gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Viscosamine:  The First Naturally Occurring Trimeric 3-Alkyl Pyridinium Alkaloid (2003)

[structure: see text] Pyridinium alkaloids are widely distributed in marine sponges of different genera. Chemical investigation of the Arctic sponge Haliclona viscosa led to the isolation of a new trimeric 3-alkyl pyridinium alkaloid (viscosamine). Trimers have not been described as natural products yet. The isolation and the structure elucidation of viscosamine are discussed in detail.
Cardiovascular effects of the DPP-4 inhibitors (2012)

Type 2 Diabetes continues to rise in prevalence throughout the globe, and cardiovascular diseases remain the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients. Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a newer class of oral anti-hyperglycemic agents whose effect is mediated through the incretin hormones, GLP-1 and GIP. In this review, we discuss the incretin system, DPP-4 inhibitors and their mechanism of action and, principally, the potential impact of DPP-4 inhibition on the cardiovascular system. Some pre-clinical data, small mechanistic studies and post-hoc analyses of randomized clinical trials suggest a possible beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk. However, the relationship between DPP-4 inhibition and actual cardiovascular outcomes remains unknown. We therefore also review ongoing large, randomized clinical trials examining this very question.
ChemInform Abstract: Phonon‐Induced Site Relaxation of Tetracene Guests in p‐Terphenyl Single Crystals (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Loudspeaker nonlinearities-analysis and compensation (2003)

Loudspeakers produce linear and nonlinear distortion, especially at low frequencies, which seemingly can be modeled by a Volterra filter. If parameter adaptation of this Volterra model can be successfully performed, one can reduce these distortions by prefiltering the loudspeaker input signal with an appropriate nonlinear inverse filter. Some experiences in the accommodation of a Volterra model to a real world system are shown. The concept of linearization, the restrictions, and the implementation on a digital signal processing (DSP) system are elucidated. Measurements of the loudspeaker output signal with and without compensation are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Potential mechanisms behind contrast medium-induced nephropathy : original article (2005)

How contrast medium-induced nephropathy 
(CIN) comes about is poorly understood, 
although CIN is a common 
cause of acute renal failure. Hitherto, the 
various studies performed have led to different 
interpretations and partially contradictory 
conclusions. This article aimed to 
review the mechanisms underlying CIN 
and to outline existing data obtained with 
the newer iodinated agents in patients with 
pre-existing renal failure. Osmolality, 
which has received considerable attention, 
is but one of several physico-chemical 
properties of contrast media (CM). The 
more recently developed iso-osmolar CM 
are dimers, not monomers as the widely 
used non-ionic low osmolar CM. Thus, in 
spite of them being iso-osmolar, they have 
physicochemical features different from 
other CM, e.g. in terms of viscosity (g 5 
fold greater than plasma viscosity), which 
may be of considerable pathophysiologic 
and clinical importance. Many experimental 
studies provide evidence for greater perturbation 
in renal function with iso-osmolar 
CM compared with non-ionic lowosmolar 
CM. Conversely, some clinical trials 
indicate an advantage of the iso-osmolar 
CM, although others do not. In this 
review, the possible causes of CIN are highlighted, 
including altered rheological properties, 
perturbation of renal haemodynamics, 
regional hypoxia, auto- and paracrine 
factors (adenosine, endothelin, reactive 
oxygen species) and direct cytotoxic effects. 
It is concluded that caution must be taken 
to avoid a false sense of security with the 
use of iso-osmolar CM.
Efficacy of the Condom as a Barrier to the Transmission of Cytomegalovirus (1984)

An in vitro model was used to determine whether latex condoms prevent the transmission of cytomegalovirus. When the condoms were submitted to stretching and trauma that simulated sexual intercourse, no transmission of cytomegalovirus across the condom barrier was detected. Condoms may therefore be used to minimize the transmission of cytomegalovirus via semen in both heterosexual and homosexual intercourse.
Studies on optical properties of polycrystalline SnO<sub>2</sub>:Sb thin films prepared using SnCl<sub>2</sub> precursor (2003)

Abstract Optical properties of spray deposited antimony (Sb) doped tin oxide (SnO 2 ) thin films, prepared from SnCl 2 precursor, have been studied as a function of antimony doping concentration. The doping concentration was varied from 0‐4 wt.% of Sb. All the films were deposited on microscope glass slides at the optimized substrate temperature of 400 °C. The films are polycrystalline in nature with tetragonal crystal structure. The doped films are degenerate and n‐type conducting. The sheet resistance of tin oxide films was found to decrease from 38.22 Ω/□ for undoped films to 2.17 Ω/□ for antimony doped films. The lowest sheet resistance was achieved for 2 wt.% of Sb doping. To the best of our knowledge, this sheet resistance value is the lowest reported so far, for Sb doped films prepared from SnCl 2 precursor. The transmittance and reflectance spectra for the as‐deposited films were recorded in the wavelength range of 300 to 2500 nm. The transmittance of the films was observed to increase from 42 % to 55 % (at 800 nm) on initial addition of Sb and then it is decreased for higher level of antimony doping. This paper investigates the variation of optical and electrical properties of the as‐deposited films with Sb doping. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sodic Calcareous Soil Reclamation as Affected by Different Amendments and Crops<sup>1</sup> (1986)

Abstract Sodium leaching efficiencies (moles of Na removed per unit leachate volume) were measured and compared from four noncropped and four cropped treatments applied in duplicate to 1.0 m deep sodic calcareous silt loam in lysimeters. Treatments included a check, gypsum, chopped alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), fresh manure, alfalfa, sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ), Sudan grass ( Sorghum Sudanese ) hybrid (which will be called sorghum hybrid for simplicity), sorghum hybrid + leaching, and cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). The sorghum hybrid + leaching treatment soil was leached with tap water until 0.5 pore volume of leachate was collected from lysimeter bottoms, and then sorghum hybrid was planted. Sorghum hybrid was the most efficient treatment in reclaiming Na‐affected soil. All four non‐cropped soils eventually became dispersed in the lower part of the profile and hydraulic conductivity became very low. Cropped treatments continued to conduct water at a satisfactory rate for reclamation; however, due to low water use, cotton treatment produced a low total Na removal. Sorghum hybrid shows promise as a crop that could be used to speed reclamation of sodic calcareous soils. The treatments producing the highest sodium removal efficiencies also produced the highest soil atmosphere CO 2 concentrations. By selecting crops, amendments, and water application rates and timing, calcareous sodic soil reclamation can very likely be accomplished faster and more economically than in the past.
Depth-aware patch-based image disocclusion for virtual view synthesis (2015)

In this paper we propose a depth-aided patch based inpainting method to perform the disocclusion of holes that appear when synthesizing virtual views from RGB-D scenes. Depth information is added to each key step of the classical patch-based algorithm from [Criminisi et al. 2004] to guide the synthesis of missing structures and textures. These contributions result in a new inpainting method which is efficient compared to state-of-the-art approaches (both in visual quality and computational burden), while requiring only a single easy-to-adjust additional parameter.
Electrodeposited Composite Coatings (1964)

SummaryExperiments investigating a novel method of preparing composite coatings are described. In this method, the dispersed phase, which may be fibrous or granular, is incorporated into a metallic matrix by suspending the fibres or particles in a plating bath suitable for electroplating the matrix material. Provided that the bath conditions are suitably adjusted, the resultant metallic plating will have the dispersed phase distributed evenly through it. Fibre and particle reinforced coatings have been made in this way and the results of a study of bath parameters on the quality of the coatings are presented. Some properties of particle reinforced coatings, notably alumina-nickel and self-lubricated coatings formed by codepositing graphite powder in a copper matrix, have been evaluated and the results are presented.
A review of automated debugging systems: knowledge, strategies and techniques (2003)

The authors propose a classification of debugging knowledge, and a description of the corresponding knowledge representation in the systems. Then they propose a classification of global debugging strategies used in the systems, and a description of the corresponding techniques. They assess the identified strategies from a real-world program development point of view. The knowledge types identified are: (1) knowledge of the intended program; (2) knowledge of the actual program; (3) understanding of the programming language; (4) general programming expertise; (5) knowledge of the application domain; (6) knowledge of bugs; and (7) knowledge of debugging methods. The strategies identified are: (1) filtering; (2) checking computational equivalence of intended program and actual one; (3) checking the well-formedness of actual program; and (4) recognizing stereotyped errors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A conserved peptide sequence of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein and antipeptide antibodies inhibit Plasmodium berghei sporozoite invasion of Hep-G2 cells and protect immunized mice against P. berghei sporozoite challenge (1995)

Minutes after injection into the circulation, malaria sporozoites enter hepatocytes. The speed and specificity of the invasion process suggest that it is receptor mediated. The region II sequence of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein includes a nonapeptide (WSPCSVTCG) which is highly conserved in all of the CS proteins sequenced to data, including the one from Plasmodium berghei. We have found that two peptides based on the P. falciparum region II sequence, P18 (EWSPCSVTCGNGIQVRIK) and P32 (IEQYLKKIKNS ISTEWSPCSVTCGNGIQVRIK), significantly inhibited P. berghei sporozoite invasion into Hep-G2 cells in vitro. This inhibition was enhanced if either peptide was preincubated with Hep-G2 cells prior to sporozoite invasion. We confirm that region II is a sporozoite ligand for the hepatocyte receptor; moreover, despite the few differences between P. falciparum and P. berghei region II sequences around the nonapeptide sequence (66% homology), the functional characteristics of the motif sequences are not affected. Since the conserved motifs represent a crucial sequence involved in Plasmodium sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes, antibodies to region II should inhibit sporozite invasion into hepatocytes. Indeed, we found that polyclonal antibodies generated to the P. falciparum-based peptide P32 inhibited P. berghei sporozoite invasion of Hep-G2 cells. Furthermore, inbred mice (C57BL/6) immunized with P32 were protected against a lethal challenge of P. berghei sporozoites. Our results suggest that the conserved region II of the CS protein contains crucial B- and T-cell epitopes, that such peptide sequences from the human malaria parasite P. falciparum can be screened in the P. berghei rodent model, and, finally, that region II can be considered useful as one of the components of a malaria vaccine.
Building PLC automation projects from IEC 61131-3 software architecture (2006)

Industrial Process Measurement and Control Systems (IPMCS) are used in most of the industrial sectors to achieve production improvement, process optimization and time and cost reduction. Integration, reuse, flexibility and optimization are demanded to adapt to a rapidly changing and competitive market. There is also a growing requirement that all software tools that support the different phases of the development process can be integrated as well. Thus, a consolidation of modeling methodologies for achieving this goal is needed. In this paper, a component-based model of the implementation (hardware and software) is proposed. In particular, the software architecture is defined to follow the software model of the IEC 61131-3 standard. The work presented here is related to how to create PLC automation projects from the application model. The different steps needed depend on the PLC programming tool. The paper analyses the different cases and the use of XML technologies to generate the automation projects for all the PLCs defined in the hardware architecture.
Interfacial Reactions in Glass–Ceramic‐to‐Metal Seals (2007)

During the sealing of glass–ceramics to metals, undesirable interfacial reactions may occur between constituents of the glass and diffusing metal species, and any reaction products formed may have serious consequences on the lifetime behavior of seal components. This paper reviews the factors influencing the lifetime behavior of glass–ceramic‐to‐metal systems, with particular emphasis given to the effect that such interfacial reactions can have on the resultant and longer term properties. Steps that can be taken to enhance desirable interfacial reactions and minimize those that are undesirable are highlighted. In addition, in order to aid in the understanding of complex alloy systems, it is of interest to study both the interfacial reactions and diffusion characteristics of simplified systems without the complicating issue of multiple element diffusion. Thus, a preliminary investigation is highlighted in which a lithium zinc silicate glass nucleated with P 2 O 5 has been sealed to high‐purity Fe, Ni, and Cr metals and the resultant diffusion into the glass of each metal monitored as a function of sealing temperature and time. The data generated have been compared with information from multicomponent alloy systems and an attempt has been made to explain the differences noted.
Synthesis and Characterization of (β-Diketonato)silver Vinyltriethylsilane Compounds and Their Application to CVD of Silver Thin Films. Crystal Structure of the (2,2-Dimethyl-6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-3,5-octanedionato)silver Vinyltriethylsilane Dimer (1996)

New silver complexes of alkenes of empirical formula (β-diketonato)Ag(VTES), where β-diketonato = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato (hfac) (1), 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedionato (tfac) (2), and 2,2-dimethyl-6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-3,5-octanedionato (fod) (3) and VTES = vinyltriethylsilane, were prepared from reactions of Ag2O with β-diketones in the presence of VTES. All compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR and IR spectra. The crystal structure of compound 3 determined by X-ray diffraction analysis showed a dimeric silver species with coordination of the CC double bond of VTES, two oxygen atoms of a chelating fod ligand, and the methine C atom of another fod in the solid state. Hot-wall chemical vapor deposition experiments revealed that compound 1 is suitable as a precursor to deposit pure silver films in the temperature range 160−280 °C.
<i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> Periodontal Infection and Its Putative Links with Alzheimer’s Disease (2015)

Periodontal disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inflammatory conditions affecting the global adult population. In the pathogenesis of PD, subgingival complex bacterial biofilm induces inflammation that leads to connective tissue degradation and alveolar bone resorption around the teeth. In health, junctional epithelium seals the gingiva to the tooth enamel, thus preventing bacteria from entering the gingivae. Chronic PD involves major pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) which have an immune armoury that can circumvent host's immune surveillance to create and maintain an inflammatory mediator rich and toxic environment to grow and survive. The neurodegenerative condition, AD, is characterised by poor memory and specific hallmark proteins; periodontal pathogens are increasingly being linked with this dementing condition. It is therefore becoming important to understand associations of periodontitis with relevance to late-onset AD. The aim of this review is to discuss the relevance of finding the keystone periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis in AD brains and its plausible contribution to the aetiological hypothesis of this dementing condition.
Miniaturized circularly polarized microstrip antenna by spirally slotted (2015)

A miniaturized circularly polarized microstrip antenna is designed by spiral which is a typical frequency independent structure. A rotated corner-cut square radiator is used to implement the CP radiation. The ground plane of the antenna is spirally slotted to enhance the operating band and achieve the miniaturization. The radiation performances of the proposed are analyzed by comparing with a reference antenna which is not slotted. The results show that the impendence bandwidth is 2.362GHz-2.466GHz and the axial ratio bandwidth is 2.403GHz-2.427GHz, which are lower than those of the reference antenna.
On decoding doubly extended Reed-Solomon codes (2002)

The article discusses the algebraic decoding of doubly extended Reed-Solomon codes. This is shown for a decoder based on the Euclidean algorithm.
Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials (2003)

Organic acids have a long history of being utilized as food additives and preservatives for preventing food deterioration and extending the shelf life of perishable food ingredients. Specific organic acids have also been used to control microbial contamination and dissemination of foodborne pathogens in preharvest and postharvest food production and processing. The antibacterial mechanism(s) for organic acids are not fully understood, and activity may vary depending on physiological status of the organism and the physicochemical characteristics of the external environment. An emerging potential problem is that organic acids have been observed to enhance survivability of acid sensitive pathogens exposed to low pH by induction of an acid tolerance response and that acid tolerance may be linked to increased virulence. Although this situation has implications regarding the use of organic acids, it may only apply to circumstances in which reduced acid levels have induced resistance and virulence mechanisms in exposed organisms. Evaluating effectiveness of organic acids for specific applications requires more understanding general and specific stress response capabilities of foodborne pathogens. Development and application of molecular tools to study pathogen behavior in preharvest and postharvest food production environments will enable dissection of specific bacterial genetic regulation involved in response to organic acids. This could lead to the development of more targeted strategies to control foodborne pathogens with organic acids.
A prescription to ease the pain (2012)

A conservative path to long-term wealth creation helped one Byron Bay couple - merrily ploughing through the cash like many of their high-earning medico colleagues - achieve an ideal trade-off between lifestyle and future security.
Surface Active Properties and LCST Behavior of Oligo(propylene oxide-block-ethylene oxide) Allyl Ether Siloxane Surfactants in Aqueous Solution (2004)

Polydisperse oligo(PO-b-EO) allyl ether siloxane surfactants were synthesized by the hydrosilylation reaction of OMTS with Allyl-oligo(PO-b-EO) series. The surface tension of siloxane surfactants increased with increasing the EO chain length while it decreased with increasing the PO ratio. However, the sedimentation time of the aqueous solution showed opposite trend to the surface tension data. Both the surface tension and sedimentation time of the aqueous solution containing inorganic electrolyte gradually decreased as the content of inorganic electrolyte increased because of the surface arrangement of surfactant molecules. However, they increased with an increase of pH values due to the hydrolysis of the siloxane backbone. The <TEX>$C_p$</TEX> values tended to increase with the increase in the EO chain length and decrease of the PO ratio. It seems that intermolecular interaction between PO/EO block copolymer and water affects the variation of transition temperature.
CT Assessment of Cerebral Perfusion: Experimental Validation and Initial Clinical Experience (1999)

Dynamic single-section CT scanning to measure CBV and CBF on the basis of a noncarotid input is a highly accessible and cost-effective blood flow measurement technique.
Concurrent error detection of fault-based side-channel cryptanalysis of 128-bit symmetric block ciphers (2002)

Fault-based side channel cryptanalysis is very effective against symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Although straightforward hardware and time redundancy based concurrent error detection (CED) architectures can be used to thwart such attacks, they entail significant overhead (either area or performance). In this paper we investigate systematic approaches to low-cost, low-latency CED for symmetric encryption algorithms based on the inverse relationship that exists between encryption and decryption at algorithm level, round level and operation level and develop CED architectures that explore the trade-off between area overhead, performance penalty and error detection latency. The proposed techniques have been validated on FPGA implementations of AES finalist 128-bit symmetric encryption algorithms.
An Electronic Second Skin (2011)

Small, flexible devices that attach to the skin without adhesives or gels monitor physiological signals.
The Viterbi optimal runlength-constrained approximation nonlinear filter (1996)

Simple nonlinear filters are often used to enforce "hard" syntactic constraints while remaining close to the observation data, e.g., in the binary case, it is common practice to employ iterations of a suitable median, or a one-pass recursive median, openclose, or closeopen filter to impose a minimum symbol runlength constraint while remaining "faithful" to the observation. Unfortunately, these filters are-in general-suboptimal. Motivated by this observation, we pose the following optimization: given a finite-alphabet sequence of finite extent y={y(n)}/sub n=0//sup N-1/, find a sequence x={x(n)}/sub n=0//sup N-1/ that minimizes d(x,y)=/spl Sigma//sub n=0//sup N-1/d/sub n/(y(n), x(n)) subject to the following: x is piecewise constant of plateau run-length /spl ges/M. We show how a suitable reformulation of the problem naturally leads to a simple and efficient Viterbi-type optimal algorithmic solution. We call the resulting nonlinear input-output operator the Viterbi optimal runlength-constrained approximation (VORCA) filter. The method can be easily generalized to handle a variety of local syntactic constraints. The VORCA is optimal, computationally efficient, and possesses several desirable properties (e.g., idempotence); we therefore propose it as an attractive alternative to standard median, stack, and morphological filtering. We also discuss some applications.