gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The crisis in Asian shrimp aquaculture: current status and future needs (1998)

White-spot disease is a relatively recent but widespread epizootic of cultured shrimp in Asia. This epizootic probably began in China in 1993 and subsequently spread from there to Japan, Taiwan, and the rest of Asia as far as India. Pond-side losses in 1996 in Thailand alone reached approximately 70000 metric tonnes, valued at over half a billion US dollars. For all of Asia, the loss must amount to several billion dollars. The Asian science community reacted quickly to this disease outbreak. Within one year, the causative agent was identified as a bacilli-form virus and within 3 years diagnostic DNA probes had been developed by several groups working in Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. The virus has been included in the nonclassified virus group and is now generally referred to as white-spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Previous experience with another serious epizootic caused by yellow-head virus (YHV) helped to prime the science community for the advent of WSSV. Using the DNA diagnostic probes developed, many sources of WSSV were identified. The list now includes over 40 reservoir crustaceans and perhaps even aquatic insects. All of the commonly cultivated shrimp in Asia can be infected with the virus and for many, the infection can be deadly. In addition to noncultivated carriers, the postlarvae used to stock rearing ponds have also been found to be potential sources of rearing pond contaniination. Knowledge of the virus and its host species has brought about revolutionary changes in hatchery and farming practice, in order to implement preventive measures. These include the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology to screen broodstock and larvae, and the widespread adoption of closed or semiclosed cultivation. It is believed that without widespread application of these and other preventive measures, the losses in Thailand in 1996 would have been much higher. The WSSV epizootic has increased the awareness of the shrimp farming industry to the urgent need for further research and development work, if the shrimp industry is to become sustainable. Prime needs include domestication of broodstock leading to breeding programs; a better understanding of shrimp defences against disease; a better understanding of shrimp nutrition; and a better understanding of the shrimp pond environment so that growth can be optimized and negative impacts on the environment eliminated.
The nucleotide sequence of a small cryptic plasmid found in<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>and its relationship to other plasmids (1989)

The nucleotide sequence of a small (1273 bp) plasmid (pOX1000) of Staphylococcus aureus has been determined and compared with similar plasmids. The sequence includes a single open reading frame; two large palindromes and a 22 bp palindrome that is contiguously repeated three times upstream of the open reading frame. Composite plasmids of pE194ts and pOX1000 were constructed with pUC18 separately inserted into five different sites on pOX1000 and used to analyse the replication functions of the cryptic plasmid.
Measurements and simulation of avalanche breakdown in advanced Si bipolar transistors (1992)

A complete analytical model for impact ionization effects in bipolar transistors, which is able to predict the behaviour of advanced devices up to breakdown, is presented. A simple expression of the carrier mean energy suitable for circuit simulation is used to calculate the device multiplication coefficient and enables the influence of non-equilibrium transport on impact ionization to be accounted for. The role played by the reverse base current in determining the snap-back of the common base output characteristics is investigated both experimentally and theoretically.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
As Antisense RNA Gets Intronic (2005)

Recent work describing the transcriptional output of the human genome points to the existence of a significant number of non-coding RNA transcripts coming from intronic regions, with a fraction of these being oriented antisense relative to the protein-coding mRNA of the known gene. In this article, we survey the main findings of the large-scale expression analysis projects that led to the identification of antisense intronic messages and which demonstrate their ubiquitous expression in the human genome. We review the current knowledge on long, unspliced, intronic antisense transcripts, a new class of non-coding RNAs, recently described by our group to be correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation in prostate cancer, which we postulate is involved in the fine tuning of gene expression in eukaryotes. Possible mechanisms of antisense intronic transcript biogenesis and function in gene expression regulation are discussed, as is their involvement in human diseases. While there is still no conclusive evidence demonstrating a functional role for these long, intronic antisense messages, the far-reaching implications of their existence for the mechanisms regulating gene expression certainly warrant further experimentation.
Abundant Attachment of Bacteria to Nasopharyngeal Epithelium in Otitis-Prone Children (1992)

Attachment of bacteria to nonciliated cells of the nasopharyngeal epithelium was evaluated by immunofluorescence assay in 25 otitis-prone and 25 non-otitis-prone children undergoing ear, nose, or throat surgery under general anesthesia. The bacterial findings were analyzed simultaneously, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In otitis-prone children, there was a significant preponderance of epithelial cells having greater than 50 attached bacteria (P less than .001) and of epithelial cells with attached Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (P less than .05). Also, the occurrence of Branhamella catarrhalis in the nasopharynx was more pronounced in the otitis-prone group (P less than .05). No significant differences in the occurrence of other middle ear pathogens or quantitative dominance of pathogens were noted between the two groups. Abundant attachment of pathogens to the epithelial cells close to the nasopharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube is of a significant factor for the development of the otitis-prone condition.
Glass Transition and Crystallization of Amorphous Trehalose-sucrose Mixtures (2005)

Our objective was to investigate the glass transition and crystallization of trehalose-sucrose mixtures at various moisture contents. Samples were freeze-dried, rehumidified, and scanned with Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to obtain Tg values for all mixtures and pure sugars. Amorphous cotton candy samples for crystallization studies were prepared, humidified, and monitored for crystallinity as a function of time using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Tg of pure dry trehalose was found to be 106 °C, while sucrose had a Tg of 60 °C. Glass transition, as expected, occurred at an intermediate temperature for sucrose-trehalose mixtures. Of the dry samples, only those containing less than 16% trehalose showed sucrose crystallization during scanning. In cotton candy made from a 25% trehalose-75% sucrose mixture, humidified to 33%, sucrose did not crystallize after 30 days, whereas pure sucrose cotton candy at that humidity crystallized completely after 11 days. These data show that trehalose may be a useful crystallization inhibitor in foods with high sucrose content, although small amounts of trehalose did not significantly raise the Tg.
Detection of Deposited Particles from the Backside of a Glass Plate (1996)

Abstract Microcontamination of product surfaces by deposited particles is an important problem in clean technologies. A most sensitive product to contamination by particles is a wafer during chip production. Therefore, methods for monitoring particle deposition on wafer surfaces have been developed in the last decade. A wafer with an unstructured and reflecting surface is inserted into the process equipment. After some time, depending on the process, this wafer is removed from the process equipment and is analysed with respect to the number of deposited particles using a wafer scanner. However, in situ particle detection in a process chamber is not possible with this technique. This would be possible if, instead of a monitor wafer, a transparent glass plate is mounted, e.g. in the housing of the process equipment. Then the illuminating and scattered light detection equipment can be mounted outside the process equipment. Since both the illuminating laser beam and the scattered light have to be transmitted through the glass plate, losses will occur, which will reduce the lower limit of detection with respect to particle size. In this article we estimate the detection possibilities theoretically and experimentally. A simple model based on Mie and vector scattering theory has been developed to describe the light‐scattering behavior of a single spherical particle on a glass plate with random surface irregularities. The scattered light of individual particles of four particle sizes (1.03, 1.6, 2.92 and 4.23 μm) on the same glass surface and from the uncontaminated area of the glass plate was measured for unpolarized and normally incident light. The values of the scattered light from this model were compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows a reasonable agreement of the angular distribution of the scattered light. The developed model is used to predict the lower limit of detection for particles on a transparent surface. The theoretical estimations show that it should be possible to detect particles of a diameter down to 0.2 μm with the described measurement technique.
On tracker attacks in health grids (2006)

The utilisation of grid computing to support healthcare research is becoming increasingly widespread, as is the use of IT to support healthcare delivery. Furthermore, it seems that the two areas are on an inevitable convergence path as clinical communities in several countries start to investigate how real data stored in electronic patient records can be utilised to facilitate research. The use of IT within healthcare gives rise to unique social and ethical challenges; the area of grid computing has given rise to significant novel security challenges; and the anticipated convergence of these two fields will inevitably give a new lease of life to established challenges. In this paper we consider the phenomenon of tracker attacks in this emerging context, and outline a potential approach to addressing the problem.
Magnetostrictive Pronerties of T~~.~DYD.~(F~~-Y VX)~ Alloys* (1996)

(x= 0- 0.5) alloys were investigated. Exnerimentnl ingots of Tbo.3Dy07(Fei-~V~)2 (x= 0- 0.3) alloys were prepared from 99.9% pure Tb, Dy, Fe and V by arc-melting in a cold copper crucible under argon protection. To compensate the volatility of rare-earths, the starting compositions were 1% richer in rare earths. The ingots were re-melted for several times to ensure homogeneity, then were sealed in quartz tubes and homogenized at 900OC for a week. Magnetic properties of polycrystalline samples were examined by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) with a maximum applied field of 2 Tesla. Phases identification were made by x-ray diffractometry (XRD). Curie temperature was measured by DSC and a thermal magnetic balance method. The microstructure was studied by a polarized light optical microscope. The magnetostrictive measurement was made by a strain gauge method in an applied field of up to 2 T at room temperature.
Resonance Raman spectra and transform analysis of anthracyclines and their complexes with DNA (2001)

Abstract The absorption, second‐derivative and resonance Raman spectra of some anthracyclines, namely idarubicin, epirubicin and 11‐deoxycarminomycin in H 2 O and D 2 O solutions, and their complexes with DNA in H 2 O solutions, were measured. Transform analysis that links resonance Raman band intensities to resonant absorption was applied to idarubicin, epirubicin and their complexes with DNA to obtain the Franck– Condon factors. The results allowed us to provide details on the nature of the resonance Raman active modes, the mechanism of their resonant enhancement and the chromophore–DNA interaction. In particular, an interpretation involving excited‐state charge transfer, associated in some cases with excited‐state proton transfer, is proposed. This helps to rationalize the observed variations of the intensities of Raman‐active modes of free anthracyclines in terms of variation of the transition moment direction. The intercalation of the chromophore among the DNA base pairs induces, via excitonic interactions, a change in both the magnitude and the direction of the transition moment of the chromophore. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and Evaluation of Home-Made Weaning Mixes Based on Local Foods (1990)

One way to prevent protein-energy malnutrition is to provide nutritious weaning foods to infants. In India, several commercial mixes are available, but they are often too expensive for persons of low socio-economic status. To find a more affordable product, four weaning mixes were formulated using local foods and traditional processing techniques. They were evaluated for acceptability by a sample target population of mothers and infants, and for protein, iron, and energy content using established laboratory methods. All the mixes were inexpensive and nutritious, and remained acceptable even after being stored for one month.
Laminar mixing and chaotic mixing in several cavity flows (1986)

The objective of this work is an experimental study of laminar mixing in several kinds of two-dimensional cavity flows by means of material line and blob deformation in a new experimental system consisting of two sets of roller pairs connected by belts. The apparatus can be adjusted to produce a range of aspect ratios (0.067–10), Reynolds numbers (0.1–100), and various kinds of flow fields with one or two moving boundaries. Flow visualization is conducted by marking underneath the free surface of the flow with a tracer solution of low diffusivity and of approximately the same density and viscosity as the flowing fluid. The effects of the initial location of the material blob, relative motion of the two bands, and minor changes in the geometry of the flow region are investigated experimentally. The alternate periodic motion of two bands in a cavity flow is an example of a laminar flow which might lead to chaotic mixing. The governing parameter is the dimensionless frequency of oscillation of the walls f which, under the proper conditions, is able to produce horseshoe functions of various types. The deformation of blobs is central to the understanding of mixing and can be studied to identify horseshoe functions. It is found that the efficiency of mixing depends strongly on the value of f and that there exists an optimal value of f that produces the best mixing in a given time.
Identification and Characterization of Enhancer-Blocking Insulators to Reduce Retroviral Vector Genotoxicity (2013)

The chromatin insulator cHS4 can reduce silencing chromosomal position effects and genotoxicity associated with integrating viral vectors. However, the fully active version of this element can also reduce vector titers and is only partially effective. In order to identify alternatives to cHS4, we developed a functional lentiviral vector-based reporter screen for enhancer-blocking insulators. Using this system, we screened candidate sequences that were initially identified by chromatin profiling for binding by CTCF and for DNase hypersensitivity. All 12 analyzed candidates blocked enhancer-promoter activity. The enhancer-blocking activity of the top two candidates was confirmed in two complementary plasmid-based assays. Studies in a gammaretroviral reporter vector indicated these two candidates have little to no effect on vector titers, and do not diminish vector expression in primary mouse bone marrow cultures. Subsequent assessment in a mouse in vivo tumor formation model demonstrated that both candidates reduced the rate of gammaretroviral vector-mediated genotoxicity as effectively as the cHS4 insulator. In summary, we have developed a novel lentiviral vector-based method of screening candidate elements for insulator activity, and have used this method to identify two new insulator elements capable of improving the safety of retroviral vectors without diminishing vector titers or expression. These findings expand the limited arsenal of insulators functionally validated to reduce the rate of retroviral vector-mediated genotoxicity.
Homocysteine, folate, and cobalamin levels in hyperthyroid women before and after treatment. (2010)

Lower homocysteine levels in hyperthyroid state can be explained by the influence of thyroid hormone. High level of folate is only partially responsible for these changes.
EAGLE - A high accuracy 35 GHz tracking radar (1990)

The EAGLE tracking radar family is discussed. EAGLE is a fully coherent tracking radar operating in the 35-GHz band. The radar is unique in the way it combines pulse-to-pulse frequency agility and MTI filtering in a single transmission scheme. A brief comparison of different radar bands is given, and the EAGLE radar, along with its characteristics and techniques is discussed. Test results obtained during field trials are presented. The possibility of using the EAGLE radar for NCTR (noncooperative target recognition) by using a high range resolution mode in the radar is described. >
Wireless Sensor Networks Formation: Approaches and Techniques (2016)

Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) emerge as an active research area in which challenging topics involve energy consumption, routing algorithms, selection of sensors location according to a given premise, robustness, efficiency, and so forth. Despite the open problems in WSNs, there are already a high number of applications available. In all cases for the design of any application, one of the main objectives is to keep the WSN alive and functional as long as possible. A key factor in this is the way the network is formed. This survey presents most recent formation techniques and mechanisms for the WSNs. In this paper, the reviewed works are classified into distributed and centralized techniques. The analysis is focused on whether a single or multiple sinks are employed, nodes are static or mobile, the formation is event detection based or not, and network backbone is formed or not. We focus on recent works and present a discussion of their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, the paper overviews a series of open issues which drive further research in the area.
Microglia Proliferation Is Regulated by Hydrogen Peroxide from NADPH Oxidase (2006)

Microglia are resident brain macrophages that become activated and proliferate following brain damage or stimulation by immune mediators, such as IL-1beta or TNF-alpha. We investigated the mechanisms by which microglial proliferation is regulated in primary cultures of rat glia. We found that basal proliferation of microglia was stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta or TNF-alpha, and this proliferation was completely inhibited by catalase, implicating hydrogen peroxide as a mediator of proliferation. In addition, inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenylene iodonium or apocynin) also prevented microglia proliferation, suggesting that this may be the source of hydrogen peroxide. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha rapidly stimulated the rate of hydrogen peroxide produced by isolated microglia, and this was inhibited by diphenylene iodonium, implying that the cytokines were acting directly on microglia to stimulate the NADPH oxidase. Low concentrations of PMA or arachidonic acid (known activators of NADPH oxidase) or xanthine/xanthine oxidase or glucose oxidase (generating hydrogen peroxide) also increased microglia proliferation and this was blocked by catalase, showing that NADPH oxidase activation or hydrogen peroxide was sufficient to stimulate microglia proliferation. In contrast to microglia, the proliferation of astrocytes was unaffected by the presence of catalase. In conclusion, these findings indicate that microglial proliferation in response to IL-1beta or TNF-alpha is mediated by hydrogen peroxide from NADPH oxidase.
Minimum Spanning Tree Based Clustering Algorithms (2006)

The minimum spanning tree clustering algorithm is known to be capable of detecting clusters with irregular boundaries. In this paper, we propose two minimum spanning tree based clustering algorithms. The first algorithm produces a k-partition of a set of points for any given k. The algorithm constructs a minimum spanning tree of the point set and removes edges that satisfy a predefined criterion. The process is repeated until k clusters are produced. The second algorithm partitions a point set into a group of clusters by maximizing the overall standard deviation reduction, without a given k value. We present our experimental results comparing our proposed algorithms to k-means and EM. We also apply our algorithms to image color clustering and compare our algorithms to the standard minimum spanning tree clustering algorithm
Development of chemical crop protection in Britain (1966)

J. T. Martin, Proc. Soc. Anal. Chem., 1966, 3, 71 DOI: 10.1039/SA9660300071
A Reliable Accounting System for Controlled Substances in the operating Room (1993)

The system described is simple and inexpensive to implement and has improved accountability for controlled substance management.
Combined Structure-Weight Graph Similarity and its Application in E-Health. (2013)

Abstract—A combined structure-weight similarity approach for comparing directed (vertex- and edge-)labeled (edge-) weighted graphs is presented. Vertex labels (as types) and edge labels (as attributes) embody semantic information. Edge weights express assessments regarding the (percentage-)relative importance of the attributes, a kind of pragmatic information. These graphs are uniformly represented and interchanged using a weighted extension of Object Oriented RuleML. We propose semantic-pragmatic information retrieval and clustering where a combination of structure and weight similarities between a query and stored graphs is calculated. The structure and weight similarity values are used as primary and secondary criteria, respectively, to rank the retrieved graphs. The proposed weight similarity algorithm refines the ranking of retrieved graphs that have identical or nearly identical querygraph structure similarity but have different edge weights. It is shown that our approach leads to higher precision compared to earlier approaches that did not incorporate the similarity of edge weights. The proposed approach of semanticpragmatic information retrieval and clustering can be applied, for example, in e-Learning, e-Business, social networks, and Health 3.0. In this paper, the application focus is in e-Health, specifically the retrieval of mental health records. Keywords-graph similarity; structure similarity; weight similarity; weighted Object Oriented RuleML; e-Health. I.
Antiproliferative Activity and Mechanism of Action of Fatty Acid Derivatives of Gemcitabine in Leukemia and Solid Tumor Cell Lines and in Human Xenografts (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Political Origins of Religious Liberty. By Anthony Gill. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 280p. $75.00 cloth, $23.99 paper. (2008)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
The role of amine in vinyl radical polymerization (1992)

Abstract Advances of radical initiation systems and their initiation mechanisms in vinyl polymerization through peroxycompound and amine systems as well as photo‐induced charge transfer initiation in the presence of amine are briefly reviewed which is concerned with some generalization regarding to the role of amine in the form of aminium radical in such vinyl radical polymerization.