gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of freestall building orientation on comfort of lactating dairy cattle during summer heat stress (2001)

A trial was conducted during the summer of 2000 to evaluate the effect of freestall building orientation"”east-west vs. northsouth"” on respiration rates of lactating dairy cows, temperature-humidity index (THI) in the barns, barn temperature, and barn humidity. Differences between ambient and barn temperature and THI were higher in east-west vs. north-south orientated barns. Respiration rates were higher in north-south than in east-west orientated structures. The magnitude of differences between barn and ambient temperatures and THI did not fully explain differences in respiration rates between north-south and east-west orientated barns. Other factors such as solar radiation, airflow, and animal stress may have contributed to the differences in respiration rates.; Dairy Day, 2001, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2001;
Comparison of different measurement methods for transmittance haze (2009)

Transmittance haze is increasingly important to the LCD and solar cell industry. Most commercial haze measurement instruments are designed according to the method recommended in the documentary standards like ASTM D 1003 (ASTM 2003 Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics), JIS K 7361 (JIS 1997 Plastics—Determination of the Total Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Materials—Part 1: Single Beam Instrument) and ISO 14782 (ISO 1997 Plastics—Determination of Haze of Transparent Materials). To improve the measurement accuracy of the current standards, a new apparatus was designed by the Center for Measurement Standards (Yu et al 2006 Meas. Sci. Technol. 17 N29–36). Besides the methods mentioned above, a double-beam method is used in the design of some instruments. There are discrepancies between the various methods. But no matter which method is used, a white standard is always needed. This paper compares the measurement results from different methods, presents the effect of the white standard, and analyses the measurement uncertainty.
Fast forward projection and backward projection algorithm using SIMD (2006)

Recent developments in PET scanners such as the HRRT (High Resolution Research Tomograph) developed by Siemens greatly enhanced their resolution as well as sensitivity, but they increased coincidence lines of response more than 4.5 times 10 generated by as many nuclear detectors as 120,000. This formidable amount of data poses a real problem in the image reconstruction and its applications. It also has been the major bottleneck in further developments of the higher resolution PET scanners. To remedy this problem in the image reconstruction, we developed a new algorithm based on the SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) technique incorporated with the symmetry properties of the projection and backprojection processes, especially in the 3D OSEM algorithm. We refer to this technique as the SSP (Symmetry and SIMD based Projection-backprojection) algorithm. As a demonstration, the algorithm was applied to the OSEM (Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization) 3D algorithm with HRRT data and it effectively reduced the total image reconstruction time to 80 folds.
‘Promised fruites of well ordered Towns’ — Gardens in early 18th-century Williamsburg (1982)

Abstract Compared to colonial towns like Annapolis, Philadelphia and Charleston, Williamsburg got off to a slow start as a gardening town. This was because unlike these other colonial capitals, it was not the first capital in its colony. Virginia was the oldest British colony in America, settled in 1607, but Jamestown was its first capital and held that distinction for almost a century. Jamestown itself in the 17th century offered Virginians little in the way of a venue for creative gardening. Hostile forces in one way or another suppressed its growth and made life there more a matter of survival than civilized pleasure. It therefore endowed Virginia with scarcely any gardening tradition, so far as we know, though some romantic historians in decades past have imagined pleasure-gardens there within the pale of a supposedly civilizing influence exerted by the State House, Thomas Gates's original Governor's mansion with its ‘many forward apple and peare trees’,1 and a few of the more industrious and wealthy settlers like the Amblers and Pierces.2 Swampy land, an impossibly confined island setting, and the constant threat posed by Indians deterred the would-be ornamental gardener there, though we know the average settler was compelled by law in 1624 to fence and cultivate a vegetable-garden.3
A Poly-Buffered Face Technology for High Density Flash Memories (1991)

For high density non-volatile memories, the contactless approach has gained increasing attention as it provides potentials for significant cell area reduction [1,2].
Basic Need Status and Health-Promoting Self-Care Behavior in Adults (2000)

Health-promoting self-care behavior emphasizing positive lifestyle practices may improve the health and quality of life of adults. One variable that may influence health-related decisions is the status of basic needs as described by Maslow. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among basic need satisfaction, health-promoting self-care behavior, and selected demographic variables in a sample of community-dwelling adults. A convenience sample of 84 community-dwelling adults was recruited to complete the Basic Need Satisfaction Inventory, the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, and demographic information. Results of the study indicated that self-actualization, physical, and love/belonging need satisfaction accounted for 64% of the variance in health-promoting self-care behavior. The findings of this study are consistent with Maslow's theory of human motivation and suggest that persons who are more fulfilled and content with themselves and their lives, have physical need satisfaction, and have positive connections with others may be able to make better decisions regarding positive health-promoting self-care behaviors.
Phase III Randomized Study Comparing Docetaxel Plus Trastuzumab With Vinorelbine Plus Trastuzumab As First-Line Therapy of Metastatic or Locally Advanced Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer: The HERNATA Study (2010)

The study failed to demonstrate superiority of any drug in terms of efficacy, but the vinorelbine combination had significantly fewer adverse effects and should be considered as an alternative first-line option.
Parallel supercomputing in SIMD architectures (1990)

Parallel Supercomputing in MIMD Architectures is devoted to supercomputing on a wide variety of Multiple-Instruction-Multiple-Data (MIMD)-class parallel machines. This book describes architectural concepts, commercial and research hardware implementations, major programming concepts, algorithmic methods, representative applications, and benefits and drawbacks. Commercial machines described include Connection Machine 5, NCUBE, Butterfly, Meiko, Intel iPSC, iPSC/2 and iWarp, DSP3, Multimax, Sequent, and Teradata. Research machines covered include the J-Machine, PAX, Concert, and ASP. Operating systems, languages, translating sequential programs to parallel, and semiautomatic parallelizing are aspects of MIMD software addressed in Parallel Supercomputing in MIMD Architectures. MIMD issues such as scalability, partitioning, processor utilization, and heterogenous networks are discussed as well.This book is packed with important information and richly illustrated with diagrams and tables, Parallel Supercomputing in MIMD Architectures is an essential reference for computer professionals, program managers, applications system designers, scientists, engineers, and students in the computer sciences.
Direct observation of changing NO <i> <sub>x</sub> </i> lifetime in North American cities (2019)

NO <i><sub>x</sub></i> lifetime relates nonlinearly to its own concentration; therefore, by observing how NO <i><sub>x</sub></i> lifetime changes with changes in its concentration, inferences can be made about the dominant chemistry occurring in an urban plume. We used satellite observations of NO<sub>2</sub> from a new high-resolution product to show that NO <i><sub>x</sub></i> lifetime in approximately 30 North American cities has changed between 2005 and 2014 in a manner consistent with our understanding of NO <i><sub>x</sub></i> chemistry.
3-Hydroxyphthaloyl β-Lactoglobulin. III. Antiviral Activity against Herpesviruses (1998)

The spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpesvirus infections, has continued unabated despite educational efforts spearheaded as a response to the HIV-1 epidemic. This suggests the need for prophylactic measures, including the application of topical antiviral agents. Chemical modification of bovine beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG), the major protein of whey, by hydroxyphthalic anhydride (3HP) led to the generation of a potent HIV-1 inhibitor (designated 3HP-beta-LG) shown to also have activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2). This report provides more detailed results concerning the anti-herpesvirus activity of 3HP-beta-LG, indicating that this compound: (i) inhibited infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is known to be sexually transmitted; (ii) inactivated the infectivity of both HSV-1 and HSV-2; (iii) inhibited cell-to-cell transmission of HSV-1 and HSV-2; and (iv) bound to HSV-1, HSV-2 and HCMV virus particles and partially inhibited the binding of anti-glycoprotein E (gE) and anti-gC monoclonal antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2. The binding of 3HP-beta-LG to the herpesviruses under study was inhibited by aggregated human IgG, suggesting that the respective viral Fc receptor is one of the target sites for 3HP-beta-LG. In agreement with results on inhibition of HIV-1 infection, 3HP-beta-LG appears to be the acid anhydride-modified protein of choice as an antiviral agent against herpesviruses.
<title>Practical automatic feedback system for polyphoto CD control</title> (1996)

A practical automatic feedback system of exposure energy is proposed to improve the polygate photo critical dimension (CD) control. By the curve of (Delta) (CD) versus (Delta) (exposure energy), we can give the right exposure energy to the current lot by the preceding 5 (or 3) lots' CD, measured by CD SEM. To be easily used, the curve is approached as a linear function. Two months experiment of exposure energy feedback system is carried out on actual 0.5 micrometer i- line SRAM process. The capability index (C<SUB>pk</SUB>) of polygate photo CD has been dramatically improved.
Induction of Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Insulin-Secreting Cells by Fetal Soluble Factors (2005)

Cell signals produced during pancreas embryogenesis regulate pancreatic differentiation. We show that the developing pancreas releases soluble factors responsible for in vitro endocrine pancreatic differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). A mouse D3 ESC line was transfected with a human insulin promoter/betageo/phosphoglycerate kinase-hygromycin-resistant construct. To direct differentiation, cells were cultured for 7 days to form embryoid bodies and then plated for an additional 7 days. During this 14-day period, besides eliminating leukemia inhibitory factor, cells were cultured in low serum concentration with the addition of conditioned media from embryonic day-16.5 pancreatic buds. Islet cell differentiation was studied by the following: (a) X-gal staining after neomycin selection, (b) BrdU (bro-modeoxyuridine) studies, (c) simple and double immunohistochemistry for insulin, C-peptide, and glucose transporter 2 (Glut-2), (d) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for insulin and pancreas duodenum homeobox 1 (PDX-1), (e) insulin and C-peptide content and secretion assays, (f) intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, (g) electrophysiology (patch-clamp studies in inside-out configuration), and (h) transplantation of differentiated cells under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-diabetic mice. The differentiated ESCs showed the following: changes in the mRNA levels of insulin and PDX-1; coexpression of insulin, C-peptide, and Glut-2; glucose and tolbutamide-dependent insulin and C-peptide release; K-channel activity regulated by ATP; and normalization of blood glucose levels after transplantation into diabetic mice and hyperglycemia after graft removal. In this study, we establish a battery of techniques that could be used together to properly characterize islet cell differentiation. Moreover, identification of factors released by the developing pancreas may be instrumental in engineering beta cells from stem cells.
The Impact of Digital Innovation and Blockchain on the Music Industry (2017)

Analogous to the emergence of the internet, the introduction of blockchain technology augurs disruptive change to the music industry. Though in its infancy, the technology presents interesting policy issues related to registering and monetizing intellectual property, policing piracy, and creating and executing more flexible contracts between and among members in the music supply chain, among others. This paper assesses the ability of the distributed ledger technology to steer the industry toward a distributed model and its potential to drastically alter the entire music supply chain. It initiates a conversation about policy implications and how policymakers might address the issues related to adopting blockchain technology, including designing policies that support an environment that enables the well-deserved compensation of artists.
治理的转型：全球化、分权与政府的作用 (2001)

在过去的一代人时间里,美国政府经历了一场稳步的但却是静悄悄的转型.传统的程序与组织越来越成为讨论的边缘性问题,而新的、多为非政府的程序与组织则已经构成公共政策的核心.在实施公共事务方面,美国政府在相当大程度上已愈来愈多地与其它各级政府、私人公司和非赢利机构一起分担职责.……
인공지능에 의한 계약체결과 계약법이론 - 인공지능을 활용한 자율적 시스템에 대한 대리법의 적용 가능성을 중심으로 - (2021)

현재 인공지능과 관련하여 다양한 사건 내지 문제가 발생하고 있음을 고려한다면, 제3자의 의사표시를 본인인 운영자에게로 귀속시키기 위한 민법상 제도가 무엇인지에 관하여 자연스럽게 묻지 않을 수 없다. 이에 따라 독립된 행위자로서 인공지능을 권리를 귀속시킬 수 있는 의사표시의 주체로 인정하거나 대리법의 직접 내지 유추적용을 주장하는 견해가 인공지능을 활용한 자율적 시스템에 대한 초기논의에서부터 주장되어 왔다. 이 견해가 우리가 알고 있는 민법상 제도 중 가장 적합한 제도임에는 의심이 없지만, 여러 가지 의문점이 제기되고 있는 실정이다.
본 논문은, 인공지능을 활용한 시스템으로 인한 불법행위에 대하여 위험책임 내지 무과실책임을 부과하는 것은 타당할수도 있으나, 계약법영역에서는 이와 같은 광범위한 책임을 자율적 시스템을 활용한 운영자에게 부과한 것은 타당하지 않다는 시각에서 자율적 시스템에 대하여 시스템 운영자가 부담하는 계약책임에 대하여 적절하면서도 합리적인 제한을 가하려고 하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 불법행위와는 달리 계약법 영역에서는 자율적 시스템이 활용되고 있다는 사실을 상대방이 인식하고 있다면 자신도 그에 대해 주의를 기울이고 계약을 체결해야 하고, 이러한 측면에서 자율적 시스템을 활용하여 계약을 체결하는 경우 운영자와 상대방 사이의 합리적 이익조정이 필요하다는 관점에서 본 논문을 쓰게 된 것이다. 결국 자율적 시스템이 운영자의 의사와 다르게 계약을 체결한 경우 운영자의 계약책임을 제한할 수 있는 계약법 제도를 대리법의 유추적용을 통하여 검토하는 것이 본 논문의 궁극적인 목적이다.
우선, 대리법이 적용되기 위해서는 자율적 시스템이 대리인으로 활용되고 있음을 상대방에게 밝혀야 한다. 그렇지 않을 경우, 사자에 관한 법리만이 적용될 수 있다. 또한, 자율적 시스템에는 권리능력이 현재 인정되지 않기 때문에 시스템을 의사표시의 주체 내지는 대리인으로 인정하기 힘들다. 따라서 대리법의 직접 적용은 인정하기 힘들다.
그리고 자율적 시스템은 그 운영자로부터 원칙적으로 백지수권처럼 포괄적 위임을 받으나 기술적으로 금액제한과 같은 대리권의 범위를 시스템 내재적으로 제한할 수 있다. 그러므로 자율적 시스템에 의하여 체결된 계약은 원칙적으로 포괄적 수권을 받은 것이기 때문에 원칙적으로 유권대리가 되거나, 아니면 표현대리가 성립할 가능성이 높다. 그러나 합리적으로 대리권의 범위 내에서 자율적 시스템이 계약을 체결하였다고 상대방이 신뢰할 만한 정당한 사유가 존재하지 않은 경우에는 표현대리는 성립하지 않는다.
결국, 대리법의 유추적용은 자율적 시스템이 한 계약체결 행위를 본인인 자율적 시스템 운영자의 책임으로 귀속하기 위한 가장 합리적인 모델을 제공한다. 하지만 자율적 시스템이 무권대리인으로서 책임을 부담하는 경우 자율적 시스템에 책임재산이 없다는 점이 문제로 남는데, 이에 대해 별도의 책임재산을 형성하거나 보험가입 등 논의가 진행되고 있으며 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위한 논의가 더 필요할 것이다.
Sensing After Transmission in Cognitive Wireless Personal Area Networks (2009)

In this paper we investigate the performance of a cognitive personal area network (CPAN) in which the duration of spectrum sensing done by a node is proportional to the number of packets previously transmitted by that node. We show that the operation of a node in this setup can be modeled as a gated exhaustive round-robin system with vacations, and analyze the performance of the system. The impact of the value of the penalty factor, which determines the duration of sensing activity with respect to transmission, on packet access delay is discussed in detail.
Limits to Genetic Intervention in Humans: Somatic and Germline (2007)

The promise of somatic cell gene therapy is likely to be limited to a narrow range of monogenic hereditary defects. This therapy raises few moral issues. However, extension to the 'improvement' of a normal trait might raise problems, similar to the use of hormones in sports. Another danger is uses that result, like heroic measures to save the premature newborn, in the prolongation of misery and in intolerable expense. The genetic alteration of germline cells, which can already be accomplished in animals, is in principle applicable to all monogenic diseases. Its use in humans is much less acceptable than somatic cell therapy. The objection that it tampers with human evolution is widely cited. However, more important may be the risk of producing a new defect, for risk is much less acceptable in a yet unborn person than in an already ill individual. In addition, the goal of germline therapy could almost always be accomplished more simply and safely by prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion. The highly polygenic nature of the most interesting traits, both behavioural and physical, makes it unlikely that we shall be able to modify them usefully in the foreseeable future by either somatic or germline intervention. Despite this delivery from temptation, public fear of future 'blueprinting' of humans no doubt contributes to a multi-faceted antiscience movement.
After the Crash: Linkages Between Stocks and Futures (1988)

The turmoil of October 1987 revealed fundamental changes in our financial markets. Markets have become more closely linked, institutional traders have grown in importance, and new strategies such as computer trading, index arbitrage, and portfolio insurance have revolutionized portfolio management.
Complex refractive index of normal and malignant human colorectal tissue in the visible and near‐infrared (2016)

A multi-wavelength prism coupling refractometer is utilized to measure the angular reflectance of freshly excised human intestinal tissue specimens. Based on reflectance data, the real and imaginary part of the refractive index is calculated via Fresnel analysis for three visible (blue, green, red) and two near-infrared (963 nm and 1551 nm) wavelengths. Averaged values of the complex refractive index and corresponding Cauchy dispersion fits are given for the mucosa, submucosa and serosa layers of the colorectal wall at the normal state. The refractive constants of tumorous and normal mucosa are then cross-compared for the indicative cases of one patient diagnosed with a benign polyp and three patients diagnosed with adenocarcinomas of different phenotype. Significant index contrast exists between the normal and diseased states, indicating the potential use of refractive index as a marker of colorectal dysplasia.
Paracrine interactions between fibroblasts and endothelial cells in a serum-free coculture model. Modulation of angiogenesis and collagen gel contraction. (1994)

This study demonstrates that endothelial-fibroblast interactions can be studied in vitro under serum-free conditions. Our results suggest that paracrine mechanisms operating between endothelial cells and fibroblasts play a key role in the formation and contraction of granulation tissue during wound healing. We propose that fibroblasts stimulate angiogenesis and stabilize the neovascular endothelium which in turn promotes the morphological and functional transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts.
A Critique of the Theoretical Hazard of Inter <i>vs</i>. Intra‐Racial Transfusion* (1961)

From the frequencies of the red cell antigens of Caucasians and American Negroes, the possibilities of antigenic exposure from inter and intra‐racial transfusion of blood were calculated. The figures obtained were then modified to take into consideration the relative potency of the individual antigens as well as the behavior of their antibodies. The results lend no support to the alleged advantage of intra‐racial over inter‐racial transfusion, since the order of magnitude of the antibody stimulation risk from all four kinds of transfusion is the same. From the standpoint of patient safety, emphasis should be placed on the performance of a sensitive compatibility test, rather than on a consideration of the racial origin of either the donor or the recipient.
Quantitative study of strokes and continuing currents in lightning discharges to ground (1962)

Results of measurements and calculations of the charge brought to earth by individual strokes and continuing currents from lightning flashes in New Mexico thunderstorms are presented. Hybrid flashes, which contain at least one long-continuing current interval, lower approximately twice as much charge as do the discrete flashes. The average value of negative charge lowered to earth in hybrid flashes is 34 coulombs compared with 19 coulombs for the discrete flashes, a difference accounted for by the presence of the long-continuing (>40 msec) current intervals of average duration 150 msec, during which time an average charge of 12 coulombs is lowered to earth. The continuing currents vary over a relatively narrow range from a minimum of 38 amp to a maximum of 130 amp. Some aspects of the J-change measurements of Malan and of Pierce are reexamined in the light of the magnitude and frequent occurrence of the continuing currents. It is concluded that earlier measurements of J changes for distances greater than 50 km must be interpreted as having been produced by the continuous flow of negative charge to earth instead of by the upward movement of positive charge contained within the cloud.
Fermentation of tea in aqueous suspension. Influence of tea peroxidase (1981)

Abstract The natural peroxidase and catalase of tea leaf were shown to be active under the conditions employed for the fermentation of minced tea leaf in aqueous suspension. Fermentations carried out under nitrogen with ethyl hydrogen peroxide, which is not decomposed by catalase, yielded predominantly thearubigins, a high proportion of which were polymeric in nature. Fermentations using an excess of hydrogen peroxide gave similar results. Fermentations under conditions of controlled dissolved oxygen using both air and hydrogen peroxide resulted in a pigment distribution intermediate between those observed using air alone and using ethyl hydroperoxide under nitrogen. Adjustment of the amount of hydrogen peroxide used to around 120 μmol g −1 leaf resulted in a pigment distribution closely similar to that of a good quality black tea. A mixture of theaflavins was stable in the presence of air and tea polyphenoloxidase but decomposed rapidly to yield polymeric materials under the action of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase derived from tea or horseradish. Kinetic measurements suggest that tea flavanols are generally poorer substrates for peroxidase than for catechol oxidase. However, the level of peroxidase is high and, furthermore, in view of the respective pH optima of the two enzymes, its action would be favoured as the pH falls during fermentation. It is postulated that the nature and distribution of the pigments formed during the fermentation of tea is governed in part by the relative actions of catechol oxidase and peroxidase. These actions are, in turn, influenced by the availability of oxygen and the action of catalase.
Disclosure of the Culprits: Macrophages—Versatile Regulators of Wound Healing (2013)

If characterized in sufficient detail, distinct macrophage subsets and their impaired functions provide ideal targets for improving wound healing.