gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In the Beginning (1970)

The geologic record of Earth (Fig. 2-1) raises two questions that have baffled paleontologists for years. Why did animal and plant life appear suddenly and widely in Cambrian time? Why did plants and animals not appear on dry land until Late Silurian or Devonian time (Fig. 2-2)? These two questions and the landmarks in Earth’s history to which they point direct immediate attention to the basic concept underlying all biology: evolution. Evolution need not begin with recognizable fossils. The concept can be applied to changes that preceded obvious organisms, and to the causes of the two events depicted in Fig. 2-1. So our story begins with the evolution of planet Earth, without which there would be no fossil record and no life forms whose evolution we could study.
The 1989 Kentucky Hospital Smoking Policy Survey. (1990)

Kentucky leads the nation in percentage of smokers (32.5%), years of potential life lost due to smoking-related illness, and burley tobacco production. In view of this, we sought to determine current practice regarding smoking policies in Kentucky hospitals. Acute care and psychiatric hospitals were identified through the 1988 Kentucky Hospital Association Directory and the Paired Community Laboratory System. One hundred seven institutions were sent standardized questionnaires. An additional 16 hospitals were contacted by phone only. All mail and telephone surveys were directed towards the institution's president, administrative director, or CEO. Eighty-one (75.7%) of those contacted by mail responded to the survey. The 26 non-responding institutions were then contacted through a telephone survey. Thus, 100% of acute care hospitals in Kentucky participated in the survey. Of the 123 institutions surveyed, 110 (89.4%) have some type of smoking policy. Of those 110 hospitals with smoking policies, only 6 totally prohibited smoking on the premises. The 13 hospitals without any form of policy were queried about future plans for smoking policies. Of these, only 4 had no plans to work on a hospital smoking policy. Of the 123 hospitals surveyed, 100 do not sell tobacco products. There were no statistically significant differences between the numbers of beds, average length of stay, occupancy rate, or county populations in Kentucky hospitals that do not sell tobacco versus those hospitals that do sell tobacco.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Discussion of Robert L. Brown's "Recent CanadianHuman Rights Decisions Having an Impact onGender-Based Risk Classification Systems" (1995)

This commentary examines the political and economic influence of demographic groups on rationales for granting exemptlion from laws prohibiting classification by age or sex, as evidenced in the cases discussed by Robert L. Brown. Age is less subject than sex to manipulation for group advantage. In Professor Brown’s discussion of auto insurance cases, only the influence of group dominance can explain:
The effect of partial pressure on lower extremity upon skin temperature and electromyogram. (1987)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of partial pressure on the lower extremity upon the skin temperature (Ts) and the electromyogram (EMG). In the measurement of Ts, the upper region of the ankle or the lower region of the thigh in the right extremity was pressured with a cuff (7cm in width) inflated at 40 or 80mmHg for 60min. The experiment was also conducted under normal conditions. Ts of the dorsal side of the feet, the lower part of the pressure region, the upper part of pressure region and a symmetrical region of pressure in the left extremity were measured while the subject was sitting. For the measurement of surface EMG, the gastrocnemius, the tibialis anterior, the vastus medialis and the vastus lateralis were measured with the knee in a bending posture for 9min. Prior to exercise, the angle of ankle joint was adjusted to get the level of contraction corresponding to about 25% of the maximum voluntary contractions (MVO of the tibialis anterior. Pressure was then applied to the leg or the thigh by a cuff inflated to 20, 40, 60 or 80mmHg during 2-7min of the work. The experiment was also conducted under normal condition. The results were as follows. Generally Ts was decreased by the pressure. However, there was no significant difference in the degree of decrease between pressures. And furthermore, the Ts of dorsal side of right foot was the same as that of left foot regardless of the pressurized region. The Ts of a symmetrical region decreased as compared with that of the pressurized region regardless of the pressurized region. It was inferred that the decrease of the Ts might have resulted from the action of a pressure reflex. In a non-active muscle (gastrocnemius), the change of %MIE (Maximum Integrated EMG) by the pressure (△MIE) was not shown regardless of the pressure region. In an active muscle (tibialis anterior), △%MIE was not shown while the thigh was pressured, however, in the case of where the leg was pressured at 80mmHg, the △%MIE decreased. It seemed that application of high pressure to a working muscle improved its work efficency. However, after release of the 80mmHg pressure the increase of %MIE created by the release of pressure until the end of work was large as compared with normal condition. It was inferred that application of the pressure to the active muscle might have produced the increment of muscle load.
An Analysis of the Gamification Use in Learning Management System (2019)

The concept of incorporating game elements into non-game applications has become a trend lately. In this study we explore and identify variables that affect learning experiences and how knowing they can help in applying game mechanisms to Learning Management Systems (LMS) that are flexible in their operations so that they can be improved as needed using cloud infrastructure. This study attempts to assess how, why and where gamification and cloud computing should be used in the context of learning management systems by exploring both existing learning management systems using game mechanisms and views on how gamification can be used to encourage overall student learning experiences.
Identification of nuclear and nucleolar localization signals in the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein ICP27 (1995)

Previous work has shown that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) regulatory protein ICP27 localizes to the cell nucleus and that certain mutant ICP27 polypeptides localize preferentially in nucleoli. To map the signals in ICP27 which mediate its nuclear localization, we identified the portions of ICP27 which can direct a cytoplasmic protein, pyruvate kinase (PK), to nuclei. Our results demonstrate that ICP27 contains multiple nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that function with differing efficiencies. First, ICP27 possesses a strong NLS, mapping to residues 110 to 137, which bears similarity to the bipartite NLSs found in Xenopus laevis nucleoplasmin and other proteins. Second, ICP27 possesses one or more weak NLSs which map to a carboxyl-terminal portion of the protein between residues 140 and 512. Our PK-targeting experiments also demonstrate that ICP27 contains a relatively short sequence, mapping to residues 110 to 152, that can function as a nucleolar localization signal (NuLS). This signal includes ICP27's strong NLS as well as 15 contiguous residues which consist entirely of arginine and glycine. This latter sequence is very similar to an RGG box, a putative RNA-binding motif found in a number of cellular proteins which are involved in nuclear RNA processing. To confirm the results of the PK-targeting experiments, we mutated the ICP27 gene by deleting sequences encoding either the strong NLS or the RGG box. Deletion of the strong NLS (residues 109 to 138) resulted in an ICP27 molecule that was only partially defective for nuclear localization, while deletion of the RGG box (residues 139 to 153) resulted in a molecule that was nuclear localized but excluded from nucleoli. Recombinant HSV-1s bearing either of these deletions were unable to replicate efficiently in Vero cells, suggesting that ICP27's strong NLS and RGG box carry out important in vivo functions.
An Analysis of Civil Defense Hazards Being Created by Emplacement of Intercontintental Ballistic Missiles near Tucson (1961)

James E. McDonald, An Analysis of Civil Defense Hazards Being Created by Emplacement of Intercontintental Ballistic Missiles near Tucson, Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Aug., 1961), pp. 3-19
Improving Tungsten gap-fill for advanced contact metallization (2016)

The requirement for Tungsten (W) seamless gap-fill becomes more critical and more challenging as the semiconductor industry moves to 10nm and beyond. Few reports can be found discussing the progress in tackling the challenge of reducing or eliminating the seam typical in W fill processes. This work introduces a breakthrough W chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for gap-fill improvement and seam suppression. In this novel process, W material can be selectively deposited inside the structure than on the field, thus seam suppressed or even bottom-up fill can be achieved. Electrical results of line resistance reduction are presented. This selective process provides a state-of-the art approach to extend W fill technology for future scaling of advanced Logic and Memory technologies.
Programmable space compaction for BIST (2002)

The authors address space compaction for built-in self-test (BIST). High quality BIST of modern complex VLSI circuits requires that large numbers of internal nodes be monitored during test. Unfortunately, area limitations typically preclude the association of observation latches for all the nodes of interest in the case where these are very numerous. Consequently, the process known as space compaction is increasingly required. A first contribution here is a taxonomy of test data compaction functions for BIST that uses space, time, memory, linearity, and circuit (functional) specificity as attributes. The major contribution is the introduction of a general class of space compactors called programmable space compactors (PSCs). Programmability enables highly effective space compactors to be designed for circuits under test (CUTs) subjected to a specific set of test patterns. The measures of effectiveness used to assess the PSCs are realizability, e.g., area, and error propagation performance. The authors develop a probabilistic error propagation model and propose a technique for selecting an effective PSC given the expected test data from a CUT and a probabilistic characterization of faulty CUT behaviors.
The Current State and Future of CRISPR-Cas9 gRNA Design Tools (2018)

Recent years have seen the development of computational tools to assist researchers in performing CRISPR-Cas9 experiment optimally. More specifically, these tools aim to maximize on-target activity (guide efficiency) while also minimizing potential off-target effects (guide specificity) by analyzing the features of the target site. Nonetheless, currently available tools cannot robustly predict experimental success as prediction accuracy depends on the approximations of the underlying model and how closely the experimental setup matches the data the model was trained on. Here, we present an overview of the available computational tools, their current limitations and future considerations. We discuss new trends around personalized health by taking genomic variants into account when predicting target sites as well as discussing other governing factors that can improve prediction accuracy.
Role of Panchgavya derived microbes in the management of damping-off of cauliflower seedlings, root rot of pea and collar rot of tomato (2009)

Role of seed bacterization before sowing and seedling drench at germination with Actinomycetes, Bacillus and Serratia species was ascertained in the management of damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani) of cauliflower seedlings, root rot (Fusarium solani f.sp.pisi) of pea and collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) of tomato in pot culture. Seed dip in Panchgavya for 2 h and seed bacterization with Bacillus-I and Serratia supported very good seed germination in cauliflower. Seed dip in Panchgavya for 2 h and seed bacterization with Bacillus-III and Serratia also provided good control of damping-off of seedlings. Soil drench at germination with Actinomycetes and Panchgavya supported very good seedling stand and reduced the incidence of damping-off significantly. Pea seed dip in Panchgavya for 2 h and seed bacterization with Serratia and Bacillus-III promoted seed germination significantly over check. Seed dip in Panchgavya for 2 h and seed bacterization with Bacillus-III gave 100 and 88.89 per cent control of root rot of pea, respectively. Soil drench with Actinomycetes provided very good (89.29%) and with Bacillus-II poor control of root rot of pea. Seedling dip before transplanting for 1 h followed by seedling drench after transplanting with Panchgavya, Serratia and Bacillus-I were found effective in the management of collar rot of tomato.
Operation strategies of the load aggregator with electric energy storage (2012)

Today in competitive power markets, with higher level of penetration of variable renewable energy resources, electric energy price becomes more volatile and uncertain. The integration of distributed generation into the distribution systems makes the load more volatile. It becomes more challenging for load aggregators to manage energy purchasing cost facing the higher price and load uncertainties. With the rapid development of Electric Energy Storage (EES), operation for load aggregator is more flexible. Within this context, this paper investigates the operation strategies for the load aggregator to manage electric energy cost by utilizing EES. A novel Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based operation strategy is proposed. An operation strategy without EES and an operation strategy with EES are also discussed and studied for comparison. Case studies demonstrate the benefits of utilizing EES and the better performance of the proposed MPC-based operation strategy.
Combination of Napsin A and TTF-1 Immunohistochemistry Helps in Differentiating Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma From Metastatic Carcinoma in the Lung (2011)

Differentiation of primary from metastatic adenocarcinoma in the lung can be challenging, and it demands sensitive and specific biomarkers, especially when the tissue for diagnosis is limited. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) has been considered a reliable marker for adenocarcinoma of lung origin. However, several recent studies have shown that TTF-1 immunostaining is also positive in adenocarcinomas arising in different organs including colon, endometrium, endocervix, and ovary. In addition, approximately 20% of lung primary adenocarcinomas are negative for TTF-1 immunostaining, and napsin A immunostaining has slightly higher sensitivity in detecting lung primary adenocarcinoma. We performed TTF-1 and napsin A immunostaining on 120 cases of primary lung adenocarcinomas and 37 cases of metastatic carcinomas in the lung. The results showed that 95 (79.2%) of 120 lung primary adenocarcinomas showed napsin A+/TTF-1+ double-positive immunostaining pattern. TTF-1⁻/napsin A+, TTF-1+/napsin A⁻, and TTF-1⁻/napsin A⁻ were seen in 8.3%, 3.3%, and 9.2% lung primary adenocarcinomas, respectively. Eight (21.6%) of the 37 metastatic carcinomas were positive for TTF-1 and they include clear-cell renal cell carcinomas completely negative for napsin A although napsin A was detected in 12 (80.0%) of 15 primary papillary and 3 (33.3%) of 9 primary clear-cell renal cell carcinomas. All renal epithelial neoplasms were TTF-1 negative. These findings indicate that double napsin A and TTF-1-positive immunostaining is highly specific for lung primary adenocarcinoma and the combination of these 2 biomarkers is warranted to help segregating primary lung adenocarcinoma from metastatic carcinoma in the lung.
Testicular Synchrony: Evaluation and Analysis of Different Protocols1 (1992)

Using the vitamin A depletion-replacement rat model to obtain testicular synchrony, we examined the reproducibility and degree of synchronization obtained by two different protocols. In the original protocol (A), synchrony was achieved by use of retinol alone. In protocol B, retinoic acid was used during the final days of vitamin A depletion as a supplement to retinol. With protocol A, a total of 56 rats were analyzed by an adaptation of a previously published method for quantifying synchrony. Animals treated by protocol A demonstrated a reproducible degree of synchrony although variability was high among individual animals. A smaller group of animals treated with protocol B demonstrated a lower degree of synchrony. In contrast, the midpoint of synchrony (point in the cycle at which 50% of the stages are more advanced and 50% are less advanced) was a more constant value and was not different between the two treatments. The midpoints of synchrony obtained from both protocols were used to calculate a cycle duration of 300 h for our strain of Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results indicate that while the use of either protocol can reproducibly provide testicular synchrony, protocol A results in a higher degree of synchrony. The ability to synchronize testes to selected stages provides sufficient experimental material for the study of the molecular and cellular events of spermatogenesis.
Lessons from the design of the Eiffel libraries (1990)

The nature of programming is changing. Most of the software engineering literature still takes for granted a world of individual projects, where the sole aim is to produce specific software systems in response to particular requirements, little attention being paid to each system's relationship to previous or subsequent efforts. This implicit model seems unlikely to allow drastic improvements in software quality and productivity. Such order-of-magnitude advances will require a process of industrialization, not unlike what happened in those disciplines which have been successful at establishing a production process based on the reuse of quality-standardized components. This implies a shift to a “new culture” [14] whose emphasis is not on projects but instead on components. The need for such a shift was cogently expressed more than 20 years ago by Doug McIlroy in his contribution, entitled Mass-Produced Software Components [10], to the now-famous first conference on software engineering: Software production today appears in the scale of industrialization somewhere below the more backward construction industries. I think its proper place is considerably higher, and would like to investigate the prospects for mass-production techniques in software. [...] My thesis is that the software industry is weakly founded [in part because of] the absence of a software components subindustry [...] A components industry could be immensely successful. Although reuse has enjoyed modest successes since this statement was made, by all objective criteria McIlroy's prophecy has not been fulfilled yet; many technical and non-technical issues had to be addressed before reuse could become a reality on the scale he foresaw. (See [1] and [20] for a survey of current work on reuse.) One important development was needed to make this possible: the coming age of object-oriented technology, which provides the best known basis for reusable software construction. (That the founding document of object-oriented methods, the initial description of Simula 67, was roughly contemporary with McIlroy's paper tends to confirm a somewhat pessimistic version of Redwine and Riddle's contention [18] that “it takes on the order of 15 to 20 years to mature a technology to the point that it can be popularized to the technical community at large.”) Much of the current excitement about object-oriented software construction derives from the growing realization that the shift is now technically possible. This article presents the concerted efforts which have been made to advance the cause of component-based software development in the Eiffel environment [12, 17] through the construction of the Basic Eiffel Libraries. After a brief overview of the libraries, this article reviews the major language techniques that have made them possible (with more background about Eiffel being provided by the sidebar entitled “Major Eiffel Techniques”); it then discusses design issues for libraries of reusable components, the use of inheritance hierarchies, the indexing problem, and planned developments.
Cobalamin C defect: natural history, pathophysiology, and treatment (2010)

Cobalamin C (Cbl-C) defect is the most common inborn cobalamin metabolism error; it causes impaired conversion of dietary vitamin B12 into its two metabolically active forms, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. Cbl-C defect causes the accumulation of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine and decreased methionine synthesis. The gene responsible for the Cbl-C defect has been recently identified, and more than 40 mutations have been reported. MMACHC gene is located on chromosome 1p and catalyzes the reductive decyanation of CNCbl. Cbl-C patients present with a heterogeneous clinical picture and, based on their age at onset, can be categorized into two distinct clinical forms. Early-onset patients, presenting symptoms within the first year, show a multisystem disease with severe neurological, ocular, haematological, renal, gastrointestinal, cardiac, and pulmonary manifestations. Late-onset patients present a milder clinical phenotype with acute or slowly progressive neurological symptoms and behavioral disturbances. To improve clinical course and metabolic abnormalities, treatment of Cbl-C defect usually consists of a combined approach that utilizes vitamin B12 to increase intracellular cobalamin and to maximize deficient enzyme activities, betaine to provide a substrate for the conversion of homocysteine into methionine through betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and folic acid to enhance remethylation pathway. No proven efficacy has been demonstrated for carnitine and dietary protein restriction. Despite these measures, the long-term follow-up is unsatisfactory especially in patients with early onset, with frequent progression of neurological and ocular impairment. The unfavorable outcome suggests that better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease is needed to improve treatment protocols and to develop new therapeutic approaches.
Measurements Of Ultrasmall Displacements (1978)

Techniques for resolving small transverse distances are compared with those for resolving small longitudinal displacements. As the desired resolution becomes finer, there comes a point where both problems are best solved by switching to the transform domain. Techniques for measuring displacement can be divided into those used for nonoscillatory versus oscillatory motions. Examples are described for achieving X/105 for the former and X/109 for the latter. Fundamental limitations are discussed.