gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular Entry of HIV: Evaluation of Therapeutic Targets (2006)

In the absence of a vaccine which could stop the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the development of therapeutic options is of utmost interest. The combined use of inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and protease as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) provided the first effective treatment of HIV/AIDS and significantly decreased the number of AIDS related deaths in industrialized countries. However, the emergence of resistant viruses and the toxic side effects of HAART highlights that novel therapies are urgently required. The inhibition of HIV-1 entry is a promising option. Entry of HIV-1 into target cells involves interactions of the viral envelope protein (Env) with CD4 and a coreceptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4. Env binding to receptor triggers several conformational rearrangements in Env, which involve the creation and/or exposure of structural intermediates pivotal to fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. Both, cellular receptors and structures in Env associated with membrane fusion are targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we will discuss how HIV-1 enters cells and introduce strategies how this process can be inhibited.
Effect of Molecular Configuration On Relative Toxicity to House Flies as Demonstrated with the Four Trans Isomers of Allethrin (1953)

Journal Article Effect of Molecular Configuration On Relative Toxicity to House Flies as Demonstrated with the Four Trans Isomers of Allethrin Get access W. A. Gersdorff, W. A. Gersdorff U.S.D.A., Agr. Res. Adm., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Norman Mitlin Norman Mitlin U.S.D.A., Agr. Res. Adm., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 46, Issue 6, 1 December 1953, Pages 999–1003, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/46.6.999 Published: 01 December 1953
Hybrid Solar Cells Using a Zinc Oxide Precursor and a Conjugated Polymer (2005)

Abstract We describe a new method towards bulk‐heterojunction hybrid polymer solar cells based on composite films of zinc oxide (ZnO) and a conjugated polymer poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(3′,7′‐dimethyloctyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene] (MDMO‐PPV). Spin‐coating diethylzinc as a ZnO precursor and MDMO‐PPV from a common solvent at 40 % humidity and annealing at 110 °C provides films in which crystalline ZnO is found to be intimately mixed with MDMO‐PPV. Photoluminescence and photoinduced spectroscopy demonstrate that photoexcitation of these hybrid composite films results in a fast and long‐lived charge transfer from the polymer as a donor to ZnO as ato be obtained n acceptor. Using the ZnO‐precursor method, hybrid polymer solar cells have been made with an estimated air‐mass of 1.5 (AM 1.5) energy conversion efficiency of 1.1 %. This new method represents a fivefold improved performance compared to similar hybrid polymer solar cells based on amorphous TiO 2 .
Efficient exploration with Double Uncertain Value Networks (2017)

This paper studies directed exploration for reinforcement learning agents by tracking uncertainty about the value of each available action. We identify two sources of uncertainty that are relevant for exploration. The first originates from limited data (parametric uncertainty), while the second originates from the distribution of the returns (return uncertainty). We identify methods to learn these distributions with deep neural networks, where we estimate parametric uncertainty with Bayesian drop-out, while return uncertainty is propagated through the Bellman equation as a Gaussian distribution. Then, we identify that both can be jointly estimated in one network, which we call the Double Uncertain Value Network. The policy is directly derived from the learned distributions based on Thompson sampling. Experimental results show that both types of uncertainty may vastly improve learning in domains with a strong exploration challenge.
Disappearance of normothermic tumors in shallow (30 degrees C) hypothermia. (1966)

In experiments reported earlier (10) it had been found that tumors of hamsters disappeared subsequent to cooling the whole animal body to 4°C for 10 hr but keeping the tumor at 37°C. Since extreme hypothermia is not well tolerated by nonhibernators, similar experiments were now undertaken, in which the animals were cooled merely to a body temperature of 30°C. Tumors of the same type (Toolan H.Ad. No. 1U.) were used and implanted in both cheek pouches of each animal. After the tumors grew to the appropriate size, the animals were cooled in a thermostated bath to a body temperature of 30°C while tumors were kept normothermic at 37°C by an electrical heating device. Instead of 10 hr of “treatment”[2][1] as had been needed previously when a large temperature difference between tumor and body was created, 24 hr of treatment were required in this group of experiments in order to induce regression and permanent disappearance of the tumors.

 [1]: #fn-2
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 20th ed. John Bernard Henry, ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001, 1512 pp., $99.00. ISBN 0-7216-8864-0. (2001)

Having reached its 20th edition, this book needs no introduction. Few medical textbooks can equal the longevity attained by this publication. First published in 1908 by Dr. Todd, several editors have guided this text, a new edition of which has appeared approximately every 5 years since the early 1960s. The current editor, Dr. John Bernard Henry, joined Dr. Davidsohn in 1969 and has now overseen seven editions of the book. He is ably assisted in the latest edition by 6 associate editors and 88 other contributors, many of whom are recognized experts in their respective fields.

Although several textbooks are available for the individual components that comprise laboratory medicine, this book undertakes the daunting task of covering the whole discipline. The objectives are delineated in the foreword and indicate that the goal of the book is to serve as a resource of scientific information in virtually all aspects of laboratory …
Targeting Nucleic Acid Junctions Using Triptycene-Based Molecules (2015)

Targeting nucleic acids in a structure- or sequence-specific manner with small molecules remains a significant challenge in chemical biology. The ability to modulate a particular nucleic acid structure would allow for the specific control of cellular processes. Nucleic acid junctions are important structural motifs involved in several biological processes found in DNA and RNA. Three-way junctions (3WJs) occur at replication forks, in triplet repeat expansions, viral genomes, bacterial temperature sensors, as well as riboswitches and building blocks in nanotechnology. We have developed a new class of nucleic acid junction binders based on the small molecule triptycene. These triptycene-based molecules were shown to significantly stabilize a model system junction. After establishing their selectivity towards junctions over other secondary structures, these molecules were applied to biologically relevant junctions. Triptycenes were demonstrated to bind to a d(CAG)•(CTG) repeat implicated in the pathogenesis of triplet repeat expansion diseases, including Huntington’s disease. These molecules may serve as probes to study diseases associated with these repeats. Additionally, we have demonstrated that triptycene-based molecules have the ability to modulate the regulatory region of the rpoH mRNA, involved in the heat shock response in E. coli. These may provide tools to study effects of the heat shock response or as a novel method to target pathogens.The synthesis of large libraries of triptycene molecules would allow for rapid screening of several biologically relevant junctions. We have developed an effective synthesis for bridge-head substituted triptycenes for immobilization on solid support. This allows for the synthesis of these molecules using solid phase synthesis. Triptycene is a scaffold amenable to diversification, allowing for the development of new small molecule probes for the modulation of structure and function of nucleic acid junctions.
Efficiency and emissions: cost effective modelling for plant performance improvement (1996)

Power station managers are faced with the two major issues of maximising generation efficiency whilst minimising emissions. Numerical simulation of boiler systems has advanced to the point where the best 3 dimensional computational fluid dynamic models can provide a wealth of information and be used to carry out design studies for the optimisation or improvement of combustion efficiency, emissions, corrosion and erosion damage, heat transfer, slagging, fouling and flow distribution. Drawing on the authors extensive experiences of applications in the power generation industry, the paper demonstrates that such modelling is extremely cost effective, both when applied to upgrading existing hardware and when used to provide independent and objective assessment of new equipment installations.
Micro rectennas: Brownian ratchets for thermal-energy harvesting (2014)

We experimentally demonstrated the operation of a rectenna for harvesting thermal (blackbody) radiation and converting it into dc electric power. The device integrates an ultrafast rectifier, the self-switching nanodiode, with a wideband log-periodic spiral microantenna. The radiation from the thermal source drives the rectenna out of thermal equilibrium, permitting the rectification of the excess thermal fluctuations from the antenna. The power conversion efficiency increases with the source temperatures up to 0.02% at 973 K. The low efficiency is attributed mainly to the impedance mismatch between antenna and rectifier, and partially to the large field of view of the antenna. Our device not only opens a potential solution for harvesting thermal energy but also provides a platform for experimenting with Brownian ratchets.
Decoding the (31, 16, 7) quadratic residue code in GF(2&#x005E;5) (2009)

The binary QR codes are well known for their good behavior. The proposed algebraic decoding algorithm for decoding the (31, 16, 7) QR code with reducible generator polynomial is able to correct up to three errors in the finite field GF(2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> ). The proposed algorithm is based on an application of the decoding algorithm given by Truong et al. and Chen et al. to modify the decoding algorithm proposed by Reed et al. All syndromes in the error-locator polynomial are computed in the finite field GF(2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> ). Thus, the decoding time can be reduced. Moreover, the simulation results for comparing the proposed decoding algorithm with decoding algorithm given by Reed et al. are given. This algorithm is suitable for implementation in a programmable microprocessor or special-purpose VLSI chip.
Development of Load Coupler Profiles of Spar Wingskin Joints with Improved Performance for Integral Structural Construction of Aircraft Wings (2008)

Three-dimensional non-linear finite element analyses (FEA) have been carried out to evaluate the stresses in a variety of adhesively bonded laminated fiber reirforced polymeric (FRP) composite spar wingskin joint (SWJ) concepts, viz. triangular, circular, elliptical, and modified elliptical load coupler profiles. Both in-plane and out-of-plane stress variations on different surfaces of the wingskin have been evaluated. These are in good agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. Coupled stress failure criteria have been used to determine the locations of onset of delamination induced damages. The critical locations for onset of delamination induced damages in the wingskin are at the transition points where the spar changes its orientation from horizontal to inclined. Also, it is found that by varying the aspect ratios of the adhesive core (ratio of base to height) a significant effect on the joint strength could be realized. Joint strengths have been predicted through the application of Tsai—Wu failure criteria. It is recommended not to use triangular adhesive core profiles in the SWJ and never to use triangular adhesive core profiles with aspect ratio b/h ≤ 1.0. SWJ with circular or elliptical profiles of the adhesive core are preferred over triangular profiles. The SWJ with modified elliptical adhesive core profile with b/h=1.5 has been found to be the most suitable.
H<sup>+</sup>extrusion and organic‐acid synthesis in N<sub>2</sub>‐fixing symbioses involving vascular plants (1990)

An analysis of published data suggests that the N<sub>2</sub> -fixing symbiotic vascular plants extrude more H<sup>+</sup> per unit N fixed than would be expected from data on the same genotypes growing on NH<sub>4</sub> <sup>+</sup> if the plants had the same chemical composition when grown on the two N sources. The H<sup>+</sup> /N ratio with urea as the N source is similar to that with N<sub>2</sub> . The higher H<sup>+</sup> /N ratio and higher organic acid/N ratio with N<sub>2</sub> or urea as N source implies higher whole-plant energy and water costs per unit of biomass and, ultimately, inclusive fitness, produced. The rhizosphere acidification resulting from H<sup>+</sup> extrusion may serve to change rhizosphere pH to some 'optimal' value, and to increase the availability of such limiting resources as P, Mo and Fe which are especially needed in diazotrophy. Data in the literature are consistent with these possibilities in the few cases examined. Within the plant, data on xylem and phloem sap composition in conjunction with shoot composition, of diazotrophically-growing legumes suggest that shoot acid-base homoiostasis can be maintained via the import of appropriate solutes in the xylem and the export of appropriate solutes in the phloem. Acid-base regulation of the nodules in the absence of any H<sup>+</sup> exchange with their environment can also probably be explained in terms of the solutes supplied in the phloem and exported in the xylem. This conclusion is based on data in the literature on the composition of stem phloem sap and of xylem sap exuding from detached nodules of diazotrophic vascular plants. These considerations do not exclude the possibility of net H<sup>+</sup> efflux from nodules fixing N<sub>2</sub> in contact with an aqueous medium. The limited data available are consistent with extrusion of some of the H<sup>+</sup> generated in nodules as an alternative to their neutralization by metabolism of organic anions entering in the phloem. Such H<sup>+</sup> extrusion by nodules could aid in their acquisition of Fe from the medium, albeit not always at a phase in the life or the nodule when there is a net requirement for Fe.
Furopyridines. <b>XXIII</b>. Synthesis and reactions of chloropyridine derivatives of furo[2,3‐<i>b</i>]‐, ‐[2,3‐<i>c</i>]‐ and ‐[3,2‐c]pyridine (1997)

Abstract Chlorination of the N ‐oxides of furo[2,3‐ b ]‐ 1a , ‐[2,3‐ c ]‐ 1b and ‐[3,2‐c]pyridine 1c with phosphorus oxychloride afforded compounds substituted normally at the α‐ or λ‐position to the ring nitrogen, 2a, 2′a, 2b, 2c, 2′c and 2′c , and in addition, in the case of 1b , compounds substituted on the furan ring, 2′b and 2″b . The structures of these compounds were confirmed from their ir, nmr and mass spectra. The major chlorinated products 2a, 2b and 2c were converted to methoxy‐ 5a, 5b and 5c , N ‐pyrrolidyl‐ 7a, 7b and 7c , and phenylthiofuropyridines 8a, 8b , and 8c .
Thermal Energy Storage with Super Insulating Materials: A Parametrical Analysis (2015)

The adoption of super-insulating materials could dramatically reduce the energy losses in thermal energy storage (TES). In this paper, these materials were tested and compared with the traditional materials adopted in TES. The reduction of system performance caused by thermal bridging effect was considered using FEM analysis. Afterwards, parametrical analysis of the most influencing variables that affect super insulated TES tanks was carried out, to investigate effective benefits and drawbacks due to the adoption of these materials. Possible future applications and outlooks were discussed.
그룹 정체성 변화: 두산그룹 사례 (2017)

본 연구는 소비재 사업집단에서 산업재 중심의 인프라 지원 사업군으로 변신한 두산그룹의 정체성 변화 과정을 역사적 관점에서 분석하였다. 관련 자료를 분석한 결과 두산그룹은 1990년대 주력 소비재 사업의 위기를 경험한 후 새로운 산업재 사업군으로의 변화를 꾀하였다. 두산그룹은 그룹의 창업이념과 조직문화의 가치를 계승·발전하면서 소비재산업에 대한 탈정체성과 중공업을 포함한 인프라 지원 사업으로의 새로운 정체성을 형성하였다. 두산그룹은 인수ㆍ합병을 통해 새로운 정체성 형성을 시도하였고, 신성장 전략인 뉴스타트 (New Start)를 통해 21세기 초일류 기업성장을 목표로 한 새로운 정체성 선언을 하였다. 두산은 새로운 조직문화인 두산웨이와 관리원칙을 수천 개에 달하는 글로벌 해외 사업장에 통일된 형태로 적용하였다. 두산웨이는 본사와 이들 해외사업장들 사이의 시너지를 창출하여 글로벌 경쟁력과 고객의 가치를 향상시킬 수 있었다. 이러한 과정을 통해 두산그룹은 내수위주의 소비재 중심의 정체성에서 글로벌 위주의 산업재 중심의 정체성으로 그룹정체성의 변신에 성공하였다.
Functional Polymeric Nanofibers from Electrospinning (2008)

Electrospinning has been recognized as a feasible process for fabrication of continuous fibers with diameters ranging from several micrometers down to a few nanometers. This article presents an overview of recent progress in functional polymeric nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. Except of functional nanofibers fabricated from electrospinning of functional polymers, nanofibers from a combined technology such as coaxial electrospinning, electrospinning with living radical polymerization, and electrospinning with surface modification, would also be introduced in this review. Furthermore, the functionality and application of nanofibers would also be highlighted.
LEVEL SET EVOLUTION WITHOUT REINITIALIZATION: A NEW VARIATIONAL FORMULATION (2005)

In this paper, we present a new variational formulation for geometric active contours that forces the level set function to be close to a signed distance function, and therefore completely eliminates the need of the costly re-initialization procedure. Our variational formulation consists of an internal energy term that penalizes the deviation of the level set function from a signed distance function, and an external energy term that drives the motion of the zero level set toward the desired image features, such as object boundaries. The resulting evolution of the level set function is the gradient flow that minimizes the overall energy functional. The proposed variational level set formulation has three main advantages over the traditional level set formulations. First, a significantly larger time step can be used for numerically solving the evolution partial differential equation, and therefore speeds up the curve evolution. Second, the level set function can be initialized with general functions that are more efficient to construct and easier to use in practice than the widely used signed distance function. Third, the level set evolution in our formulation can be easily implemented by simple finite difference scheme and is computationally more efficient. The proposed algorithm has been applied to both simulated and real images with promising results. 1.
Characterization of conducted noise generation for Sepic, Cuk and Boost converters working as power factor preregulators (2002)

The influence of the electromagnetic interference in the electronic design is becoming more and more important. The current and future regulations limit the generation of conducted and radiated noise. These regulations also limit the minimum power factor for the equipment connected to the AC line. All these facts show the importance of the analysis of power converters working as power factor preregulators (PFP). In this paper the authors present a characterization of conducted noise generated by Sepic and Cuk converters as PFP in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). A comparison of conducted noise generated between Sepic and Cuk converters as PFP in DCM, and a Boost converter as PFP in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and DCM is made. The results show that the conducted noise generated by Sepic and Cuk converters in DCM is lower than the conducted noise generated by the Boost converter in DCM and CCM, for the same input inductor. This fact has important influence in the selection of the optimum topology for PFP.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Deriving an object model from legacy Fortran code (1996)

The practice of software development continues to shift towards the use of object oriented approaches. The motivation for this trend is the benefits attributed to object oriented software, including improved maintainability. As organizations develop new object oriented software, they face the problem of maintaining their older software. How can existing non objected oriented software benefit from this new software engineering technology? The paper presents a nine step process for deriving an object model from existing unstructured FORTRAN source code. Both top down and bottom up approaches are used to derive objects, classes, class attributes and methods, and relationships among classes. This process can be used within a reengineering project to convert legacy FORTRAN code into a new object oriented implementation written in a language such as C++. Experience with using this process is also described.
Dynamics of labyrinthine pattern formation in magnetic fluids (1992)

A theory is developed for the dynamics of pattern formation in quasi-two-dimensional domains of magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) in transverse magnetic fields. The pattern formation is treated as a dissipative dynamical process, with the motion derived variationally from a static energy functional using minimal assumptions. This dynamics is one instance of a general formalism applicable to any system that can be modeled as a closed curve in a plane. In applying the formalism to ferrofluids, we present a calculation of the energy of a two-dimensional dipolar domain as a functional of the shape of its boundary. A detailed linear stability analysis of nearly circular shapes is presented, and pattern formation in the nonlinear regime, far from the onset of instability, is studied by numerical solution of the nonlinear, nonlocal evolution equations. The highly branched patterns obtained numerically bear a qualitative resemblance to those found experimentally. The time evolution exhibits sensitive dependence on initial conditions, suggesting the existence of many local minima in the space of accessible shapes. The analysis also provides a deterministic starting point for a theory of pattern formation in dipolar monolayers at the air-water interface, in which thermal fluctuations play a more dominant role.
Improvement of Mouse Memory by <i>Myristica fragrans</i> Seeds (2004)

Memory is one of the most complex functions of the brain and involves multiple neural pathways and neurotransmitter systems. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Myristica fragrans (MF) seeds on learning and memory in mice. The n-hexane extract of MF was administered orally in three doses (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg p.o.) for 3 successive days to different groups of young and aged mice. The learning and memory parameters were assessed using elevated plus-maze and passive-avoidance apparatus. The effect of MF extract on scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg i.p.)- and diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.)-induced impairment in learning and memory was also studied. MF extract at the lowest dose of 5 mg/kg p.o. administered for 3 successive days significantly improved learning and memory of young and aged mice. This extract also reversed scopolamine- and diazepam-induced impairment in learning and memory of young mice. MF extract enhanced learning and retention capacities of both young and aged mice. The exact mechanism of the memory-improving effect of MF extract was not explored in the present study. But, the observed memory-enhancing effect may be attributed to a variety of properties (individually or in combination) the plant is reported to possess, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or perhaps procholinergic activity.