gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anomalous Commutators and the Triangle Diagram (1969)

We consider matrix elements of the axial-vector current in spinor electrodynamics, and develop the change in the usual reduction formalism caused by the presence of the axial-vector-current-two-photon triangle diagram. When at most one photon is reduced in from the external states, we are able to characterize the anomalous behavior of the triangle diagram entirely in terms of a consistent set of anomalous field-current and current-current commutators.
Model of Tactical Battle Rhythm [Presentation] (2004)

Management and economics/Organization and planning; Military/Defense policy and doctrine; Military/War and warfare; Technology/Modeling and simulation
Sprouting Angiogenesis under a Chemical Gradient Regulated by Interactions with an Endothelial Monolayer in a Microfluidic Platform (2011)

Microfluidic cell culture assays are versatile tools for studying cell migration, particularly angiogenesis. Such assays can deliver precisely controlled linear gradients of chemical stimuli to cultured cells in a microfluidic channel, offering excellent optical resolution and in situ monitoring of cellular morphogenesis in response to a gradient. Microfluidic cell culture assays provide a chemical gradient subject to molecular diffusion, although cellular metabolism can perturb it. The actual gradient perturbed by cells has not been precisely described in the context of regulated cellular morphogenesis. We modeled the chemical gradient in a microfluidic channel by simulating the analyte(VEGF) distribution during cellular interactions. The results were experimentally verified by monitoring sprouting angiogenic response from a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hUVECs) into a type 1 collagen scaffold. The simulation provided a basis for understanding a real distribution of the analyte interrupted by cells in microfluidic device. The new protocol enables one to quantify the morphogenesis of hUVECs under a flat, less-steep, or steep gradient.
Mechanistic investigations on the efficient catalytic decomposition of peroxynitrite by ebselen analogues (2011)

In this study, ebselen and its analogues are shown to be catalysts for the decomposition of peroxynitrite (PN). This study suggests that the PN-scavenging ability of selenenyl amides can be enhanced by a suitable substitution at the phenyl ring in ebselen. Detailed mechanistic studies on the reactivity of ebselen and its analogues towards PN reveal that these compounds react directly with PN to generate highly unstable selenoxides that undergo a rapid hydrolysis to produce the corresponding seleninic acids. The selenoxides interact with nitrite more effectively than the corresponding seleninic acids to produce nitrate with the regeneration of the selenenyl amides. Therefore, the amount of nitrate formed in the reactions mainly depends on the stability of the selenoxides. Interestingly, substitution of an oxazoline moiety on the phenyl ring stabilizes the selenoxide, and therefore, enhances the isomerization of PN to nitrate.
Spirituality (1991)

C, Cheryl Clark MSN, RNC Assistant Professor; Cross, Joanne R. MSN, RN Assistant Professor; Deane, Donna M. PhD, RN Professor; Lowry, Lois W. DNSc, RN Author Information
Performances of the Negative Tone Resist AZnLOF 2020 for Nanotechnology Applications (2012)

We present electron-beam lithography results on an AznLOF2020 UV negative tone resist. This study aims to define electron-beam lithography parameters compatible with microelectromechanical systems/nanoelectromechanical systems fabrication. Usually, one of the properties of the resist material is improved to the detriment of another. Resist properties have been investigated to form small features and high-aspect ratio lines. It has been demonstrated that thickness, postbaking time, development time, and dose effects can be varied and adjusted to form smallest patterns reproducible. Various writing strategies making use of test patterns comprising different nominal feature size were also studied. Additionally, high resolution and dense pattern fabrication with high-aspect ratios are demonstrated. Fifty-nanometer-wide lines spaced out at 100-nm intervals were achieved in a 200-nm-thick resist, and high-aspect ratio 200-nm-wide lines spaced out at 400-nm intervals were realized in a 1-μm-thick resist.
Uptake of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody EMD 72000 in tumors of subjects with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (2004)

3043 Background: EGFR is a potential therapeutic target in HNSCC. EGFR signaling inhibitors such as EMD 72000, a humanized anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, have shown the potential for antitumor activity in subjects with EGFR-expressing cancers. However, it is undetermined whether EGFR saturation is a prerequisite for effective treatment. Methods: Accumulation of EMD 72000 in tumors of subjects with histologically confirmed HNSCC was measured, and saturation of EGFR by a single 200-mg dose was assessed. EMD 72000 was radiolabeled with I-123 and 2 mg were administered either simultaneously with (Group A; n = 9) or 24 h after (Group B; n = 5) infusion of 198 mg unlabelled antibody. Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) of the neck, and planar whole body (WB) images were acquired 0.2, 4, 24, and 48 h after injection of radiolabeled EMD 72000. Serum was collected prior to infusion of the unlabelled dose and up to72 h thereafter for determination of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of the total antibody. Tumor:background ratios (Tu:B) were obtained from SPECT and normalized time-activity curves for the heart, liver, and WB were obtained from planar images. Tumor expression of EGFR was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Fourteen subjects with stage 3 or 4 EGFR+ HNSCC participated in the study. There were no major differences in either EGFR expression or EMD 72000 PK between the study groups, and PK parameters were similar to those seen in other studies. Tumor uptake of EMD 72000 increased in both groups for 24 h. Although Tu:B was greater in group A, which indicated substantial tumor accumulation, peak Tu:B (A 2.9; B 2.4) did not differ significantly between groups. Bloodpool activities were comparable between groups; liver accumulation was slightly but not significantly lower in B. After 48 h, WB retention in A (84%) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in B (94%). Conclusions: Tumor accumulation of EMD 72000 suggests potential applications for this antibody in the treatment of HNSCC. However, a single 200-mg dose of EMD 72000 did not completely saturate EGFR in this study. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Merck KGaA Merck KGaA
Defining the publication source of high‐quality evidence in urology: an analysis of EvidenceUpdates (2015)

A large number of high-quality, clinically relevant, and newsworthy peer-reviewed urology publications are published outside of traditional urology journals. This requires urologists to implement well-defined strategies to stay abreast of current best evidence.
Design, Testing, and Detailed Component Modeling of a High-Capacity Self-Centering Energy-Dissipative Brace (2014)

The self-centering energy-dissipative (SCED) brace is an innovative cross brace for buildings that provides a nonlinear response with good energy dissipation and postyield stiffness while minimizing residual drift after an earthquake. This provides a high level of seismic performance by allowing structures to remain operational even after major seismic events. Recently, the SCED brace has been improved through the design and experimental evaluation of a high-capacity SCED (HC-SCED) that has an axial capacity similar to some of the largest available conventional cross braces for buildings. This prototype HC-SCED satisfied testing protocols for buckling-restrained braces and exhibited full self-centering behavior during cycles up to 1.5% drift. To characterize the hysteretic response of the brace in detail, a new analytical approach is developed. This new approach is necessary because simplified stiffness estimates do not provide good predictions of the low-amplitude displacement response and initial effective stiffness that was measured in the full-scale experiments. The proposed analytical approach includes the effects of fabrication tolerances, which have been identified as the main reason for incorrect low-amplitude displacement predictions that result from the simplified stiffness estimates. Using the results from the HC-SCED tests, the new analytical approach provided good estimates of the initial stiffness of the braces and also was able to predict the behavior of the brace well under a larger fabrication tolerance scenario. These improved predictions may be used to improve the characterization of the effective hysteretic behavior of actual SCED braces for use in nonlinear time history analyses.
Metal Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Fenton Catalysts (2012)

The Fenton reaction (the generation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide) is the most useful method for degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution at moderate concentrations. In this Review we summarize the use of metal nanoparticles, either unsupported or deposited on large-surface-area solids, as Fenton catalysts. The Review complements two other reviews in the field of heterogeneous Fenton catalysis using aluminosilicates and carbonaceous materials. Herein, particular emphasis is given to the reaction conditions in which these catalysts are used, highlighting the operating mechanism and the relative efficiency of the materials. Aspects such as leaching of the metal to the solution, reusability, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide used are analyzed in detail. Besides a critical description of the present status of the field, future trends and the need to establishing valid comparisons to assess the relative efficiencies of the materials are commented on.
Insights into therapeutic resistance from whole-genome analyses of circulating tumor DNA (2013)

The selection and expansion of tumor cells with de novo genetic alterations in specific genes has been described as a mechanism of resistance to targeted therapy. Unfortunately, in the metastatic setting it is often not possible to examine the multiple lesions present in an individual to determine the presence and mechanism of acquired resistance during therapy. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be used to analyze the genomic characteristics of tumors in a non-invasive manner [1]. We have previously reported that tumor-specific chromosomal changes can be detected in plasma from patients through integrated whole-genome analyses of cell-free DNA [1]. We have now applied whole-genome sequencing to analyze plasma ctDNA from a patient with chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer that had become resistant to EGFR-blockade with cetuximab. A total of 630 Gb of sequence data were obtained, corresponding to 145x sequence coverage of cell-free genomic DNA, and analyzed to identify sequence and structural alterations. These and other analyses revealed emergence of a Q61H mutation in KRAS as well as focal high-level (>9 fold) amplification and rearrangement of the MET locus that were not detected in pre-treatment tumor samples (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Alterations in these genes have been reported in tumors with secondary resistance to EGFR-directed therapy and are consistent with clinical progression [2-5]. In addition to its role in resistance to targeted therapy, MET amplification has been shown to confer sensitivity to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib and other inhibitors [6, 7], and may provide a new therapeutic target in patients with resistance to EGFR blockade. These results describe the first whole-genome analysis of ctDNA to identify genetic alterations associated with mechanisms of resistance to a targeted therapy. Our analyses suggest that genome-wide analyses of ctDNA can be used for discovery of tumor-specific alterations in the in the context of disease monitoring, detection of molecular resistance, and identification of new therapeutic targets.



Figure 1

Identification of MET amplification through analyses of plasma DNA
Elaboration et évaluation des propriétés biologiques de différents systèmes hétérocycliques oxygénés et azotés (2002)

En depit de la decouverte de nouvelles molecules antitumorales et de la mise au point de nouveaux traitements, le cancer reste une des principales causes de deces dans les pays developpes ; la recherche de nouveaux agents anticancereux plus specifiques et moins toxiques demeure donc une priorite en ce domaine. Des travaux anterieurs realises au laboratoire ont montre que des composes polycycliques a structure benzodioxinique et phenoxazinique possedaient une activite antitumorale prometteuse. Dans le prolongement de cette etude, nous avons elabore un compose puissant en terme d'inhibition de la proliferation cellulaire aussi bien in vitro (L1210) qu'in vivo (P388). Parallelement a cette etude, des N-arylbenzoxazolinones et leurs analogues 4-aza ont ete prepares et testes in vitro sur les recepteurs PPARs. Ces derniers, regulant la masse des tissus adipeux, constituent des cibles moleculaires dans le traitement de la dyslipidemie, de l'arteriosclerose, de l'obesite, du diabete non insulino-dependant, du cancer, de l'hypertension et de l'infertilite. Un agoniste PPAR? selectif puissant a pu ainsi etre mis en evidence. Ce resultat offre l'opportunite d'etudier le recepteur PPAR?, dont l';ubiquite donne peu d'indices sur ses differentes fonctions. Tous ces composes ont ete prepares en faisant appel principalement a des reactions de couplage catalysees par le palladium (0) de type Stille, Suzuki et Sonogashira, et a des reactions de cycloaddition de Diels-Alder. Une extension nouvelle de la reaction de Suzuki mettant en jeu des phosphates vinyliques a ete, en particulier, developpee et valorisee. Les reactions de couplage, appliquees a divers phosphates vinyliques, ont permis l'elaboration d'ene-carbamates substitues en ? de l'azote, et l'obtention d'heterocycles azotes de tailles variees. L'etude de la reactivite de ces ene-carbamates a ete explore et une reaction de carbolithiation particulierement attrayante a ete mise en evidence.
450mm wafer patterning with jet and flash imprint lithography (2013)

The next step in the evolution of wafer size is 450mm. Any transition in sizing is an enormous task that must account for fabrication space, environmental health and safety concerns, wafer standards, metrology capability, individual process module development and device integration. For 450mm, an aggressive goal of 2018 has been set, with pilot line operation as early as 2016. To address these goals, consortiums have been formed to establish the infrastructure necessary to the transition, with a focus on the development of both process and metrology tools. Central to any process module development, which includes deposition, etch and chemical mechanical polishing is the lithography tool. In order to address the need for early learning and advance process module development, Molecular Imprints Inc. has provided the industry with the first advanced lithography platform, the Imprio® 450, capable of patterning a full 450mm wafer. The Imprio 450 was accepted by Intel at the end of 2012 and is now being used to support the 450mm wafer process development demands as part of a multi-year wafer services contract to facilitate the semiconductor industry’s transition to lower cost 450mm wafer production. The Imprio 450 uses a Jet and Flash Imprint Lithography (J-FILTM) process that employs drop dispensing of UV curable resists to assist high resolution patterning for subsequent dry etch pattern transfer. The technology is actively being used to develop solutions for markets including NAND Flash memory, patterned media for hard disk drives and displays. This paper reviews the recent performance of the J-FIL technology (including overlay, throughput and defectivity), mask development improvements provided by Dai Nippon Printing, and the application of the technology to a 450mm lithography platform.
The Role for Myc in Coordinating Glycolysis, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Glutaminolysis, and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues (2018)

That cancer cells show patterns of metabolism different from normal cells has been known for over 50 years. Yet, it is only in the past decade or so that an appreciation of the benefits of these changes has begun to emerge. Altered cancer cell metabolism was initially attributed to defective mitochondria. However, we now realize that most cancers do not have mitochondrial mutations and that normal cells can transiently adopt cancer-like metabolism during periods of rapid proliferation. Indeed, an encompassing, albeit somewhat simplified, conceptual framework to explain both normal and cancer cell metabolism rests on several simple premises. First, the metabolic pathways used by cancer cells and their normal counterparts are the same. Second, normal quiescent cells use their metabolic pathways and the energy they generate largely to maintain cellular health and organelle turnover and, in some cases, to provide secreted products necessary for the survival of the intact organism. By contrast, undifferentiated cancer cells minimize the latter functions and devote their energy to producing the anabolic substrates necessary to maintain high rates of unremitting cellular proliferation. Third, as a result of the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells, a larger fraction of the metabolic intermediates normally used by quiescent cells purely as a source of energy are instead channeled into competing proliferation-focused and energy-consuming anabolic pathways. Fourth, cancer cell clones with the most plastic and rapidly adaptable metabolism will eventually outcompete their less well-adapted brethren during tumor progression and evolution. This attribute becomes increasingly important as tumors grow and as their individual cells compete in a constantly changing and inimical environment marked by nutrient, oxygen, and growth factor deficits. Here, we review some of the metabolic pathways whose importance has gained center stage for tumor growth, particularly those under the control of the c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein. We discuss how these pathways differ functionally between quiescent and proliferating normal cells, how they are kidnapped and corrupted during the course of transformation, and consider potential therapeutic strategies that take advantage of common features of neoplastic and metabolic disorders.
Implantable biomimetic microelectronic systems design (2005)

In this article, design examples will be presented for a biomimetic microelectronic system for a retinal prosthesis that electrically stimulates the retinal neurons. The system replaces the functionality of vision in blind patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. The components and signal processing needed for a cortical prosthesis are described. Integration of all the components of a wireless biomimetic microelectronic system, such as input signal conditioning, power telemetry, data telemetry, stimulation amplifier and control circuitry (microstimulator), and a neural recording and processing device, into a single chip or a package is a tremendous challenge, requiring innovative approaches at both circuit and system levels and consideration of the multiple trade-offs between size, power consumption, flexibility in functionality, and reliability of the microelectronics. The chips described in this paper are prototypes for testing their implemented functionalities. The die sizes do not reflect the actual size of the implant. When the microelectronics are finally integrated, the circuits will be optimized to minimize the area. The use of submicron CMOS technology will also help reduce the die area. It should be noted that the biocompatible package encapsulating the electronics will increase the implant size.
An ultrastable PLL mode-locked fiber laser with a hydrogen maser clock (2006)

We have greatly improved the stability of the repetition rate of a mode-locked fiber laser by using a phase-locked loop circuit with a hydrogen maser clock. The stability reached as high as 5.9 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-14</sup> for an averaging time of 100 s.
[New insights into the genetic basis of neuroblastoma]. (2007)

Neuroblastoma (NB) is, next to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, brain tumours and lymphoma the most frequent paediatric tumour (8-10%). Our research group aims to contribute to the unravelling of the genetic basis of NB. Insight into the genes and signalling pathways involved in tumour formation and development can represent an essential step towards the development of more efficient molecular targeted therapies. A first part of our research work was devoted to the analysis of genomic alterations in NB. By means of a new highly sensitive method for detecting gains and losses of chromosomal segments, we recognised three major prognostic relevant genomic subtypes of NB. In addition smaller subgroups with deviating genomic patterns were detected. In addition, this work yielded important information regarding delineation of critical regions of gain and loss in NB which should facilitate further selection of candidate oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes. A second important part of our work focussed on the gene expression profiling of NB precursor cells. We were able as the first to isolate these cells and determine their transcriptome, a finding of fundamental importance for future expression studies in NB. Another study focussed on the identification of MYCN transcriptional target genes. Gene expression analyses of model systems developed in our lab and of a large panel of cell lines and tumours allowed us to subtract a list of candidate genes which are now under further study. Finally, we initiated research towards the understanding of the role of methylation in NB oncogenesis. From this, we were able to create a list of potentially relevant methylated genes in NB. From the above it is clear that our team has made important contributions to the understanding of the complex biology and clinical behaviour of NB. Also, a broad technically innovative research platform has been developed which will allow us to dissect NB genetics with greater speed and accuracy.
A control allocation system for automatic detection and compensation of phase shift due to actuator rate limiting (2011)

This paper proposes a control allocation system that can detect and compensate the phase shift between the desired and the actual total control effort due to rate limiting of the actuators. Phase shifting is an important problem in control system applications since it effectively introduces a time delay which may destabilize the closed loop dynamics. A relevant example comes from flight control where aggressive pilot commands, high gain of the flight control system or some anomaly in the system may cause actuator rate limiting and effective time delay introduction. This time delay can instigate Pilot Induced Oscillations (PIO), which is an abnormal coupling between the pilot and the aircraft resulting in unintentional and undesired oscillations. The proposed control allocation system reduces the effective time delay by first detecting the phase shift and then minimizing it using constrained optimization techniques. Flight control simulation results for an unstable aircraft with inertial cross coupling are reported, which demonstrate phase shift minimization and recovery from a PIO event.