gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapamycin‐mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction (2013)

Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR kinase, increased median lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice by 23% (males) to 26% (females) when tested at a dose threefold higher than that used in our previous studies; maximal longevity was also increased in both sexes. Rapamycin increased lifespan more in females than in males at each dose evaluated, perhaps reflecting sexual dimorphism in blood levels of this drug. Some of the endocrine and metabolic changes seen in diet-restricted mice are not seen in mice exposed to rapamycin, and the pattern of expression of hepatic genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism is also quite distinct in rapamycin-treated and diet-restricted mice, suggesting that these two interventions for extending mouse lifespan differ in many respects.
A SiGe 4-Gsps 2-bits digitizer with 2-4 GHz input bandwidth (2003)

This paper presents a monolithic digitizer, implemented in a BiCMOS 0.35 /spl mu/m SiGe process, with 4 Gsps sample rate, 3 quantization levels and an input bandwidth from 2 GHz up to 4 GHz under a full Nyquist condition. The adopted digitizer architecture is that of a conventional flash analog to digital converter structure. The overall chip dissipates 652 mW under 2.5 V supply and the die area is 5.4 mm/sup 2/. This digitizer is developed for radioastronomy applications and especially for the ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array) project.
A density matrix description of 14N overtone nuclear magnetic resonance in static and spinning solids (1999)

Overtone NMR is an experiment introduced by LeGros, Bloom, Tycko, and Opella, capable of providing 14N powder spectra devoid of first-order quadrupole broadenings by irradiation and observation of the nuclear spins at twice their Larmor frequency. This technique constitutes one of the most promising alternatives for the acquisition of high resolution solid 14N NMR spectra from random powders, particularly if it can be combined with strategies capable of removing the substantial second-order quadrupole broadenings remaining in the overtone line shapes. In order to facilitate the search for these averaging manipulations, we present here a theoretical description of the overtone experiment based on the time-domain propagation of density matrices. It is shown that by combining perturbation methods with appropriate rotating-frame transformations and diagonalizations, overtone spin-1 phenomena can be described using a single set of fictitious spin-1/2 operators. By contrast to conventional spin-1/2 irradiation and detection processes, however, overtone manipulations involve an unusual angular dependence on the azimuthal angle defining rotations about the main Zeeman magnetic field. This behavior introduces unexpected complications toward the narrowing of overtone resonances by conventional sample spinning techniques. Nevertheless, it can still be shown that the removal of all spin-1 anisotropies by certain forms of dynamic-angle spinning overtone NMR remains feasible.
Effect of Flexural Ductility on Shear Capacity (2008)

The seismic performance of RC bridge piers is a significant issue because the interaction of flexural ductility and shear capacity of such piers with varied amounts of lateral reinforcement is not well established. Several relationships between flexural ductility and shear capacity have been proposed by various researchers in the past. In this paper a parametric study on RC bridge piers is conducted using a nonlinear finite element program, "Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Structures (SRCS)," developed at the University of Houston. SRCS has been previously used to predict the seismic behavior of such piers. The predicted results were compared with the test results obtained from experiments available in literature. Based on the results of the parametric study performed in this paper, a set of new relationships between flexural ductility and shear capacity of high strength RC columns is proposed.
Molecular Weight and Related Properties of Lily Amylose Determined by Monitoring of Elution from TSK-GEL PW High Performance Gel Chromatography Columns by the Low-Angle Laser Light Scattering Technique and Precision Differential Refractometry1 (1984)

Amylose was fractionated according to its molecular weight by high performance gel chromatography using columns of a TSK-GEL PW series. Elution from the columns was monitored with a low-angle laser light scattering photometer and a precision differential refractometer. The following results were obtained indicating that the procedure is highly efficient for characterizing an amylose preparation with respect to its molecular weight: 1) the weight-average molecular weight of lily amylose used as a test material was determined to be 786,000 +/- 26,000 (n = 7); 2) the molecular weight distribution curve of the amylose was worked out from the chromatographic data; and 3) based on the concept of the universal calibration curve, the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation of the amylose was presumed to be [eta] = 2.27 X 10(-4)M0.62 (dl/g). The technique saves time and sample significantly compared with the conventional ones, and consequently enables the characterization of amylose in aqueous solvents without either the degradation or association peculiar to the amylose molecule.
ChemInform Abstract: Response of 2‐Lithio‐4,5‐dihydrofuran. Ketone Adducts to Acid Catalysis. (1990)

Abstract Lithiation of 4,5‐dihydrofuran (I) and subsequent reaction with the ketones (II) yield the alcohols (III).
Expression of PAD enzymes and occurrence of citrulline-containing proteins in human blood and synovial fluid cells (2002)

Vascular changes are consistent early findings in patients with SSc and often precede the development of fibrosis. Despite a significant reduction in the capillary density, there is paradoxically no sufficient angiogenesis in the skin of SSc patients. By using a pO 2 histograph, we showed that low pO 2 values are overt in involved skin of patients with SSc. In vitro, real-time PCR revealed a 3.7-fold upregulation of the potent angiogenic growth factor VEGF in SSc fibroblasts after hypoxic exposure compared to normoxic controls. In situ hybridization for VEGF in skin biopsies of patients with SSc showed an overexpression of VEGF mRNA by fibroblasts and mononuclear infiltrates, whereas its expression was limited to keratinocytes in healthy control biopsies. In contrast to the SSc skin, HIF-1 alpha protein was found to be coexpressed with VEGF in healthy skin samples, indicating that the constitutive VEGF synthesis in the skin is driven by this transcription factor. Additionally, we showed that the lack of angiogenesis in SSc is not due to a reduced bioavailability of the overexpressed VEGF, since the VEGF receptors Flk-1 and Flt-1 were found to be expressed on endothelial cells of patients with SSc, but not in healthy controls, and since SSc patients had severely elevated serum levels of VEGF compared to healthy controls. Despite the enhanced levels of VEGF, serum samples of SSc patients did not induce angiogenesis in the vivo chorion allantois membrane assay, indicating that the proangiogenic effects of VEGF may be outweighed by angiostatic factors. The hypothesis that VEGF synthesis has to be above an individual threshold in SSc patients to induce angiogenesis was further strengthened by the finding that patients without fingertip ulcers had significantly higher levels than patients with fingertip ulcers. Interestingly, the angiostatic factor endostatin was elevated in a subset of patients and thus may counteract directly the bio-logic effects of VEGF in SSc patients. Serum levels of VEGF were also correlated significantly with disease severity parameters including antitopoisomerase antibodies. These results suggest that therapeutic application of VEGF by either gene transfer or as a recombinant protein might be a novel option in SSc.
Nanoespecies de Co depositadas en silicatos mesoporosos MCM-41 altamente ordenados como prometedores materiales para novedosas aplicaciones: caracterización superficial (2015)

Silicatos Co/MCM-41 se sintetizaron por el método de impregnación húmeda. La naturaleza de las especies de Co fue inferida por DRX, TEM, XPS, XANES y medidas de ZFC/FC. La presencia de óxidos de Co (clusters y nanopartículas de Co3O4) dentro de los canales fue evidenciada por TEM, XPS y XANES. La relación Co/Si superficial (XPS) fue notablemente menor que la correspondiente relación Co/Si bulk (ICP), dando otra evidencia de la presencia del Co en los canales de la matriz. Por TEM y DRX se observaron nanopartículas de Co3O4 de pequeño tamaño segregadas en la superficie externa de los sólidos con altas cargas de metal. Las curvas de ZFC y FC para la muestra Co/M(2,5) permitieron asignar su comportamiento superparamagnético a la presencia de clusters y nanopartículas de Co3O4 que crecen en el interior de los mesoporos de la estructura MCM-41. Los análisis presentados indican que el sólido con propiedades estructurales y magnéticas optimizadas resultaría un material interesante para utilizarse en el campo de la liberación controlada de fármacos.
Decomposition and Stabilization of Drugs. III. : Structure and Stability of Aminoalkyl Esters. (1) (1970)

Kinetic parameters with respect to the stability of the aminoethyl esters of phenyl acetic acid were measured and the following facts were revealed. 1) Stability of these esters is affected by the substituent in 2-position of phenylacetic acid. The greater the size of this substituent, the smaller became the reaction constants, kH and kOH, and greater the ΔEa and ΔS. Also k<H2O> became broader as will be seen from the pH -rate profile in Fig.2 and 3. 2) Esters of tertiary amine type have greater rate of hydrolysis than those of quaternary ammonium salt type, the rate in alkaline side being about 100 times greater in the tertiary amine-type esters. 3) There is a linear relationship between λ (polar substituent constant) of R in C6H5-CHRCOOCH2CH2N(C2H5) and kH or kOH, as shown in Fig.7 and 8, the Taft formula can be applied to it. 4) There is a linear relationship between the pKa and hydrolysis rate of C6H5CHRCOOH, as shown in Fig.9. 5) In the above 3 and 4, compounds with R as sec-butyl or diphenyl deviate from linearity and steric effect of the substituent has retarded the hydrolysis rate of these compounds.
Analysis of continuous pulse height spectra (1969)

Continuous differential energy pulse height spectra reduction to photon upper atmospheric spectra
Vibrations of Fractal Structures: On the Nonlinearities of Damping by Branching (2015)

To study the effect of damping due to branching in trees and fractal structures, a harmonic analysis was performed on a finite element model using commercially available software. The model represented a three-dimensional (3D) fractal treelike structure, with properties based on oak wood and with several branch configurations. As branches were added to the model using a recursive algorithm, the effects of damping due to branching became apparent: the first natural frequency amplitude decreased, the first peak widened, and the natural frequency decreased, whereas higher frequency oscillations remained mostly unaltered. To explain this nonlinear effect observable in the spectra of branched structures, an analytical interpretation of the damping was proposed. The analytical model pointed out the dependency of Cartesian damping from the Coriolis forces and their derivative with respect to the angular velocity of each branch. The results provide some insight on the control of chaotic systems. Adding branches can be an effective way to dampen slender structures but is most effective for large deformation of the structure.
The Design and Test of Air-Cooled Blading for an Industrial Gas Turbine (1982)

The design and testing of a cooled high pressure turbine stage to provide advance information for the Ruston Tornado 6MW industrial gas turbine is described. The cooled stage was designed to replace an existing uncooled stage in a current Ruston gas turbine to allow development testing under actual engine conditions. The instrumentation techniques used on the development engine, including infrared pyrometry, are discussed and results of the tests covering nozzle vane and rotor blade cooling under steady state and transient conditions and engine performance are presented and compared with the design predictions.
Learning to Play No-Press Diplomacy with Best Response Policy Iteration (2020)

Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (RL) have led to considerable progress in many 2-player zero-sum games, such as Go, Poker and Starcraft. The purely adversarial nature of such games allows for conceptually simple and principled application of RL methods. However real-world settings are many-agent, and agent interactions are complex mixtures of common-interest and competitive aspects. We consider Diplomacy, a 7-player board game designed to accentuate dilemmas resulting from many-agent interactions. It also features a large combinatorial action space and simultaneous moves, which are challenging for RL algorithms. We propose a simple yet effective approximate best response operator, designed to handle large combinatorial action spaces and simultaneous moves. We also introduce a family of policy iteration methods that approximate fictitious play. With these methods, we successfully apply RL to Diplomacy: we show that our agents convincingly outperform the previous state-of-the-art, and game theoretic equilibrium analysis shows that the new process yields consistent improvements.
Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis presence in umbilical cord is associated with pathogenesis of funisitis. (2007)

Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) and Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) are known to cause an intrauterine infection for preterm deliveries, but it is not known whether they are actually pathogenically involved in the development of funisitis, chorioamnionitis (CAM), and chronic lung disease (CLD) in preterm infants. Our purpose was to identify U. urealyticum and M. hominis in the umbilical cord, placenta, and tracheal aspirate (TA) or gastric fluid (GF) of preterm infants, and to clarify whether they contribute to funisitis, CAM, and CLD. Of 128 preterm infants, 86 umbilical cords, 83 placentas, and 84 TA or GF samples obtained postnatally from preterm infants were examined. U. urealyticum and M. hominis were detected by polymerase chain reaction and prospectively analyzed to determine whether the presence of U. urealyticum or M. hominis can lead to the development of funisitis, CAM, and CLD. U. urealyticum or M. hominis was isolated in nine (10.5%) of the umbilical cords, five (6.0%) of the placentas, and fifteen (17.9%) of the TA or GF samples. Funisitis was identified in all umbilical cords with U. urealyticum or M. hominis, but in only 13% of the umbilical cords without U. urealyticum and M. hominis (p < 0.001). Placentas and TA or GF with or without U. urealyticum and M. hominis did not show significant differences with regard to the development of CAM or CLD. Our results suggest that U. urealyticum and M. hominis presence is associated with the pathogenesis of funisitis, but not of CAM or CLD.
Micro sculpturing - Somewhat new materials and micromachining methods to meet new applications (1999)

Micro sculpturing - Somewhat new materials and micromachining methods to meet new applications
Development and application of novel fusion approaches for elemental analysis of carbon-based materials (2020)

Graphite and graphitic materials underpin a number of modern technologies such as electrodes for energy storage and conversion systems. Due to their aromatic honeycomb-type lattice and layered structure, these carbons host a rich variety of foreign elements in their interstices. Whether possessing a tubular morphology - that enables the encapsulation of inorganic compounds, or a planar texture - where anions and molecules can intercalate, the chemical analysis of graphite and graphitic materials is often confronted with the need to disintegrate the carbon matrix to quantify target elements, most often metals. However, the resilience of the sp2-hybridized carbon lattice to chemical attacks is an obstacle to its facile solubilization, a necessary step to perform some of the most common elemental analysis measurements. Over the years, a range of alternative approaches have sprung out to address this issue such as the combustion of the carbon matrix followed by the acid dissolution of its ash product. Unfortunately, none of these represents a viable method that can be applied to batteries, in great part because of the different components that make up the carbon-based electrodes. In this dissertation, a new protocol has been developed to digest graphitic materials aiming to access their elemental composition in bulk scale. The approach is based on the use of molten alkaline salts to promote the oxidation of the carbon lattice and leach out metals into a dilute acid solution. As a model sample, given the existence of standards with a matching matrix, single-walled carbon nanotubes were examined. After being subjected to the alkaline oxidation (a.k.a. fusion), they were solubilized and analyzed with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy, a widely popular tool for elemental analysis of metals. Structural analysis ensued to understand the interaction of the molten salts with the nanotubes. After evaluating the applicability of the protocol to other carbons, a more complex system was investigated, namely the carbon-based anode of an intercalation-type potassium ion battery. In this process, a direct way to quantify the mass of the alkali metal was discovered, one which makes use of complementary chemical and structural analytical tools.
Isocoumarins and Dihydroisocoumarins From the Endophytic Fungus <i>Biscogniauxia capnodes</i> Isolated From the Fruits of <i>Averrhoa carambola</i> (2019)

An endophytic fungus Biscogniauxia capnodes was isolated from a popular edible fruit Averrhoa carambola. The fungus was fermented in potato dextrose broth for 3 weeks, and then the culture broth and mycelium were extracted with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation of this extract furnished 2 isocoumarins, reticulol (1) and 6- O-methyl-reticulol (2), and 2 dihydroisocoumarins, 5-methylmellein (3) and 7-hydroxy-5-methylmellein (4). Compound 1 showed moderate antioxidant activity against 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (IC 50 value, 58 μg/mL). This is the first report of the isolation of B. capnodes as an endophyte, as well as the compounds 1 to 4 from B. capnodes.
PLANUNG UND BAU DES TUNNELS UNTER DEM AERMELKANAL - TEIL I: FRUEHERE PROJEKTE UND BAUAKTIVITAETEN BIS 1900 (1990)

Bereits 1798 unterbreitete A. Mathieu Napoleon I. einen Plan zum Bau eines Tunnels unter dem Aermelkanal. Der Ausbau sollte aus Holz hergestellt, der Verkehr mit Postkutschen betrieben werden. 1802 ueberarbeitete Plaenesahen eine Tunnel-Doppelroehre vor. Nach einem Projekt von 1803 sollten an Landvorgefertigte Roehrensegmente eingeschwommen und unter Wasser verbunden werden. 1830 wurden die ersten Untersuchungen des Untergrundes vorgenommen. Kurz danach entstanden die ersten Plaene fuer eine Brueckenloesung. In der Zeit von 1852-56 arbeiteten 3 Planer getrennt an einem Tunnel fuer zweigleisigen Eisenbahnbetrieb. Aus dem Jahre 1867-75 stammen Brueckenentwuerfe sowohl von franzoesischen als auch englischen Ingenieuren. Auch weiterausgearbeitete Tunnelprojekte und Tunnel-Bruecken-Kombinationen stammen aus dieser Zeit. In England werden die ersten (konkurrierenden) Kanaltunnelgesellschaften gegruendet. 1880 enstand auf franzoesischer Seite ein Schacht von 86 Meter Tiefe und 2,5 Meter Durchmesser. In den Schichten der Unteren Kreide wurden 1881 auf englischer und franzoesischer Seite die ersten Tunnelbohrmaschinen eingesetzt. Bis 1883 die Entscheidung getroffen wurde, das Tunnel-Projekt aus sicherheitspolitischen Gruenden zu verbieten, hatte der Vortrieb auf englischer Seite 1.850 Meter, auf franzoesischer Seite 1.839 Meter erreicht.
Hohe inkomplette Duplikatur einer Vena jugularis interna (2007)

The internal jugular vein is an important landmark in most cervical operations. The surgeon should know the exact position and possible variations to prevent complications. We report on a duplicated internal jugular vein, which is a rare anatomic anomaly and discuss aetiology and appearance of this malformation and the possible affecting of the accessory nerve.
Digital speckle reduction in holograms: a comparison between methods (2014)

Digital holography, as any other coherent imaging modalities, is subject to speckle noise. Speckles may degrade significantly the image quality, therefore many optical and digital techniques were developed to suppress the speckles. In this paper we present a comparison between six digital speckle filtering techniques used for digital holography.
The first chemical synthesis of UDP-α-D-galactofuranose (2000)

Uridine 5′-diphosphate α-D-galactofuranose, which is likely to be a biochemical donor of D-galactofuranosyl residues in Nature, is synthesized from α-D-galactofuranosyl phosphate and uridine 5′-monophosphate.
Quantification of retinal capillary density and flow velocity in patients with essential hypertension. (1994)

Arterial hypertension is known to be an important risk factor for cerebral and cardiovascular disease. Previous studies in rats have demonstrated that changes in both capillary density and vessel diameter may contribute to increased vascular resistance in hypertension. In vivo studies of human subjects with essential hypertension revealed a reduction in the number of arterioles in the skin and conjunctiva; no other in vivo data are available from other tissues. By means of a new imaging technique, capillary density and capillary blood flow velocity can now be assessed in the human retina. We undertook the present investigation to determine whether patients with essential hypertension and only minor clinical retinal vascular alterations have decreased retinal capillary density and altered capillary flow velocity. Seventeen hypertensive patients with only minor retinal vascular alterations and 17 healthy volunteers matched for age were selected. All study participants underwent ophthalmologic examination and fluorescein angiographic studies by means of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Capillary density and capillary blood flow velocity in the perifoveal network were evaluated from the angiograms. The retinal microcirculation in the perifoveal capillary network of hypertensive patients showed significant alterations. Both the capillary density and capillary flow velocities were significantly reduced compared with the control group. For the first time alterations of capillary blood flow and capillary density in a vascular network very similar to that of the brain have been demonstrated in hypertensive patients in vivo. Further studies with this technique may help identify patients at high risk for cerebrovascular diseases.