gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New generation creep-resistant steels, their weldability and properties of welded joints: T/P92 steel (2004)

Abstract One of the important materials used in the building of modern power units is T/P92 steel, developed in Japan in 1990, and also known as NF 616. In comparison with P91 steel, this alloy contains some tungsten (up to 2%), less molybdenum (at 20.6%) and microscopic traces of boron. At the temperature of 600 °C, its resistance to creep is about 30% higher. The main application for small diameter, thin walled tubing made of T92 steel is found in super heaters, and secondary super heaters in the power stations operating at supercritical parameters. The thick walled large diameter piping in P92 steel is used for fresh and superheated steam in the chambers and pipelines that work at extreme temperatures and pressure (Table 1).
The Effects of Delayed and Displaced Visual Feedback on Motor Control (1980)

Developments in television technology have made possible new approaches to the study of the role of visual feedback in motor control. In two experiments using a special videodisc recording and playback system, the effects of delaying for 66 msec a subject's view of his own hand during a target-directed movement was investigated. The observed effects of such visually delayed feedback compared to spatially distorted feedback produced by prisms led to three major conclusions: (a) despite the behavioral similarity (overshooting) induced by the two kinds of altered feedback, the role of each in the visual-motor control loop is different; (b) adaptation to and the after effect of the two kinds of altered feedback are based on different control mechanisms (c) the processing and use of visual information in hand control requires less time than previous experiments have indicated.
Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of Pd–Sn catalyzed electroless Cu deposited on pyrolytic graphite (1991)

Pyrolytic graphite (PG) has been found to be a suitable substrate for adsorption of a Pd–Sn catalyst commonly used as an initiator for deposition of electroless Cu on printed circuit boards. Adsorption on the basal (0001) plane is minimal and results in a highly ordered array of subnanometer catalytic clusters influenced by the substrate order. Significant adsorption, however, takes place at defects, boundaries, and edge planes, resulting in large clusters and patterns that follow the nanometer scale topography of the PG surface. Subjecting a seeded substrate to electroless Cu deposition for 30 sec results in a copper layer, which may be detected by both scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and square wave voltammetry. STM indicates that the initial copper deposit, which also assumes order on a subnanometer scale, plates uniformly over the seed, resulting in large clusters that accumulate at significant seed adsorption sites.
An Investigation into the Negative Impacts of Social Media on Academic Performance of Youth (2015)

This study is an attempt to know about the negative impacts of social media on the students of swat university district swat. It is quite explicit that use of social media is a burning and blistering issue of the day as well as the major concern of the day. In this regard this attempt was undertaken to highlight the issue and bring intimation regard the burning phenomenon among the masses as well as concerned people. The data is thoroughly analyzed in the result highlighting that there are negative impacts of social media on academic performance youth. Most of the data has been collected from literate and educated person who admitted that due to social media students’ academic performance affected. This research activity highlights that use of social media is misery of the day which needs immediate solution and measures to prevent the students. The research also includes the forms of social media which are affecting the student academic performance negatively. This research is a combination of authentic literature which has been selected from accurate sources. Such literature indicates the condition of social media in different regions of the world where it has been on peak and affecting the lives of students adversely. The collected data was then analyzed in shape of tabulation which was then explained. Keywords: Social Media, Students’ Academic Performance, Youth, Impacts, District Swat.
A comparison of wind noise in four hearing instruments (2000)

Wind noise was measured in four behind-the-ear hearing instruments with different microphone openings. A silent airflow of 7 m/s was directed toward the ear of a Kemar head and the resulting wind noise was measured. The amplification was set to an insertion gain of 35 dB at 1.6 kHz. The wind noise amplitude at the position of the drum ranged from 84 to 97 dB(A). The hearing instrument with a partially covered microphone entrance proved best, whereas one with an open microphone entrance had the poorest performance. A reduction in wind noise of 6-17 dB could be achieved in all hearing instruments by using a simple windscreen made of Styrofoam. The windscreen affected the frequency response by less than 2 dB. By subtracting the insertion gain from the wind noise, an equivalent wind noise could be presented as a function of frequency. A considerable difference was found between the wind noise sensitivity in different hearing instruments. All could be improved by a windscreen without adversely affecting the frequency response.
Regulation of the Initiation of Endospore Formation in<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2014)

Under certain environmental conditions, cells of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis can initiate a developmental process leading to the formation of dormant endospores. Much of the work on sporulation in B. subtilis has focused on several key questions such as What are the environmental conditions that control sporulation? The authors describe some of the regulatory circuits that control the initiation of sporulation and the conditions that influence the activity of the regulatory factors. The responses of the gram-positive soil bacterium B. subtilis to changing nutrient conditions have been studied extensively. Regulatory mechanisms exist to help ensure that cells do not initiate sporulation unless it is likely that they will be able to complete the process successfully. spo0A and spo0H encode transcription factors that are required for the initiation of sporulation. Both spo0A and spo0H are required for asymmetric division and for transcription of the genes required for establishing cell-type-specific gene expression. The genes controlled by Spo0A that are involved in formation of the axial filament and the polar FtsZ rings are not known. Extracellular and intracellular signals are generated by nutrient deprivation, cell density, DNA replication, DNA damage, glucose metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and chromosome-partitioning proteins. Understanding both the signals that regulate these pathways and the organization of the pathways into networks regulating gene expression will contribute significantly to an integrated view of the interplay among cell physiology, gene expression, adaptation, and development.
Analysis of Legacy System in Software Application Development: A Comparative Survey (2016)

<p class="PreformattedText">Software evolution is one of the challenging issues in today’s business environment. It is necessary for the organizations, which make use of Information, and Communication Technologies will have to align their business processes to compete with global business. The existing large software systems (“legacy” systems) have never been built to cope with the current business requirement for their poor coding, design structures, logic and documentation. Moreover, Legacy applications have various problems such as lack of up to-date documentation, skilled man power, resources of the Legacy applications, and high maintenance costs. Even though the Legacy system is obsolete, it contains detailed business rules and in continuous use, because it satisfies the users' needs and forms the backbone of the information flow of organization. One of the possible solutions is to refactor or modernize those systems into a new platform. It is necessary to analyse the existing legacy system for better understanding the business logic and its functionalities. This paper analyses various techniques proposed for understanding Legacy systems in existence.</p>
Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction: A New Mechanistic View for Thioureas Revealed by ESI‐MS(/MS) Monitoring and DFT Calculations (2009)

A Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction catalyzed by thiourea was monitored by ESI-MS(/MS) and key intermediates were intercepted and characterized. These intermediates suggest that thiourea acts as an organocatalyst in all steps of the MBH reaction cycle, including the rate-limiting proton-transfer step. DFT calculations, performed for a model MBH reaction between formaldehyde and acrolein with trimethylamine as base and in the presence or the absence of thiourea, suggest that thiourea accelerates MBH reactions by decreasing the transition-state (TS) energies through bidentate hydrogen bonding throughout the whole catalytic cycle. In the rate-limiting proton-transfer step, the thiourea acts not as a proton shuttle, but as a Brønsted acid stabilizing the basic oxygen center that is formed in the TS.
Multiresolution neural networks for image edge detection and restoration (1994)

One of the methods for building an automatic visual system is to borrow the properties of the human visual system (HVS). Artificial neural networks are based on this doctrine and they have been applied to image processing and computer vision. This work focused on the plausibility of using a class of Hopfield neural networks for edge detection and image restoration.\n\nTo this end, a quadratic energy minimization framework is presented. Central to this framework are relaxation operations, which can be implemented using the class of Hopfield neural networks. The role of the uncertainty principle in vision is described, which imposes a limit on the simultaneous localisation in both class and position space. It is shown how a multiresolution approach allows the trade off between position and class resolution and ensures both robustness in noise and efficiency of computation. As edge detection and image restoration are ill-posed, some a priori knowledge is needed to regularize these problems. A multiresolution network is proposed to tackle the uncertainty problem and the regularization of these ill-posed image processing problems. For edge detection, orientation information is used to construct a compatibility function for the strength of the links of the proposed Hopfield neural network.\n\nEdge detection 'results are presented for a number of synthetic and natural images which show that the iterative network gives robust results at low signal-to-noise ratios (0 dB) and is at least as good as many previous methods at capturing complex region shapes. For restoration, mean square error is used as the quadratic energy function of the Hopfield neural network. The results of the edge detection are used for adaptive restoration. Also shown are the results of restoration using the proposed iterative network framework.
The reaction of an α-aza-amino acid derivative with chymotrypsin and its use as a ligand for covalent affinity purification (1974)

1. Chymotrypsin is inactivated by N-acetyl-alpha-azaphenylalanine phenyl ester (phenyl N(2)-acetyl-N(1)-benzylcarbazate) in a stoicheiometric reaction. 2. The inactivation is reversible spontaneously (first-order rate constant is 1.2x10(-4)s(-1)) and accelerated by the presence of hydroxylamine. 3. Polymers based on polyacrylamide and carrying ligands containing the alpha-azaphenylalanine phenyl ester group were prepared. 4. Chymotrypsin reacts with these polymers and is removed by them from solution. Trypsin reacts less rapidly. 5. Chymotrypsin is slowly released from the polymer spontaneously and more rapidly on treatment with hydroxylamine. 6. The reaction of trypsin can be inhibited by competitive inhibitors. 7. Chymotrypsin was separated from trypsin by the selective bonding of chymotrypsin on to and its subsequent liberation from one of the polymers described.
Effects of High-Pressure Deuterium Annealing on Nonvolatile Memory Device with Silicon Nanocrystals Embedded in Silicon Nitride (2005)

We investigated the effects of high-pressure deuterium postmetallization annealing on the reliability characteristics of nonvolatile memory devices with silicon nanocrystals embedded in silicon nitride. By incorporating silicon nanocrystals in silicon nitride, program/erase efficiency and retention characteristics were improved. In addition, the high-pressure deuterium annealed samples showed excellent endurance characteristics and a significantly reduced charge loss rate. The improved reliability can be attributed to the large kinetic isotope effect of deuterium which in turn reduces generation of the interface traps under the program/erase cycles.
cdk1- and cdk2-Mediated Phosphorylation of MyoD Ser200 in Growing C2 Myoblasts: Role in Modulating MyoD Half-Life and Myogenic Activity (1999)

We have examined the role of protein phosphorylation in the modulation of the key muscle-specific transcription factor MyoD. We show that MyoD is highly phosphorylated in growing myoblasts and undergoes substantial dephosphorylation during differentiation. MyoD can be efficiently phosphorylated in vitro by either purified cdk1-cyclin B or cdk1 and cdk2 immunoprecipitated from proliferative myoblasts. Comparative two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping combined with site-directed mutagenesis revealed that cdk1 and cdk2 phosphorylate MyoD on serine 200 in proliferative myoblasts. In addition, when the seven proline-directed sites in MyoD were individually mutated, only substitution of serine 200 to a nonphosphorylatable alanine (MyoD-Ala200) abolished the slower-migrating hyperphosphorylated form of MyoD, seen either in vitro after phosphorylation by cdk1-cyclin B or in vivo following overexpression in 10T1/2 cells. The MyoD-Ala200 mutant displayed activity threefold higher than that of wild-type MyoD in transactivation of an E-box-dependent reporter gene and promoted markedly enhanced myogenic conversion and fusion of 10T1/2 fibroblasts into muscle cells. In addition, the half-life of MyoD-Ala200 protein was longer than that of wild-type MyoD, substantiating a role of Ser200 phosphorylation in regulating MyoD turnover in proliferative myoblasts. Taken together, our data show that direct phosphorylation of MyoD Ser200 by cdk1 and cdk2 plays an integral role in compromising MyoD activity during myoblast proliferation.
Apparatus for Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Metals in Vacuum at High Temperatures (1955)

The method of determining the thermal conductivity of a metal with this apparatus consists, essentially, of measuring both the axial temperature gradient and the transfer of heat under steady state conditions in a thermally shielded cylindrical rod of the metal which is heated at one end and cooled at the other. The objective was to make precise determinations of conductivity without reliance on previously established data for standard metals. In certain respects the apparatus embodies simplification of, and improvement over, other equipment of this type. A calorimetric measurement of heat flow constitutes a distinct advantage of the instrument both as to its simplicity and the fact that it supplies the data necessary for a direct rather than a comparative evaluation of thermal conductivity. Other features include vacuum operation and special instrumentation to facilitate the measurement of temperature differences. Tests have been made on nickel, zirconium, and a zirconium-3-percent-tin alloy from room temperature up to the range between 500 and 700°C. Where comparison is possible the results are in close agreement with some of the most accurate published data of this type.
Low glycemic index lunch on satiety in overweight and obese people with type 2 diabetes. (2005)

Several studies have shown that isocaloric diets have different effects on satiety. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of lunches with different glycemic indexes (GI) in type 2 diabetics. Ten men and women with type 2 diabetes participated in the study. Subjects were given two experimental lunches with glycemic indexes of 43 and 88. Visual analogue rating scales were completed before and after each experimental meal periodically to record subjective feelings of satiety. Satiety Area Under the Curve was 1024 +/- 160 mm after the low GI diet and 711 +/- 190 mm after the high GI diet. Eating a lunch with a low GI index resulted in higher satiety perception. These results suggest the need to promote culturally based combined foods with high fiber and low GI. This approach might contribute to the prevention of obesity by increasing the perception of satiety while also improving metabolic control of diabetics. In addition, this is a low cost approach for people with limited financial resources.
Reputational rankings: Background and development (1995)

Abstract This chapter discusses the history of and issues surrounding efforts to rate and rank colleges and universities.
Delignification By Wood-Decay Fungi (1991)

Beneficial microbes in the microbiome of plant roots improve plant health. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) emerged as an important mechanism by which selected plant growth–promoting bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere prime the whole plant body for ...Read More
The oligodendroglia cytoskeleton in health and disease (2000)

Oligodendrocytes have a high rate of synthetic activity and produce vast amounts of myelin. The membrane production requires specific sorting and transport processes and structural support. In culture, oligodendrocytes extend flat membranous sheets containing an extensive cytoskeletal network of microtubules (MTs) and microfilaments (MFs). The microtubules participate in the elaboration and stabilization of the myelin-containing cellular processes and have an impact not only on the complex oligodendroglia architecture but also influence their functions. They participate in intracellular sorting processes and the translocation of myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNAs to the forming myelin sheath. The two major groups of neuronal microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), MAP2 and tau are expressed in oligodendrocytes and might be involved in the regulation of MT stability and organization. Myelin-specific proteins, such as MBP and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP), interact with the cytoskeleton. Glial changes occur in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, and glial fibrillary tangles and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCls), containing abnormal microtubular structures which stain positively for stress proteins and microtubule-associated proteins, are found in oligodendrocytes of the affected brains. The role of MTs and their associated proteins in oligodendrocytes during normal development and pathological situations is specifically emphasized in this review.
Triphenylamine and Fluorene Based Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Synthesis and Characterization (2008)

Abstract Two kinds of amino‐functionized, triphenylamine and fluorene based copolymers, PFT‐N and PTFF‐N, were synthesized by palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. The corresponding quaternized polyelectrolytes PFT‐NBr and PTFF‐NBr were obtained through post‐polymerization. The quenching behaviors of PFT‐NBr and PTFF‐NBr in methanol were investigated by the titration of Fe(CN) . All of these polymers were investigated as emitting layer in multilayer PLEDs. Devices' performance together with electrochemical properties of these polymers indicate that both of the hole and the electron injection capabilities of them were improved due to the simultaneous introduction of the triphenylamine segment and the aminoalkyl (ammonium) group. magnified image
The effect of thermal time and soil water on emergence of <i>Ranunculus repens</i> (1998)

The effect of temperature and soil available water (AW) on the emergence of Ranunculus repens ␣L. was examined in artificial media in growth chambers. Two seed populations, `arable type' and `wild type', were investigated. Moisture levels were 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% AW, and temperatures were 10/5 °C, 15/7 °C, 20/10 °C and 25/15 °C. Time to onset of emergence varied from 11 to 28 days for both seed populations, primarily as a result of mean temperature. Mean thermal time (TT) required for the onset of emergence of both populations was 251 ± 45 TT. Total emergence of the `arable type' R. repens varied from 3% at 10/5 °C and 20% AW to 30% at 25/15 °C and 60% AW. Total emergence of the `wild type' was greater, ranging from 4% at 10/5 °C and 20% AW to 57% at 25/15 °C and 80% AW. Temperature and AW significantly affected total emergence. A logistic response was displayed for the cumulative emergence of both populations. Seedling emergence models based on TT were developed for both populations at each of the four levels of AW.
Transparencia en los resultados de la sanidad pública: el ejemplo de la Central de Resultados del sistema sanitario catalán (2014)

espanolLa mejora de la calidad y la transparencia del gobierno sanitario tiene un impacto en la salud de la poblacion a traves de las politicas, de la gestion de las organizaciones y de la practica clinica. Ademas, la comparacion entre centros sanitarios y la retroalimentacion de los resultados de forma transparente a los profesionales y a la ciudadania contribuye directamente a la mejora en los resultados. La Central de Resultados del sistema sanitario catalan mide y difunde los resultados alcanzados en el ambito de la asistencia sanitaria por los diferentes proveedores a fin de facilitar una toma de decisiones corresponsable al servicio de la calidad de la atencion sanitaria prestada a la poblacion de Cataluna. Esta es una iniciativa pionera en el Estado espanol, y esta alineada con los paises mas avanzados en politicas de transparencias y rendicion de cuentas. EnglishImproving de quality and transparency of the healthcare government has an impact on the health of the population through policies, management of organizations, and clinical practice. Moreover, the comparison between healthcare centres and the transparent feedback of results to professionals and to the citizens contributes directly to improved results. The Results Centre of the Catalan healthcare system measure and disseminates the results achieved by the different healthcare centres in order to facilitate a co-responsible decision making process, at the service of the quality of healthcare provided to the population of Catalonia. This is a pioneering initiative in Spain, and is aligned with the most advanced countries in policies of transparency and accountability.