gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of hetero‐telechelic polymers by self‐polyaddition of monomers containing both oxetanyl and carboxyl groups (2008)

Abstract The synthesis and self‐polyaddition of new monomers, o ‐, m ‐, and p ‐[(3‐ethyloxetane‐3‐yl)methoxyethyl]benzoic acid ( o ‐EOMB, m ‐EOMB, and p ‐EOMB) containing both oxetanyl groups and carboxyl groups were examined. The reactions of o ‐EOMB, m ‐EOMB, and p ‐EOMB in the presence of tetraphenylphosphonium bromide as a catalyst in o ‐dichlorobenzene at 150–170 °C resulted in self‐polyaddition to give the corresponding hetero‐telechelic polymers poly( o ‐EOMB), poly( m ‐EOMB), and poly( p ‐EOMB) with M n s = 14,500–33,400 in satisfactory yields. The M n of poly( o ‐EOMB) decreased at higher reaction temperatures than 150 °C, unlike those of poly( m ‐EOMB) and poly( p ‐EOMB), possibly due to inter‐ or intraester exchange side reactions. It was also found that the thermal properties and solubilities of these polymers were supposed with the proposed structures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7835–7842, 2008
Unidirectionally oriented nanocracks on metal surfaces irradiated by low-fluence femtosecond laser pulses (2013)

We have investigated the origin of nanostructures formed on metals by low-fluence femtosecond laser pulses. Nanoscale cracks oriented perpendicular to the incident laser polarization are induced on tungsten, molybdenum, and copper targets. The number density of the cracks increases with the number of pulses, but crack length plateaus. Electromagnetic field simulation by the finite-difference time-domain method indicates that electric field is locally enhanced along the direction perpendicular to the incident laser polarization around a nanoscale hole on the metal surface. Crack formation originates from the hole.
A new simple current-compensation circuit system for POL (2005)

A new current-compensation circuit system for POLs is introduced. The proposed circuit employs MOSFETs, resistors and capacitors without any discrete magnetic devices. The system is activated only during transient responses and its total power loss is very small. Simulation results revealed that the output POL voltage is maintained within 5 % of 1.5 V during a load change between 1 A and 50 A. Furthermore, experimental results indicated that the descent width of the output POL voltage is improved by approximately 85 mV of 1.5 V during a load change from 1 A to 10 A.
Recombination luminescence from defects in boron-ion implantation-doped diamond using low fluences (1998)

Two identical, high purity, natural type IIa diamonds, which displayed the ubiquitous blue cathodolu-minescence (CL) band at ≈ 2.9 eV, as well as an indication of the corresponding green band at ≈ 2.4 eV, have been equivalently doped by using extremely low dose B+- and C+-ion CIRA-implantations respectively. Comparative CL measurements showed changes in the intensities of the 2.9 and 2.4 eV bands and the generation of bands at ≈ 4 eV, as well as at ≈ 3.5 and ≈ 4.6 eV (the latter two in the B+-CIRA diamond). The results are commensurate with the model (proposed previously) in which the 2.9 and 4 eV bands are generated respectively by electron-hole recombinations at negatively charged acceptor-and positively charged donor-like, intrinsic defects. The present results indicate that Coulomb interactions between the latter defects and (at least partially) compensated, negatively charged, boron acceptors, generate the 3.5 and 4.6 eV bands, which may be considered as higher energy (≈ 0.6 eV) replicas of the 2.9 and 4 eV bands. In both cases, two electrons and a hole interact just before the hole combines with an electron. Such a configuration of charges seems related to, and could possibly be described as, a type of “ionised exciton molecule”, where the “bonding” of two negative “nuclei” is facilitated by the presence of the hole. The CL measurements further indicate that the 2.4 eV band forms when a high enough density of, in this case, neutral acceptors are present. These neutral acceptors compete with the valence band to supply holes for recombination at the negatively charged, acceptor-type, intrinsic defects which are, in the absence of the boron, responsible for the generation of the blue, 2.9 eV band.
Pressure erosions of bone in rheumatoid arthritis: a subject review. (1985)

Pressure, or compressive, erosions of bone in various locations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are described. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms that account for the appearance and distribution of these erosions include osteopenia, soft-tissue laxity, soft-tissue pressure on bone, bone pressure on bone, and muscular forces.
The effect of mutual coupling between RF SQUID's in distributed Josephson inductance phase shifters (1994)

A brief overview of the principles behind the behavior of the recently reported distributed Josephson inductance phase shifter is given. Simulation results of a typical phase shifter are presented. A model for the mutual flux coupling between adjacent RF SQUID sections is derived and the results are used to predict the effect of the coupling on the phase shift of the device. Distortion of the output signal is related to the time variation of the dynamic inductance of the transmission line.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Heterodyne near-field scanning optical microscopy with spectrally broad sources (2009)

We propose to use low-coherence-length cw optical sources with a broad spectrum in heterodyne near-field scanning microscopy in order to imitate optical pulse propagation and to obtain information about spectrally variant properties of nanophotonic components. The dispersion difference in the interferometer arms for a symmetric acousto-optic modulator arrangement is shown to be negligible over appreciable bandwidths. Demonstration of the principle of operation and viability of this approach is provided by measurement of the group refractive index of a silicon channel waveguide.
Mode locking of a broad-area semiconductor laser with a multiple-quantum-well saturable absorber (1993)

Hybrid mode locking of a broad-area semiconductor laser with a multiple-quantum-well saturable absorber in an external cavity is demonstrated. A novel method for mode control of the broad-area laser output, based on patterning of the multiple quantum well absorber into a microdot mirror structure, is presented. Pulses as short as 15 ps, at a repetition rate of 593 MHz, with an average power of 9 mW and a peak power of 1 W have been achieved.
Bacteria-Triggered Systemic Immunity in Barley Is Associated with WRKY and ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTORs But Not with Salicylic Acid (2014)

Leaf-to-leaf systemic immune signaling known as systemic acquired resistance is poorly understood in monocotyledonous plants. Here, we characterize systemic immunity in barley (Hordeum vulgare) triggered after primary leaf infection with either Pseudomonas syringae pathovar japonica (Psj) or Xanthomonas translucens pathovar cerealis (Xtc). Both pathogens induced resistance in systemic, uninfected leaves against a subsequent challenge infection with Xtc. In contrast to systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), systemic immunity in barley was not associated with NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 or the local or systemic accumulation of salicylic acid. Instead, we documented a moderate local but not systemic induction of abscisic acid after infection of leaves with Psj. In contrast to salicylic acid or its functional analog benzothiadiazole, local applications of the jasmonic acid methyl ester or abscisic acid triggered systemic immunity to Xtc. RNA sequencing analysis of local and systemic transcript accumulation revealed unique gene expression changes in response to both Psj and Xtc and a clear separation of local from systemic responses. The systemic response appeared relatively modest, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction associated systemic immunity with the local and systemic induction of two WRKY and two ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (ERF)-like transcription factors. Systemic immunity against Xtc was further associated with transcriptional changes after a secondary/systemic Xtc challenge infection; these changes were dependent on the primary treatment. Taken together, bacteria-induced systemic immunity in barley may be mediated in part by WRKY and ERF-like transcription factors, possibly facilitating transcriptional reprogramming to potentiate immunity.
Trough plasma concentration of imatinib reflects BCR–ABL kinase inhibitory activity and clinical response in chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia: A report from the BINGO study (2010)

Pharmacokinetic (PK) factors have been suggested to be involved in the unfavorable clinical responses of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients treated with imatinib. The purpose of this study was to clarify prognostic implications of PK factors in CML patients treated with imatinib. The plasma trough (C(min)) level of imatinib and serum α(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) level were measured on two different days in 65 CML patients treated with imatinib for more than 12 months. We further examined whether the C(min) level of imatinib actually reflects inhibitory activity against BCR-ABL kinase using the plasma inhibitory activity (PIA) assay. Since the differences of five patients were statistically rejected by the Smirnov-Grubbs' test, we excluded them for further analysis. The C(min) level was strongly associated with the achievement of MMR at the 12th month, and ROC analysis demonstrated C(min) levels and their discrimination potential for major molecular response (MMR) with the best sensitivity (63.2%) and specificity (68.2%) at a C(min) threshold of 974 ng/mL. The α(1)-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) level was within the normal range in 57 of 60 patients, indicating little impact of AGP on our study. There was a weak correlation between PIA against phospho (P)-BCR-ABL and the C(min) level of imatinib (r(2) = 0.2501, P = 0.0007), and patient plasma containing >974 ng/mL imatinib sufficiently inhibited P-BCR-ABL. These results collectively indicated that maintaining ∼1000 ng/mL of C(min) was clinically and biologically important for the optimal response in CML patients treated with imatinib. A prospective intervention study is required to establish PK-based management in CML patients treated with imatinib.
Transcellular Transport of Leptin by the Short Leptin Receptor Isoform ObRa in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells* (2000)

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that acts in specific regions of the brain to regulate body weight and neuroendocrine function. The mechanism by which leptin enters the brain is unknown. We previously reported that rat brain microvessels, which constitute the blood-brain barrier, contain large amounts of messenger RNA encoding a short form of the leptin receptor (ObRa), suggesting that this site may be important for receptor-mediated transport of leptin into the brain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ObRa is capable of transcellular transport of intact leptin. A transwell system in which Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing ObRa are grown in a monolayer was used to determine receptor distribution on apical or basolateral cell surfaces and the capacity for directional transport of 125I-leptin. Binding of 125I-leptin was greater on the apical vs. the basolateral cell surface and transport of 125I-leptin occurred only in the apical to basolateral direction. 11% of transported radioactivity appearing in the basolateral chamber represented intact leptin as assessed by TCA precipitation analysis and by SDS-PAGE. Parental MDCK cells did not express leptin receptors and did not bind or transport 125I-leptin. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding and transport via endogenous EGF receptors in MDCK cells also was assessed. In contrast to leptin, specific binding of 125I-EGF occurred primarily on the basolateral cell surface and transport of 125I-EGF occurred predominantly in the basolateral to apical direction. These data show that ObRa is preferentially targeted to the apical cell membrane in MDCK cells and that leptin transport occurs, albeit at a low rate, in a unidirectional manner in the apical to basolateral direction. These findings may be relevant to the putative role of ObRa in receptor-mediated transport of leptin from the circulation into the brain.
Gene Expression Analysis of Prostate Hyperplasia in Mice Overexpressing the Prolactin Gene Specifically in the Prostate (2003)

The probasin (Pb)-PRL transgenic mice that overexpress the rat PRL gene specifically in the prostate develop a dramatic enlargement of the prostate gland. The objective of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in the prostate hyperplasia seen in the Pb-PRL transgenic mice. cDNA microarray analysis was used to identify differentially expressed transcripts in the hyperplastic prostates of 6-month-old transgenic mice compared with age-matched controls. We report the identification of 266 genes (175 up-regulated and 91 down-regulated) that were differentially expressed in the enlarged transgenic prostates compared with controls. Subsequential real-time RT-PCR was used to verify a set of differentially regulated transcripts. The hyperplastic prostates of Pb-PRL transgenic mice demonstrate a molecular pattern supporting the importance of reduced degree of apoptosis for the development of the phenotype. Immunohistochemical analysis of apoptotic activity using two different markers of apoptosis (single-stranded DNA and activated caspase-3) were performed, and the results showed diminished apoptosis activity in the prostate of Pb-PRL transgenic mice compared with control prostates. The increased stromal/epithelial ratio of the Pb-PRL transgenic prostate together with up-regulation of a significant fraction of genes involved in tissue remodeling activity, including the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix and changes in protease activity, suggest that activation of the stroma is involved in the development of prostate hyperplasia. Overall, the differentially expressed transcripts identified in this study show many molecular similarities between the prostate hyperplasia of PRL-transgenic mice and human prostate pathology, including both benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
Dynamics of an Oligotrophic Bacterial Aquifer Community during Contact with a Groundwater Plume Contaminated with Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes: an In Situ Mesocosm Study (2005)

An in situ mesocosm system was designed to monitor the in situ dynamics of the microbial community in polluted aquifers. The mesocosm system consists of a permeable membrane pocket filled with aquifer material and placed within a polypropylene holder, which is inserted below groundwater level in a monitoring well. After a specific time period, the microcosm is recovered from the well and its bacterial community is analyzed. Using this system, we examined the effect of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) contamination on the response of an aquifer bacterial community by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes and PCR detection of BTEX degradation genes. Mesocosms were filled with nonsterile or sterile aquifer material derived from an uncontaminated area and positioned in a well located in either the uncontaminated area or a nearby contaminated area. In the contaminated area, the bacterial community in the microcosms rapidly evolved into a stable community identical to that in the adjacent aquifer but different from that in the uncontaminated area. At the contaminated location, bacteria with tmoA- and xylM/xylE1-like BTEX catabolic genotypes colonized the aquifer, while at the uncontaminated location only tmoA-like genotypes were detected. The communities in the mesocosms and in the aquifer adjacent to the wells in the contaminated area consisted mainly of Proteobacteria. At the uncontaminated location, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were found. Our results indicate that communities with long-term stability in their structures follow the contamination plume and rapidly colonize downstream areas upon contamination.
Phase based spatial identification of UHF RFID tags (2010)

In this paper, we give an overview of spatial identification (determining position and velocity) of modulated backscatter UHF RFID tags using RF phase information. We describe three main techniques based on PDOA (Phase Difference of Arrival): TD (Time Domain), FD (Frequency Domain), and SD (Spatial Domain). The techniques are illustrated with modeling and simulation example in free space and in presence of multipath using a multi-ray channel model for amplitude and phase of the received tag signal in deterministic environment. We also present and discuss the experiments performed in a real RFID warehouse portal environment.
Characterisation of skin spectra in a Caucasian and Oriental sample (2016)

Accurate spectral measurements of facial skin are important for numerous medical applications including the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous disorders and the provision of maxillofacial soft tissue prostheses. In this study we obtained calibrated facial and body skin spectra (forehead, cheek, neck) from two ethnic groups (Caucasian and Oriental) with a view of establishing a new skin spectral database for medical and cosmetic applications. Skin spectra for 188 subjects were measured using a Tele-spectroradiometer (PR650) in a large viewing booth with controlled lighting. The grand mean of skin spectra for Caucasians and Oriental females were calculated and their spectral difference between different ethnic groups and body areas were assessed. Our main findings are: (1) The shape of the skin spectra reflectance functions is similar for both ethnic groups, but differs across body locations. (2) Spectral variation (expressed as RMSE) between different body areas is significantly larger in the Oriental compared to the Caucasian sample (by a factor of ∼2). (3) Largest ethnic differences occur in the neck area, and the smallest in the cheek.
In situ zirconia/carbon network composite fabricated by gelcast following reduction-sintering (2012)

Here, successful fabrication of zirconia/carbon network composite by gelcast and reduction sintering in argon gas is reported. Carbon network well distributed on the grains and the boundaries is confirmed by FE-SEM, TG–DTA, XRD, and, degree of graphitization by Raman spectroscopy. Electrical resistivity of 16.1 Ω-cm indicates that thus formed carbon network in the zirconia matrix is expected to improve the electrical conductivity of the composite system.
Polyvinyl alcohol hemiarthroplasty for first metatarsophalangeal joint arthritis (2013)

End stage arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint has been treated surgically in the past by fusion and replacement. Fusion has remained the most commonly performed procedure and gives excellent pain relief but may interfere with activities in some patients. Joint replacement previously has had limited success. Problems include loosening, osteolysis, subsidence, and failure to regain motion. Osteolysis associated with wear debris has limited the success of silastic replacements. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has shown promise as a material for hemiarthroplasty in the great toe. The material has better wear patterns than silastic and does not fragment. The hemiarthroplasty is inserted through a dorsal incision into a reamed bed in the first metatarsal head. The implant is available in two sizes, 8 mm and 10 mm. The PVA hemiarthroplasty has been the subject of a randomized controlled trial compared with fusion, with the results as yet to be published. Limited results to date have shown promise for this arthroplasty as an alternative to fusion for patients wishing to maintain joint motion and may avoid the fragmentation and loosening seen in prior replacements.
Disaccharidase Activity in the Small Intestine of Susceptible and Resistant Mice after Primary and Challenge Infections with Giardia muris (1992)

The activities of four disaccharidases were examined in resistant (C57Bl/6) and susceptible (C3H/HeN) mice during the primary infection with Giardia muris and after challenge with either trophozoite extract or cysts. Significant decreases in lactase, sucrase, trehalase, and maltase activities in C57Bl/6 mice and lactase and sucrase activities in C3H/HeN mice in the anterior 25% of the small intestine were observed on day 10 after infection. The activities of maltase, sucrase, trehalase, and lactase in the jejunum of C3H/HeN mice were significantly reduced after challenge with trophozoite extract, when compared with the uninfected or infected, but not challenged animals. Decreases in enzyme activities of C3H/HeN mice were evident as early as 12 hours after challenge with the extract. The resistant C57Bl/6 mice showed little change in disaccharidase activity after challenge with trophozoite extract. On the other hand, challenge with cysts resulted in a few decreases in disaccharidase activities in both strains of mice: C57Bl/6 mice showed decreases in the duodenum, while disaccharidases of C3H/HeN mice had lower activity more posteriorly. Thus, challenge with parasite antigen results in a more severe disaccharidase deficiency in susceptible hosts when compared with resistant ones.
Simultaneous Ring Voice-over-Internet Phone System Enables Rapid Physician Elicitation of Explicit Informed Consent in Prehospital Stroke Treatment Trials (2009)

The simultaneous ring system was reliable and effective, permitting enrollment of a substantial number of patients within the first hour after stroke onset. VOIP cellular networks with simultaneous ring are a preferred means of facilitating consent in prehospital treatment trials.
Pharmacognostical identification of Rumex nepalensis Spreng (Polygonanceae) - an adulterant for Indian rhubarb (2004)

Pharmacognostic studies on the shape, microscopic structure, and morphology of Rumex nepalensis(polygonaceae) were careied out. These studies provided referintial information for identification of this crude drug.
Sparsity-Based Poisson Denoising With Dictionary Learning (2014)

The problem of Poisson denoising appears in various imaging applications, such as low-light photography, medical imaging, and microscopy. In cases of high SNR, several transformations exist so as to convert the Poisson noise into an additive-independent identically distributed. Gaussian noise, for which many effective algorithms are available. However, in a low-SNR regime, these transformations are significantly less accurate, and a strategy that relies directly on the true noise statistics is required. Salmon et al took this route, proposing a patch-based exponential image representation model based on Gaussian mixture model, leading to state-of-the-art results. In this paper, we propose to harness sparse-representation modeling to the image patches, adopting the same exponential idea. Our scheme uses a greedy pursuit with boot-strapping-based stopping condition and dictionary learning within the denoising process. The reconstruction performance of the proposed scheme is competitive with leading methods in high SNR and achieving state-of-the-art results in cases of low SNR.
Nonlocality in spherical-aberration-corrected HAADF STEM images (2013)

Nonlocality in spherical-aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images is theoretically and experimentally examined using the absorption potential describing thermal diffuse scattering (TDS). A detailed comparison between the simulated and the experimentally obtained high-quality HAADF STEM images of an Si(110) bulk structure and a PbTiO3(100)/SrTiO3(100) interfacial structure unambiguously demonstrates the need to use a nonlocal TDS absorption potential. The nonlocality in the TDS absorption potential cannot be ignored in a detailed analysis of spherical-aberration-corrected HAADF STEM images of materials consisting of several heavy elements, although it can be completely disregarded for those consisting of only light elements.