gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanical design of optical systems for space operation (1992)

The age of large space optical systems began in the early 1960s. With very little precedent but driven by necessity, there emerged a series of new mechanical and structural technologies including dramatically lightweighted mirrors, ultra-stable low thermal expansion structures, large-scale testing thermal and vacuum environment testing, and robust alignment sensing and control systems. We will review in this monograph the growth of these and other technologies, beginning with a heritage that had its origins in amateur telescope making. We will also address a newer design technology, design-to-cost, which has become a dominant system discriminator in the past decade. This is not intended as a how-to technical paper. Instead it is intended to surface some of the questions and considerations that need to be answered in the development of any new systems concept, rather like a checklist, to ensure that low cost and a high probability of initial success are achieved.
TCP Behavior of a Busy Internet Server: Analysis and Improvements (1997)

... a significant shift in the composition of Internet traffic. Although past work has studied the behavior of TCP dynamics in the context of bulk-transfer applications and some studies have begun to investigate the interactions of TCP and HTTP, few have used extensive real-world traffic traces to examine the problem. This interaction is interesting because of the way in which current Web browsers use TCP connections: multiple concurrent short connections from a single host. In this
Good answers from bad data : a data management strategy (1995)

Data error is an obstacle to effective application, integration, and sharing of data. Error reduction, although desirable, is not always necessary or feasible. Error measurement is a natural alternative. In this paper, we outline an error propagation calculus which models the propagation of an error representation through queries. A closed set of three error types is defined: attribute value inaccuracy (and nulls), object mismembership in a class, and class incompleteness. Error measures are probability distributions over these error types. Given measures of error in query inputs, the calculus both computes and &amp;quot;explains &amp;quot; error in query outputs, so that users and administrators better understand data error. Error propagation is non-trivial as error may be amplified or diminished through query partitions and aggregations. As a theoretical foundation, this work suggests managing error in practice by instituting measurement of persistent tables and extending database output to include a quantitative error term, akin to the confidence interval of a statistical estimate. Two theorems assert the completeness of our error representation.
An evaluation of gastric emptying times in pregnancy and the puerperium (1993)

In a controlled study, gastric emptying was measured during the three trimesters of pregnancy and after delivery, using an indirect paracetamol absorption technique. The peak plasma paracetamol concentration, time to reach the peak, and the area under the plasma paracetamol concentration-time curve, were determined. As compared to nonpregnant controls, there were no significant differences in the gastric emptying times of women in the three trimesters of pregnancy and of mothers from 18 h after delivery onwards. Gastric emptying was significantly delayed in mothers within 2 h after delivery (p < 0.01); median (range) values of peak paracetamol concentration, time to reach the peak and the area under the paracetamol concentration-time curve for this group were 12.5 (0.2-30.5) mg.l-1, 120 (30-120) min and 3.8 (0.1-16.6) mg.l-1 x h respectively, and 20.8 (8.6-64.5) mg.l-1, 40 (10-120) min and 13.5 (5.5-28.8) mg.l-1 x h respectively, for the nonpregnant control group (p < 0.01). Repeated measurements of gastric emptying in these women on the second postpartum day showed no significant delay.
Chemical and physical properties of isomeric glyceryl monoethers (1967)

Long-chain saturated and mono- and diunsaturated 1- and 2-glyceryl monoethers were synthesized by reacting 1,2-isopropylidene and 1.3-benzylidene glycerol potassium salts with alkyl halides in the preparation of the saturated monoethers, and with alkenyl-p-toluenesulfonates in the preparation of the unsaturated monoethers, followed by hydrolysis of the blocking groups with boric acid. The progress of the reaction was monitored by gasliquid chromatography (GLC) of the reaction mixture. The 2-glyceryl ethers, with two exceptions, had not been prepared previously. Normal propyl and 3-pentyl octadecyl ethers also were synthesized to aid in the interpretation of infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. All the ethers prepared were purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and crystallization. Their purity was found to be greater than 95%, as determined by TLC and GLC, supported by NMR and IR spectra. The isomeric 1- and 2-glyceryl ethers were separated on Silica Gel G adsorbent layers impregnated with either sodium arsenite or boric acid and their TLC behavior interpreted, based on the polarity of the complexes formed. Melting point determinations indicated more than one polymorphic form. Comparison of IR and NMR spectra of the saturated and unsaturated isomeric glyceryl ethers, and various derivatives, demonstrated the applicability of these spectroscopy methods for characterization and structural determination, in addition to distinguishing between the two isomeric forms.
From Target to Lead Synthesis (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Materials and Methods Cells and Culture Conditions In Vitro Activity Testing Affinity Chromatography Electrophoresis and Protein Identification BIAcore Analysis Synthesis of Acyl Cyanides Methyl 5-cyano-5-oxopentanoate Methyl 6-cyano-6-oxohexanoate Methyl-5-cyano-3-methyl-5-oxopentanoate Results Discussion
Comparison of Atenolol, Amlodipine, Enalapril, Hydrochlorothiazide, and Losartan for Antihypertensive Treatment in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2000)

We compared the effects of atenolol (50 mg), amlodipine (5 mg), enalapril (20 mg), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg), and losartan (50 mg) given in once-daily oral doses on office and ambulatory blood pressures (BPs) in patients with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Each of 40 randomized patients was treated in sequence with two of the five agents (balanced incomplete block design). Treatment periods lasted 6 wk and were separated by a 3-wk washout period. Changes in BP from baseline with the study substances were compared through analysis of variance. Office diastolic BP, our primary outcome variable, was most effectively lowered by atenolol, with all four post hoc differences between atenolol and the remaining substances being statistically significant. Reductions in office systolic and daytime ambulatory BP were not significantly different among the five compounds. However, atenolol reduced mean nighttime ambulatory diastolic and systolic BP more effectively than did amlodipine, enalapril, or losartan (but not hydrochlorothiazide). Severity of sleep-disordered breathing and well-being during the day were not significantly influenced by any of the study compounds. Our findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that an overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is an important mechanism behind the development or maintenance of hypertension in patients with OSA.
Genetic linkage maps of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla using a pseudo-testcross: mapping strategy and RAPD markers. (1994)

We have used a "two-way pseudo-testcross" mapping strategy in combination with the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to construct two moderate density genetic linkage maps for species of Eucalyptus. In the cross between two heterozygous individuals many single-dose RAPD markers will be heterozygous in one parent, null in the other and therefore segregate 1:1 in their F1 progeny following a testcross configuration. Meiosis and gametic segregation in each individual can be directly and efficiently analyzed using RAPD markers. We screened 305 primers of arbitrary sequence, and selected 151 to amplify a total of 558 markers. These markers were grouped at LOD 5.0, theta = 0.25, resulting in the maternal Eucalyptus grandis map having a total of 240 markers into 14 linkage groups (1552 cM) and the paternal Eucalyptus urophylla map with 251 markers in 11 linkage groups (1101 cM) (n = 11 in Eucalyptus). Framework maps ordered with a likelihood support > or = 1000:1 were assembled covering 95% of the estimated genome size in both individuals. Characterization of genome complexity of a sample of 48 mapped random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers indicate that 53% amplify from low copy regions. These are the first reported high coverage linkage maps for any species of Eucalyptus and among the first for any hardwood tree species. We propose the combined use of RAPD markers and the pseudo-testcross configuration as a general strategy for the construction of single individual genetic linkage maps in outbred forest trees as well as in any highly heterozygous sexually reproducing living organisms. A survey of the occurrence of RAPD markers in different individuals suggests that the pseudo-testcross/RAPD mapping strategy should also be efficient at the intraspecific level and increasingly so with crosses of genetically divergent individuals. The ability to quickly construct single-tree genetic linkage maps in any forest species opens the way for a shift from the paradigm of a species index map to the heterodox proposal of constructing several maps for individual trees of a population, therefore mitigating the problem of linkage equilibrium between marker and trait loci for the application of marker assisted strategies in tree breeding.
Tukey’s Contrast Test Versus Two-Sample Test in a Dose-Response Clinical Trial (2011)

Tukey, Ciminera, and Heyse (1985) proposed a linear trend test to establish a dose response; or if used sequentially, by eliminating the highest dose at each stage, to select the no-statistical-significance-of-trend (NOSTASOT) dose. The traditional alternatives have been to test the highest dose versus the control, ignoring contributions from the middle doses; or its sequential analog, to establish a minimum effective dose by testing first the highest dose versus the control, and if significant, testing the subsequent doses against the contrast until no significance is observed or doses are exhausted. In dose-response trials and/or in dose-finding trials, clinicians may believe a priori that the ordering of the responses is known, so the efficacy is assumed to increase monotonically with dose. Under order restricted alternatives, that is, under monotonic dose-response assumption, it is generally believed that Tukey’s contrast test, an analog of Tukey’s linear trend test in an analysis of variance set up, is superior to the test based on the highest versus control contrast in most practical or reasonable choices of dose response patterns. In this article we examine these two tests mathematically to establish areas of the parameter space where one is superior to the other in the order restricted parameter space when the number of doses is less than or equal to 7. We demonstrate that the highest versus control test is superior to Tukey’s contrast test only when all the middle doses have identical or near identical responses, which is a region of the alternative parameter space of minimal interest to researchers and dose-response modelers. Hence, we conclude that the traditional wisdom holds that for most of the popular and reasonable dose-response patterns Tukey’s contrast test is superior to the highest versus control test and should be employed by researchers in a typical dose-response trial.
Pituitary-gonadal response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation is enhanced in men after strenuous physical exercise (1993)

The effects of strenuous physical exercise were studied on the pituitary-testicular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation and on growth hormone (GH) and cortisol secretion. Eight healthy adult males were injected twice intravenously with 0.1 mg of GnRH at intervals of 21 days. At the time of the first injection (exercise trial) the subjects had been bicycling for 4 h on the road, and at the time of the second injection (rest trial) they had been resting in a sitting position for 4 h. Blood samples were taken before and after the 4-h period and 30, 60 and 120 min after the GnRH injection. Both testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) decreased during the exercise by 18% (p = 0.037) and 29% (p = 0.0028), respectively, but increased after the GnRH injection by 1.4- and 12.9-fold (p = 0.0001 for both). The areas under the testosterone and LH response curves after GnRH were significantly larger in the exercise trial than in the rest trial, threefold (p = 0.013) and 1.3-fold (p = 0.0007), respectively. Growth hormone and cortisol increased during the exercise trial. In the rest trial, the GnRH injection increased serum GH concentrations (p = 0.027). In conclusion, the diminished hypothalamic GnRH secretion seems to be the major cause of the post-exercise decrease in LH and testosterone, but altered sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH also may be involved. Apparently, the build-up of pituitary LH stores during exercise explains the enhanced LH and testosterone response to GnRH challenge after exercise in comparison to control GnRH challenge.
Optimisation d'un amplificateur à fibre double gaine avec propagation chaotique de la pompe (2000)

National audience
Comparison of Transthoracic and Transesophageal Assessment of Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction (1990)

Transesophageal echocardiography has added another dimension to the assessment of prosthetic valve dysfunction with high-resolution images that allow for more detailed structural evaluation of tissue and mechanical valves. This study is a retrospective analysis of 140 prosthetic valves (90 tissue, 50 mechanical) in the mitral (89), aortic (45), and tricuspid (6) position in 116 patients studied by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography techniques. Transesophageal echocardiography was consistently better than the transthoracic technique in the evaluation of structural abnormalities of tissue valves in the mitral and aortic positions with respect to leaflet thickening, prolapse, flail, and vegetations. With transesophageal echocardiography, five tissue mitral valves had flail leaflets that were not identified by the transthoracic technique. Transesophageal echocardiography was better than transthoracic in the detection, quantification, and localization of prosthetic mitral regurgitation. Physiological mitral regurgitation was detected in 31 valves by transesophageal echocardiography compared to seven by transthoracic technique. By transesophageal echocardiography, mitral regurgitation was paravalvular in 24% compared with 4% by transthoracic technique. Left atrial spontaneous contrast was seen in 42% of the patients with a mitral prosthesis detected only by transesophageal echocardiography. Six patients had left atrial or left atrial appendage thrombus and in five patients they were detected only by transesophageal echocardiography. We conclude that transesophageal echocardiography should be a complimentary test to transthoracic studies in patients with suspected prosthetic valve dysfunction or for the follow-up of older tissue valves.
Correction of Postoperative Eyelid Retraction with a Simplified Levator Palpebrae Superioris (LPS) Muscle Recession (1988)

A simplified levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle recession was performed to correct eyelid retraction in 56 eyelids of 48 patients. Improvement of preoperative keratopathy and cosmetically acceptable results were achieved in 93% of the eyelids. Based on preoperative surgical intervention, eyelids were divided into four groups: levator resection, levator aponeurosis advancement, surgery associated with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, and miscellaneous reconstructive eyelid procedures. For each group the mean preoperative and postoperative eyelid levels, the mean change in eyelid level following surgery, and the mean amount of surgery performed were analyzed statistically with the two-tailed student's t-test. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between the change in eyelid level and the amount of levator recession performed. No significant relationship was demonstrated between eyelid retraction and dysthyroid ophthalmopathy or reconstructive eyelid surgery. However, a significant relationship was demonstrated between the amount of recession and the eyelid level change for eyelids retracted following levator resection (P less than .01) and levator aponeurosis surgery (P less than .05). This may indicate that the change in eyelid level following a simplified LPS recession in these two groups is predictable. However, additional prospective studies are required to further assess the clinical applicability and use of this finding.
Method and apparatus for detecting and measuring trace impurities in flowing gases. [Patent application] (1976)

Trace impurities in flowing gases may be detected and measured by a dynamic atomic molecular emission spectrograph utilizing as its energy source the energy transfer reactions of metastable species, atomic or molecular, with the impurities in the flowing gas. Impurity levels are determined quantitatively by the measurement of line and/or band intensity as a function of concentration employing emission spectroscopic techniques.
L'IRM haut-débit Exemple de la quantification du taux de gras chez le poisson (2015)

/ Dans une perspective d'agriculture moderne et durable, l'un des chantiers majeurs réside dans la compréhension des relations entre le génotype et le phénotype. Dans ce contexte de phénotypage, la composante Agro-Scans de la plateforme PRISM à Irstea développe des méthodes de caractérisation non-destructive par IRM ayant la potentialité d'être réalisées à haut débit.
Sites and homeostatic control of auxin biosynthesis in <i>Arabidopsis</i> during vegetative growth (2001)

The distribution and biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was investigated during early plant development in Arabidopsis. The youngest leaves analysed, less than 0.5 mm in length, contained 250 pg mg(-1) of IAA and also exhibited the highest relative capacity to synthesize this hormone. A decrease of nearly one hundred-fold in IAA content occurred as the young leaves expanded to their full size, and this was accompanied by a clear shift in both pool size and IAA synthesis capacity. The correlation between high IAA content and intense cell division was further verified in tobacco leaves, where a detailed analysis revealed that dividing mesophyll tissue contained ten-fold higher IAA levels than tissue growing solely by elongation. We demonstrated that all parts of the young Arabidopsis plant can potentially contribute to the auxin needed for growth and development, as not only young leaves, but also all other parts of the plant such as cotyledons, expanding leaves and root tissues have the capacity to synthesize IAA de novo. We also observed that naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) treatment induced tissue-dependent feedback inhibition of IAA biosynthesis in expanding leaves and cotyledons, but intriguingly not in young leaves or in the root system. This observation supports the hypothesis that there is a sophisticated tissue-specific regulatory mechanism for auxin biosynthesis. Finally, a strict requirement for maintaining the pool sizes of IAA was revealed as reductions in leaf expansion followed both decreases and increases in the IAA levels in developing leaves. This indicates that leaves are not only important sources for IAA synthesis, but that normal leaf expansion depends on rigorous control of IAA homeostasis.
Cutting Edge: Murine NK Cells Degranulate and Retain Cytotoxic Function without Store-Operated Calcium Entry (2017)

Sustained Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling, known as store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), occurs downstream of immunoreceptor engagement and is critical for cytotoxic lymphocyte signaling and effector function. CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells require sustained Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling for inflammatory cytokine production and the killing of target cells; however, much less is known about its role in NK cells. In this study, we use mice deficient in stromal interacting molecules 1 and 2, which are required for SOCE, to examine the contribution of sustained Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling to murine NK cell function. Surprisingly, we found that, although SOCE is required for NK cell IFN-γ production in an NFAT-dependent manner, NK cell degranulation/cytotoxicity and tumor rejection in vivo remained intact in the absence of sustained Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling. Our data suggest that mouse NK cells use different signaling mechanisms for cytotoxicity compared with other cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Near-field measurements of the even-order harmonics undetectable in far-field measurements (2016)

Even-order harmonics (EOHs) are generated for oriented molecules and for atoms under specific conditions. Here, we focus on the most common situations where EOHs are not observed in far-field measurements. We propose an experiment to show that the EOHs are produced close to the nucleus but are not detected in the far-field measurements due to destructive interferences of the propagated EOHs of the emitted radiation. However, Rydberg gas atoms (e.g., rubidium), which are out of the focus of the laser beam, are expected to be ionized due to their weak interaction with a specific EOH of helium, which is not observed by the far-field detector. The ionization energy of the Rydberg gas atoms should be in resonance with the single-photon energy of a specific EOH.
Design of Solar Radiation Sensor Network Using Geo-Statistical Methods (2009)

Accurate measurement of solar radiation via optimal number of ground sensors and their respective location is important to estimate evapotranspiration (ET). One way of estimating ET on regional scales at high spatial resolution (∼2 km) on daily time scales is through the use of GOES Satellite solar radiation data. The goal of this study is to perform analysis that helps determine the design of a ground-based solar radiation sensor network that can accurately estimate solar radiation spatially. This paper developed several optimal sensor network designs considering different levels of accuracy characterizing the spatial and temporal variability of solar insolation data. GOES Satellite-estimated solar insolation and ground sensor network based data were used for this purpose. A regular array analysis blocks with two different sizes (20 and 40 km) were used to account for the spatial variability of solar insolation data. Geo-spatial along with geo-statistical analyses were used to assess the spatial variability of the solar insolation within each analysis block. The methods and analysis were performed for the solar radiation sensor network of the South Florida Water Management District (District). Through use of ArcGIS geostatistical processing, the spatial statistical analysis, sensor network design was formed. The existing ground sensor network of the District was evaluated. A proposed sensor network that is expected to provide a standard error of 5.0 MJ day–1m–2 was recommended. Recommendations for an enhanced sensor network design across the District were made.