gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D Analytical Model of Steady Solar Faculae (2018)

Solar facular nodes regarded as relatively stable and long-lived bright active formations with a diameter from 3 to 8 Mm and having a fine (about 1 Mm or less) magnetic filamentary structure with magnetic field strengths from 250 G to 1000 G are modeled analytically. The stationary MHD problem is solved and analytical formulae are derived that allow one to calculate the pressure, density, temperature, and Alfven Mach number in the configuration under study from the corresponding magnetic field structure. The facular node is introduced in a hydrostatic atmosphere defined by the Avrett & Loeser model and is surrounded by a weak (2G) external field corresponding to the global magnetic field intensity on the solar surface. The calculated temperature profiles of the facular node at the level of the photosphere have a characteristic shape where the temperature on the facula axis is lower than that in the surroundings but in the nearest vicinities of the axis and at the periphery of the node, the gas is 200-100 K hotter than the surroundings. Here, on the level of photosphere, the model well describes not only the central darkening of the faculae (like Wilson depression, as in sunspots), but also ring, semi-ring and segmental facular brightening observed with New Swedish 1-m Telescope at high angular resolution. In the temperature minimum region (z = 525 km), the central dip in T-profile disappears, the temperature at the facular axis considerably exceeds the temperature of the ambient plasma, and the facula as a whole is here hotter than the chromosphere. At all heights of the chromosphere the temperature of the faculae is higher than surrounding environment at the same level. This difference is particularly significant at heights of 1.5 and 2.2 Mm, where the main contribution to gas pressure within the facular node makes a pressure of the external magnetic field, which at these heights is already comparable with the internal magnetic field of the facula and even begins to surpass it. Apparently, it is these layers of the facular flux tube at heights of more than 1Mm that form the bright phenomena which are designated by observers as flocculi or plages.
Multirelational organization of large-scale social networks in an online world (2010)

The capacity to collect fingerprints of individuals in online media has revolutionized the way researchers explore human society. Social systems can be seen as a nonlinear superposition of a multitude of complex social networks, where nodes represent individuals and links capture a variety of different social relations. Much emphasis has been put on the network topology of social interactions, however, the multidimensional nature of these interactions has largely been ignored, mostly because of lack of data. Here, for the first time, we analyze a complete, multirelational, large social network of a society consisting of the 300,000 odd players of a massive multiplayer online game. We extract networks of six different types of one-to-one interactions between the players. Three of them carry a positive connotation (friendship, communication, trade), three a negative (enmity, armed aggression, punishment). We first analyze these types of networks as separate entities and find that negative interactions differ from positive interactions by their lower reciprocity, weaker clustering, and fatter-tail degree distribution. We then explore how the interdependence of different network types determines the organization of the social system. In particular, we study correlations and overlap between different types of links and demonstrate the tendency of individuals to play different roles in different networks. As a demonstration of the power of the approach, we present the first empirical large-scale verification of the long-standing structural balance theory, by focusing on the specific multiplex network of friendship and enmity relations.
Comparative Analysis of the Production Costs and Life-Cycle GHG Emissions of FT Liquid Fuels from Coal and Natural Gas (2008)

Liquid transportation fuels derived from coal and natural gas could helpthe United States reduce its dependence on petroleum. The fuels could be produced domestically or imported from fossil fuel-rich countries. The goal of this paper is to determine the life-cycle GHG emissions of coal- and natural gas-based Fischer-Tropsch (FT) liquids, as well as to compare production costs. The results show that the use of coal- or natural gas-based FT liquids will likely lead to significant increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to petroleum-based fuels. In a best-case scenario, coal- or natural gas-based FT-liquids have emissions only comparable to petroleum-based fuels. In addition, the economic advantages of gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuels are not obvious: there is a narrow range of petroleum and natural gas prices at which GTL fuels would be competitive with petroleum-based fuels. CTLfuels are generally cheaper than petroleum-based fuels. However, recent reports suggest there is uncertainty about the availability of economically viable coal resources in the United States. If the U.S. has a goal of increasing its energy security, and at the same time significantly reducing its GHG emissions, neither CTL nor GTL consumption seem a reasonable path to follow.
터미널 기 중증 건강장애아동을 위한 (Terminal) 교육지원 방안 탐색 (2014)

본 연구는 터미널기 중증 건강장애에 대한 개념 정의를 실시하고 터미널기 중증 건강장애로 인해 아동 당사자, 가족, 담당교사가 겪는 어려움과 요구를 파악하며, 이들에 대한 다양한 지원 체계 및 내용을 분석함으로써 터미널기 중증 건강장애아동을 위한 구체적인 교육지원 방안을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이상의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 총 33편의 문헌을 선정하여 연구를 실시한 결과, 다음의 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 장애인 등에 대한 특수교육법 시행령 상에 명기된 건강장애 특수교육대상자에 대한 정의를 보다 상세화하여 터미널기 중증 건강장애아동이 특수교육 서비스 대상에서 제외되는 일을 방지해야 한다. 둘째, 터미널기 중증 건강장애로 인해 아동, 가족, 교사가 겪는 다양한 신체적-심리적 고통 및 지원 요구에 대응해야 한다. 셋째, 의료, 복지, 특수교육 등이 연계 협력한 포괄적 터미널기 중증 건강장애아동 호스피스 서비스 전달체계가 확립되어야 한다. 넷째, 터미널기 중증 건강장애아동을 위한 교육내용 및 교원 연수 프로그램 등이 개발되어야 한다.
Modulation of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase in cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelium by potassium. (1993)

In cultured RPE cells, both Na+/K+ ATPase pump number and pump activity are affected by changes in [K+]o, with greater modulation in sparser cultures. If similar events occur in situ, the sodium pump in RPE may respond to changes in subretinal potassium ion concentration, especially if the RPE cell number is reduced as in aging or disease.
Estimating Potential Evapotranspiration (1961)

Simple computational procedure whereby average daily potential evapotranspiration is represented as proportional to product of day-time hours squared and to saturated water vapor concentration at mean temperature; day time factor depends on consideration of disparity between net radiation and temperature, and fact that transpiration is restricted during darkness since leaf stomata are closed; comparison with C.W.Thornthwaite's method and other methods. (31 refs.)
Performance of neoprene-phenolic adhesives on different substrates (2006)

This study investigated the adhesive properties of some neoprene-phenolic adhesives for bonding different rubber and metal substrates. The metal substrates studied were titanium, stainless steel, aluminum and galvanized iron. Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) were the rubber substrates used. The phenolic resin was the product of condensation of a mixture of phenol and cardanol with formaldehyde. Cardanol, a meta-substituted phenol, is the main ingredient of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a renewable resource. Cardanol-based resins were found to be effective for bonding metal substrates with the exception of galvanized iron. A high shear strength of the order of 12 000 kPa was obtained for stainless steel–stainless steel bonds. In the case of rubber-to-rubber bonding both high peel and shear strengths (10 kN/m and 1000 kPa, respectively) were found for SBR–SBR bonds. In general, it is possible to replace 20–40% phenol with cardanol for resin preparation without sacrificing the bond strength. The usefulness of cardanol as a starting material for formulating adhesive systems is amply demonstrated.
Successful treatment of paralytic relapses in adoptive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via neuroantigen-specific tolerance (1991)

We have previously demonstrated that Ag-specific tolerance induced by the i.v. administration of splenocytes coupled with neuroantigens, such as mouse spinal cord homogenate, myelin basic protein (MBP), and proteolipid protein, and their encephalitogenic peptides, results in dramatic inhibition of clinical and histologic signs of both actively induced and adoptively transferred relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE). We report here that the administration of splenocytes coupled with mouse spinal cord homogenate (i.e., a mixture of neuroantigens), after the first paralytic episode of adoptive R-EAE triggered by MBP-specific T cells but before the appearance of the first relapse, effectively reduced the onset and severity of all subsequent relapses, as determined by both clinical and pathologic criteria. In contrast, the i.v. administration of splenocytes coupled with MBP (i.e., the specificity of the initiating T cell response), under similar conditions, effectively inhibited the initial clinical relapse, but subsequent relapses occurred with the same incidence rate and severity as those in control animals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that neuroantigen-specific tolerance is effective at specifically down-regulating an ongoing autoimmune response. This may have potential clinical applicability for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The results also support the hypothesis that the neuroantigen specificity of later relapses of R-EAE may be due to effector T cells with specificities different from those that triggered the initial clinical episode. Thus, potential therapy for the advanced stages of R-EAE, and perhaps other autoimmune diseases, may have to be directed not simply against the effector cells initiating the disease but also against effector cells with differing specificities recruited as a result of tissue damage occurring in the initial acute disease.
Noncontact heartbeat detection at 2.4, 5.8, and 60 GHz: A comparative study (2009)

Abstract The aim of this work is to provide two new schemes for human noninvasive heartbeat activity monitoring using low power microwave noncontact systems and direct conversion architecture. The first system is tested at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequencies. Another system, operating at 60 GHz, is demonstrated where higher heartbeat sensitivity detection is achieved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 666–669, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24110
Essential Oil from <i>Citrus aurantifolia</i> prevents ketotifen‐induced weight‐gain in mice (2010)

Obesity is a major health problem world-wide. Medical intervention is often needed to tackle this problem, and accordingly the need for developing more effective, safer and cheaper weight reducing drugs has become paramount in recent years. In the present study, the effects of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) essential oils in reducing body weight, individually and in co-administration with ketotifen, an antihistaminic drug that causes weight gain, has been investigated using a mouse model. During the 45 days experimental period, the mice that received ketotifen demonstrated an enhancement both in the amount of food intake and body weight compared with the control group. Groups treated with lime essential oil displayed a reduction in body weight and food consumption in mice, possibly through promoting anorexia which might have played a role in weight loss. Interestingly, co-administration of the lime essential oil and ketotifen caused significant suppression in gaining weight, as well as decreased body weights of mice. The data obtained in this study suggested that lime essential oil plays an important role in weight loss and could be useful in the treatment of drug-induced obesity and related diseases. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oils of C. aurantifolia was also performed and approximately 22 main components, with limonene (28.27%) being the principal one, were identified and quantified.
Some Problems in the Theory of Queues (1951)

Summary The paper opens with a general review of some points in congestion theory, and continues with a simplified account of the Pollaczek-Khintchine “equilibrium” theory for the single-counter queue fed by an input of the Poisson type and associated with a general service-time distribution. It is pointed out that although the stochastic process describing the fluctuations in queue-size is not (in general) Markovian, it is possible to work instead with an enumerable Markov chain if attention is directed to the epochs at which individual customers depart (these epochs forming a sequence of regeneration points).
The Microhardness of Enamel and Dentin (1958)

Peer Reviewed
Biological sensor based on localized surface plasmon associated with surface-bound Au/polystyrene composite microparticles (1998)

We describe here a simple method for forming uniform surface-bound Au particles by using as a template monodisperse polystyrene spheres with diameters in the range of 100 to 350 nm; a dense submonolayer of the sphere was first formed on a substrate, followed by evaporation of Au. Cap-shaped Au particles were formed on the top half of the sphere. The particles exhibited strong optical absorption in the UV--near IR range whose peak position depended on the refractive index of the immediate environment. We show how the particle can be patterned on a substrate as well as modified with biomolecules in anticipation of incorporating the particles as a miniature biological sensor into micro analytical devices.
The impact of characteristics of cigarette smoking on urinary tract cancer risk (2000)

The results suggest a substantial increase in risk of cancer of the urinary tract for cigarette smokers. Based on the results of this study and previous literature, the authors conclude that current cigarette smokers have an approximately threefold higher risk of urinary tract cancer than nonsmokers. In Europe, approximately half of urinary tract cancer cases among males and one-third of cases among females might be attributable to cigarette smoking.
Acute Central Ghrelin and GH Secretagogues Induce Feeding and Activate Brain Appetite Centers (2002)

Ghrelin was recently identified as the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue (GHS) receptor. Like the synthetic GHSs [e.g. GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6)], ghrelin stimulates feeding and increases body weight in rats. The aim of this study was to identify brain regions that are activated by GHSs and determine whether the responses observed were secondary to food intake. In addition, possible mediators of GHS actions were examined. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of ghrelin or GHRP-6 into rats significantly stimulated food intake and transiently reduced core body temperature. The effect of both ghrelin and GHRP-6 on food intake was blocked by preadministration of a Y1 NPY receptor antagonist (BIBO3304). Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that icv ghrelin or GHRP-6 activated several hypothalamic brain regions, including the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and two regions of the brainstem, the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the area postrema. The cell activation induced by GHRP-6 was independent of food intake, as the same pattern and extent of c-Fos expression were observed in animals that were denied access to food following treatment. Finally, double immunohistochemistry indicated that orexin-containing, but not melanin-concentrating hormone-containing, neurons in the lateral hypothalamus were activated significantly by central administration of GHRP-6.
Scatterer Discrimination Based Upon Natural Resonance Annihilation (1988)

Classification of electromagnetic scatterers by the annihilation of natural modes is considered. After providing some historical background, the conceptual basis of this methodology is discussed, followed by a development of the requisite theoretical techniques. Implementations of some resonance annihilation schemes are illustrated and resultant validations using synthetic signals, integral equation computations and scattering measurements are featured.
Preparation of Carboxylate Esters of Polyhydric Alcohols by Using a Sulfonated Charcoal Catalyst (1989)

Ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,2-diol, butane-1,4-diol and propane-1,2,3-triol are readily esterified by carboxylic acids in near quantitative yields in the presence of a sulfonated charcoal catalyst.
Diagnosis of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency by metabolomic profiling in plasma reveals a phenotypic spectrum (2016)

Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder that presents with a broad-spectrum of neurological and physiological symptoms. The ADSL gene produces an enzyme with binary molecular roles in de novo purine synthesis and purine nucleotide recycling. The biochemical phenotype of ADSL deficiency, accumulation of SAICAr and succinyladenosine (S-Ado) in biofluids of affected individuals, serves as the traditional target for diagnosis with targeted quantitative urine purine analysis employed as the predominate method of detection. In this study, we report the diagnosis of ADSL deficiency using an alternative method, untargeted metabolomic profiling, an analytical scheme capable of generating semi-quantitative z-score values for over 1000 unique compounds in a single analysis of a specimen. Using this method to analyze plasma, we diagnosed ADSL deficiency in four patients and confirmed these findings with targeted quantitative biochemical analysis and molecular genetic testing. ADSL deficiency is part of a large a group of neurometabolic disorders, with a wide range of severity and sharing a broad differential diagnosis. This phenotypic similarity among these many inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) has classically stood as a hurdle in their initial diagnosis and subsequent treatment. The findings presented here demonstrate the clinical utility of metabolomic profiling in the diagnosis of ADSL deficiency and highlights the potential of this technology in the diagnostic evaluation of individuals with neurologic phenotypes.
Glycopeptide Susceptibility Profiles of <i>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</i> Bloodstream Isolates (2000)

Twelve clinical strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (eight methicillin resistant and three methicillin susceptible), isolated from blood cultures between 1982 and 1997, were investigated for teicoplanin and vancomycin susceptibility profiles. On the basis of conventional MIC tests and breakpoints, four isolates were susceptible (MICs, 1 to 8 microgram/ml) and eight were resistant (MICs, 32 to 64 microgram/ml) to teicoplanin while all were susceptible to vancomycin (MICs, 1 to 2 microgram/ml). All four strains for which the conventional teicoplanin MICs were within the range of susceptibility expressed heterogeneous resistance to teicoplanin and homogeneous vancomycin susceptibility. Of the eight strains for which the conventional teicoplanin MICs were within the range of resistance, six expressed heterogeneous and two expressed homogeneous teicoplanin resistance while seven showed heterogeneous vancomycin resistance profiles (with subpopulations growing on 8 microgram of the drug per ml at frequencies of >/=10(-6) for six strains and 10(-7) for one) and one demonstrated homogeneous vancomycin susceptibility. Of six bloodstream isolates of other staphylococcal species (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. simulans), for all of which the conventional teicoplanin MICs were >/=4 microgram/ml and the vancomycin MICs were </=2 microgram/ml, none exhibited heterogeneous susceptibility profiles for teicoplanin while three showed homogeneous and three showed heterogeneous susceptibility profiles for vancomycin (with subpopulations growing on 8 microgram of the drug per ml found for only one strain). The results of this study indicate that a heterogeneous response to glycopeptides is a common feature of S. haemolyticus isolates and suggest that susceptibility to glycopeptides as determined by conventional MIC tests may not be predictive of the outcome of glycopeptide therapy.
Se pueden pactar en las operaciones comerciales plazos de pago superiores a 60 días?: por una interpretación sistemática y conforme a la normativa comunitaria de la ley de lucha contra la morosidad (2012)

La autora cuestiona la interpretacion general del art. 4.1 de la Ley contra la Morosidad en la redaccion dada por la Ley 15/2010 que establece un plazo maximo de pago de 60 dias en las operaciones comerciales y prohibe a las partes pactar un plazo superior, cuando el precepto entra en contradiccion con el art. 9.1 del mismo texto legal, que senala que solo seran nulos los plazos de pago mas prolongados cuando puedan considerarse abusivos.
The Utilization of Activated Sludge Polyhydroxyalkanoates for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics (2001)

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems were used for the development of a system and operating procedures for the high production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by wastewater treatment (activated sludge) bacterial cultures. It was found that unbalanced growth conditions stimulated massive PHA production in activated sludge biomass. Operating conditions had a significant effect on PHA production and the composition of the accumulated copolymer when either laboratory prepared mixtures of organics or a high acetic acid industrial wastewater were used as the organic substrate mixture. Fully aerobic (AE) conditions with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations were the optimum conditions for PHA production when the laboratory prepared mixtures of orgnics were used, while fully AE with the combinations of N, P, and potassium (K) limitations were better for PHA production using a high acetic acid industrial wastewater as the substrate. One nutrient limitation or partial limitation of either N or P as used for commercial production using pure cultures did not promote massive PHA production in activated sludge biomass compared to the combination of nutrient limitations. A maximum cellular PHA accumulation of 70%TSS was obtained under fully AE conditions with multiple alternating periods of growth and N&P limitations. Microaerophilic/aerobic (MAA/AE) or anaerobic/aerobic (AN/AE) cycling promoted less PHA production compared to fully AE conditions. The relative amounts of the PHA copolymers formed, i.e., polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) were different under different operating conditions, even though the types and amounts of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the feed were the same. It was determined that high total phosphorus (TP) content inside the bacterial cells had a significant detrimental impact on PHA production by activated sludge biomass. A two-stage bioprocess was a better approach for obtaining activated sludge PHA accumulation because a growth phase was necessary to grow the bacterial population that contains minimal TP before starting the subsequent PHA accumulation phase. Seeding sludge obtained from a conventional fully aerobic wastewater treatment system was more suitable than seed obtained from a biological phosphorus removal (BPR) system because bacterial populations from BPR systems tended to convert organic substrates to intracellular carbohydrate content rather than PHA under nutrient limitation conditions. The molecular weights and melting point temperatures of PHAs produced by the mixed culture of activated sludge biomass were comparable to those obtained from pure cultures and have the potential to be used for commercial applications. The results of this study indicate that activated sludge biomass has considerable potential for PHA production for commercial purposes, and likely could do so utilizing wastewater sources of organics. In particular organic rich, nutrient limited wastewaters have potential for efficient PHA production.