gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling the population of China using DMSP operational linescan system nighttime data (2001)

Radiance-calibrated DMSP-OLS nighttime lights data of China acquired between March 1996 and January-February 1997 were evaluated for their potential as a source of population data at the provincial, county, and city levels. The light clusters were classified into six categories of light intensity, and their areal extents were extracted from the image. Mean pixel values of light clusters corresponding to the settlements were also extracted. A light volume measure was developed to gauge the three-dimensional capacity of a settlement. A density of light cluster measure known as percent light area was also calculated for each spatial unit. Allometric growth models and linear regression models were developed to estimate the Chinese population and population densities at the three spatial levels using light area, light volume, pixel mean, and percent light area as independent variables. It was found that the DMSP-OLS nighttime data produced reasonably accurate estimates of non-agricultural (urban) population at both the county and city levels using the allometric growth model and the light area or light volume as input. Non-agricultural population density was best estimated using percent light area in a linear regression model at the county level. The total sums of the estimates for non-agricultural population and even population overall closely approximated the true values given by the Chinese statistics at all three spatial levels. It is concluded that the 1-km resolution radiance-calibrated DMSP-OLS nighttime lights image has the potential to provide population estimates of a country and shed light on its urban population from space.
An Analysis of Magnetic Shift Register Operation (1953)

The purpose of this paper is to describe quantitatively the design of a magnetic shift register. The article is divided into 3 sections as follows: A. A qualitative description of magnetic shift register operation. B. The design of a magnetic shift register. C. The effects of leakage inductance on stability and maximum speed of operation of a magnetic shift register. In section B, the equivalent impedance concept discussed in a previous article by the author is used in the quantitative analysis of a magnetic shift register. Optimum design conditions are derived and variations from optimum design discussed. In section C, the maxmum and minimum allowable values of leakage inductance are found such that the shift register remains stable and information is reliably transferred from core to core. February 9, 1953.
Varicella in Children With Cancer: Impact of Antiviral Therapy and Prophylaxis (1987)

To estimate the impact of antiviral therapy and prophylaxis on the natural course of the infection, 288 cases of varicella in children with cancer were reviewed. Among 127 patients with untreated infections, the overall mortality rate was 7%. Varicella-zoster virus pneumonitis developed in 28% of the untreated patients and was associated with a 25% mortality rate. Pneumonitis was much more likely to develop in patients with acute leukemia than in those with other malignancies (32% v 19%). Similarly, deaths due to pneumonitis were restricted to patients with acute leukemia. Lymphopenia (absolute lymphocyte count less than 500/microL) was significantly associated with varicella-zoster virus pneumonitis and a higher fatality rate among patients with this complication. Both acyclovir and adenine arabinoside, administered to 18 and 28 patients, respectively, stopped the progression of skin lesions; however, pneumonitis developed in none of the acyclovir recipients after two days of treatment, compared with 29% of the adenine arabinoside recipients (P = .03). Passive immunization in 45 children who subsequently had varicella was associated with an 11% incidence of varicella-zoster virus pneumonitis. Despite passive immunization of approximately 150 children, the attack rate of varicella at our institution remains unchanged. Results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of antiviral therapy and passive immunization in patients with childhood cancer and varicella, but prevention of the infection will require a universal vaccine.
Site-directed deletion mutants of a carboxyl-terminal region of human dihydrofolate reductase. (1992)

Substrate and inhibitor binding to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) primarily involves residues in the amino-terminal half of the enzyme; however, antibody binding studies performed in this laboratory suggested that the loop region located in the carboxyl terminus of human DHFR (hDHFR; residues 140-186) is involved in conformational changes that occur upon ligand binding and affect enzyme function (Ratnam, M., Tan, X., Prendergast, N.J., Smith, P.L. & Freisheim, J.H. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 4800-4804). To investigate this observation further, site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct deletion mutants of hDHFR missing 1 (del-1), 2 (del-2), 4 (del-4), and 6 (del-6) residues from loops in the carboxyl terminus of the enzyme. The del-1 mutant enzyme has a two-amino acid substitution in addition to the one-amino acid deletion. Deletion of only one amino acid resulted in a 35% decrease in the specific activity of the enzyme. The del-6 mutant enzyme was inactive. Surprisingly, the del-4 mutant enzyme retained a specific activity almost 33% that of the wild type. The specific activity of the del-2 mutant enzyme was slightly higher (38% wild-type activity) than that of the del-4 mutant. All three active deletion mutants were much less stable than the wild-type enzyme, and all three showed at least a 10-fold increase in Km values for both substrates. The del-1 and del-2 mutants exhibited a similar increase in KD values for both substrate and cofactor. The three active deletion mutants lost activity at concentrations of activating agents such as KCl, urea, and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate that continued to stimulate the wild-type enzyme. Antibody binding studies revealed conformational differences between the wild-type and mutant enzymes both in the absence and presence of bound folate. Thus, although the loops near the carboxyl terminus are far removed from the active site, small deletions of this region significantly affect DHFR function, indicating that the loop structure in mammalian DHFR plays an important functional role in its conformation and catalysis.
A Joint Training Framework for Robust Automatic Speech Recognition (2016)

Robustness against noise and reverberation is critical for ASR systems deployed in real-world environments. In robust ASR, corrupted speech is normally enhanced using speech separation or enhancement algorithms before recognition. This paper presents a novel joint training framework for speech separation and recognition. The key idea is to concatenate a deep neural network (DNN) based speech separation frontend and a DNN-based acoustic model to build a larger neural network, and jointly adjust the weights in each module. This way, the separation frontend is able to provide enhanced speech desired by the acoustic model and the acoustic model can guide the separation frontend to produce more discriminative enhancement. In addition, we apply sequence training to the jointly trained DNN so that the linguistic information contained in the acoustic and language models can be back-propagated to influence the separation frontend at the training stage. To further improve the robustness, we add more noise- and reverberation-robust features for acoustic modeling. At the test stage, utterance-level unsupervised adaptation is performed to adapt the jointly trained network by learning a linear transformation of the input of the separation frontend. The resulting sequence-discriminative jointly-trained multistream system with run-time adaptation achieves 10.63% average word error rate (WER) on the test set of the reverberant and noisy CHiME-2 dataset (task-2), which represents the best performance on this dataset and a 22.75% error reduction over the best existing method.
Sorting on a mesh-connected parallel computer (1977)

Two algorithms are presented for sorting n 2 elements on an n × n mesh-connected processor array that require O (n) routing and comparison steps. The best previous algoritmhm takes time O(n log n). The algorithms of this paper are shown to be optimal in time within small constant factors. Extensions to higher-dimensional arrays are also given.
Rank one phase error estimation for range-Doppler imaging (1996)

A range-Doppler image is corrupted when each pulse in the corresponding range-time array contains a single time-dependent phase error. A previously devised algorithm, the rank one phase estimation (ROPE) technique developed by F. Dyson, et al. (1992), estimates the phase errors, which are then removed so that range-Doppler imaging can proceed in the usual manner. The iterative algorithm works homogeneously across the two-dimensional range-time array (no bright scatterers are necessary for focusing). The estimation technique is model based, but image recovery is successful for many images that do not fit the model. Extensions of both theory and application of the previously devised algorithm are presented. Theoretical insights pertaining to convergence, initialization, optimality, and recovery for images that do not fit the model are presented. Several examples, drawn from simulations, postmission corrupted field data, and field data that are intrinsically corrupted, are also contained herein.
Identification of domains involved in the allosteric regulation of cytosolic <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> NADP‐malic enzymes (2009)

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains four genes encoding NADP-malic enzymes (NADP-ME1-4). Two isoenzymes, NADP-ME2 and NADP-ME3, which are shown to be located in the cytosol, share a remarkably high degree of identity (90%). However, they display different expression patterns and show distinct kinetic properties, especially with regard to their regulation by effectors, in both the forward (malate oxidative decarboxylation) and reverse (pyruvate reductive carboxylation) reactions. In order to identify the domains in the primary structure that could be responsible for the regulatory differences, four chimeras between these isoenzymes were constructed and analysed. All chimeric versions exhibited the same native structures as the parental proteins. Analysis of the chimeras constructed indicated that the region from amino acid residue 303 to the C-terminal end of NADP-ME2 is critical for fumarate activation. However, the region flanked by amino acid residues 303 and 500 of NADP-ME3 is involved in the pH-dependent inhibition by high malate concentration. Furthermore, the N-terminal region of NADP-ME2 is necessary for the activation by succinate of the reverse reaction. Overall, the results show that NADP-ME2 and NADP-ME3 are able to distinguish and interact differently with similar C(4) acids as a result of minimal structural differences. Therefore, although the active sites of NADP-ME2 and NADP-ME3 are highly conserved, both isoenzymes acquire different allosteric sites, leading to the creation of proteins with unique regulatory mechanisms, probably best suited to the specific organ and developmental pattern of expression of each isoenzyme.
Secondary religious discourse: Sermon as a distributional macro ﬁeld (2008)

For more than two decades, research into the theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) has dealt with the text material of religious discourse (Firbas, Svoboda, Adam). In contrast with the existing writings that discuss primarily biblical texts, the present paper explores sermons as a secondary religious discourse. After a brief introduction into the sociolinguistic and stylistic aspects of the realm of sermons, the paper looks at scripted homilies in terms of distributional macroﬁ elds (highest level of FSP analysis) and traces typical dynamic-semantic features of the text, including a theme – transition – rheme structure at the textual level.
Uranium Deposits of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming (1970)

Abstract Uranium in the Powder River Basin is in the form of geochemical roll-fronts associated with a decrease in permeability in arkosic sandstones of the Wasatch Formation and to a limited extent, the Fort Union Formation. Previously mined deposits were for the most part oxidized. Many of the recent discoveries are more extensive unoxidized ore bodies. The host sands are correlated over several miles. The origin of the uranium is postulated to be the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene tuffs which once covered the area. Hydrolysis of the tuffs produced an alkaline ground water which dissolved the uranium and carried it as a uraniumtricarbonate ion. The solutions were carried by coarse, regionally transmissive sand units which were stained pinkish-red by hematite, formed from oxidation of pyrite by oxygen in the solutions. Cores of unaltered Wasatch arkosic sand contain less than two ppm U, whereas cores from well back in the altered rock contain 18 ppm U. The ore deposits are usually multiple 'C'-shaped rolls distorted by variations in the gross lithology. The individual rolls range in thickness from two to 20 feet and may be several thousand feet in length. Low-grade (.05-.10% U3O8) protore, up to 40 feet thick and several hundred feet wide, is commonly present on the unaltered side of the higher-grade roll-front. The unoxidized ore bodies are protected from weathering by silt and claystone overburden. Important variations are noted in mass, mean diameter of the sand grains, and in organic carbon, carbonate, manganese, selenium, chromium, and vanadium amounts in the altered, unaltered, and mineralized zones. In the oxidized ore deposits studied, the U/eU ratio is almost universally high. Comprehensive geological exploration practices have played an important part in many of the recent discoveries of the Powder River Basin.
Aufbau von Urethanelastomeren hoher Hydrolysebeständigkeit (1970)

Abstract Die Hydrolysebeständigkeit von Polyurethanelastomeren, die aus höhermolekularen Hydroxy‐ bzw. Aminoverbindungen, Diisocyanaten und Kettenverlängerern aufgebaut sind, wird in Abhängigkeit von der Konstitution der höhermolekularen Hydroxyverbindungen und den angewandten Mengenverhältnissen der drei Baukomponenten untersucht. Ausgehend von den höhermolekularen Hydroxyverbindungen auf Polyätherbasis bis zu den Polyestern wird gezeigt, daß die Hydrolysebeständigkeit der Polyurethanelastomeren sowohl durch zunehmend hydrophobe Eigenschaften der höhermolekularen Hydroxyverbindungen als auch durch die Erhöhung der Diisocyanat‐Kettenverlängerer‐Mengen verbessert wird. Polyurethanelastomere mit der höchsten Hydrolysebeständigkeit werden aus 1,6‐Hexandiolpolycarbonat erhalten.
A Natural Scene Edge Detection Algorithm Based on Image Fusion (2018)

Convolutional neural network (CNN) has been widely used in the edge detection areas and shown competitive results. However, with the increase of receptive fields, the convolution features in CNN gradually become rough and difficult to figure out. To tackle with the problem, a novel network is proposed in this paper, making full use of the multi-scale and multi-level information of the object to perform image-to-image prediction, and combining all distinctive convolution features in a holistic manner. Further, the effect of simply connecting the feature map is enhanced by an image fusion algorithm to improve the utilization of features. The feature maps obtained by convolutions of each layer are fused through the fusion network to obtain a more detailed feature. The improved algorithm is validated in the BSDS500 dataset and the ODS F-measure has reached 0.818, which significantly exceeds the current state-of-the-art results.
The relationship between serum levels of YKL-40 and disease progression in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (2000)

YKL-40 concentrations in serum were determined by an ELISA at 3 occasions during 19 months for 57 early RA patients. The results were related to biochemical and radiographic measures at each time point. YKL-40 correlated significantly to ESR and CRP throughout the study. Correlations between YKL-40 and radiographic findings scored by the Larsen method were fairly weak both for absolute values at each time point (Rs 0.212-0.319) and for progression over time (Rs 0.152-0.301). Baseline YKL-40 could predict radiographic progression with a specificity and sensitivity of only slightly over 50%. ESR and CRP correlated stronger than YKL-40 to joint damage progression and in a multiple regression model ESR was the only significant variable explaining the variance of this radiographic measure. We conclude that serial measurements of serum YKL-40 did not provide information that could not be obtained by conventional biochemical measures of disease activity.
An experimental field trial of a large vocabulary speaker independent recognition system (2002)

Presents a large vocabulary, speaker independent speech recognition system (KT-STOCK) and describes its experimental field trial over the telephone network. KT-STOCK is an information retrieval system with which one can obtain the current price of a stock by saying a stock name among 712 stock names listed on the Korea stock exchange. The system is a HMM (hidden Markov model)-based isolated speech recognizer which uses the phoneme-like unit as a basic unit. KT-STOCK has been put under experimental field trials since June 24 1994. Preliminary results show that the performance in the simulation environment is different from that in the real environment. Currently, the authors have achieved the recognition rate of 61.9% in the real environment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Micromagnetic model of an exchange coupled NiFe-TbCo bilayer (1991)

We present a micromagnetic model for NiFe-TbCo exchange coupled bilayers that can quantitatively predict and explain the major macroscopic features observed in measured M-H characteristics. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results shows conclusively that the strong interfacial exchange coupling in NiFe-TbCo is essentially indistinguishable from that of a perfect, homogeneous interface. Commonly invoked assumptions concerning the existence or origin of a grossly weakened exchange coupling at a highly imperfect interface are neither necessary nor consistent with experimental measurements. The mechanism of the unidirectional exchange anisotropy is the formation of Bloch-type domain walls in a ≂0.08-μm-thick TbCo sublayer of uniaxial, in-plane anisotropy adjacent to the NiFe interface. The manner in which the observable magnetic behavior of NiFe-TbCo bilayers depends on film thicknesses, TbCo anisotropy, interfacial exchange coupling strength, as well as the previously unconsidered large hysteretic effects due to the small net magnetization in ferrimagnetic TbCo, are discussed in detail. It is demonstrated, for a strongly coupled system such as NiFe-TbCo, that the often used single parameter ‘‘exchange field’’ description of a shifted NiFe M-H loop is inadequate. A quantitatively accurate description requires that one take into account the spatial variations in the micromagnetic magnetization distributions of both layers.
Pulmonary Sporotrichosis (1980)

Sporotrichosis is frequently primary in the lungs, caused by inhalation or aspiration of spores of Sporothrix schenckii. The clinical features and roentgenographic changes are nonspecific and usually indistinguishable from reactivated pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, pulmonary sporotrichosis should be considered when the tuberculin test and sputum cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis are persistently negative. Direct fluorescent antibody is a reliable, rapid, and specific method of identifying organisms in specimens and tissue biopsies. While the agglutination test is very sensitive in detecting sporotrichosis, it does not differentiate active disease from inactive disease. The complement fixation test, when positive, may suggest the presence of systemic sporotrichosis. Potassium iodide may be used initially in the nonimmunocompromised host with limited, noncavitary pulmonary disease. Amphotericin B should be given to patients who fail to respond to potassium iodide. Initial amphotericin B therapy is indicated in immunocompromised patients, in patients with multifocal systemic sporotrichosis. and in those with cavitary pulmonary sporotrichosis. Resectional surgery with perioperative medical therapy is indicated in patients with persistent cavitary disease unresponsive to amphotericin B, or when cavitary disease is associated with bleeding.
Waste generation reduction - nitrates FY 1982 status report (1984)

A study was initiated at Rocky Flats Plant to develop and demonstrate technology to eliminate nitrates in low-level waste streams without the generation of objectionable oxides of nitrogen. A survey of nitrate waste inventories in the Department of Energy and commercial facilities indicated in excess of 1.2 x 10/sup 8/ kg of stored nitrate waste in 1981. Laboratory-scale evaluation of denitrification procedures was begun in 1982. Urea was found to be inefficient in destroying simulated nitrate wastes. Two thermal processes were evaluated and both produced denitrification efficiencies >95%. Evaluation of chemical methods of denitrification of aqueous nitrate wastes was continued during 1983. Significant progress was achieved through the use of chemical reaction promotion agents and catalysts. Although no chemical method achieved results equal to those produced by the thermal processes, denitrification efficiencies ranging from 65 to 85% were recorded during the aqueous tests. A thermodynamics study conducted to evaluate the feasibility of chemical denitrification indicated that favorable potentials exist for chemical denitrification reactions to proceed to completion. Failure to achieve complete reactions appears to be a kinetics problem. Microwave and ultrasonic stimulation were briefly tested as means to improve reaction kinetics. The results were inconclusive because of the preliminary nature more » of the tests. A peer review was conducted to obtain input on the progress and direction of the program from actual producers of nitrate waste. Six DOE facilities were contacted, and all responded with relevant comments and suggestions. The consensus appeared to favor a chemical denitrification method over a high-temperature thermal process if such were feasible. Concurrent development of both methods was suggested. « less
Analysis of Heart Rate Variability (1973)

Spontaneous variability of heart-rate has been related to three major physiological originating factors: quasi-oscillatory fluctuations thought to arise in blood-pressure control, variable frequency oscillations due to thermal regulation, and respiration; frequency selective analysis of cardiac interbeat interval sequences allows the separate contributions to be isolated. Using this method, a laboratory and field study of the effects of mental work load on the cardiac interval sequence has been carried Out. Results suggest that mean heart rate and variance are unreliable measures, but that consistent changes in interval spectrum occur; these have been traced to alterations mainly in the 0·1 Hz region, perhaps originating with changes in the patterns of respiration which interact with the 0·1 Hz vasomotor activity,