gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tunneling injection quantum-dot lasers with polarization-dependent photon-mediated carrier redistribution and gain narrowing (2005)

A theoretical and experimental study of a particular transverse-electric (TE) mode lasing mechanism of a tunneling injection InP quantum-dot (QD) laser is reported. In the experiment, the TE mode lasing action takes place at the first excited state of InP biaxially compressively strained QDs. This QD state is coupled to the ground state of two tensile-strained InGaP quantum wells (QWs) although the tensile-strained QW structure favors the transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization light emission. The measured TE and TM modal gain spectra show a typical QW gain evolution behavior at low injection currents, which can be theoretically modeled by the quasi-equilibrium of carrier distribution. When the injection current is increased near threshold, a TE gain narrowing and a simultaneous TM gain pinning are observed in the measured modal gain spectra, which cannot be explained via the quasi-equilibrium model. We propose a polarization-dependent photon-mediated carrier redistribution in the QD-coupled-QW structure to explain this TE and TM gain evolution behavior. When the injection current is just below threshold, the strong carrier depletion via stimulated emission due to coupling between the InP QD and InGaP QW states plays an important role in carrier redistribution, which depends on the optical transition energy and polarization. This concept of the polarization-dependent photon-mediated carrier redistribution explains the TE gain narrowing and TM gain pinning behavior. In addition, a coupled rate equation model is established, and the calculated polarization power ratio based on the coupled rate equations explains the experimental observation.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Radicals Generated from Diacyloxyiodobenzenes to Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives; a Synthesis of Diaminopimelic Acid Analogues. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Up-Regulation of Connexin43 in Glomerular Podocytes in Response to Injury (2002)

Podocyte injury or podocyte loss in the renal glomerulus has been proposed as the crucial mechanism in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. However, it is poorly understood how podocytes respond to injury. In this study, glomerular expression of connexin43 (Cx43) gap junction protein was examined at both protein and transcript levels in an experimental model of podocyte injury, puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis. A striking increase in the number of immunoreactive dots with anti-Cx43 antibody was demonstrated along the glomerular capillary wall in the early to nephrotic stage of PAN nephrosis. The conspicuous change was not detected in the other areas including the mesangium and Bowman's capsule. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the immunogold particles for Cx43 along the capillary wall were localized predominantly at the cell-cell contact sites of podocytes. Consistently, Western blotting and ribonuclease protection assay revealed a distinct increase of Cx43 protein, phosphorylation, and transcript in glomeruli during PAN nephrosis. The changes were detected by 6 hours after PAN injection. These findings indicate that the increase of Cx43 expression is one of the earliest responses that have ever been reported in podocyte injury. To show the presence of functional gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in podocytes, GJIC was assessed in podocytes in the primary culture by transfer of fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow, after a single-cell microinjection. Diffusion of the dye into adjacent cells was observed frequently in the cultured podocytes, but scarcely in cultured parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule, which was compatible with their Cx43 staining. Thus, it is concluded that Cx43-mediated GJIC is present between podocytes, suggesting that podocytes may respond to injury as an integrated epithelium on a glomerulus rather than individually as a separate cell.
PI3Ka-Akt1-mediated Prdm4 induction in adipose tissue increases energy expenditure, inhibits weight gain, and improves insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice (2018)

Stimulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) browning is considered as a potential approach to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Our previous studies have shown that phytochemical butein can stimulate WAT browning through induction of Prdm4 in adipocytes. Here, we investigated the effects of butein on diet-induced obesity and its underlying molecular mechanism. Treatment with butein prevented weight gains and improved metabolic profiles in diet-induced obese mice. Butein treatment groups also displayed higher body temperature, increased energy expenditure, and enhanced expression of thermogenic genes in adipose tissue. Butein also suppressed body weight gains and improved glucose and insulin tolerance in mice housed at thermoneutrality (30 °C). These effects were associated with adipose-selective induction of Prdm4, suggesting the role of Prdm4 in butein-mediated anti-obese effects. To directly assess the in vivo role of Prdm4, we generated aP2-Prdm4 transgenic mouse lines overexpressing Prdm4 in adipose tissues. Adipose-specific transgenic expression of Prdm4 recapitulated the butein's actions in stimulating energy expenditure, cold tolerance, and thermogenic gene expression, resulting in prevention of obesity and improvement of metabolism. Mechanistically, direct inhibition of PI3Kα activity followed by selective suppression of its downstream Akt1 mirrored butein's effect on Ucp1 expression and oxygen consumption. In addition, effects of butein were completely abolished in Akt1 KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Together, these studies demonstrate the role of butein in obesity and metabolic diseases, further highlighting that adipose PI3Kα-Akt1-Prdm4 axis is a regulator of energy expenditure.
Performance experiences in a wide area ATM network (2002)

Experiments in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) wide area network (WAN) environments are discussed in this work. The lessons learned through practical experiences with ATM systems and how these can be applied to improving performance are presented. Factors ranging from the transport protocol to the equipment used and the network conditions are considered.
Gold‐Katalyse: Isolierung von Vinylgold‐Komplexen ausgehend von Alkinen (2009)

Vergoldete Ringe: N-Propargylcarboxamide 1 liefern mit Gold-Komplexen, die das N-heterocyclische Carben IPr als Liganden enthalten, die ersten isolierbaren, ausgehend von Alkinen hergestellten Vinylgold-Zwischenstufen [siehe Schema; IPr=1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-yliden].
Useful new acyl anion equivalents using oxiranyl phenyl sulphones (1989)

M. Ashwell and R. F. W. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1989, 835 DOI: 10.1039/P19890000835
On the fuzzy vector quantization based hidden Markov model (2002)

There is a mathematical inconsistency in conventional FVQ/HMMs proposed by Tseng et al. (1987). This inconsistency appears to affect the recognition performance. We formulate two new types of FVQ/HMM to remove this inconsistency: multiplication type FVQ/HMM and addition type FVQ/HMM. According to experimental results, the MT-FVQ/HMM shows the best performance among the VQ type HMMs for a wide range of code-book size. It is also shown that the MT-FVQ/HMM can be derived on the basis of the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the a priori probability distribution of clusters defined at each state of a given model whose likelihood of yielding a given observation sequence y/sub 1/, ..., y/sub T/ is to be calculated, and the a posteriori probability distribution of the clusters for given y/sub t/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis, X‐ray structure, and polymerization of 1‐vinyl‐3‐cyanomethylimidazolium chloride (2001)

A new monomer, 1-vinyl-3-cyanomethylimidazolium chloride (1), was synthesized via quaternization of 1-vinylimidazole with chloroacetonitrile. The monomer was characterized using 1H– and 13C–NMR as well as Raman spectroscopic techniques; its crystal structure was studied by means of X-ray analysis. The radical polymerization of 1 in aqueous solution brought about the formation of a polyelectrolyte that retains cyano groups intact and possesses film-forming properties. The structure of the polymer was characterized by NMR and Raman spectroscopy. The high viscosity of aqueous solutions and chemical structure of the polymer obtained suggest its possible applications as a thickener and/or detergent additive. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 499–509, 2001
Diffusion-model interpretation of the darkening and fading of photochromic glasses (1976)

It has been verified that in photochromic glasses containing copper-cadmium halides the fading depends on darkening conditions. The diffusion model described is consistent with observed darkening and fading kinetics, intensity dependence of equilibrium darkening, darkening time dependence of the initial fading rate, and depth dependence of equilibrium darkening.
<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of ultrananocrystalline diamond for coating of implantable retinal microchips (2005)

In this work, ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) thin films were evaluated for use as hermetic and bioinert coatings for a retinal microchip. These films were deposited on highly conductive Si substrates at different temperatures (from 400 to 800 degrees C), using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition with argon-rich Ar/CH4 gas mixtures and different relative amounts of hydrogen (0-20%). Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that all the films are dense and continuous. Results of cyclic voltammetry test revealed that when there was <2% of hydrogen in the plasma, the film obtained renders the surface electrochemically inactive, with very low leakage currents ( approximately 4 x 10(-7) A/cm2 at +/-5 V). In addition, in vivo tests of the UNCD-coated Si samples were performed by implanting them in the eyes of rabbits for 4-6 months within the eye physiological environment. According to all these results, it was concluded that UNCD is a promising candidate for use as the encapsulating coatings for implantable retinal microelectronic devices.
A lightweight protocol for wireless sensor networks (2004)

Wireless sensor networks are widely used in data acquisition frameworks. Unlike conventional networked devices, wireless sensors run on low power energy sources, and have limited memory buffers, minimal computational complexity, and low processing speeds. As such, the complexities involved with conventional network protocols cannot be realized in wireless sensors. A data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor network should be well aware of sensor limitations. In addition, it should also take into consideration, the unique aspects of applications running over wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new network protocol, Simple Wireless Sensor Protocol (SWSP) for wireless sensors which provides a reliable data communication between wireless sensors with minimum resource overhead.
Band-pass hybrid filter bank A/D converters with software-controlled bandwidth and resolution (2006)

Future wireless systems should accept higher data rates and should be versatile. Versatility may be achieved through improvements in digital processing (in both hardware and software) but interfacing the RF world with the digital one is still a bottleneck. This paper shows that band-pass, high-speed conversion together with software control of both bandwidth and resolution may be possible using hybrid filter banks (HFB) ADCs.
Synchronization of Semiconductor Lasers by Common Optical Injection with Constant-Amplitude and Random-Phase Modulation (2011)

We numerically study the synchronization of two semiconductor lasers subject to injection of common
Developing new health technologies for neglected diseases: a pipeline portfolio review and cost model (2018)

<ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Background</ns4:bold> : Funding for neglected disease product development fell from 2009-2015, other than a brief injection of Ebola funding. One impediment to mobilizing resources is a lack of information on product candidates, the estimated costs to move them through the pipeline, and the likelihood of specific launches. This study aimed to help fill these information gaps. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Methods</ns4:bold> : We conducted a pipeline portfolio review to identify current candidates for 35 neglected diseases. Using an adapted version of the Portfolio to Impact financial modelling tool, we estimated the costs to move these candidates through the pipeline over the next decade and the likely launches. Since the current pipeline is unlikely to yield several critical products, we estimated the costs to develop a set of priority “missing” products. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Results:</ns4:bold> We found 685 neglected disease product candidates as of August 31, 2017; 538 candidates met inclusion criteria for input into the model. It would cost about $16.3 billion (range $13.4-19.8B) to move these candidates through the pipeline, with three-quarters of the costs incurred in the first 5 years, resulting in about 128 (89-160) expected product launches. Based on the current pipeline, there would be few launches of complex new chemical entities; launches of highly efficacious HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria vaccines would be unlikely. Estimated additional costs to launch one of each of 18 key missing products are $13.6B assuming lowest product complexity or $21.8B assuming highest complexity ($8.1B-36.6B). Over the next 5 years, total estimated costs to move current candidates through the pipeline and develop these 18 missing products would be around $4.5B (low complexity missing products) or $5.8B/year (high complexity missing products). </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Conclusions</ns4:bold> : Since current annual global spending on product development is about $3B, this study suggests the annual funding gap over the next 5 years is at least $1.5-2.8B. </ns4:p>
Develop the application of a digital memory acoustic emission system to aircraft flaw monitoring (1978)

The purpose of the program is to evaluate the use of the acoustic emission (AE) technique to provide a definitive continuous monitor of fatigue crack growth in a critical aircraft structural member. The program started in September, 1977, with Phase I consisting of defining technical and procedural details and developing and fabricating an AE monitor system. A unique AE monitoring system was fabricated and laboratory tested. It utilizes a source isolation feature to distinguish AE signals originating from an identified area of interest. Two parameters of AE information are recorded on one solid state digital memory for later retrieval and analysis. Phase I was completed in April, 1978. Phase 2 was concerned with installing and testing the AE monitoring system in an aircraft. Installation was made in RAAF Macchi 326 aircraft A7-201 during a major maintenance overhaul. The system is monitoring AE from fatigue cracks in a fastener hole in the tension member of the wing structure center section continuously during flight. Installation was completed in August, 1978, with four test flights to evaluate system performance and make necessary adjustments. Follow-up support to the Australian Aeronautical Research Laboratory (ARL) on this program is continuing.
Oncostatin M promotes STAT3 activation, VEGF production, and invasion in osteosarcoma cell lines (2011)

These data indicate OSM stimulation of human and canine OSA cells induces STAT3 activation, thereby enhancing the expression/activation of MMP2 and VEGF, ultimately promoting invasive behavior and tumor angiogenesis. As such, OSM and its receptor may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in OSA.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 prevents cytokine-mediated inhibitory effects and induction of nitric oxide synthase in the RINm5F insulin-containing beta-cell line (1997)

The aim of this study was to examine if the growth factor, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1), could prevent induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokine-mediated inhibitory effects in the insulin-containing, clonal beta cell line RINm5F. Treatment of RINm5F cells for 24 h with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) (100 pM) induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and inhibited glyceraldehyde-stimulated insulin secretion. Combinations of IL-1 beta (100 pM), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (100 pM) and interferon-gamma (100 pM) reduced RINm5F cell viability (determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay) and de novo protein synthesis, as measured by incorporation of radiolabelled amino acids into perchloric acid-precipitable protein. Pretreatment of RINm5F cells with TGF beta 1 (10 pM) for 18 or 24 h, prior to the addition of either IL-1 beta or combined cytokines, prevented cytokine-induced inhibition of insulin secretion, protein synthesis and the loss of cell viability. TGF beta 1 pretreatment inhibited cytokine-induced expression and activity of nitric oxide synthase in RINm5F cells as determined by Western blotting and by cytosolic conversion of radiolabelled arginine into labelled citrulline and nitric oxide. Chemically generated superoxide also induced expression of nitric oxide synthase possibly due to direct activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF kappa B, an effect prevented by both an antioxidant and TGF beta 1 pretreatment. In conclusion, the mechanism of action of TGF beta 1 in blocking cytokine inhibitory effects was by preventing induction of nitric oxide synthase.
Controversies in Autotransfusion (1984)

Although techniques for autotransfusion have been available for many years, recently the various methods of collecting and reinfusing a patient’s own blood have become popular once again. There are many advantages in using a patient’s own blood for transfusion, but there are many issues that remain unanswered or controversial. In an effort to clarify and, therefore, reduce many of the concerns often experienced about using autotransfused blood, we have outlined the current state-of-the-art in autotransfusion practice, primarily addressing these issues and concerns.
Neoplastic Imitators of Small Bowel Crohn’s Disease (1992)

OBJECTIVE: To identify the problem of small bowel neoplasia masquerading as Crohn's disease. DATA AND METHODS: Sixteen articles reviewing the frequency of small bowel neoplasia were identified. Articles were selected if they assessed frequency of small bowel tumours in the general population. All articles were retrospective reviews of experience. Data on frequency were extracted and Ct)mpiled. Three case reports as illustrative examples and a Mcclline search of small bowel neoplasms with manual searching of references from identified articles arc presented. RESULTS: A total of 2507 cases of small bowel tumours was compiled. The frequency of tumours in decreasing order was adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, lymphoma, le iomyoma, le iomyosarcoma, adenoma a nd lipoma. CONCLUSIONS: Crohn's disease is the most preva lent d isease affecting terminal ileum. Malignant disease may affect the terminal small bowel in ways which are clinically indistinguishable from Crohn's disease. Surgery is the last therapeutic option for Crohn's disease, whe reas it is potent iall y curative anJ therefore the first option for small bowel neoplasia. Misdiagnos ing malignant processes as being Crohn's disease causes delays in effective treatment and worsens prognosis.
ChemInform Abstract: THE USE OF TETRA‐N‐BUTYLAMMONIUM BOROHYDRIDE FOR THE REDUCTION OF INDOLES TO INDOLINES IN DICHLOROMETHANE (1981)

Abstract Indole (I) werden durch Tetrabutylammoniumboranat (II) in die Indoline (III) übergeführt.
Local infusion of FGF‐2 enhances bone ingrowth in rabbit chambers in the presence of polyethylene particles (2003)

Osseointegration of porous-coated implants during revision arthroplasty procedures is often impeded due to the presence of residual granuloma, particulate debris, and a sclerotic, dysvascular bone bed. We hypothesized that local infusion of recombinant fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) would increase bone ingrowth in an in vivo model of tissue differentiation in the rabbit tibia in the presence of phagocytosable polyethylene particles. A drug test chamber (DTC) was implanted in the proximal medial tibial metaphysis of mature rabbits unilaterally. The chamber contained a 1x 1 x 5-mm tunnel for tissue ingrowth, and was connected to an osmotic diffusion pump. FGF-2 was infused at dosages of 0, 0.5, 5, 50, or 500 ng/day for a 3-week period, with subsequent harvesting of the ingrown tissue after each 3-week treatment. The effects of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene particles (0.5-microm diameter) on tissue ingrowth were determined by adding particles to the chamber at concentrations of 5.8 x 10(11) (low dose) or 1.7 x 10(12) (high dose) particles/mL, with and without infusion of 50 ng/day of FGF for 3 weeks. The tissue forming in the chamber was harvested after each treatment for histologic processing and morphometric analysis of bone ingrowth. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric tests (ANOVA), nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis test) and post hoc tests. In the absence of particles, infusion of 50 ng FGF-2 per day yielded the greatest amount of bone ingrowth. The high dose of particles suppressed bone ingrowth into the chamber, but the low dose particles did not (p = 0.0002, 95% confidence limits = 9.19-18.80). Infusion of 50 ng FGF-2 per day significantly increased net bone formation in the presence of high-dose UHMWPE particles (p = 0.039, 95% confidence limits = 1.41-6.79). There was a trend for decreased numbers of vitronectin-receptor positive (osteoclast-like) cells with the addition of FGF-2, compared to particles alone (p = 0.08). Local delivery of FGF-2 may prove useful in mitigating the adverse effects of wear debris (e.g., in treating early osteolytic lesions), and facilitating osseointegration of revision total joint replacements in situations where the bone bed is suboptimal and residual particles and granulomatous tissue are present.
Pickering emulsions with stimulable particles: from highly- to weakly-covered interfaces (2007)

We study oil-in-water emulsions stabilised by pH-sensitive colloidal silica or latex particles. Depending on the composition of the continuous phase, the same type of particles and the same emulsification process lead to emulsions characterised either by large drops densely covered by the particles, or to small droplets which are weakly covered. The two kinetically stable states can be tuned reversibly by using pH or salinity as compositional stimuli. We examine the emulsions' behaviour in these two limiting cases and we discuss the possible mechanisms allowing stabilisation, especially in the case of low surface coverage.