gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of acoustic masking noise in fMRI of the auditory cortex during phonetic discrimination (1999)

The application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study activation of auditory cortex suffers from one significant confounding factor, namely, that of the acoustic noise generated by the gradient system, which is an integral part of the imaging process. Earlier work has shown that it is indeed possible to distinguish cortical activation resulting from presentation of auditory stimuli despite the presence of background noise from the gradient system. The influence of acoustic noise from the gradient system of the MRI scanner on the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during functional activation of the auditory cortex has been investigated in six healthy subjects with no hearing difficulties. Experiments were performed using gradient-echo echoplanar imaging (EPI) and a verbal, auditory discrimination paradigm, presented in a block-wise manner, in which carefully aligned consonant-vowel syllables were presented at a rate of 1 Hz. For each volunteer the experiment was repeated three times with all parameters fixed, except slice number, which was 4, 16, or 64. The positioning of the central four slices in each experiment was common. Thus, the fraction of TR during which the stimulus is on but no imaging is being performed, varies from almost zero, in the case of 64 slices, to over 8 seconds, in the case of four slices. Only the central four slices were of interest; additional slices simply generated acoustic noise and were discarded. During the four-slice experiment, all subjects showed a robust BOLD response in the superior temporal gyrus covering the primary and secondary auditory cortex. The spatial extent and the z-scores of the activated regions decreased with longer duration of gradient noise from the scanner. For a phonetic discrimination task, the results indicate that presentation of the stimulus during periods free from scanner noise leads to a more pronounced BOLD response.
The Synthesis of 2-Nitrocyclohexanone and the Reaction of Acetyl Nitrate with Cyclohexene (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of 2-Nitrocyclohexanone and the Reaction of Acetyl Nitrate with CyclohexeneAzel A. Griswold and Paul S. StarcherCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 2, 357–361Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01340a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01340a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views408Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Auto-supervised learning in the Bayesian Programming Framework (2006)

Domestic and real world robotics requires continuous learning of new skills and behaviors to interact with humans. Auto-supervised learning, a compromise between supervised and completely unsupervised learning, consist in relying on previous knowledge to acquire new skills. We propose here to realize auto-supervised learning by exploiting statistical regularities in the sensorimotor space of a robot. In our context, it corresponds to achieve feature selection in a Bayesian programming framework. We compare several feature selection algorithms and validate them on a real robotic experiment.
Recent clinical trends in Toll‐like receptor targeting therapeutics (2018)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded receptors that are central to innate and adaptive immune responses. Owing to their vital role in inflammation, TLRs are rational targets in clinics; thus, many ligands and biologics have been reported to overcome the progression of various inflammatory and malignant conditions and support the immune system. For each TLR, at least one, and often many, drug formulations are being evaluated. Ligands reported as stand-alone drugs may also be reported based on their use in combinatorial therapeutics as adjuvants. Despite their profound efficacy in TLR-modulation in preclinical studies, multiple drugs have been terminated at different stages of clinical trials. Here, TLR modulating drugs that have been evaluated in clinical trials are discussed, along with their mode of action, suggestive failure reasons, and ways to improve the clinical outcomes. This review presents recent advances in TLR-targeting drugs and provides directions for more successful immune system manipulation.
Influence of Water Temperature on Perchlorate-induced Toxicity in Oryzias latipes (2010)

PP-29-086 Background/Aims: Thyroid hormones play an essential role in the metabolism, growth, and development in vertebrate. Some synthetic chemicals such as perchlorate have been reported to disrupt thyroid function. Perchlorate interferes with iodine uptake in the thyroid hormone synthesis process. Water temperature can induce stress hormone cortisol, which may influence thyroid function as well. However, the effect of water temperature on perchlorate-induced thyroid toxicity is not well understood. Methods: In this study, Oryzias latipes were exposed to sublethal concentration (100 mg/L) of sodium perchlorate at 3 different water temperature, that is, low (26°C), medium (29°C), and high temperature (33°C) for 7 days, and the effect of water temperature on perchlorate toxicity was observed. Results: Perchlorate exposure decreased transcription of both thyroid hormone receptor alpha and beta mRNAs. Perchlorate exposure at high water temperature induced upregulations of mRNA levels of both NaKATPase alpha and beta, presumably because of increased induction of stress hormone cortisol. Moreover, as water temperature increased, fecundity of fish, eg, number of eggs per pair was decreased. Conclusion: The results of our study suggested that the decrease of reproduction might be partly explained by disruption in thyroid function, which was resulted from inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis by perchlorate exposure and interference of tissue response to thyroid hormone signal by high water temperature.
Sperm Competition: A Broad View of Male Paternity Efforts Sperm Competition in Birds. Evolutionary Causes and Consequences T. R. Birkhead A. P. Møller David Quinn (1994)

Journal Article Sperm Competition in Birds. Evolutionary Causes and Consequences Get access T. R. Birkhead and A. P. Møller. 1992 Academic Press, New York. 292 pp with illustrations by David Quinn. $80 hardcover (ISBN 0-12-100540-2); $44.95 softcover (ISBN 0-12-100541-0) Christopher W. Thompson Christopher W. Thompson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Condor, Volume 96, Issue 1, 1 February 1994, Pages 244–246, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369088 Published: 01 February 1994
Model equations for the kinetics of covalent irreversible enzyme inhibition and spontaneous reactivation: Esterases and organophosphorus compounds (2009)

Type B carboxylesterases (acetylcholinesterases, neuropathy target esterase, serine peptidases), catalyse the hydrolysis of carboxyl-ester substrates by formation of a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate and subsequent cleavage and release of the acyl group. Organophosphorus compounds, carbamates, and others exert their mechanism of neurotoxicity by permanent covalent organophosphorylation or carbamylation at the catalytic site of carboxylesterases. Classical kinetic studies converted the exponential kinetic equation to a logarithmic equation for graphic analysis. This process, however, does not allow analysing complex situations. In this paper, kinetic model equations are reviewed and strategies developed for the following cases: (a) single enzyme, with classical linear equation; (b) multi-enzymatic system-discriminating several inhibitor-sensitive and inhibitor-resistant components; (c) 'ongoing inhibition'-high sensitive enzymes can be significantly inhibited during the substrate reaction time, the model equations need a correction; (d) spontaneous reactivation (de-phosphorylation)-one or several components can be simultaneously inhibited and spontaneously reactivated; (e) spontaneous reactivation from starting time with the enzyme being partly or totally inhibited; (f) aging-single enzyme can be inhibited, spontaneously reactivated and dealkylating reaction ('aging') simultaneously occurs; and (g) aging and spontaneous reactivation from starting time with the enzyme being partly or totally inhibited. Analysis of data using the suggested equations allows the deduction of inhibition kinetic constants and the proportions of each of the enzymatic components. Strategies for practical application of the models and for obtaining consistent kinetic parameters, using multi-steps approaches or 3D fitting, are presented.
FPGA Hardware Acceleration of Inception Style Parameter Reduced Convolution Neural Networks (2016)

Some researchers have noted that the growth rate in the number of network parameters of many recently proposed state-of-the-art CNN topologies is placing unrealistic demands on hardware resources and limits the practical applications of Neural Networks. This is particularly apparent when considering many of the projected applications (IoT, autonomous vehicles, etc) utilize embedded systems with even greater restrictions on computation and memory bandwidth than the typical research-class computer cluster that the CNN was designed on. The GoogLeNet CNN in 2014 proposed a new level of organization (“Inception Module”) that was demonstrated in competition to achieve similar/better performance, while using an order of magnitude less network parameters than the other competing topologies. This thesis explores the characteristics of the new GoogLeNet inception modules and the implications it presents to current CNN accelerator architectures. A custom FPGA accelerator is proposed to offset the inception module’s increased need to buffer large intermediate convolution arrays through array partitioning and cascading two convolution operations into a single pipeline pass. A Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA was used to implement architecture where it was able continuously supply data to the 331 utilized DSP blocks (approx. half of total available), while using only a quarter of the DDR bandwidth to achieve a peak throughput of 9.11 GFLOPS. The low utilization of the DDR bandwidth suggests that with some optimization, the design can be scaled up to better utilize the available resources and increase throughput.
Airway Management Evolution – In a Search for an Ideal Extraglottic Airway Device (2014)

Extraglottic airway devices (EADs) are commonly used equipment for airway maintenance during elective procedures under general anaesthesia. They may be used also in other indications such as conduit for tracheal intubation or rescue airway device in prehospital medicine. Current classifications of the EADs lack systematic approach and therefore classification according to the sealing sites and sealing mechanisms is suggested in this review article. Modern EADs are disposable, latex-free devices made of plastic materials most commonly from polyvinylchloride (PVC). The bowl of uncuffed sealers is manufactured from different materials such as thermoplastic elastomers or ethylene-vinyl-acetate co-polymer. EADs create various physical forces exerted on the adjacent tissues which may contribute to different sealing characteristic of particular device or to variable incidence of postoperative complications. Desired features of an ideal EAD involve easy insertion, high insertion success rate even by inexperienced users, protection against aspiration of gastric contents and low incidence of postoperative complications such as sore throat, hoarseness, cough or swallowing difficulties.
Actin Polymerization Is Essential for Myelin Sheath Fragmentation during Wallerian Degeneration (2011)

The mechanisms that trigger Wallerian degeneration (WD) of peripheral nerves after injury are not well understood. During the early period of WD, fragmentation of myelin into ovoid structures occurs near the Schmidt-Lantermann incisures (SLI), a noncompact region of the myelin sheath containing autotypical adherens junction. In this study, we found that new filamentous actin polymerization occurs in the SLI of mouse sciatic nerves after injury and that its inhibition prevented not only the degradation of E-cadherin in the SLI but also myelin ovoid formation. However, the inhibition of actin polymerization could not block Schwann cell dedifferentiation. The activation of Rac GTPase was observed in the distal stump of the injured nerves, and a specific Rac inhibitor, a dominant-negative Rac, and Rac1-RNA interference blocked myelin ovoid formation. Together, these findings suggest that dynamic changes in actin in the SLI are essential for initiation of demyelination after peripheral nerve injury.
Superconductor–insulator transition in nanowires and nanowire arrays (2015)

Superconducting nanowires are the dual elements to Josephson junctions, with quantum phase-slip processes replacing the tunneling of Cooper pairs. When the quantum phase-slip amplitude ES is much smaller than the inductive energy EL, the nanowire responds as a superconducting inductor. When the inductive energy is small, the response is capacitive. The crossover at low temperatures as a function of ES/EL is discussed and compared with earlier experimental results. For one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays of nanowires quantum phase transitions are expected as a function of ES/EL. They can be tuned by a homogeneous magnetic frustration.
Towards Mature Federated Cyber Incident Management and Information Sharing Capabilities in NATO and NATO Nations (2019)

For the past decade, cyber security teams around the world have recognized the growing importance of sharing cyber security information. Data regarding recently discovered vulnerabilities, cyber threats, and cyber incident information has been recognized as vital for cyber security teams to stay resilient in the face of the ever-changing threat landscape. This paper introduces federated cyber incident management and cyber information sharing requirements for NATO and Nations and highlights the Cyber Information and Incident Coordination System (CIICS), developed in the Multinational Cyber Defence Capability Development (MN CD2) Smart Defence program, designed specifically to address such requirements.
Histopathological and Neurological Features of Atg4b Knockout Mice (2010)

This investigation found that genetic inactivation of mouse Atg4b, 1 of the 4 mammalian homologs of the autophagy-related gene Atg4, resulted in amorphous globular bodies in the neuropil of the deep cerebellar nuclei and adjacent vestibular nuclei but nowhere else in the brain or other tissues. The spheroid-like bodies in the deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei showed heterogeneous composition, reactivity with anti-ubiquitin antibody, and staining characteristics of proteinaceous material. Atg4b-deficient (Atg4b (-/-)) mice also showed a mild but measurable impairment of motor performance on the Rotarod. Atg4b (-/-) mice produced by breeding heterozygous parents were produced at a slightly lower than expected ratio to heterozygous and wild-type siblings but showed no other clear abnormalities in a battery of screening tests. These findings appear to be different than those reported for inactivation of other Atg4 homologs, suggesting that these homologs have tissue-specific functions beyond redundancy.
Comparison Of Particle Swarm Optimization And Genetic Algorithm For Tcsc-Based Controller Design (2007)

Recently, genetic algorithms (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique have attracted considerable attention among various modern heuristic optimization techniques. Since the two approaches are supposed to find a solution to a given objective function but employ different strategies and computational effort, it is appropriate to compare their performance. This paper presents the application and performance comparison of PSO and GA optimization techniques, for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)-based controller design. The design objective is to enhance the power system stability. The design problem of the FACTS-based controller is formulated as an optimization problem and both the PSO and GA optimization techniques are employed to search for optimal controller parameters. The performance of both optimization techniques in terms of computational time and convergence rate is compared. Further, the optimized controllers are tested on a weakly connected power system subjected to different disturbances, and their performance is compared with the conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS). The eigenvalue analysis and non-linear simulation results are presented and compared to show the effectiveness of both the techniques in designing a TCSC-based controller, to enhance power system stability.
Assessment of the Effects of Eleutherococcus Senticosus on Endurance Performance (2005)

The use of nutritional ergogenic aids containing Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES), a plant which is also known as ciwujia or Siberian ginseng, is relatively common among endurance athletes. Eleutherococcus senticosus has been suggested to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) and fat metabolism (FAM) and, therefore, endurance performance (EP). This article reviews the studies that evaluated the effects of ES during endurance exercise, three of which suggest that ES substantially improves CF, FAM, and EP. However, each of these reports contains severe methodological flaws, which seriously threaten their internal validity, thereby rendering hazardous the generalization of the results. On the other hand, 5 studies that used rigorous research protocols show no benefit of ES on CF, FAM, and EP. It is therefore concluded that ES supplementation (up to 1000 to 1200 mg/d for 1 to 6 wk) offers no advantage during exercise ranging in duration from 6 to 120 min.
Hydrolysis of phosphoenolpyruvate catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Zea mays (1992)

In addition to the normal carboxylation reaction, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Zea mays catalyzes a HCO3(-)-dependent hydrolysis of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and Pi. Two independent methods were used to establish this reaction. First, the formation of pyruvate was coupled to lactate dehydrogenase in assay solutions containing high concentrations of L-glutamate and aspartate aminotransferase. Under these conditions, oxalacetic acid produced in the carboxylation reaction was efficiently transaminated, and decarboxylation to form spurious pyruvate was negligible. Second, sequential reduction of oxalacetate and pyruvate was achieved by initially running the reaction in the presence of malate dehydrogenase with NADH in excess over phosphoenolpyruvate. After the reaction was complete, lactate dehydrogenase was added, thus giving a measure of pyruvate concentration. At pH 8.0 in the presence of Mg2+, the rate of phosphoenolpyruvate hydrolysis was 3-7% of the total reaction rate. The hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was strongly metal dependent, with rates decreasing in the order Ni2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Ca2+. These results suggest that the active site metal ion binds to the enolate oxygen, thus stabilizing the proposed enolate intermediate. The more stable the enolate, the less reactive it is toward carboxylation and the greater the opportunity for hydrolysis.
Deletion of the first 45 NH2-terminal residues of rabbit skeletal troponin T strengthens binding of troponin to immobilized tropomyosin (1991)

The binding of the NH2-terminal region of troponin T (TnT) to the COOH-terminal region of tropomyosin (Tm) and the head-to-tail overlap between Tm molecules is thought to provide a pivotal link between troponin (Tn) and Tm (White, S.P., Cohen, C., and Phillips, G.N., Jr. (1987) Nature 325, 826-828). To further explore the structure-function relationship of the NH2-terminal region of TnT, we studied the binding of a 26,000-dalton TnT fragment (26K-TnT, Ohtsuki, I., Shiraishi, F., Suenaga, N., Miyata, T., and Tanokura, M.J. (1984) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 95, 1337-1342) which corresponds to residues 46-259 of TnT2f, the major isoform of TnT in rabbit fast twitch muscle, to immobilized alpha-Tm. Both 26K-TnT and TnT2f were retained by the alpha-Tm affinity column in the presence of 150 mM NaCl. However, upon increasing the NaCl concentration 26K-TnT was eluted from the column at a higher ionic strength than was TnT. When applied alone, the binary complex of TnI and TnC (TnC.TnI) was not retained by the alpha-Tm affinity column. When applied subsequently to prebound TnT2f or 26K-TnT, TnI.TnC was retained by the alpha-Tm affinity column and eluted together with TnT2f or 26K-TnT as ternary troponin complexes. Whether Ca2+ was present or not, Tn containing 26K-TnT was eluted at a higher ionic strength than was Tn containing TnT2f, indicating that removal of the first 45 residues of TnT2f strengthens the binding of Tn to Tm. In the presence of Tm, reconstituted Tn containing 26K-TnT conferred Ca2+ sensitivity on actomyosin-S1 MgATPase, and the steepness of the pCa-ATPase relation was unchanged with respect to the actoS1 ATPase regulated by TnT2f. It is concluded that the first 45 residues of TnT2f are not essential for anchoring the troponin complex to the thin filament and do not play a crucial role in the cooperative response of regulated actoS1 ATPase to Ca2+.
Discovery and Evaluation of Inhibitors of Human Ceramidase (2011)

The ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) rheostat has been hypothesized to play a critical role in regulating tumor cell fate, with elevated levels of ceramide inducing death and elevated levels of S1P leading to survival and proliferation. Ceramidases are key enzymes that control this rheostat by hydrolyzing ceramide to produce sphingosine and may also confer resistance to drugs and radiation. Therefore, ceramidase inhibitors have excellent potential for development as new anticancer drugs. In this study, we identify a novel ceramidase inhibitor (Ceranib-1) by screening a small molecule library and describe the synthesis of a more potent analogue (Ceranib-2). In a cell-based assay, both compounds were found to inhibit cellular ceramidase activity toward an exogenous ceramide analogue, induce the accumulation of multiple ceramide species, decrease levels of sphingosine and S1P, inhibit the proliferation of cells alone and in combination with paclitaxel, and induce cell-cycle arrest and cell death. In vivo, Ceranib-2 was found to delay tumor growth in a syngeneic tumor model without hematologic suppression or overt signs of toxicity. These data support the selection of ceramidases as suitable targets for anticancer drug development and provide the first nonlipid inhibitors of human ceramidase activity.