999)

Geriatricians want to know the extent to which inborn genetic variations influence health span and life span in their patients. Current research on this subject is largely confined to the very basic issues of identifying, mapping, and cloning relevant genes and of investigating their modes of action. Here we summarize the status of such basic research on a gene (WRN) , null mutations at which cause a striking seg‐mental propertied syndrome, the Werner syndrome (WS). The views of clinicians and basic scientists concerning the significance of WRN gene action for normal aging are polarized. Some regard it as the most important aging gene and refer to the syndrome explicitly as one of premature aging. Others regard WS as an entirely inappropriate model for aging because WS exhibits many clinical and cell biological discordances with normal aging. Moreover, WS has a major impact on reproductive fitness and, hence, does not escape the forces of natural selection. By contrast, senescent phenotypes of normal (usual) aging can be defined as those that do escape the forces of natural selection. We here give a more balanced view. Work has only just begun on the potential significance of a range of variants at the WS locus, including “leaky” mutations, heterozygosity for null mutations, and polymorphisms, some of which may indeed escape the force of natural selection and thus contribute to the burden of illness in old age. We are also at a very early stage of knowledge concerning genes coding for WRN interacting proteins, variations at which may also be of significance for gerontology and geriatric medicine. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:1136–1144,1999.
Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion Isolation and Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Oxytetracycline in Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Muscle Tissue (1990)

Abstract A method for Isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of oxytetracycllne In catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue Is presented. Blank control and oxytetracycllne- fortlfied fish muscle tissue samples (0.5 g) were blended with octadecylsilyl (C18, 40 μm, 18% load, endcapped) derlvatized silica packing material (2 g) containing 0.05 g each of oxalic acid and disodlum ethylenedlamlnetetraacetate. A column made from the C18/fish tissue matrix was first washed with hexane (8 mL), following which the oxytetracycllne was eluted with acetonltrile-methanol (1 + 1, v/v) containing 0.06% w/v each of butylated hydroxyanlsole and butylated hydroxytoluene. The eluate contained oxytetracycllne analyte that was free from Interfering compounds when analyzed by liquid chromatography with UV detection (photodlode array set at 365 nm). Standard curves for oxytetracycllne Isolated from fortified samples were linear (0.998 ± 0.002) with an average absolute percentage recovery of 80.9 ± 6.6% for the concentration range (50,100,200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ng/g) examined. The Interassay variability was 11.3 ± 5.2% with an Intra-assay variability of 1.1%.
ChemInform Abstract: New Metabolites with Nematicidal and Antimicrobial Activities from the Ascomycete Lachnum papyraceum (Karst.) Karst. Part 8. Isolation, Structure Determination, and Biological Activities of Minor Metabolites Structurally Related to Mycorrhizin A (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Site-Specifically Traced Drug Release and Biodistribution of a Paclitaxel−Antibody Conjugate toward Improvement of the Linker Structure<sup>1</sup> (2004)

Tumor-directed drug delivery is a promising strategy in cancer treatment, and in this field, monoclonal antibodies constitute an important class of targeting vehicles. A critical issue in the design of targeting conjugates is the timing of the release of the cytotoxic payload, with the ideal situation being the release at the maximum tumor uptake of the targeting molecule. A site-specific radiolabeling technique was used to elucidate the biodistribution and in vivo drug release pattern of an antibody conjugate of paclitaxel (PTX, 1, Figure 1) in which the drug and the antibody moieties were connected by a succinate (SX) linker. In this new method, a metabolite of PTX, 3'-(4-hydroxyphenyl)paclitaxel (3'-OH-PTX, 2, Figure 1) was used as a tyrosine mimic for the synthesis of the drug site-labeled conjugate (DSL, [(125)I]-3'-OH-PTXSXC225). This was achieved by iodogen (125)I-labeling of 3'-OH-PTXSX and subsequent conjugation to C225. The antibody site-labeled conjugate (ASL, PTXSX-[(125)I]-C225) was prepared by direct radioiodination of PTXSXC225. Biodistribution of these compounds was studied in Balb/c nude mice bearing DU-145 human prostate carcinoma xenografts. While the 4 and 24 h tumor uptake (in percent injected dose per gram of tissue, %ID/g) for [(125)I]-3'-OH-PTXSXC225 were 3.3 +/- 1.5 and 1.7 +/- 0.6%ID/g, the PTXSX-[(125)I]-C225 showed tumor uptake values of 3.8 +/- 4.2 and 14.8 +/- 4.2%ID/g at these time points. This difference in the tumor uptake over time indicates an early cleavage of the drug with respect to the antibody tumor localization. This was further confirmed by an in vitro drug release kinetics study leading to a half-life of about 2 h for PTXSXC225 under physiological conditions. To increase the stability of the PTX-MAb bond, a new conjugate (PTXGLC225) with glutaric acid (GL) as the linker was synthesized. Under the same conditions, the PTXGLC225 showed a 16-fold increase in the half-life (t(1/2)) of the drug release. The effect of the increased t(1/2) of this compound on the antitumor activity of the conjugate was tested in a DU-145 human prostate tumor-implanted mouse model. In comparison to a previous similar experiment with PTXSXC225, better antitumor activity was observed for the PTXGLC225 conjugate as compared to controls. These results demonstrated the first time use of radioiodinated 3'-OH-PTX for in vivo tracing of a paclitaxel conjugate and application of the resulting information to the design of a therapeutically more useful PTX-MAb linker.
Cutaneous necrotic ulceration due to BCG re-vaccination (2012)

The case report describes a severe local reaction with large cutaneous necrotic ulcer following bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) re-vaccination. This is a very rare adverse event, and only a few reports have been described in the literature.
Abstract 15148: A Small Molecule Derived From Carboxyethylpyrrole Protein Adducts Promotes Angiogenesis in a Mouse Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease (2017)

Introduction: ω-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP) protein adducts are the end products of lipid oxidation associated with inflammation, and they are key players in orchestrating angiogenesis in patholo...
Bovine venereal vibriosis. Ultrastructure of endometrial inflammatory lesions. (1975)

The inflammatory lesions in bovine venereal vibriosis have been examined by light and transmission electron microscopy in order to provide a better understanding of host defense of the uterus against bacterial invasion. Neutrophils and eosinophils were found mainly at the endometrial surface and in glandular lumina. Mononuclear cells within the endometrial tissue were identified ultrastructurally. Lymphocytes were most abundant, plasma cells were next in frequency, and mononuclear phagocytes were least often observed. An attempt was made to classify lymphocytes on the basis of presence or absence of a cytoplasmic network of filaments and other ultrastructural characteristics.
Probabilistic grammar for phonetic to French transcription (2005)

In this paper, we study the combination of an information theoretic tool (Markov modeling of natural language [3]) with probabilistic grammatical analysis. Continuous Speech Recognition for natural language raises a lot of difficulties, both for the acoustic processing and the linguistic decoding. Our work specifically concerns the linguistic decoding techniques for a very large (140,000 entries) French dictionary, and a oral open discourse. So the task is to transcribe a continuous string of pseudo-phonemes into written text. This string would be ideally the output of a perfect acoustic processor. We present a grammar designed for automatic transcription and compute probabilities for the rules. We compare its results with those obtained earlier with Markov modeling. We show that it is possible to combine the two approaches and get better results than each model separately.
Tyneside modern Rome : the North East's image of its Roman past and its lost Englishness (2007)

This article addresses the question of multiple identities in a sense of communal solidarity that is both powerful and also marginal. By emphasising the relationship between North East English identity and the remains of Roman England Barlow seeks to explore the varieties of ways in which the NE has construed its identity with reference to non-local or universalising models of civilisation and modernity. The article looks at the construction of a series of visitor centres defined by Romanness and their relation to the contemporary ideal of a weightless, service-centred economy. This is contrasted with the claims on cultural continuities represented by other centres which define identity in terms of industrialism. In addition to this local project, the essay is linked to a wider concern with issues of race, ethnicity and cultural identity which is developing into a wider project centring on the emergence of racio-ethnic models of cultural identity in the 19th and 20th centuries. This project links these models to the North East as a transitional or rather ‘multiple’ space in which competing an irreconcilable claims to continuities are articulated. The insights developed here will be furthered in the new research project ‘Northern Spaces’ currently being undertaken at Northumbria University. The essay is also part of a wider project which links local identities with models of ethnicity and debates about cultural ‘authenticity’ in the 19th-20th century. The wider project is international in scope, including research into ethno-racial models of art in Brittany, Germany and Palestine. These concerns will be linked to wider themes related to the 19th century concepts of “Semitic” and “Aryan” identities, along with models of local and national affiliations as articulated in important transitional locales.
A Study on Black-Scholes Formula with Computer Simulations and Graphics (2013)

学生にとって難解と思われているブラック＝ショールズ方程式であるが，視覚的にグラフィクス表現することで，理解が容易になる。本稿では，その確率的ブラウン運動を含む確率微分方程式に関するシミュレーション実験結果と代数学的に求められる理論的結果を３次元グラフィクスにより示す。確率的現象をコンピュータ上で再現することで，確率的ブラウン運動の理解が容易になり，同時に理論的に求められる正規分布を示し両者を比較することで，理論的事柄の理解を深める。また，オプションの期待値の導出過程における，期待値計算の積分計算範囲を，正規分布に従う確率変数と対数正規分布に従う確率変数に関して，両者同時にグラフィクスで視覚的に示す。本稿のグラフィクスの特長は，変数間の関係をスライダー操作によるモーションとして表現した点である。スライダーで変数を動かすことにより，複雑な関係式における他の変数への影響の理解が容易になる。
Materials Precursor Score: Modelling Chemists' Intuition for the Synthetic Accessibility of Porous Organic Cage Precursors (2021)

<div>Computation is increasingly being used to try to accelerate the discovery of new materials. One specific example of this is porous molecular materials, specifically porous organic cages, where the porosity of the materials predominantly comes from the internal cavities of the molecules themselves. The computational discovery of novel structures with useful properties is currently hindered by the difficulty in transitioning from a computational prediction to synthetic realisation. Attempts at experimental validation are often time-consuming, expensive and, frequently, the key bottleneck of material discovery. In this work, we developed a computational screening workflow for porous molecules that includes consideration of the synthetic difficulty of material precursors, aimed at easing the transition between computational prediction and experimental realisation. We trained a machine learning model by first collecting data on 12,553 molecules categorised either as `easy-to-synthesise' or `difficult-to-synthesise' by expert chemists with years of experience in organic synthesis. We used an approach to address the class imbalance present in our dataset, producing a binary classifier able to categorise easy-to-synthesise molecules with few false positives. We then used our model during computational screening for porous organic molecules to bias towards precursors whose easier synthesis requirements would make them promising candidates for experimental realisation and material development. We found that even by limiting precursors to those that are easier-to-synthesise, we are still able to identify cages with favourable, and even some rare, properties. </div>
(Non-) proliferation aspects of accelerator driven systems (1999)

The so called Innovative Options, within the field of nuclear fission systems, promise radical improvements in the fuel cycle with regard to waste disposal, non-proliferation and the possibility of severe accidents. In particular, new systems based on the use of accelerators and thorium [1,2,3] have been proposed for nuclear power production and waste incineration. In this paper we consider potential proliferation problems associated with these innovative options - in particular the choice of nuclear materials (e.g. thorium vs. uranium), the technology using these materials (e.g. accelerator driven sub-critical systems), and the reprocessing scheme. In particular, a metric for the assessment of the proliferation potential of nuclear material inventories at any stage in the fuel cycle is developed. In addition, considerations on the use of the accelerator beam current for clandestine fissile material production are presented.
Generation of a New Monoclonal Antibody and Its Application for Determination and Purification of Biologically Active Human Gamma-Interferon (1986)

Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised against recombinant human gamma-interferon (rHuIFN-gamma). They were specific for rHuIFN-gamma and recognized parts of the molecule other than both terminal regions. Among these MAbs, only KM48 has an ability to neutralize the antiviral activity of rHuIFN-gamma. Using KM48 in combination with polyclonal antibodies, we have developed a double-sandwich enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). This ELISA preferentially detects the biologically active form of rHuIFN-gamma, because after treatment with 1 N HCl or 0.2% SDS, or at 95 degrees C, the reactivity in the ELISA and the biological activity determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay decrease in parallel. In addition, the ELISA recognizes both natural and rHuIFN-gamma with almost the same sensitivity. Therefore, the ELISA is useful for detecting the biologically active conformation of rHuIFN-gamma, and possibly may be useful in both industrial production and clinical studies. rHuIFN-gamma molecules bind specifically to the immunoaffinity column using the MAb KM48 as ligands. After elution with 7 M Urea/1 M NaCl, the rHuIFN-gamma can be renatured in phosphate-buffered saline with high recovery. Thus, the column provides simple one-step purification of biologically active rHuIFN-gamma.
Quality-of-service specification in distributed object systems (1998)

Traditional object-oriented design methods deal with the functional aspects of systems, but they do not address quality-of-service (QoS) aspects, such as reliability, availability, performance, security and timing. However, deciding which QoS properties should be provided by individual system components is an important part of the design process. Different decisions are likely to result in different component implementations and system structures. Thus, decisions about component-level QoS should commonly be made at design time, before the implementation is begun. Since these decisions are an important part of the design process, they should be captured as part of the design. We propose a general quality-of-service specification language, which we call QML. In this paper we show how QML can be used to capture QoS properties as part of designs. In addition, we extend UML, the de facto standard object-oriented modelling language, to support the concepts of QML.
Glass-Refractory Corrosion Testing and Application (2008)

Glass-refractory corrosion testing and test evaluation procedures are explored. Standard ASTM tests and nonstandard test evaluations are compared with refractory service life. Factors affecting refractory corrosion are controlled or uncontrolled; these factors are discussed. The importance of documenting refractory wear in glass-melting furnaces and the knowledge of furnace operational modes are presented.
Approximate perfect differential equations of second order (2012)

Abstract In this paper we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the perfect linear differential equation <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>″</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>″</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:math> . MSC: 34K20, 26D10, 39B82, 34K06, 39B72.
Effects of mechanical polishing damage on the ir reflectance and attenuated total reflection spectra of <i>n</i>-type GaAs (1976)

We have observed the effects of mechanical polishing with two different grit sizes on the infrared reflectance spectrum of high carrier density n-type GaAs. The two characteristic reflection minima observed with chemically etched and polished surfaces shift down in frequency and down in intensity as the grit size is increased from 0.3 to 1 μm. This behavior can be understood by assuming a damage layer in which the carrier density and mobility are decreased significantly. In addition, attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectra reveal the coupled surface plasmon–phonon modes associated with the bulk but shifted down due to the damage layer with optical constants different from those of the bulk.
Isolation of a sequence encoding human cystatin C. Conservation of exon-intron structure between members of the cysteine proteinase inhibitors superfamily. (1988)

The human cystatin C gene was cloned using a synthetic oligonucleotide predicted from a portion of its amino-acid sequence. The nucleotide sequence of the restriction fragment hybridizing with the oligonucleotide confirms the existence of one exon encoding amino acids 56-93 of human cystatin C and its relationship to kininogens. However the deduced amino-acid sequence differs in one position from the sequence of the cystatin C fragment deposited as amyloid fibrils in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of icelandic origin.
A Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Post-Plasma Reactions in Organosilicone Microwave Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) Coatings (2014)

Plasma-polymerized organosilicone coatings can be used to impart abrasion resistance and barrier properties to plastic substrates such as polycarbonate. Coating rates suitable for industrial-scale deposition, up to 100 nm/s, can be achieved through the use of microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), with optimal process vapors such as tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO) and oxygen. However, it has been found that under certain deposition conditions, such coatings are subject to post-plasma changes; crazing or cracking can occur anytime from days to months after deposition. To understand the cause of the crazing and its dependence on processing plasma parameters, the effects of post-plasma reactions on the chemical bonding structure of coatings deposited with varying TMDSO-to-O2 ratios was studied with (29)Si and (13)C solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) using both single-pulse and cross-polarization techniques. The coatings showed complex chemical compositions significantly altered from the parent monomer. (29)Si MAS NMR spectra revealed four main groups of resonance lines, which correspond to four siloxane moieties (i.e., mono (M), di (D), tri (T), and quaternary (Q)) and how they are bound to oxygen. Quantitative measurements showed that the ratio of TMDSO to oxygen could shift the chemical structure of the coating from 39% to 55% in Q-type bonds and from 28% to 16% for D-type bonds. Post-plasma reactions were found to produce changes in relative intensities of (29)Si resonance lines. The NMR data were complemented by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Together, these techniques have shown that the bonding environment of Si is drastically altered by varying the TMDSO-to-O2 ratio during PECVD, and that post-plasma reactions increase the cross-link density of the silicon-oxygen network. It appears that Si-H and Si-OH chemical groups are the most susceptible to post-plasma reactions. Coatings produced at a low TMDSO-to-oxygen ratio had little to no singly substituted moieties, displayed a highly cross-linked structure, and showed less post-plasma reactions. However, these chemically more stable coatings are less compatible mechanically with plastic substrates, because of their high stiffness.