gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India the LCNTDR Collection: Advances in scientific research for NTD control (2016)

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne disease. In India, it is transmitted to humans by Leishmania donovani-infected Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. In 2005, VL was targeted for elimination by the governments of India, Nepal and Bangladesh by 2015. The elimination strategy consists of rapid case detection, treatment of VL cases and vector control using indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, to achieve sustained elimination of VL, an appropriate post elimination surveillance programme should be designed, and crucial knowledge gaps in vector bionomics, human infection and transmission need to be addressed. This review examines the outstanding knowledge gaps, specifically in the context of Bihar State, India. The knowledge gaps in vector bionomics that will be of immediate benefit to current control operations include better estimates of human biting rates and natural infection rates of P. argentipes, with L. donovani, and how these vary spatially, temporally and in response to IRS. The relative importance of indoor and outdoor transmission, and how P. argentipes disperse, are also unknown. With respect to human transmission it is important to use a range of diagnostic tools to distinguish individuals in endemic communities into those who: 1) are to going to progress to clinical VL, 2) are immune/refractory to infection and 3) have had past exposure to sand flies. It is crucial to keep in mind that close to elimination, and post-elimination, VL cases will become infrequent, so it is vital to define what the surveillance programme should target and how it should be designed to prevent resurgence. Therefore, a better understanding of the transmission dynamics of VL, in particular of how rates of infection in humans and sand flies vary as functions of each other, is required to guide VL elimination efforts and ensure sustained elimination in the Indian subcontinent. By collecting contemporary entomological and human data in the same geographical locations, more precise epidemiological models can be produced. The suite of data collected can also be used to inform the national programme if supplementary vector control tools, in addition to IRS, are required to address the issues of people sleeping outside.
Reshaping Rubrene by Controlled Reduction with Alkali Metals (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 29/2012) (2012)

The back cover picture shows the deformation of a polycyclic core of rubrene upon stepwise electron acquisition as well as the binding versatility of the resulting polyaromatic anions towards alkali metal ions. The supramolecular aggregates of rubrene have been studied in the solid state and in solution by a combination of X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. Details are discussed in the article by M. Petrukhina et al. on p. 4675 ff.
Synthesis of hashish cannabinoids by terpenic cyclisation (1968)

L. Crombie and R. Ponsford, Chem. Commun. (London), 1968, 894 DOI: 10.1039/C19680000894
Holographically recorded axicon for grazing incidence interferometry (2000)

Abstract A diffractive axicon for grazing incidence interferometry of cylindrical objects is presented. For industrial measurement, an element with a diameter of 8 cm was manufactured. The axicon was recorded in dichromated gelatine (DCG) with a high-precision rotating stage. The diffraction theory for the design of the element is presented. The axicon was tested interferometrically. Some possible errors are discussed.
A 1.0V power supply, 9.5GByte/sec write speed, Single-Cell Self-Boost program scheme for Ferroelectric NAND Flash SSD (2010)

A Single-Cell Self-Boost (SCSB) program scheme is proposed to achieve a 1.0V power supply operation in Ferroelectric (Fe-) NAND flash memories. In the proposed SCSB scheme, only the channel voltage of the cell to which the program voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PGM</sub> is applied is self-boosted in the program-inhibit NAND string. The proposed program scheme shows an excellent tolerance to the program disturb at the power supply voltage, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> =1.0V. The power consumption of the Fe-NAND at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> =1.0V decreases by 86% compared with the conventional floating gate (FG-) NAND at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> =1.8V without degrading the write speed. The number of NAND chips written simultaneously in Solid-State Drives (SSD) increases by 6.9 times. As a result, the 9.5GByte/sec write throughput of the Fe-NAND SSD is achieved for an enterprise application.
Synthesis of the α‐methyl ketoside of 5‐amino neuraminic acid methyl ester and its corresponding 5‐myristoyl and 5‐cyclopropanoyl derivative (1990)

Abstract This communication describes the first synthesis of the α‐methyl ketoside of an N ‐unprotected neuraminic acid in the form of its methyl ester (Neu5NH 2 1Me‐α‐2Me) ( 5a ). This compound is a valuable intermediate for the synthesis of unnatural N ‐substituted sialic acids. Syntheses of Neusmyristoyl1me‐α‐2Me ( 5b ) and Neuscyclopropanoyl1me‐α‐2Me ( 5c ) are presented.
Respiratory movements in forward leaning position among patients with severe COPD (2013)

Background: Forward leaning position is freequently used to reduce dyspnea but thoracic respiratory movements in this position are not known. Objective: To study respiratory movements in supine and standing leaning forward position with support of the forarms among patients with emphysema and severe COPD and study respiratory movements in the forward leaning position during dyspnea. Method: Nineteen patients with emphysema and severe COPD GOLD 3 and 4 underwent spirometric measurement and position of their diaphragm was assessed. Respiratory movements during quiet and deep breathing were measured in supine and standing forward leaning position using the RMMI. Patients then bicycled with target work rate set as fixed fractions of the peak work rate tolerated in a pre-program incremental exercise test. When dismounting the bicycle, respiratory movements were measured in the forward leaning position. Patients rated their level of dyspnoea at rest and after bicycling. Results: Participants, 8 men and 11 women mean age 61±7 years and mean BMI 23.59±4.63. Respiratory movements during quiet breathing in supine position were significantly (abdominal p=.025, lower- and upper thoracic p=.020) greater than in the forward leaning position. In forward leaning during dyspnea, lower- and upper thoracic movements were significantly (p=.001; p=.005, respectively) less than abdominal movements. Mean dyspnea on 0-10 scale was 0,95±1.13 at rest and 5.5± 0.96 at the end of bicycling. Conclusion: Respiratory movements in the forward leaning position are less than in supine. Indicating that patients with emphysema and severe COPD use this position to reduce respiratory effort.
Temporal Modulation of a Spatially Periodic Potential for Kinetically Governed Oriented Motion (2007)

This theoretical paper introduces an experimental protocol derived from the concept of Brownian motors in order to selectively confer an oriented motion to given charged reactants. Instead of maintaining permanently the system in nonequilibrium conditions, we propose a simple experimental trick to restore periodically a transient out-of-equilibrium regime: the reactive medium is alternately submitted to a sawtooth potential and to a potential ramp. The model provides approximate analytical expressions for the operating conditions allowing us to design the extraction from a mixture of any desired reactant characterized by its rate constants. The orders of magnitude suggest a possible implementation in microsystems where the present approach could be used for separation and analysis.
The BCR-ABL Oncogene Transforms Rat-1 Cells and Cooperates with v- <i>myc</i> (1989)

The tyrosine kinase P210 is the gene product of the rearranged BCR-ABL locus on the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1), which is found in leukemic cells of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. It has a weakly oncogenic effect in immature murine hematopoietic cells and does not transform NIH 3T3 cells. We have found that P210 has a strikingly different effect in Rat-1 cells, another line of established rodent fibroblasts. Stable expression of P210 in Rat-1 cells caused a distinct morphological change and conferred both tumorigenicity and capacity for anchorage-independent growth. The introduction of v-myc into Rat-1 cells expressing P210 led to complete morphological transformation and enhanced tumorigenicity. No such interaction took place in NIH 3T3 cells. Thus, Rat-1 cells can be used to detect cooperation between BCR-ABL and other oncogenes and may prove useful for the identification of secondary oncogenic events in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Predicting islet yield in pediatric patients undergoing pancreatectomy and autoislet transplantation for chronic pancreatitis (2009)

Pilot data from 10 pediatric patients suggest that simple preoperative measurement of fasting plasma glucose may give a useful prediction of islet yield. Islet yield correlates with HbA(1c) and C-peptide levels. This information allows individual candidates to weigh the specific risk of becoming diabetic against the benefit of pain relief should they undergo TP-IAT.
Transport across Boundary Layers in Ionic Crystals Part I: General Formalism and Conception (1997)

Abstract In a sequence of papers we will systematically address the problem of mass and charge transport through boundaries from the standpoint of irreversible thermodynamics and kinetics. Special emphasis is put on the transport through space charge regions. As a model material we consider a binary crystal (MX 1+δ ) exhibiting ionic and/or electronic conduction and thus allowing for changes in the nonstoichiometry as well. A typical situation is a mixed conductor sandwiched between two partially reversible electrodes. The boundaries are assumed to be morphologically stable. Driving forces considered are differences in chemical and/or electrical potential. They are assumed to be sufficiently small to allow for a linear response treatment. No reference to ad hoc assumptions such as the local electroneutrality condition is made. We also allow for compositional changes in the material. The continuum approach will be presented in the framework of linear irreversible thermodynamics. The introduction of virtual electric fields significantly facilitates the formalism with respect to electrochemical relationships, boundary conditions and analytical treatment. The instationary state will be formally tackled in Fourier space. A conceptual discretisation is generally of advantage – in particular in cases in which the continuum problem can only be solved numerically – since it takes account of the atomistic situation in a kinetic framework. This paper sets out the fundamental equations which will be applied to specific examples. One application already reveals quantitatively the important result that space charge regions necessarily appear in weakly disordered materials during a chemical diffusion even if one starts from a space – charge free initial situation. The steady state concentration profiles are derived.
Development of an Environmental Relative Moldiness Index for US Homes (2007)

The Environmental Relative Moldiness Index scale may be useful for home mold-burden estimates in epidemiological studies.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Gallium Nitride (1999)

This chapter discusses nonlinear optical properties of gallium nitride (GaN). Semiconductor nonlinear optics is motivated by the pursuit of new electro-optical devices for applications in areas such as telecommunications and optical computing. The continuing improvements in the growth and processing of wide-bandgap III–V semiconductors are of great interest to the optical community. The advances in the deposition of GaN epitaxial films provide investigators with an optical wave-guiding material with both a large optical bandwidth and high damage threshold. The characterization of the second- and third-order nonlinearities in GaN has accelerated over the past decade because of the rapid improvement in the quality of epitaxially grown material. The intrinsic waveguide nature of the film deposit/substrate suggests that wave-guiding or multilayer structures are the candidates for optical device platforms where propagation lengths about a few millimeters (high-conversion efficiencies) are possible.
[Intrathecal baclofen. Experimental and pharmacokinetic studies]. (2003)

Baclofen, the most effective drug to treat spasticity, is a specific agonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptors, and is very abondant in the superficial layers of the spinal cord. Given orally, baclofen does not easily penetrate the blood-barrier, and is distributed equally to the brain and spinal cord. After oral administration of baclofen, the drug is resorbed by more than 80-90% in the stomach and bowel and is eliminated by urinary excretion. Failure of oral medication to produce sufficient relief of spasticity is due to the poor passage of the drug across the blood-brain barrier. In animals the concentration in brain is less than 1/10 of the blood levels. The problem of insufficient anti-spastic efficacy (in relation to the rate of side-effects) after systemic medication may be overcome by local application in spinal CSF. Direct intrathecal administration of baclofen in the treatment of severe spasticity was proposed in 1984 by Richard Penn with the objective to carry out a selective spinal distribution of the active principle thus avoiding supraspinal side effects. The pharmacokinetics of baclofen in animal and man after intrathecal administration have been investigated to determine the CSF pharmacokinetic parameters.
The Impact of Alcohol on Health (2004)

This chapter contains section titled: The Metabolism of Ethanol Direct and Indirect Impacts The Heart and the Circulatory System The Liver and the Digestive System The Reproductive System Brain and Cognitive Function Kidney and Urinary Tract Age Cancer Allergy The common Cold
Soybean fermentation with Bacillus licheniformis increases insulin sensitizing and insulinotropic activity (2013)

Traditionally fermented soybeans (chungkookjang; TFC) may have potent anti-diabetic activity, depending on the ambient microorganisms and conditions. We hypothesized that one of the major Bacillus species in TFC contributes to the anti-diabetic activity and could be used to standardize a highly functional TFC. We tested the hypothesis by using cell-based studies to evaluate insulin sensitizing and insulinotropic action of chungkookjangs fermented with various Bacillus spp. and fermentation periods. The 70% methanol and water extracts of chungkookjang fermented with Bacillus licheniformis (BL) for 48 h contained similar profiles of isoflavonoids and peptides to methanol and water extracts of TFC with potent anti-diabetic activity. Water extracts (mainly containing peptides) of TFC and BL fermented for 48 h and 72 h had a better insulin sensitizing action via activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and increased the expression of PPAR-γ in 3T3-L1 adipocytes better than unfermented cooked soybeans (CSB). The 70% methanol extracts (predominantly isoflavone aglycones) of BL fermented for 48 h and 72 h improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and protected β-cell viability better than CSB in insulinoma cells, and the improvement by BL was similar to TFC. In conclusion, the BL water extract fermented for 48 h exhibited equal insulin sensitization as TFC and BL methanol extract exerted similar insulinotropic actions to those of TFC. B. licheniformis may be one of the major microorganisms responsible for anti-diabetic actions of chungkookjang. It is important to make chungkookjang that retains the anti-diabetic properties of the most efficacious traditional chungkookjang using a standardized method.
A family of multiuser decision-feedback detectors for asynchronous code-division multiple-access channels (1995)

It is important to identify simple and reliable interference rejection methods for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channels, since the conventional matched filter receiver has high error rates, and the optimal detector is too complex. We introduce decision-feedback and partial feedback detectors for asynchronous CDMA channels. Two-stage detectors with decision-feedback in the second stage are also studied. The derivation of the decision-feedback detector is based on spectral factorization which leads to a white-noise channel model. We also describe two implementations of the maximum-likelihood detector for this model. Comparisons among the proposed detectors, the conventional detector, and the linear decorrelating detector are undertaken for several asynchronous CDMA channels. In these examples, high bandwidth efficiency systems are explored, and user energies are varied form being similar to being very different. We find that decision-feedback detectors compare favorably with more complex two-stage methods and maintain good performance under diverse channel conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Screening for Atopy in a Coffee-Processing Factory (1995)

Screening for blood IgE mediated allergy (atopy) by the RAST technique among 76 people working in a coffee processing factory showed rather unexpected findings: although we found a prevalence of positivity (17.1%) to the common airborne antigens (pollens, mites, cat, Alternaria tenuis) which was close to the prevalence of atopy among normal adults in our area (19.3%), only one case of allergy to green coffee and two cases to castor bean came to the fore. Specific IgG4 antibodies were measured only for castor bean and green coffee, and rather elevated figures were found: green coffee 17.1%, castor bean 13.1%. The occurence of positive RASTs to castor bean is more likely to be due to contamination of the bags containing green coffee. The low prevalence of RAST positivities to green coffee, and the elevated specific IgG4 antibodies to both castor bean and green coffee antigens, raise several possibilities which are discussed; however, all the subjects but one having elevated specific IgG4 levels to green coffee worked in more exposed areas. Probably IgG4 antibodies in this particular case are acting as blocking antibodies.
Determining Physical Fitness Criteria for Entry into Army Basic Combat Training: Can these Criteria Be Based on Injury Risk?. (2000)

In October 1998, The U.S. Army Physical Fitness School Coordinated with the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine Epidemiology Program to evaluate the current standards for entry into the Fitness Training Unit at Ft. Jackson, South Carolina. An epidemiologic consultation was initiated to assist in determining the minimum fitness criteria for entry into basic combat training (BCT) based on injury incidence. Past studies suggested that injury risk would be highest among the least-fit trainees and that it might be possible to identify a fitness level at which injury risk stabilized. The study cohort consisted of 655 male and 498 female basic trainees. Fitness was determined by performance on an Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) administered at the reception station. Data on injuries sustained during BCT were collected from trainee medical records at the conclusion of the BCT cycle. The analysis revealed that the least aerobically-fit women (slowest half of run times) were 2.2 to 2.8 times more likely than the most aerobically-fit women (fastest half) to sustain any injury during basic training (p <0.01) and were twice as likely to sustain an injury resulting in one or more days of limited duty (p=O.Ol). The results for men showed similar trends; injury incidence decreased progressively with increasing aerobic performance (faster run times). Injury risk stabilized at the following performance levels: 17-minute two-mile ran for both men and women, 26 sit-ups for men, and 10 push-ups for men. There were no injury incidence patterns associated with female push-up or sit-up performance. These data indicate that there were specific APFT performance levels at which further increases in performance did not result in reduction of injury risk. A secondary analysis was performed to assess the relationship between entry-level physical fitness, injury, and completion of BCT.
Local Anesthetics Inhibit Substance P Binding and Evoked Increases in Intracellular Ca2+ (1995)

LI, Y-M.; WINGROVE, D. E.; TOO, H. P.; MARNERAKIS, M.; STIMSON, E. R.; STRICHARTZ, G. R.; MAGGIO, J. E. Author Information
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Rubbers. VI. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Networks (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDynamic Mechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Rubbers. VI. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) NetworksNeal R. Langley and John D. FerryCite this: Macromolecules 1968, 1, 4, 353–358Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60004a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60004a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views329Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Coevolutive planning in markov decision processes (2002)

We investigate the idea of having groups of agents coevolving in order to iteratively refine multi-agent plans. This idea we called coevolution is formalized and analyzed in a general purpose and applied to the stochastic control frameworks that use an explicit model of the world,: coevolution can directly be adapted to the frameworks of Multi-Agent Markov Decision Processes (MMDP) and Multi-Agent Partially Observable MDP (MPOMDP). We also consider the decentralized version of MPOMDP (DEC-POMDP) which is known to be a difficult problem,: we show that the coevolution approach can be applied if we restrict the search to memoryless policies. We evaluate our coevolutive approach experimentally on a typical multi-agent problem.
“That Pregnancy Can Bring Noise into the Family”: Exploring Intimate Partner Sexual Violence during Pregnancy in the Context of HIV in Zimbabwe (2012)

Cultural and societal factors, unequal gender norms and practices, women's economic vulnerability, and men's failure to understand pregnancy and emotional changes, influence men to perpetrate IPSV, leading to high risk of HIV infection.
Current Concepts in Clinical Management and Long-Term Control of Atopic Dermatitis: Focus on Pimecrolimus Cream 1% (2007)

This issue is a dedicated supplement published in addition to the regular issues of 'Dermatology' focussing on one specific topic. 'Dermatology' is a well-respected, international peer-reviewed journal in Dermatology. Supplement issues are included in the subscription.