gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Application of Low Field NMR in the Characterization of Carbonate Reservoirs (2002)

Abstract Conventional reservoir analysis has always been an extensive process. In order to properly characterize a reservoir, cores and/or logs have to be obtained. Both core and log analysis is expensive and time consuming. NMR is an attractive alternative to these tools due to the fact that in theory, only one measurement is required. However, the conventional methods of interpreting NMR data only seem to work for simple sandstones. A new method of interpreting NMR data is required for complex porous structure such as carbonates. It was found that NMR can predict porosity that is similar to the values obtained by gas expansion. By using the NMR data at fully saturated and irreducible water saturation (Swi), a T2cutoff value was obtained for each sample that separates the bound and movable fluid signals. It was found that T2cutoff for carbonates is not 100 ms as is widely believed by many people who have analyze NMR in carbonates. A correlation for T2cutoff was found as a function of the size of the last peak and its geometric mean. A correlation was also found for Swi, which was a function of the size of the first and last peak. The Free Fluid and the mean T2 permeability models were evaluated. It was seen that the predictions from these models were not adequate. Another permeability model was developed, which is expressed in terms of the size of the first and last peak of the NMR spectrum obtained from the fully saturated sample. It was found that the correlation did a better job of predicting the permeability values. The new model has its own limitations, a method is currently being investigated to overcome these limitations. Despite these limitations, however, the new NMR permeability model provides better estimates of carbonate permeability than any other established methods.
Preparation of Aluminum Nitride Granules by Aqueous Colloidal Process and the Characteristics of the Sintered Body (2006)

AlN granules were prepared by an aqueous colloidal process and the characteristics of the sintered body were studied. AlN granules with a low oxygen content were successfully prepared by spray drying of the aqueous slurry with a dispersant mixed at a low temperature. The sintered body prepared by the aqueous process had a high density and a good thermal conductivity, which were almost equal to those prepared by a non-aqueous process. The thermal conductivity of AlN sintered body with 5mass% Y2O3 prepared from aqueous processing was as high as 177W/m·K.
Variation in the Incidence and Magnitude of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer Subtypes (2016)

The magnitude of TIL is variable within and between breast cancer subtypes. Levels of lymphocytic subpopulations may identify breast cancers more amenable to immunomodulation and indicate additional strategies to enhance immunity in patients with low to moderate levels of TILs.
A constituent of human small intestinal mucus that copurifies with mucin and can interfere with raising antibodies to the mucin. (1994)

The accuracy of an immunoassay for mucin depends on the antibodies' specificity. During human small intestinal mucin purification on a CsCl gradient, a very antigenic non-mucin contaminant was found at 1.48 g.ml-1 density. This was separated from the mucin (1.42 g.ml-1 density) by dividing the gradient into 26 fractions, but not by dividing it into 8 fractions. Polyclonal antibodies raised against mucin obtained using 8 fractions reacted with mucin and contaminant, but antibodies raised against mucin obtained using 26 fractions reacted only with mucin. The identity of the contaminant is unknown. However, it contained nearly equal amounts of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and glucose, but did not react strongly with periodate-Schiff reagent. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed it was located in the small intestinal goblet cells and mucus layer. Unless the contaminant is removed before raising polyclonal antibodies to mucin, immunoassays will give inaccurate results.
Stabilization of Pinch Discharges (1960)

The hydromagnetic stability properties of ``hard-core'' pinches are shown to be more favorable than those of conventional ``stabilized pinches.'' Linear ``hard-core'' pinch experiments with a wide range of configurations show a basic consistency with hydromagnetic theory, but all configurations studied so far become unstable at sufficiently high current densities and low particle densities, even if possessed of theoretical hydromagnetic stability. Pinches with nulls in Bθ tend to be much less stable than those with nulls in Bz. ``Inverse stabilized pinches'' yield perfectly reproducible magnetic probe traces at power levels several times those at which ``stabilized pinches'' are unstable. A technique for the study of plasma density distributions is given, based on the propagation of radial compressional waves. The theory of the steady-state pinch is enlarged to include convective effects and is documented by experiment. The role of electrodes is considered, and an anode-cathode asymmetry in instability behavior is demonstrated for the linear ``stabilized pinch.'' The prospects of stable, high-temperature operation with the toroidal hard-core pinch, or ``levitron,'' are discussed.
Familial breast cancer and the hCHK2 1100delC mutation: assessing cancer risk (2003)

Germline mutations in the human checkpoint gene, hCHK2, were first identified in 1999 in cases of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated that the hCHK2 1100delC mutation acts as a low-penetrance tumour suppressor gene in familial breast cancer not associated with mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. The present article describes the published studies on hCHK2 1100delC and addresses some of the key questions raised.
Improvements with polymer cathodes in aluminum and tantalum capacitors (2002)

Reducing ESR in the tantalum capacitor has been the key driver in the application of polymer as a replacement for the MnO/sub 2/ cathode material. Expanding this material into aluminum capacitors where the polymer replaces the wet electrolyte, not only creates another low ESR device, but introduces the aluminum capacitor to full surface mount capability.
Metodi e strumenti PLM per la progettazione integrata di sistemi meccatronici (2008)

Lo sviluppo di prodotti e sistemi meccatronici implica attività multidisciplinari e concorrenti da svolgere con metodi e strumenti di sviluppo molto diversi tra loro. L’integrazione di tali attività è fondamentale per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi prestazionali ed il successo del prodotto e rappresenta uno dei maggiori problemi da risolvere a livello progettuale. Il trasferimento di conoscenze ed informazioni tra aree di competenza intrinsecamente diverse, da sincronizzare nei relativi processi di sviluppo, risulta il maggior limite da superare ed è spesso la causa principale di ritardi o di prestazioni non completamente ottimizzate. Nuovi ambienti di simulazione comportamentale sull’intero ciclo di vita permettono finalmente di disporre degli strumenti e tecnologie abilitanti per trasferire le reciproche conoscenze tra i diversi gruppi di lavoro e giungere in tempi ridotti ad una reale ottimizzazione dei sistemi. Gli autori hanno effettuato diverse esperienze nella progettazione di sistemi meccatronici nel campo della robotica ed automazione ed hanno ideato specifici metodi e strategie di impiego degli strumenti della piattaforma Delmia, che hanno permesso di sfruttarne le potenzialità raggiungendo vantaggi valutati e comparati rispetto allo stato dell’arte.
Bias of shear wave elasticity measurements in thin layer samples and a simple correction strategy (2016)

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is an emerging technique for measuring biological tissue stiffness. However, the application of SWE in thin layer tissues is limited by bias due to the influence of geometry on measured shear wave speed. In this study, we investigated the bias of Young's modulus measured by SWE in thin layer gelatin-agar phantoms, and compared the result with finite element method and Lamb wave model simulation. The result indicated that the Young's modulus measured by SWE decreased continuously when the sample thickness decreased, and this effect was more significant for smaller thickness. We proposed a new empirical formula which can conveniently correct the bias without the need of using complicated mathematical modeling. In summary, we confirmed the nonlinear relation between thickness and Young's modulus measured by SWE in thin layer samples, and offered a simple and practical correction strategy which is convenient for clinicians to use.
Particle size and loading efficiency of poly(D,L-lactic-coglycolic acid) multiphase microspheres containing water soluble substances prepared by the hydrous and anhydrous solvent evaporation methods (1999)

PLGA multiphase microspheres were prepared by the multiple emulsion solvent evaporation method using acetonitrile as the polymer solvent and mineral oil as the evaporation medium. The preparation process was further developed in the present study to reduce the particle size and to increase the loading capacity of brilliant blue, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) which were used as water soluble model drug substances. Sorbitan sesqui-oleate (SO-15EX), present at the 1% w/w level in the evaporation medium, prevented agglomeration of the microspheres containing a solid-in-oil (S/O) suspensions as the core phase. This S/O suspension core provided significantly higher loading efficiency of the proteins to the W/O emulsion core. The W/O emulsion system resulted in agglomeration of the protein-loaded microspheres and the loading efficiency decreased significantly. When brilliant blue was included as the model compound, the loading efficiencies were not influenced by the core type. Heavy mineral oil was employed to stabilize the dispersed unhardened microspheres rather than light mineral oil that was reported previously. This anhydrous emulsion system employing the S/O suspension core and containing a dispersion of TNF-alpha enabled the encapsulation of this protein without loss of activity. It was concluded that the anhydrous emulsion system is a suitable approach to prepare multiple microspheres as an alternative to the W/O emulsion system, especially when solvent sensitive proteins are incorporated into the microspheres.
Software for designing multipole aberration correctors (2008)

A set of formulae has been derived for computing paraxial rays, geometrical and chromatic aberrations of multipole systems containing electrostatic and magnetic round, quadrupole, hexapole and octopole lenses, and deflectors. Using these formulae, we have developed a software package for simulating and designing such systems. This new software, using the previously computed field functions as input, computes and plots paraxial rays, geometrical aberrations up to the third-order and the firstorder chromatic aberrations for the analyzed systems. It has an optimization module where a weighted set of aberrations can be minimized by the automatic adjustment of a set of user-defined system variables. We have also added a graphical user interface which affords a better overview of the design process and an interactive control of the system. An example of a hexapole spherical aberration corrector is presented to illustrate the functionality of this software package. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
DOSE RESPONSE EFFECTS OF HYPERTONIC SALINE AND DEXTRAN ON CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES AND PLASMA VOLUME EXPANSION IN SHEEP (1995)

Despite the established efficacy of 7.5% NaCl/6% dextran-70 in the treatment of hypovolemia, the optimal formulation of a hyperosmotic/hyperoncotic small volume resuscitation solution has yet to be defined. The present study investigates the cardiovascular effects of hypertonic saline ranging from 3.75%-25% NaCl (HS) and dextran-70 (D-70) ranging from 3 to 24%. HS and D-70 were studied alone or in specific combinations at a dose of 4 mL/kg, in euvolemic sheep. Blood samples were collected before, during and up to 60 min after infusion of the test solutions. Dose-dependent effects of HS were immediate increases in cardiac output (CO) of 30-85%, falling to 10-35% over baseline after 60 min. HS concentrations over 3.75% significantly reduced systemic vascular resistance, but HS had no significant effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP). Plasma volume (PV) expansion with HS was an immediate, but transient increase of 12-35%. Infusion of D-70 induced sustained 10-20% increases in CO and 10-30% increases in PV, peaking 10 min post-infusion. D-70 also resulted in small (5-12 mmHg) increases in MAP. Cardiovascular effects of D-70 correlated with a dose-dependent increase in plasma dextran concentrations. All HS solutions significantly increased plasma Na, which peaked at > or = 200 mEq/L in the 25% group. The effects of D-70 and HS combined were additive on PV expansion and CO. These data indicate that concentrations of HS and D-70 which are higher than those currently used have a greater capability for expanding PV, but use of HS > 7.5% may be limited by resulting hypernatremia.
Noise reduction in an optical emission spectrometer with rotating diffraction grating (2016)

The paper concerns the development of an optical emission spectrometer with a helium microwave rotating plasma as the excitation source which is an alternative to ICP spectrometers. In the new solution helium is used as the plasma and carrier gases, which helps to determine elements such as halogens and some non-metals. The new system should demonstrate decreased operating costs i.e. the flow of 1L He/min compared to about 15L Ar/min for ICP. Its spectral range is within 165 nm - 840 nm, sensitivity at the level of ppb and spectral resolution is equal to 0.01 nm. The system uses a set of two photomultipliers for VIS and UV regions. The entire spectrum is collected during a single rotation of the diffraction gratings. The paper describes the collection of algorithms developed to decrease noise and smooth spectral data.
DESIGN AND SIMPLE ROUTES OF SYNTHESIS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDE CONJUGATES FOR STUDIES OF DNA TRIPLE HELIX FORMATION (2001)

A series of oligonucleotides conjugated to intercalators, as well as fluorescent and lipophilic substances, minor groove binders and photoactive molecules were synthesized for studies of their ability to form a stable triple helix. Purine-rich short double stranded DNA fragments from HIV-1 genome and pyrimidine 16-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide were used as models. A conjugate of a dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine-ruthenium (II) complex and a triple helix-forming oligonucleotide was constructed. Upon sequence-specific duplex and triplex formation of the conjugate, the ruthenium complex becomes highly fluorescent. The attached ruthenium complex induces a stabilization of the DNA triple helix and a significant increase of the time of residence of the third strand on the duplex.
Improved Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin Administered in Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Liposomes for Treatment of<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>Pneumonia in Rats (2001)

Animal and clinical data show that high ratios of the area under the concentration-time curve and the peak concentration in blood to the MIC of fluoroquinolones for a given pathogen are associated with a favorable outcome. The present study investigated whether improvement of the therapeutic potential of ciprofloxacin could be achieved by encapsulation in polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated long-circulating sustained-release liposomes. In a rat model of unilateral Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia (MIC = 0.1 microg/ml), antibiotic was administered at 12- or 24-h intervals at twofold-increasing doses. A treatment period of 3 days was started 24 h after inoculation of the left lung, when the bacterial count had increased 1,000-fold and some rats had positive blood cultures. The infection was fatal within 5 days in untreated rats. Administration of ciprofloxacin in the liposomal form resulted in delayed ciprofloxacin clearance and increased and prolonged ciprofloxacin concentrations in blood and tissues. The ED(50) (dosage that results in 50% survival) of liposomal ciprofloxacin was 3.3 mg/kg of body weight/day given once daily, and that of free ciprofloxacin was 18.9 mg/kg/day once daily or 5.1 mg/kg/day twice daily. The ED(90) of liposomal ciprofloxacin was 15.0 mg/kg/day once daily compared with 36.0 mg/kg/day twice daily for free ciprofloxacin; 90% survival could not be achieved with free ciprofloxacin given once daily. In summary, the therapeutic efficacy of liposomal ciprofloxacin was superior to that of ciprofloxacin in the free form. PEG-coated liposomal ciprofloxacin was well tolerated in relatively high doses, permitting once daily administration with relatively low ciprofloxacin clearance and without compromising therapeutic efficacy.
Research in optical films for the applications of integrated optics (1975)

Because of the need for thin-film devices in integrated optics, the research of optical films has been greatly expanded in the past few years. We review formation of amorphous optical films by vacuum evaporation, reactive sputtering, solution deposition, and gas-discharge polymerization. We also discuss growth of single-crystal optical films by diffusion, melting, chemical vapor deposition, and liquid phase epitaxy. While most of the films available today are still far from perfect, we hope that this review will stimulate new ideas and new efforts in this important area of research.
Air-Side Energy Use Calculations for Four HVAC Systems: Dual Duct Constant Volume (DDCAV), Dual Duct Variable Volume (DDVAV), Constant Volume with Reheat (CAVRH0), Variable Volume with Reheat (VAVRH) (2001)

These calculations are useful for developing educational materials, and can be used to check the values obtained from a computer simulation program that contain the exact same schematic as is shown for each system. With only a few exceptions, the formulas for the calculations have come from the ASHRAE Handbook, as indicated in the spreadsheet narrative. These spreadsheets were developed in Lotus *.wkl format and can be run in any spreadsheet that accepts Lotus *.wkl format. To use the spreadsheets, the user loads the spreadsheet, updates only the values needed and recalculates the spreadsheet manually. Calculations are repeated column-wise in the spreadsheet to reach convergence. Each calculation represents one set of conditions. To obtain answers for multiple conditions, the user will need to enter the new conditions and recalculate for each set of conditions.
Non-invasive and long-term core temperature measurement (2011)

Long term, non-invasive monitoring of core temperature would be valuable for both the understanding of human thermoregulation responses to different drugs and conditions as well as the potential to develop tools for early detection of disease. Although the possible benefits of a non-invasive core temperature monitoring system are vast, the challenges associated with constructing a robust and accurate device have only achieved limited successes. This paper addresses an adaptation of a heat flux equilibrium based device for testing and use in non-invasive, long-term core temperature monitoring which has yielded optimistic results in initial testing.
Thick periodically poled MgO-doped LMO/sub 3/ devices and their applications (2005)

We review progress in quasi-phase matched wavelength conversion in bulk periodically poled MgO-doped LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> . Advances of thick device in nonlinear wavelength conversion, such as continuous wave second-harmonics generation and high-energy optical parametric oscillation are discussed
Straightforward, metal-free, and stereoselective synthesis of 9-oxo- and 10-hydroxy-2(E)-decenoic acids, important components of honeybee (Apis mellifera) secretions (2012)

10-Hydroxy-2E-decenoic (10-HDA) and 9-oxo-2E-decenoic (9-ODA) acids, two components identified in honeybee secretions, have both received considerable recent interest due to their involvement in caste switch and maintenance. Herein we report for the first time a metal-free, gram scale, and stereoselective synthesis of these honeybee secretion components by TEMPO catalyzed oxidation of readily available alcohols and subsequent Doebner–Knoevenagel reactions between the resulting aldehydes and malonic acid. Mechanistic investigations undertaken highlighted the crucial role of the Doebner–Knoevenagel reaction in the high yielding and selective preparation of the α,β-unsaturated acids 10-HDA and 9-ODA. The combination of inexpensive and environmentally friendly reagents with simple synthetic procedures renders this approach a valuable green strategy for the gram scale preparation of these biologically relevant natural molecules.
A Comparison Of The Optical Projection Lithography Simulators In Sample And Prolith (1990)

SAMPLE and PROLITH are two computer programs widely available for simulating the optical projection photolithography process. Both programs use a combination of physical and empirical models to determine the profile in a developed resist given various imaging, exposure, and development data. Although both programs perform basically the same functions, they rely on different models and numerical algorithms for the calculation of aerial and latent images, and differ in the method adopted for propagating the development front. A notable difference to the user is that the programs also use different development-rate models. This paper documents algorithmic details not available in the open literature on these programs, and presents simulation results of representative lithography systems to illustrate differences and similarities in the developed photoresist profiles and in relevant intermediate steps. Numerical comparison demonstrates that aerial images calculated by SAMPLE and PROLITH are in generally good agreement. It is found that resist cross-sectional profiles produced by the programs at high numerical resolution provide the same qualitative lithography information for representative systems; however, a significant disagreement is found in the output of the post-exposure bake algorithms since SAMPLE predicts much lower standing-wave amplitude attenuation effects. It is argued that the dissimilar development-rate models used by each simulator do not contribute significantly to differences observed in the cross-sectional profile output. A noteworthy difference is that PROLITH is capable of predicting the asymmetric behavior observed in experimental data relating critical dimensions to defocus, whereas SAMPLE predicts completely symmetric behavior. The band algorithm used in SAMPLE for the calculation of linewidths is found to be an adequate method for estimating critical dimensions.