gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating gene flow across hybrid zones: how reliable are microsatellites? (2000)

Due to their high polymorphism, microsatellites have become one of the most valued genetic markers in population biology. We review the first two published studies on hybrid zones of the common shrew based on microsatellites. Both reveal surprisingly high interracial gene flow. It can be shown that these are overestimates. Indeed, in classical population genetics models as F-statistics, mutation is neglected. This constitutes an acceptable assumption as long as migration is higher than mutation. However, in hybrid zones where genetic exchanges can be rare, neglecting mutation will lead to strong overestimates of migration when working with microsatellites which display mutation rates up to 10 . As there seems to be no straightforward way to correct for this bias, interracial gene flow estimates based on microsatellites should be taken with caution. This problem should however not conceal the enormous potential of microsatellites to unravel the genetics of hybrid zones.
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)‐Induced Thrombocytopenia (1993)

A case of carbamazepine-induced thrombocytopenia is reported. The patient, a 38-year-old female, developed thrombocytopenia 10 days after receiving 400 mg carbamazepine daily. The presence of an anti-IgG carbamazepine-dependent platelet-reactive antibody was documented. Using flow cytometry, the drug-induced antibody was detected at a drug concentration as low as 10(-6) M.
Human mitochondrial peptide deformylase, a new anticancer target of actinonin-based antibiotics (2004)

Peptide deformylase activity was thought to be limited to ribosomal protein synthesis in prokaryotes, where new peptides are initiated with an N-formylated methionine. We describe here a new human peptide deformylase (Homo sapiens PDF, or HsPDF) that is localized to the mitochondria. HsPDF is capable of removing formyl groups from N-terminal methionines of newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins, an activity previously not thought to be necessary in mammalian cells. We show that actinonin, a peptidomimetic antibiotic that inhibits HsPDF, also inhibits the proliferation of 16 human cancer cell lines. We designed and synthesized 33 chemical analogs of actinonin; all of the molecules with potent activity against HsPDF also inhibited tumor cell growth, and vice versa, confirming target specificity. Small interfering RNA inhibition of HsPDF protein expression was also antiproliferative. Actinonin treatment of cells led to a tumor-specific mitochondrial membrane depolarization and ATP depletion in a time- and dose-dependent manner; removal of actinonin led to a recovery of the membrane potential consistent with indirect effects on the electron transport chain. In animal models, oral or parenteral actinonin was well tolerated and inhibited human prostate cancer and lung cancer growth. We conclude that HsPDF is a new human mitochondrial enzyme that may provide a novel selective target for anticancer therapy by use of actinonin-based antibiotics.
Chapter 7. Electrochemistry of graphene: The current state of the art (2013)

Carbon materials are widely used in both analytical and industrial electrochemistry. Glassy carbon (GC) electrodes consisting of sp2 bonds show a wide potential window and are low cost materials in comparison to metal electrodes such as gold or platinum. The electrochemical activity of graphitic electrodes such as GC and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) depends mainly on surface roughness and on the amount and kind of surface oxygen functions. Recently, new carbon-based materials including boron-doped diamond (BDD), BDD nanowire electrodes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted considerable interest for electroanalytical applications. While BDD electrodes exhibit enlarged potential windows with low capacitive currents as compared to GC advantageous for electrocatalysis and electro-oxidation of organic compounds, the electron transfer rate is for several analytics (e.g; dopamine) slower at BDD electrodes than on conventional carbon electrodes. The reduction in sp2 carbon prevents catecholamines and nucleic acids to increase the electron transfer through the formation of π−π stacking interactions with BDD electrodes, preventing often biomolecular detection with good sensitivity and selectivity on unmodified BDD interfaces. The last decade has thus, in parallel, seen an extraordinary amount of research devoted to the electrochemical properties of nanometer sized sp2 hybridized carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and most recently graphene-based electrodes. The rapidly growing interest in graphene and related materials such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is due to the promising electrochemical characteristics such as large potential window, fast heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics and increased capacitance of these materials. In this chapter, the bulk electrochemical properties of graphene-based interfaces will be discussed. The importance of the graphene source on the electrochemistry of these electrodes will be highlighted. Thereafter, advancements related to electrochemical sensing and for energy storage will be presented.
Hyphal Wall Growth in Neurospora crassa and Geotrichum candidum (1975)

Growth of the walls of hyphae of Neurospora crassa and Geotrichum candidum was studied using longitudinal and serial transverse sectioning methods. Rigidification of the hyphal wall below the extension zone did not appear to involve the gross formation of a secondary wall since the transition from extensible to non-extensible wall was not associated with an increase in thickness. However, behind the extension zone the walls leading hyphae of N. crassa increased in thickness until eventually they attained a thickness which was up to five times that of the tip wall. A hypothesis of hyphal wall growth is proposed.
Authors' response (2011)

The H1N1 pneumonia cohort studied was a subset of a much larger cohort of adults hospitalised in the UK with confirmed pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 infection (FLU-CIN cohort, n¼1046); part of that cohort has been described elsewhere. 1 The depth and breadth of bacteriological testing of patients recruited into FLU-CIN was at the discretion of attending physicians; only 3 of 1046 patients had evidence of bacterial co-infection recorded, probably an underestimate of the true burden of bacterial co-infection.Patients with identified bacterial co-infection were similar in age to patients without co-infection (mean age 27.0 (SD 13.1) years vs 39.5 (SD 16.4) years).The inclusion of patients with bacterial co-infection in the cohort of patients with H1N1 pneumonia would be expected to reduce any differences between the two study cohorts if patients with co-infection are indeed clinically distinguishable.We are not aware of any publications arising from the 2009 pandemic demonstrating that patients with H1N1 pneumonia and bacterial co-infection can be reliably differentiated from patients without coinfection on clinical or demographic grounds alone.Some groups have examined the role of procalcitonin in this regard, 2 and ongoing investigations may provide additional information.
AN EDUCATIONAL NOTE FROM BERKELEY (1973)

A requirement for the Doctor of Optometry degree at the University of California School of Optometry is the completion of a research project and the submission of a thesis. The teaching program that is concurrent with the research program is described. Abstracts of the theses submitted by the June, 1972 graduating class are given as examples of the nature and scope of the research.
Controlling the Incorporation and Release of C<sub>60</sub> in Nanometer-Scale Hollow Spaces inside Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns (2005)

We succeeded in large-scale preparation of single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNH) encapsulating C60 molecules in a liquid phase at room temperature using a "nano-precipitation" method, that is, complete evaporation of the toluene from a C60-SWNH-toluene mixture. The C60 molecules were found to occupy 6-36% of the hollow space inside the SWNH, depending on the initial quantity of C60. We showed that the C60 in C60@SWNHox was quickly released in toluene, and the release rate decreased by adding ethanol to toluene. Numerical analysis of the release profiles indicated that there were fast and slow release processes. We consider that the incorporation quantity and the release rate of C60 were controllable in/from SWNHs because SWNHs have large diameters, 2-5 nm.
Meiosis Networks (1989)

A central problem in connectionist modelling is the control of network and architectural resources during learning. In the present approach, weights reflect a coarse prediction history as coded by a distribution of values and parameterized in the mean and standard deviation of these weight distributions. Weight updates are a function of both the mean and standard deviation of each connection in the network and vary as a function of the error signal (stochastic delta rule; Hanson, 1990). Consequently, the weights maintain information on their central tendency and their uncertainty in prediction. Such information is useful in establishing a policy concerning the size of the nodal complexity of the network and growth of new nodes. For example, during problem solving the present network can undergo meiosis, producing two nodes where there was one overtaxed node as measured by its coefficient of variation. It is shown in a number of benchmark problems that meiosis networks can find minimal architectures, reduce computational complexity, and overall increase the efficiency of the representation learning interaction.
Benign and malignant adrenal masses: CT distinction with attenuation coefficients, size, and observer analysis. (1991)

In a retrospective study of adrenal masses evaluated with computed tomography (CT), lesion x-ray attenuation was compared with size and radiologists' interpretations in discriminating benign lesions from malignant ones. Unenhanced CT attenuation coefficient and size were analyzed electronically in 55 patients with 66 adrenal masses. There were 38 nonhyperfunctioning adenomas in 33 patients and 28 malignant masses in 22 patients. Primary extraadrenal malignancies were present in 45 of the 55 patients. Three blinded readers characterized the adrenal masses using a seven-point scale of certainty. Results were subjected to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The mean CT attenuation coefficient for benign adrenal masses was -2.2 HU +/- 16.0 and was significantly different from the mean for malignant lesions (28.9 HU +/- 10.6). The area under the ROC curve for CT attenuation coefficients (0.91 +/- 0.04) was significantly larger than that for lesion size (0.84 +/- 0.05) or best observer interpretation (0.84 +/- 0.05). A threshold CT attenuation value of 0 HU had a sensitivity-to-specificity ratio of 47%:100% for characterizing benign adrenal masses, whereas a threshold attenuation of 10 HU had a ratio of 79%:96%.
Mapping of the distal boundary of the X-inactivation center in a rearranged X chromosome from a female expressing XIST (1993)

A female patient with primary amenorrhea, immature secondary sexual characteristics, and tall stature was found to have a normal X chromosome and a rearranged X [rea(X)] chromosome that resembled an 'isochromosome' Xp, but retained the proximal portion of Xq. The rea(X) was interpreted as rec(X)dup p,inv(X)(p11.4q13). Replication studies demonstrated that the rea(X) was always the late-replicating and, therefore, presumably inactive X chromosome, which must contain the X-inactivation center. Consistent with this interpretation, fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated that the rea(X) retained the XIST gene, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that XIST was expressed in the patient's cells. By fluorescence in situ hybridization with previously mapped probes, the breakpoint of the rea(X) was located within an approximately 500-kb region located approximately 200 to 700 kb distal to the XIST locus. This is the closest breakpoint distal to XIST in an inactivated X chromosome and, therefore, defines a new distal boundary for the X-inactivation center in humans.
Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of N<sub>2</sub> gas for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms - (2013)

SF <SUB xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</SUB> gas, an insulation medium used for gas insulated switchgear (GIS), is known for its high global warming potential, hence the search for an effective alternative from an environmental perspective. As a potential alternative, the authors are focusing on N <SUB xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</SUB> gas. To use this N <SUB xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</SUB> gas for actual GIS, the insulation characteristics for actual overvoltage waveforms generated in the field (non-standard lightning impulse waveforms) must be obtained. For this purpose, the preceding study experimentally obtained and evaluated the insulation characteristics for various non-standard lightning impulse waveforms covering the surge waveforms generated in the actual field. In the present paper, the experimental results accumulated to date were comprehensively handled to conduct a study on the evaluation method of the insulation characteristics of the N <SUB xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</SUB> gas for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms. Consequently, similarly to the previous study using SF <SUB xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</SUB> gas, the insulation characteristics could be expressed by one characteristic line using the duration as a parameter. In addition, based on the characteristic line, a method of evaluating insulation specifications for generated waveforms was established and applied as an example to actual surge waveforms in a substation. Furthermore, it emerged that the insulation specifications could potentially be reduced by about 10% for actual surge waveforms used in the present study.
Levels of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>88</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>from the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>86</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow><mml:mn/><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn/><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>88</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>Reaction (1970)

The levels of $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ up to an excitation energy of 7 MeV have been investigated by the $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}(t,p)$ reaction with 15-MeV tritons. Proton spectra were measured by a $\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{-}E$ counter telescope system with an over-all resolution of 35 keV, and close-lying peaks were resolved by additional measurements with a magnetic spectrograph. Angular distributions were measured from 12.5 to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and comparisons with zero-range distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations permitted spin assignments of 32 of the 45 levels observed. Four excited ${0}^{+}$ states were observed. From a comparison of their cross sections with the $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(t,p)^{90}\mathrm{Sr}$ groundstate cross section, no one of them could be identified as the pairing vibration state; the strength of the latter appears to be fragmented. The data are compared with previous information on the $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ level structure.
High Resolution 3D Mechanical Earth Model Using Seismic Neural Netmodeling - Integrating Geological, Petrophysical and Ge (2008)

A 3D Mechanical Earth Model (3D MEM) was built integrating geological, petrophysical and geophysical data. The 3D MEM represented the close-to-initial rock property conditions, and is an ideal basis for e.g. wellbore stability and formation integrity forecasting during initial and depleted field conditions. Using neural networking, dynamic rock properties at the wellbore level and derived from seismic inversion were integrated to obtain a "true" 3D property model. The lateral resolution of the model was driven by seismic trace density; the vertical resolution was driven by upscaled well log information. The workflow was developed for constraining regional property trends, that honor structural elements in the field, and allow to derive realistic rock property values and distributions even in areas where only limited well log information exists. The 3D MEM demonstrated that (1) Neural networking driven by seismic inversion produces rock property values that are nearly identical with the upscaled logs, which is a remarkable improvement; (2) The distribution of the rock properties is controlled by main structural elements such as faults, erosional surfaces, layering and topography; and (3) The distribution of the rock properties has a high lateral and vertical resolution even in areas where wellbore information was sparse.
Immuntherapie der multiplen Sklerose mit Glatiramerazetat (CopaxoneÂ®) - Wirkmechanismen und Ergebnisse aus Therapiestudien - (2002)

Glatiramerazetat (GLAT; früher: Copolymer-1; Handelsname Copaxone®) hat von den modernen Immuntherapeutika bei multipler Sklerose (MS) die längste immunologische Vorgeschichte. Seine Wirkmechanismen werden auch heute noch nicht vollständig verstanden. In verschiedenen experimentellen Modellen gelang es durch GLAT akute und chronische Verläufe der experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis (EAE) zu therapieren. Zelluläre Untersuchungen an Tier und Mensch legen nahe, dass ein wesentliches Wirkprinzip in der Verschiebung der Immunantwort von sog. T-Helfer-1(TH1)-Mustern zu TH2-Mechanismen liegt. In kontrollierten klinischen Studien konnte die Wirkung von GLAT bei schubförmiger MS klinisch und kernspintomographisch nachgewiesen werden. Wir fassen in diesem Übersichtsartikel die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zu GLAT zusammen und diskutieren seinen Stellenwert bei der modernen MS-Therapie.
The Clinical Value of Umbilical Artery Doppler Velocimetry in the Management of Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Fetuses before 32 Weeks&rsquo; Gestation (1995)

The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in the management of very premature growth-retarded fetuses. The study comprised 34 fetuses between 26 and 34 weeks' gestation, diagnosed ultrasonically as suffering from intrauterine growth retardation. Based on the umbilical artery Doppler findings, patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (10 fetuses) with normal Doppler systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratios (within 2 SD of the mean for gestational age); group 2 (9 fetuses) with significant abnormal umbilical artery S/D ratios (above 2 SD of the mean for gestational age), and group 3 (15 fetuses) with absent or reverse end-diastolic flow. Fetal outcome was assessed in terms of neonatal mortality and morbidity, i.e. low umbilical artery pH (pH < 7.20) and Apgar scores. In group 1, all fetuses had a stable, normal S/D ratio; in group 2, 2 fetuses (22%) showed deterioration in the Doppler findings and were transferred to group 3, while in group 3, 3 of 15 fetuses (20%) showed improvement in the absence of end-diastolic flow and were thus transferred to group 2. Emergency cesarean section due to antenatal deterioration of the biophysical profile occurred in only 1 patient (10%) in group 1, compared to 33 and 87% in groups 2 and 3, respectively (p < 0.05). The other 9 patients in group 1 had normal vaginal deliveries at 36-37 weeks' gestation, with no perinatal complications. The mean expectant interval from admission to delivery in group 3 was 8.2 days, while in groups 1 and 2 it was 23.8 and 22.2, respectively (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Towards quantum dot and FRET-based optical DNA biosensor technology: surface chemistry and photoluminescence of CdSe/ZnS and Si quantum dots (2007)

Quantum dots (QDs) are nanostructures that are highly attractive to optical biosensing. We have developed a nucleic acid biosensing strategy based on the use of quantum dots as energy donors in FRET. One of the challenges in such an approach is avoiding the non-specific adsorption of oligonucleotides. In this report, we describe our efforts to develop poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrophilic surface chemistry and hexanethiol based hydrophobic surface chemistry to alleviate non-specific adsorption. With respect to the former, it was found that the PEG surface chemistry strongly quenched the band-edge luminescence of CdSe/ZnS QDs and yielded significant band-gap luminescence. Furthermore, the PEG chemistry proved ineffective in preventing adsorption. With respect to hexanethiol capped CdSe/ZnS QDs, it was found that good QD luminescence was retained in organic solvent but was quenched in aqueous solution. The use of hydrophobic hexanethiol QDs in aqueous solution required the immobilization of QDs. To achieve this, we used thiol modified biotin and avidin coated fused silica optical fibers. Despite the quenching of the QDs, minimal adsorption was observed suggesting the methodology has good potential. In addition, we describe the development of a one-pot method for both the synthesis and capping of silicon QDs. Our approach also allows versatile post-synthetic modification of the silicon QD capping to produce a variety of functional groups. Silicon QDs are of interest in biosensing due to their biocompatibility and much lower toxicity compared to II-VI semiconductors.
Fast ion collective Thomson scattering diagnostic for ITER (2007)

An integrated detailed design of a Collective Thomson Scattering (CTS) diagnostic system for measuring the distribution of fast ions in ITER has been performed. The system is based on two high power probe beams with a frequency of 60 GHz and two receiver systems. This system is able to fulfill the requirements for measuring the fast ion distribution from 100 keV to 3.5 MeV with a time resolution of 100 ms and a spatial resolution of 1/10 of the minor radius. Email of P.K. Michelsen: poul.michelsen@risoe.dk