gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Show Us the Data (2012)

While perusing the April 2012 issue, I was struck by the occurrence of the same graphical faux pas in at least three of the articles: the representation of the relationship between two variables by graphing a model-derived coefficient instead of the actual data. In the first article,1 both Figure 1 panels contain two straight lines. Each line, however, is really just a depiction of two points: (adjusted?) odds of an outcome for people living in low or high religious climates (“low” and “high” defined as below and above a median score). The reader is given the impression of a linear relationship between the outcome and the religious climate score, which may or may not be true; all one sees is a model-based straight line between two points. Each panel is really just a representation of four numbers.

In the second article,2 Figures 1 and 2 each have just one curve that is a transformation of the coefficient of a logistic regression model (with intercept determined by nonspecified values of other variables) relating suicide risk to a media exposure latent factor. Yet each point has multiple numeric labels on it, giving the impression that these are the results of actual data, which is not the case. Worse, on the horizontal axis is a latent factor with an apparently meaningless scale; if it had been expressed in terms of standard deviations of the factor in the study population it would have been more interpretable. It would have been better to group the data by standard deviation intervals and show the average probability (“propensity” in the article) of suicide, or mean adjusted probability, or a boxplot of the probabilities in each interval.

The third article3 has a graph (Figure 2) showing the probability of smoking as a function of exposure to one kind of advertising, with separate lines for another kind to show the nature of the interaction. Again, we see straight lines, each of which is really just the representation of one coefficient. This oversmoothing of the data is unwarranted; we should either see summaries of the actual data, or some less-smoothed version, say from multiple-knot spline fits. As it is, the reader is tempted to read off a specific probability given a specific exposure, which may be reasonable near the middle of the figure but is less reliable near the extremes. On a related note, none of these graphs gave any visual indication of the variability of the depicted curves, thus further contributing to the impression of accuracy of the (mainly nonexistent) data contained therein.

When we have the data, we should show it, and not imply quantitative relationships that have not been quantitated. The figures cited above have an unusually low data density, which is not a desirable trait.4 Each of the articles appears meticulously researched and well written, and it may be that each of the figures in these articles tells a story that largely reflects the underlying data, but this should be left to the judgment of the reader upon seeing the data.
The Effect of Isohumulone/Isocohumulone Ratio on Beer Head Retention (1978)

The effect of the isohumulone/isocohumulone ratio on beer head retention was investigated through pilot brewing trials using hops of different cohumulone content, isomerized hop extracts of different isocohumulone content and purified isohumulone and isocohumulone. Foam tests indicated that as the isohumulone/isocohumulone ratio was increased in beers with equivalent BU, the foam retention increased.
A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Which Measure Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers (2017)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease, with no effective treatment or cure. A gold standard therapy would be treatment to slow or halt disease progression; however, knowledge of causation in the early stages of AD is very limited. In order to determine effective endpoints for possible therapies, a number of quantitative surrogate markers of disease progression have been suggested, including biochemical and imaging biomarkers. The dynamics of these various surrogate markers over time, particularly in relation to disease development, are, however, not well characterized. We reviewed the literature for studies that measured cerebrospinal fluid or plasma amyloid-β and tau, or took magnetic resonance image or fluorodeoxyglucose/Pittsburgh compound B-positron electron tomography scans, in longitudinal cohort studies. We summarized the properties of the major cohort studies in various countries, commonly used diagnosis methods and study designs. We have concluded that additional studies with repeat measures over time in a representative population cohort are needed to address the gap in knowledge of AD progression. Based on our analysis, we suggest directions in which research could move in order to advance our understanding of this complex disease, including repeat biomarker measurements, standardization and increased sample sizes.
Summer (1998)

When I was discharged from Cardinal Hill Hospital on June 19, some movement had been restored to my hand and arm, but not yet my fingers. I continued with physical therapy through July 31. Meanwhile I had to accept that I must move from the house where I had lived for twenty-one years. I loved that house. It had no bedroom or bathroom on the first floor, and I could no longer climb stairs safely. I am so grateful for the voice ofthat Guardian Angel. A friend who was a nurse for twenty-five years said, "What probably happened was the blood clot developed in your lungs; you coughed, sending it to your brain instead of it perhaps going to your heart, which may have saved your life." I want to emphasize here that I did a quite foolish thing by hesitating to call for help. Dr. Schloemer said that after a stroke often there is difficulty in breathing as well as other complications that are life-threatening . My friend Tom Sawyer scolded me: "Yeah, you are just like those people who die in elevators because they don't want to bother anyone else by calling for help!" I stayed with my son Bruce in Lexington for six weeks, then came home to Berea on the weekend ofAugust 1. I moved into a new duplex apartment-one floor with no steps to climb. From my front yard I can see the mountains! My life has changed completely from the way it was in May ofthis year. I came back to work, half-time, the first week in August. This summer issue ofAppalachian Heritage comes to late; now you know the reason why. Summer I soared. The sun and the heat freed me from school and home and time. Tommy Aigee and I would hurl ourselves off the black, jutting rock, the lip ofthe thirty-foot cliff into Mud River Union Lake. Risk is every young man's narcotic. Every summer as we plunged the murky reservoir legacy of Paradise Mines we prayed the water was deep. -Martin Cobb ...
The subtilisins of the invertebrate mycopathogens Verticillium chlamydosporium and Metarhizium anisopliae. are serologically and functionally related (1995)

The major extracellular proteases from the nematophagous fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium and the entomophagous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, VCP1 and Pr1, respectively, are closely related both functionally and serologically. Antibodies raised against either enzyme cross-reacted with both antigens, suggesting that they have common epitopes. The VCP1 and Prl antisera labelled bovine pancreatic elastase and proteinase K, respectively. Neither antiserum reacted with commercial chymotrypsin. An antiserum to a serine protease from the closely related V. suchlasporium also cross-reacted with VCP1 and Prl. In contrast, a polyclonal antibody to an isoform of Pr1 exclusive to M. anisopliae isolate ME1 failed to recognize Prl from M. anisopliae V245 or VCP1. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of VCP1 revealed similarities with subtilisin-like enzymes from other fungi, but the closest match was with Pr1. The pure enzymes, VCP1 and Prl, failed to hydrolyse mono-aminoacyl-naphthylamide substrates but demonstrated dipeptidyl peptidase activity against Gly-Pro-βNA and Leu-Ala-βNA, respectively. These results are discussed in the context of specificity of invertebrate mycopathogens.
Joint Wavelet Video Denoising and Motion Activity Detection in Multimodal Human Activity Analysis: Application to Video-Assisted Bioacoustic/Psychophysiological Monitoring (2007)

The current work focuses on the design and implementation of an indoor surveillance application for long-term automated analysis of human activity, in a video-assisted biomedical monitoring system. Video processing is necessary to overcome noise-related problems, caused by suboptimal video capturing conditions, due to poor lighting or even complete darkness during overnight recordings. Modified wavelet-domain spatiotemporal Wiener filtering and motion-detection algorithms are employed to facilitate video enhancement, motion-activity-based indexing and summarization. Structural aspects for validation of the motion detection results are also used. The proposed system has been already deployed in monitoring of long-term abdominal sounds, for surveillance automation, motion-artefacts detection and connection with other psychophysiological parameters. However, it can be used to any video-assisted biomedical monitoring or other surveillance application with similar demands.
Secalonic acids D and F are toxic metabolites of Aspergillus aculeatus (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSecalonic acids D and F are toxic metabolites of Aspergillus aculeatusRaymond Andersen, George Buechi, Brunhilde Kobbe, and Arnold L. DemainCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 2, 352–353Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00422a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00422a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views819Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
논문 : 위험과 수익의 관계와 주가반전의 기대 (2015)

본 연구는 KOSPI 200 지수옵션시장에서 향후 30일 동안 옵션 거래자들이 기대하는 위험에 대한 민감도지표인 변동성지수를 이용하여 위험과 수익과의 관계를 규명하였다. 기존 연구들에서 발견된 위험과 수익의 비대칭적인 역의 관계를 보다 자세히 파악하고 가능한 원인을 규명하기 위해, Low(2004)의 방법론을 적용하여 비대칭성뿐만 아니라 비선형성의 유무와 특성을 비교분석하였다. 분석결과 국내지수옵션시장에서도 위험과 수익은 비대칭적인 역의 관계를 가졌다. 그러나 S&P 100 지수옵션시장과는 달리 국내지수옵션시장의 참가자들은 손실을 회피하는 행태적인 요인보다는 급격한 가격상승(가격하락)을 과잉반응으로 인한 지나친 주가상승(주가하락)으로 해석하고, 향후 주가가 반전되어 하락(상승)할 것이라는 두려움이나 기대를 옵션을 이용한 의사결정에 반영하고 있을 가능성이 높았다. 그러나 시장참가자들이 인식하는 이러한 주가 반전에 대한 기대는 합리적이지 않았다.
Transcriptional activation of human papillomavirus 16 by nuclear factor I, AP1, steroid receptors and a possibly novel transcription factor, PVF: a model for the composition of genital papillomavirus enhancers (1990)

Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16), which is involved in genital carcinogenesis, contains an enhancer of transcription that is activated by cellular factors rather than by the viral E2 proteins. The activity resides on a 232 bp segment with 5 binding sites for nuclear factor 1 (NF1), 2 for AP1, and 1 for steroid receptors. Deletions and point mutations show that the constitutive enhancer and the steroid response depend on NF1 sites located 5' or 3' of a 65 bp fragment with AP1 sites that by itself shows little activity. Enhancement through a fragment with AP1 and NF1 sites is strongly reduced by mutation of the AP1 sites, or by mutation of the sequence AGGCACATAT. Sequence comparison and footprint analysis make it likely that this sequence binds a novel transcription factor which we call PVF. Fragments with one or several binding sites only for NF1, or AP1, or PVF exhibit little enhancement by themselves, suggesting the functional dependence of the HPV-16 enhancer on the cooperation of these factors. A comparison of our findings with the genomes and transcription factor binding sites of HPV-6, 11, 18, 31 and 33 lead us to propose a model of the composition of enhancers of genital papillomaviruses.
Role as Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Defense Against Herpes Simplex Virus Infections (1990)

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a mechanism of destruction of these cells by a combination of antiviral antibody and immunoglobulin Fc receptor-positive leukocytes. It has been well defined in vitro as a rapid lytic response utilizing minute amounts of IgG antibody. In vitro studies have shown ADCC restriction of the spread of virus. In vivo studies using adoptive transfer of human or murine ADCC effector cells plus antibody and ADCC-active, nonneutralizing F(ab1)2 antibody fragments or monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated the important role of this response in animal models of HSV infection. In humans, ADCC effector function and/or antibody levels have been associated with the outcome of infection, especially in immunocompromised patients and neonates. Reconstitution of this mechanism with appropriate antibodies or cytokines in high-risk hosts, with the resultant amelioration of severe HSV infection, will validate ADCC as a critical component of antiviral defense.
Properties of semicrystalline polyolefins. II. Copolymers of 3‐methyl‐1‐pentene and 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene (1965)

Abstract A study of the copolymerization of 3‐methyl‐1‐pentene (3‐MP) and 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene (4‐MP) showed that the poly‐4‐MP crystal lattice is capable of incorporating large quantities of 3‐MP without a sharp lowering of melting point or adverse effect on physical and mechanical properties. The reactivity ratio of the two monomers in copolymerization are r (4‐MP) = 6.2 ± 0.2 and r (3‐MP) = 0.1 ± 0.1. As a result, mixed feeds containing up to 80% 3‐MP produce copolymers composed primarily of repeating 4‐MP units, with a random insertion of 3‐MP monomer units. Calculations indicate that in a copolymer containing 37% 3‐MP, the probability of finding a sequence of 2 units of 3‐MP is only a little better than 5%. This copolymer shows a somewhat increased resistance to deformation under load than homopoly 4‐MP. Its crystalline melting point is 248°C.
Alteration of the relative volatility of hexane-1-hexene by oxygenated and chlorinated solvents (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlteration of the relative volatility of hexane-1-hexene by oxygenated and chlorinated solventsDonald O. Hanson and Matthew Van WinkleCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1967, 12, 3, 319–325Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1967https://doi.org/10.1021/je60034a009RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views196Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (671 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Transformation of Vaterite to Calcite (1973)

Abstract The transformation of vaterite to calcite was investigated systematically. The transition temperature and the energetics of the transformation were determined from differential thermal curves. The variations of lattice constants and crystallite size, accompanying the transformation were studied by X-ray diffractometry. The kinetics of transformation were investigated in the temperature range 460–490°C. The kinetic data were analysed with the help of three separate solid-state models.
Energy-aware thread co-location in heterogeneous multicore processors (2013)

Given the wide variety of performance demands for various workloads, the trend in embedded systems is shifting from homogeneous to heterogeneous processors, which have been shown to yield performance and energy saving benefits. A typical heterogeneous processor has cores with different performance and power characteristics, that is, high performance and power hungry (“big”) cores, and low power and performance (“small”) cores. In order to satisfy the memory bandwidth and computation demands of various threads, it is important (albeit challenging) to map threads to cores. Such assignment should take into account that threads could potentially be harmful to each other in the usage of shared resources (e.g., cache, memory). We propose a scheme for dynamic energy-efficient assignment of threads to big/small cores, DIO-E (Distributed Intensity Online-Energy), which is an enhancement of the previously proposed DIO. In contrast to DIO, we take into account both CPU and memory demands of threads to characterize the performance of threads when co-running on the same core at run-time. Our results show that DIO-E improves the energy-delay-squared product (ED <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) by 9% (average) over DIO, running on a performance-asymmetric multicore system. Both DIO and DIO-E show about 50% improvement in ED <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> over a state-of-the-art solution.
Computer Determination of Calibration and Environmental Corrections for a Natural Spectral Gamma Ray Logging System (1988)

Summary Pulse-height spectra recorded by a passive spectral gamma-ray logging system were simulated by radiation-transport calculations for several combinations of gamma ray sources and tool environments. Derived from the calculated log responses were (1) source- and energy-dependent environmental corrections and (2) calibration factors and an environmental correction method for three-window potassium/uranium/thorium analysis.
The reactions of carbon with sulphur compounds. Part 4. Adsorption of gaseous sulphur and carbon disulphide by charcoal (1956)

K. W. Sykes and P. White, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 660 DOI: 10.1039/TF9565200660
Characteristics, Preparation Routes and Metallurgical Applications of LDHs: An Overview (2017)

The peculiar properties of layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) have progressively drawn the attention of the scientific community. The main characteristic of LDH is the ability to capture anionic species (organic and inorganic) to build different composites. This is made possible by the sandwich structure of the LDH, similar to the brucite architecture, made up of positive charged lamellas interspersed by anions. Several distant fields, ranging from medicine to physics and engineering, exhibit interest in LDH applications. To satisfy all those requirements, energy was spent to sculpt LDHs physical and chemical properties and for designing layered double hydroxides “ad hoc” for different needs and employments. Notably, among the many applications, those related to metallurgical processes and products are of particular interest. This paper presents the characteristics, the main preparation routes and reviews the applications of LDH to metallurgy with some examples taken from the experimental research of the author.
Effects of pH Changes on Ion and 2,4‐D Uptake of Wheat Roots (1979)

Abstract The quantitative relationships between pH‐dependent ion and 2,4‐D uptake in winter wheat seedlings ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yubileynaya 50) have been investigated. The movement of various ions (potassium, phosphate, nitrate and ammonium) and 2,4‐D across the root membranes was monitored with radioactive and stable isotope tracer methods. It was found that the H + ion concentration of the absorption solution strongly influences the 2,4‐D uptake of the roots. Simultaneously, the 2,4‐D uptake stimulates secretion of H + into the absorption solution, that is, a H + efflux can accompany the uptake of 2,4‐D. This finding is consistent with the acid secretion theory of auxin and fusicoccin action. At pH 4 the 2,4‐D uptake was much higher than at pH 6, thereby inhibiting the ion uptake and increasing the phytotoxicity in the plant. The results indicate that 2,4‐D enters the root cells rapidly at the lower pH, mostly as undissociated molecules. With reference to the 2,4‐D concentration in the roots at pH 4, a possible transport mechanism of the auxin herbicide is briefly discussed.
Optical polarization beam splitting through anisotropic metamaterial slab realized by layered metal-dielectric system (2007)

We report a novel polarization beam splitter (PBS) utilizing the anomalous reflection and transmission of an anisotropic metamaterial slab. By properly design of the constitutive tensors, PBS is achieved with little dependence on the incident angle and slab thickness, and realized in the optical range by layered metal-dielectric nano-structured system.
Survey of Thermal Storage for Parabolic Trough Power Plants; Period of Performance: September 13, 1999 - June 12, 2000 (2000)

The purpose of this report is to identify and selectively review previous work done on the evaluation and use of thermal energy storage systems applied to parabolic trough power plants. Appropriate storage concepts and technical options are first discussed, followed by a review of previous work.