gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Net Infiltration and Soil Erosion Effects of a Few PPM Polyacrylamide in Furrow Irrigation Water (1995)

Furrow irrigation-induced erosion, seal formation, and reduced net infiltration are\nsevere problems in the United States of America (USA) Pacific Northwest. High\nmolecular weight (10^7 g mol-1), anionic (18% charge density) polyacrylamide\n(PAM) is a potent flocculent. Economical PAM application strategies can reduce\nseal formation, runoff and erosion in furrow irrigation. Three years of studies\nverified this for 3 soils. Field slopes were 0.5-7.0%. Furrow lengths were 150-\n250 m and inflow rates were 12.8-37.8 L min-1 . PAM reduced erosion by 43 to\n99% for various application strategies using as little as 5 ppm PAM in furrow\nadvance water with renewal of 5 ppm PAM for 5 minutes of each subsequent hour\nof irrigation. PAM stabilized net infiltration at higher rates by reducing seal\nformation. PAM increased the lateral wetting extent by 25% and net infiltration\nby 15% compared to controls. PAM efficacy varied with concentration, duration\nof furrow exposure, and flow rate. Furrow-bottom crusts of similar soil strength\nformed in PAM-treated and control furrows, but their associated seals produced\ndifferent net infiltration.
[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoropropylsulfonyl chloride: a new reagent for radiolabeling primary and secondary amines for PET imaging (2008)

Abstract In vivo molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) requires the preparation of an appropriate positron‐emitting radiotracer. New methods for the introduction of F‐18 into biologically interesting molecules could increase the availability of specific PET radiotracers and increase the application of PET to the study of human diseases. In this work, [ 18 F]fluoropropylsulfonyl chloride was synthesized from 3‐toluenesulfonyloxypropyl thiocyanate in two steps and was successfully incorporated into molecules containing a reactive amino group. Both a primary amine, L‐phenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride, and a secondary amine, 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐piperazine, were successfully radiolabeled by this method. The entire radiochemical synthesis required 90 min. The products were obtained in 25.7±2.3% ( n =3) and 22.8±9.1% ( n =6) (EOB). This method provides a useful and easy way to make new F‐18 labeled radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of epidemiological and etiological factors of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the province of Florence, Italy (2009)

An epidemiological survey of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) based on 83 patients living in the province of Florence (central Italy) showed an incidence of 0.714 X 100,000 inhabitants and a prevalence of 2.142 X 100,000 inhabitants. The disease was found to be more prevalent in males (sex ratio 1.3--1). Average age of onset was 59 years (57 +/- 4 for males and 61.6 +/- 3 for females). No particular geographical distribution was noted. 59 % of the patients presented the conventional amyotrophic form, while 10 % and 30 % were those with the bulbar and polyneuritic type, respectively. A survey of the social and economic status showed ALS to be more frequent in manual workers (P less than 0.001). Among all patients 31 % presented evidence of trauma; however only in 15 % of them could the trauma be chronically and topographically related to the onset of ALS. The presence of other diseases associated with ALS was examined but the combination found may be only casual.
Mg<sup>2+</sup>-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of blood vessels and blood pressure lowering: role of NO (2000)

In vitro extracellular Mg(2+) concentration ([Mg(2+)](0)) produces endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxations in rat aorta in a concentration-dependent manner. These relaxant effects of Mg(2+) on intact rat aortic rings, but not denuded rat aortic rings, were suppressed by either N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or methylene blue. The inhibitory effects of L-NMMA and L-NAME could be reversed partly by L-arginine. [Mg(2+)](0)-induced dilatation in vivo in rat mesenteric arterioles and venules was almost completely inhibited by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine and L-NMMA. Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](0)) or buffering intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in endothelial cells, with 10 microM 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM, markedly attenuated the relaxant effects of Mg(2+). Mg(2+) produced nitric oxide (NO) release from the intact aortic rings in a concentration-dependent manner. Removal of [Ca(2+)](0) diminished the increased NO release induced by elevated levels of [Mg(2+)](0). In vivo infusion of increasing doses (1-30 microM/min) of MgSO(4), directly into the femoral veins of anesthetized rats, elicited significant concentration-dependent sustained increases in serum total Mg and concomitant decreases in arterial blood pressure. Before and after employment of various doses of MgSO(4), intravenous administration of either L-NMMA (10 mg/kg) or L-NAME (10 mg/kg) increased (i.e., reversed) the MgSO(4)-lowered blood pressure markedly, and intravenous injection of L-arginine restored partially the increased blood pressure effects of both L-NMMA and L-NAME. Our results suggest that 1) small blood vessels are very dependent on NO release for Mg(2+) dilatations and 2) the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by extracellular Mg(2+) is mediated by release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor-NO from the endothelium, and requires Ca(2+) and formation of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate.
Diffusion-limited kinetics of the antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic <i>λ</i>-transition in Fe1−xS (2015)

Fe1−xS (0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.11) exhibits a simultaneous magneto-structural “λ-transition” at approximately 200 °C. Time-dependent magnetization measurements demonstrate the λ-transition can be accurately modeled by a stretched exponential function, consistent with a nucleation-free, continuous reordering of the vacancy-bearing sublattice. The experimental result is supported by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations that confirm the activation energy for the transition to be 1.1 ± 0.1 eV—representing the iron vacancy migration energy in ordered Fe1−xS. A mechanistic understanding of the λ-transition enables potential functional uses of Fe1−xS such as thermally activated magnetic memory, switches, or storage.
Cochlear implants. (2013)

Cochlear implants have evolved to become the treatment of choice for severely hearing-impaired patients. Speech signals are picked up by a microphone, processed and then delivered to the stimulating electrodes (the current maximum number being 22) that are placed on an electrode array implanted into the scala tympani of the cochlea. The target cells of electrical stimulation, the spiral ganglion cells (SGCs), are located some distance away in the central axis of the cochlea. SGCs start to degenerate after the onset of deafness. Additionally, fibrous tissue is formed around the electrode array after implantation. If cochlear implants are to deliver sound that is closer to natural hearing, the number of independent stimulation channels has to be increased. Optimization of the interface between the electrode array and the surrounding tissue is, therefore, the focus of current research. Promising approaches relating to cells, micro- and nanosystems will be reviewed.
Frustration of Negative Capacitance in Al2O3/BaTiO3 Bilayer Structure (2016)

Enhancement of capacitance by negative capacitance (NC) effect in a dielectric/ferroelectric (DE/FE) stacked film is gaining a greater interest. While the previous theory on NC effect was based on the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire theory, this work adopted a modified formalism to incorporate the depolarization effect to describe the energy of the general DE/FE system. The model predicted that the SrTiO3/BaTiO3 system will show a capacitance boost effect. It was also predicted that the 5 nm-thick Al2O3/150 nm-thick BaTiO3 system shows the capacitance boost effect with no FE-like hysteresis behavior, which was inconsistent with the experimental results; the amorphous-Al2O3/epitaxial-BaTiO3 system showed a typical FE-like hysteresis loop in the polarization - voltage test. This was due to the involvement of the trapped charges at the DE/FE interface, originating from the very high field across the thin Al2O3 layer when the BaTiO3 layer played a role as the NC layer. Therefore, the NC effect in the Al2O3/BaTiO3 system was frustrated by the involvement of reversible interface charge; the highly stored charge by the NC effect of the BaTiO3 during the charging period could not be retrieved during the discharging process because integral part of the polarization charge was retained within the system as a remanent polarization.
Location Privacy for Mobile Crowd Sensing through Population Mapping (2015)

Opportunistic sensing allows applications to "task" mobile devices to measure context in a target region. For example, one could leverage sensor-equipped vehicles to measure traffic or pollution levels on a particular street or users' mobile phones to locate (Bluetooth-enabled) objects in their vicinity. In most proposed applications, context reports include the time and location of the event, putting the privacy of users at increased risk: even if identifying information has been removed from a report, the accompanying time and location can reveal sufficient information to de-anonymize the user whose device sent the report. We propose and evaluate a novel spatiotemporal blurring mechanism based on tessellation and clustering to protect users' privacy against the system while reporting context. Our technique employs a notion of probabilistic k-anonymity; it allows users to perform local blurring of reports efficiently without an online anonymization server before the data are sent to the system. The proposed scheme can control the degree of certainty in location privacy and the quality of reports through a system parameter. We outline the architecture and security properties of our approach and evaluate our tessellation and clustering algorithm against real mobility traces.
Pathogen Specific, IRF3-Dependent Signaling and Innate Resistance to Human Kidney Infection (2010)

The mucosal immune system identifies and fights invading pathogens, while allowing non-pathogenic organisms to persist. Mechanisms of pathogen/non-pathogen discrimination are poorly understood, as is the contribution of human genetic variation in disease susceptibility. We describe here a new, IRF3-dependent signaling pathway that is critical for distinguishing pathogens from normal flora at the mucosal barrier. Following uropathogenic E. coli infection, Irf3(-/-) mice showed a pathogen-specific increase in acute mortality, bacterial burden, abscess formation and renal damage compared to wild type mice. TLR4 signaling was initiated after ceramide release from glycosphingolipid receptors, through TRAM, CREB, Fos and Jun phosphorylation and p38 MAPK-dependent mechanisms, resulting in nuclear translocation of IRF3 and activation of IRF3/IFNβ-dependent antibacterial effector mechanisms. This TLR4/IRF3 pathway of pathogen discrimination was activated by ceramide and by P-fimbriated E. coli, which use ceramide-anchored glycosphingolipid receptors. Relevance of this pathway for human disease was supported by polymorphic IRF3 promoter sequences, differing between children with severe, symptomatic kidney infection and children who were asymptomatic bacterial carriers. IRF3 promoter activity was reduced by the disease-associated genotype, consistent with the pathology in Irf3(-/-) mice. Host susceptibility to common infections like UTI may thus be strongly influenced by single gene modifications affecting the innate immune response.
Inverse Problems of the Holling-Tanner Model Identification with Incomplete Information (2021)

In this paper we present a novel method for numerical parameter identification of the Holling-Tanner model with incomplete information. It means that information about predator or prey is unavailable, or only particular information about these species is available. The proposed method is based on elimination of variable characterizing unknown population from the original system of equations and obtaining a new nonlinear ordinary differential equation. In this equation, the dependent variable characterizes dynamics of the known population and new set of parameters functionally depends on the original unknown parameters. In the case of the Holling-Tanner model, the number of new parameters is higher than the number of original unknown parameters. Hence, there exist several constraints between new unknown parameters, which must be taken into consideration in the process of the parameter identification. The conventional method, based on the Lagrange constraint minimization of a goal function gives a nonlinear system of equations where the number of equations is equal to the sum of new unknown parameters and constraints. In this novel method, proposed in this paper, the number of equation is exactly equal to the number of constraints which substantially simplifies solution of the problem.
Sulfur Cathodes with Carbon Current Collector for Li-S cells (2013)

S.A996-A1002
Some notes on scattering of radiowaves by clouds (1999)

this article will take the first steps in exploring the importance of this scattering mechanism for radar cloud studies. As quantitative data is sparse, these notes must be labelled as tentative, but this is not continuously stressed throughout the article for readability. In the first part (sections 2, 3 and 4) of this article the physical basis of coherent particle scatter will be explained and developed further. In the second part it will be indicated for which radar wavelengths and for which cloud types and atmospheric conditions one can theoretically expect coherent particle scatter to be significant (section 6). Furthermore, it will be shown quantitatively that it is indeed reasonable to assume that coherent particle scatter will dominate coherent air scatter in cumulus clouds. To make this discussion somewhat less academic, this discussion will refer to some cloud measurements in section 5. In the last section some recommendations for further research steps are presented
Acetals as Possible Diesel Additives (2011)

Nowadays, oil is the source of the vast majority of fuels used for transport, heating and of the hydrocarbons used in petrochemical industry. However, oil is a fossil fuel and some experts predict that its reserves will exhaust approximately in 20–30 years. Moreover, it seems that the demand of fossil fuels will increase at rates that can be estimated from “World Energy Outlook” elaborated by the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2007). Apart from all these data, there are evidences that the climate of the planet is changing due to the global warning. The temperature of the earth is increasing and the ice of the poles is beginning to melt; all these changes are attributed to the Greenhouse Effect. Besides, it has been estimated that 82 % of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions are due to fossil fuel combustion so it is clear that alternative energy sources are needed (see Figure 1).
Cellulose and Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) as biobased precursors of thermoplastic and thermoset materials : the physical transitions of the biopolymers and elaboration of composites (2015)

La cellulose et le poly(éthylène 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) sont les deux précurseurs polymériques biosourcés étudiés dans ce travail de thèse. Deux approches ont été envisagées ; l’une se concentrant sur les aspects fondamentaux et l’autre sur l’élaboration de composites à partir de ces polymères. D’une part, la transition vitreuse et la cristallisation non-isotherme du PEF ont été explorées. Une approche cinétique de ces transitions a mis en lumière un comportement particulier du PEF et permet ainsi de mieux appréhender sa mise forme. De plus, la transition haute température de la cellulose Iβ a été étudiée pour la première fois en corroborant des techniques d’analyse thermiques et spectroscopiques complémentaires. En deuxième lieu, l’oxydation contrôlée d’une seule source de cellulose sous l’action du periodate de sodium a permis l’élaboration de composites entièrement cellulosiques qui se démarquent par leur haute performance mécanique. Enfin, le PEF et des nanocristaux de cellulose ont été combinés ce qui a permis l’élaboration de composites thermoplastiques où les cristaux de cellulose semblent jouer le rôle d’agents nucléants.
Ceramic facing tiles (EN 159) obtained from dry-ground Italian raw materials. Part I. (2000)

Optimization of dry grinding of paste, contg. exclusively Italian raw materials, for use in prodn. of porous ceramic facing tiles (EN 159) was studied using a rolling vertical mill (Pfeiffer MPS 141A); the results obtained demonstrate that it is possible, using cycles of single-firing (39 min at max. temp 1080 C) and rapid double-firing (28 min firing, 7 min drying, inertization at max. temp 1065 C, and glazing 45 min at max. temp. 1055 C), to obtain products with the functional properties required by the strict European std. Baiso 160 clay is predominantly illite and chlorite with high contents of Ca and Mg oxides; Alloero Refrattoria is predominantly illite and chlorite with high content of free qt and trace carbonates.
An Exposure System for Long-Term and Large-Scale Animal Bioassay of 1.5-GHz Digital Cellular Phones (2007)

We developed an exposure system for an animal bioassay to evaluate possible health effects by the exposure with 1.5-GHz-band personal digital cellular system used in Japanese telecommunications. For large-scale and long-term study, i.e., 500 rats were employed for two years, the exposure system was designed to simultaneously expose 100 rats and to easily maintain. The specific absorption rate (SAR) inside the rat was evaluated with numerical simulation using anatomical rat models and was validated by comparing it with experimental dosimetry using phantom models. Variation and uncertainty of the SAR in the rat for each exposure was also statistically investigated using logged data, which had been acquired in the exposure system during the animal bioassay. We confirmed that the desired exposure (a SAR averaged over a brain of 2 W/kg for the high-dose group and 0.67 W/kg for the low-dose group and a SAR average over a whole body of less than 0.4 W/kg) had been fairly achieved during the exposure period of two years. A relatively large variation of the SAR was found in the male high-dose group
High-frequency wavepackets in turbulent jets (2017)

Wavepackets obtained as solutions of the flow equations linearised around the mean flow have been shown in recent work to yield good agreement, in terms of amplitude and phase, with those educed from turbulent jets. Compelling agreement has been demonstrated, for the axisymmetric and first helical mode, up to Strouhal numbers close to unity. We here extend the range of validity of wavepacket models to Strouhal number $St=4.0$ and azimuthal wavenumber $m=4$ by comparing solutions of the parabolised stability equations with a well-validated large-eddy simulation of a Mach 0.9 turbulent jet. The results show that the near-nozzle dynamics can be correctly described by the homogeneous linear model, the initial growth rates being accurately predicted for the entire range of frequencies and azimuthal wavenumbers considered. Similarly to the lower-frequency wavepackets reported prior to this work, the high-frequency linear waves deviate from the data downstream of their stabilisation locations, which move progressively upstream as the frequency increases.
Single-Carrier 448 Gb/s Dual-Polarization 16-QAM Transmission over 1200 km Using Fixed Look-Up Table Based MAP Detection (2014)

Transmission of a single-carrier 448 Gb/s dual-polarization 16-QAM signal is demonstrated using fixed look-up table based maximum-a-posteriori detection at the receiver to mitigate pattern-dependent distortion in the transmitted signal arising from the high baud rate.
Editorial (2008)

As I reflect on the recent AAOS annual meeting, I realize that this is an exciting time for foot and ankle surgery. There has been an explosion in interest in our field. Everywhere you look in the exhibit halls, companies are displaying new implants and devices targeted for foot and ankle surgery. In the academic presentations, some of the foot and ankle symposia are standing-room only. The job placement center is flooded with requests for fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeons. Many of the newer products and technologies have excellent applicability to foot and ankle procedures. Dr James Sferra of the Cleveland Clinic serves as our guest editor of this issue. The special focus of this issue involves the use of some of these cutting-edge technologies and products as adjuvants for bone and wound healing. As our subspecialty continues to rise to the forefront of orthopedics nationally and internationally, we need to continue to promote these new techniques and reinforce the older improved techniques. We are proud that this journal serves as a popular forum for this exchange of information. We once again invite submission of techniques and ideas from a broad spectrum of contributors. Help us keep our rapidly expanding subspecialty interesting and current. Bruce Cohen, MD Charlotte, NC
Palatability of Flour Granular Formulations to European Corn Borer Larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)

Journal Article Palatability of Flour Granular Formulations to European Corn Borer Larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Get access Robert L. Gillespie, Robert L. Gillespie 1 Plant Polymer Research, USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 North University, Peoria, IL 61604 1Current address: Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, Courthouse, P.O. Box 37, Ephrata, WA 98823. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael R. McGuire, Michael R. McGuire Plant Polymer Research, USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 North University, Peoria, IL 61604 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Baruch S. Shasha Baruch S. Shasha Plant Polymer Research, USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 North University, Peoria, IL 61604 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 87, Issue 2, 1 April 1994, Pages 452–457, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/87.2.452 Published: 01 April 1994 Article history Received: 15 June 1993 Accepted: 28 October 1993 Published: 01 April 1994