gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulse-induced mechanoluminescence of ultraviolet-irradiated SrAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>:Eu,Dy phosphors (2014)

AbstractThe SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy phosphors prepared by solid state reaction technique in a reduced atmosphere of 95% Ar+5% H2 exhibit very intense mechanoluminescence (ML) which can be seen in daylight with naked eye. When the phosphors are deformed by the impact of a low-power electric hammer, initially the ML intensity increases with time, attains a maximum value and then decreases with time. After the threshold pressure, the peak of ML intensity Im and the total ML intensity IT increase with the increasing value of the impact pressure. For the ML excited by the pressure pulse of short duration, two decay times of ML are observed; however, for the ML excited by the pressure pulse of long duration, only one decay time is observed. The ML intensity decreases with successive applications of pressure on SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy phosphors. For the low applied pressure in the range below the limit of elasticity recovery of ML intensity takes place when the sample is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. This fact indicates that the vacant traps produced during the application of pressure pulses get filled during the exposure of the sample to UV light. The ML in the elastic region of SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy phosphors can be understood on the basis of the piezoelectrically induced detrapping model. The non-irradiated SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ phosphors exhibit ML during the fracture of the compact mass of phosphors whose ML intensity is less when compared to that of the UV-irradiated compact masses. The ML induced by pressure pulses may be useful for determining the magnitude and rise time of unknown pressure pulses and to determine the lifetime of charge carriers in shallow traps.Keywords: mechanoluminescencetriboluminescenceceramicsrare-earth-doped strontium aluminatesensors AcknowledgementsThe authors are thankful to Dr N. Suryamurthy of Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu, India for providing the facility for the preparation of phosphors.
The Relationship Between Optic Nerve Cup-to-Disc Ratio and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Suspected Pediatric Glaucoma (2020)

In patients with suspected pediatric glaucoma who present with large cup-to-disc ratios, RNFL thickness does not correlate with the degree of optic nerve cupping. Myopic refractive errors and Bruch's membrane opening size need to be taken into consideration to prevent misinterpretation of peripapillary RNFL measurements. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(2):90-96.].
Solidification of Alloys in Electromagnetic Field (2000)

This paper reviews our recent research on the solidification of several alloy systems under the action of electromagnetic field. We have developed a new solidification process, namely Electromagnetic Centrifugal Casting, by introducing a direct current magnetic field to centrifugal casting. The fundamentals of this new process, such as the force field and the now field in the liquid metal, and the solidified structures, have been studied by simulations as well as by experiments. It is found that, under the action of electromagnetic force, the flow of liquid metal in front of the solid/liquid interface greatly changes the solidified structures and promotes the columnar-equiaxed transition. The tensile properties of the castings at both room temperature and high temperatures are notably enhanced. In particular, the creep rupture strength of 25 Cr-20 %Ni-Fe alloy (HK40), a typical austenite heat-resistant steel, is remarkably improved. This technique can be applied to cast heat-resistant steel tubes that are widely used in petrochemical and metallurgical industries. The paper also deals with the solidification behavior of a nickel-base super-alloy in an electric field. The morphology of the gamma prime phase in the alloy changes from cubic to irregular shape when the strength of the electric field increases. At mean time, the amount of the gamma' phase also increases. The results indicate potential applications in directional solidification or single crystal growth of superalloys.
Germs: biological weapons and America's secret war (2002)

Deadly germs sprayed in shopping malls, bomb-lets spewing anthrax spores over battlefields, tiny vials of plague scattered in Square -- these are the poor man's hydrogen bombs, hideous weapons of mass destruction that can be made in a simple laboratory. In this groundbreaking work of investigative journalism, Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg, and William Broad of New York Times uncover the truth about biological weapons and show why bio-warfare and bio-terrorism are fast becoming our worst national nightmare. Among the startling revelations in Germs: How the CIA secretly built and tested a model of a Soviet-designed germ bomb, alarming some officials who felt the work pushed to the limits of what is permitted by the global treaty banning germ arms. How the Pentagon embarked on a secret effort to make a superbug. Details about the Soviet Union's massive hidden program to produce biological weapons, including new charges that germs were tested on humans. How Moscow's scientists made an untraceable germ that instructs the body to destroy itself. The Pentagon's chaotic efforts to improvise defenses against Iraq's biological weapons during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. How a religious cult in Oregon in the 1980s sickened hundreds of Americans in a bio-terrorism attack that the government played down to avoid panic and copycat strikes. Plans by the U.S. military in the 1960s to attack Cuba with germ weapons. Germs also shows how a small group of scientists and senior officials persuaded President Bill Clinton to launch a controversial multibillion-dollar program to detect a germ attack on U.S. soil and to aid its victims -- a program that, so far, isstruggling to provide real protection. Based on hundreds of interviews with scientists and senior officials, including President Clinton, as well as on recently declassified documents and on-site reporting from the former Soviet Union's sinister bio-weapons labs, Germs shows us bio-warriors past and present at work at their trade. There is the American scientist who devoted his professional life to perfecting biological weapons, and the Nobel laureate who helped pioneer the new biology of genetically modified germs and is now trying to stop its misuse. We meet former Soviet scientists who made enough plague, smallpox, and anthrax to kill everyone on Earth and whose expertise is now in great demand by terrorists, rogue states, and legitimate research labs alike. A frightening and unforgettable narrative of cutting-edge science and spycraft, Germs shows us why advances in biology and the spread of germ weapons expertise to such countries as Iran, Iraq, and North Korea could make germs the weapon of the twenty-first century.
Improving Border Localization of Multi-Baseline Stereo Using Border-Cut (2006)

This paper presents a novel algorithm that improves the localization of disparity discontinuities of disparity maps obtained by multi-baseline stereo. Rather than associating a disparity label to every pixel of a disparity map, it associates a position to every disparity discontinuity. This formulation allows us to find an approximate solution to a 2D labeling problem with robust smoothing term by minimizing multiple 1D problems, thus making possible the use of dynamic programming. Dynamic programming allows the efficient computation of the visibility of most of the cameras during the minimization. Whilst the proposed minimization strategy is particularly suitable for stereo with occlusion, it may be used with other labeling problems.
A Language and Algorithm for Automatic Merging of Ontologies (2006)

Nowadays, most of the important information resources that the people require are available through the Internet. The use of several sources in the Internet requires merging the information into a knowledge base in a reasonable way. We will use an ontology, an information technology that manages this knowledge in computers. Merging is an important task and many languages and tools have been developed to describe and process Internet content but the current languages (DAML+OIL, RDF, OWL, etc.) lack a complete expressiveness. For this reason, we present two important improvements to facilitate knowledge interchange: 1) The OM (ontology merging) notation that provides substantial improvements to these languages and 2) The OM algorithm, this is totally automatic in comparison with others (Prompt, Chimaera, OntoMerge, FCA-Merge, IF-Map and ISI) where the user manually solves the most important problems found in the merging
Chitosan Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery System: A Review (2010)

Chitosan has prompted the continuous movement for the development of safe and effective drug delivery systems because of its unique physicochemical and biological characteristics. The primary hydroxyl and amine groups located on the backbone of chitosan allow for chemical modification to control its physical properties. When the hydrophobic moiety is conjugated to a chitosan molecule, the resulting amphiphile may form self-assembled nanoparticles that can encapsulate a quantity of drugs and deliver them to a specific site of action. Chemical attachment of the drug to the chitosan throughout the functional linker may produce useful prodrugs, exhibiting the appropriate biological activity at the target site. Mucoadhesive and absorption enhancement properties of chitosan increase the in vivo residence time of the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract and improve the bioavailability of various drugs. The main objective of this review is to provide an insight into various target-specific carriers, based on chitosan and its derivatives. The first part of the review is concerned with the organ-specific delivery system using chitosan and its derivatives. The subsequent section considers the recent developments of drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy with special focus on various targeting strategies.
Spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio based on polarization vector's orientation (2012)

In this paper, we propose a new blind spectrum sensing method based on the polarization vector's orientation characteristics of the received signal. We first discuss a spectrum sensing model based on polarization characteristic and develop the directional statistics of a polarization vector which can be used to discriminate the signal and noise. Then, a new polarization sensing algorithm (GLRT-PV) is introduced based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) paradigm. Applying the recent advances in directional statistics, we derive closed-form expressions of both the probability of false alarm and the probability of detection. Our simulation results show that the proposed GLRT-PV method exhibits better performance than other existing methods in the case of unknown primary transmitter polarization and/or in the presence of noise power uncertainty.
History Driven Program Repair (2016)

Effective automated program repair techniques have great potential to reduce the costs of debugging and maintenance. Previously proposed automated program repair (APR) techniques often follow a generate-and-validate and test-case-driven procedure: They first randomly generate a large pool of fix candidates and then exhaustively validate the quality of the candidates by testing them against existing or provided test suites. Unfortunately, many real-world bugs cannot be repaired by existing techniques even after more than 12 hours of computation in a multi-core cloud environment. More work is needed to advance the capabilities of modern APR techniques. We propose a new technique that utilizes the wealth of bug fixesacross projects in their development history to effectively guide and drive a programrepair process. Our main insight is that recurring bug fixes are common inreal-world applications, and that previously-appearing fix patterns canprovide useful guidance to an automated repair technique. Based on this insight, our technique first automaticallymines bug fix patterns from the history of many projects. We then employ existingmutation operators to generate fix candidates for a given buggy program. Candidates that match frequently occurring historical bug fixes are consideredmore likely to be relevant, and we thus give them priority inthe random search process. Finally, candidates thatpass all the previously failed test cases are recommended as likely fixes. We compare our technique against existinggenerate-and-validate and test-driven APR approaches using 90 bugs from 5 Javaprograms. The experiment results show that our technique can producegood-quality fixes for many more bugs as compared to the baselines, while beingreasonably computationally efficient: it takes less than 20minutes, on average, to correctly fix a bug.
Regression Modeling with Actuarial and Financial Applications (2009)

This text gives budding actuaries and financial analysts a foundation in multiple regression and time series. They will learn about these statistical techniques using data on the demand for insurance, lottery sales, foreign exchange rates, and other applications. Although no specific knowledge of risk management or finance is presumed, the approach introduces applications in which statistical techniques can be used to analyze real data of interest. In addition to the fundamentals, this book describes several advanced statistical topics that are particularly relevant to actuarial and financial practice, including the analysis of longitudinal, two-part (frequency/severity), and fat-tailed data. Datasets with detailed descriptions, sample statistical software scripts in 'R' and 'SAS', and tips on writing a statistical report, including sample projects, can be found on the book's Web site: http://research.bus.wisc.edu/RegActuaries.
Effects of fasting on corticosterone production by zona fasciculata-reticularis cells in ovariectomized rats. (2002)

This study demonstrated that fasting increased the release of corticosterone and the accumulation of cAMP by rat ZFR cells. The action mediated through enhancing the responsiveness to ACTH stimulation, cAMP cascades and the activity of L-type calcium channels. The activities of steroidogenic enzymes including P450scc, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 21-hydroxylase, and 11beta-hydroxylase were all enhanced by the fasting treatment.
Fast Fourier transform computation using a digital CNN simulator (2002)

We explore the advantages of more general topology of cellular neural network (CNN) arrays, where cell neighbourhood is defined from the functional, rather than topological, point of view. In this way it is possible to build many new applications, thus extending possibilities of CNN. To illustrate this, we have chosen a fast Fourier transform algorithm, which can be successfully used in many applications. Both fast Fourier and inverse fast Fourier transform (FFT and IFFT) can easily be built using our digital CNN simulator proposed. In contrast to direct Fourier transform, as proposed for CNN by Moreira-Tamayo et al. (1996), FFT is far more economical. This paper also clarifies some computational techniques of the proposed digital CNN simulator and focuses on its timing and accuracy aspects.
Applying new technologies for diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource-poor settings (2011)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To assess the role of body mass index (BMI) and of the rate of weight loss as prognostic factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to explore the clinical correlates of weight loss in the early phases of the disease. <h3>Methods</h3> The study cohort included all ALS patients in Piemonte/Valle d’Aosta in the 2007–2011 period. Overall survival and the probability of death/tracheostomy at 18 months (logistic regression model) were calculated. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 712 patients, 620 (87.1%) were included in the study. Patients ’ survival was related to the mean monthly percentage of weight loss at diagnosis (p<0.0001), but not to pre-morbid BMI or BMI at diagnosis. Spinal onset patients with dysphagia at diagnosis had a median survival similar to bulbar onset patients. About 20% of spinal onset patients without dysphagia at diagnosis had severe weight loss and initial respiratory impairment, and had a median survival time similar to bulbar onset patients. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The rate of weight loss from onset to diagnosis was found to be a strong and independent prognostic factor in ALS. Weight loss was mainly due to the reduction of nutritional intake related to dysphagia, but a subgroup of spinal onset patients without dysphagia at diagnosis had a severe weight loss and an outcome similar to bulbar patients. According to our findings, we recommend that in clinical trials patients should be stratified according to the presence of dysphagia at the time of enrolment and not by site of onset of symptoms.
Ways of professional performance and their role in the training of doctors (2014)

Foundation: the training of doctors requires the pedagogical concretion of the ways of professional performance that will respond to the social demands of the country. Objectives: to argue for the meaning and role of the ways of professional performance in the training process of the Cuban doctor, and their interrelationship and differences with the concepts of competence and professional performance in the field of health. EDUMECENTRO 2014;6(2):6-30 ISSN 2077-2874 RNPS 2234 Santa Clara may.-ago. http://www.revedumecentro.sld.cu 8 Methods: a qualitative study of descriptive type was done, with the use of theoretical methods, in order to do the analysis and synthesis of the documentary and bibliographic revision on the theme of the research project. As empirical method, it was used the work of a group of experts who belong to the academic committee of the master s degree in Medical Education of the National School of Public Health. Results: the characteristics and components of the ways of performance, and their basic structure in the professional model are described, closely linked to the remaining didactic categories. This result will work as a guide in the development of the competences during the whole training process, and will allow to verify how those ways of performance coincide with the actual performance of doctors graduated within the national health system. Conclusions: the concretion of the way of professional performance in the curriculum of Medicine is an essential pedagogical problem in order to evaluate how the students advance during all their training process. The differences with the competence and professional performance are established.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies on magnetic tunnel junctions with AlO and AlN tunnel barriers (2006)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements of the optimized magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with AlO and AlN barriers have been performed to study the chemical structures of the barrier and the underlying layer. These MTJs with AlO and AlN barriers exhibited increased tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) after annealing at 200°C from 27% to 45% and from 25% to 33%, respectively. Surprisingly, the XPS and XAS measurements confirmed that both the as-grown and the annealed MTJs had metallic Co and Fe at the interface between the barrier and the underlying CoFe layer. After annealing, under-stoichiometric AlOx and AlNx phases in MTJs with AlO and AlN barriers partially transformed into stoichiometric Al2O3 and AlN phases, respectively. Thus the increase in TMR after annealing for MTJs with clean interface between the barrier and the underlying layer is believed due to the anion redistribution inside the barrier layer, not from back diffusion from pinned magnetic layer to barrier layer.
Growth of 28 Legionella species on selective culture media: a comparative study (1993)

We compared the growth of 28 Legionella spp. on four manufacturers' buffered charcoal-yeast extract (BCYE) agar media and selective BCYE media that contained polymyxin B, anisomycin, and vancomycin or cefamandole. With BCYE as a "gold standard," growth for Legionella pneumophila was significantly better than for the nonpneumophila species on all media tested. L. pneumophila and 24 other Legionella spp. grew on vancomycin-containing media, while L. santicrucis, L. rubrilucens, and L. erythra grew poorly. In contrast, 11 of 28 species (notably L. micdadei and L. bozemanii) did not grow on cefamandole-containing media and 8 of 28 species only grew marginally. We demonstrated that selective BCYE media that contain vancomycin or cefamandole may not support the growth of all Legionella spp. One commercial manufacturer's media were consistently suboptimal. Laboratories should not rely on a manufacturer's quality control testing in lieu of their own.
Prevention of indomethacin-induced acute gastric mucosal injury by spermine in the rat. (1996)

The effect of spermine tetrahydrochloride was investigated on the indomethacin-induced acute mucosal injury and mucosal lipid peroxidation in rats. Spermine was given orally at doses of 25, 75 and 150 mg/kg and, intraperitoneally at 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg 1 hour before 25 mg/kg indomethacin administration. Macroscopic injury was measured by the use of a stereomicroscope. Mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by an HPLC method. Oral spermine reduced dose-dependently the extent of macroscopic injury from 22.87 +/- 2.88 mm to 11.8 +/- 2.48 mm (p < 0.01, 25 mg/kg), 6.53 +/- 4.19 mm (p < 0.0007, 75 mg/kg) and 0.25 +/- 0.25 mm (p < 0.0001,150 mg/kg). Intraperitoneally administered spermine prevented dose-dependently the indomethacin produced lesions from 19.25 +/- 4.31 mm to 12.63 +/- 3.18 mm (p < 0.01, 25 mg/kg) and to 0.33 +/- 0.33 mm (p < 0.001, 50 mg/kg). Doses necessary for intraperitoneal protection were lower than those achieving similar effect, orally suggesting different mechanisms of action. Neither oral or intraperitoneal spermine influenced the mucosal MDA levels.
Circadian rhythm chaos: a new breast cancer marker. (2002)

The most disappointing aspect of breast cancer treatment as a public health issue has been the failure of screening to improve mortality figures. Since treatment of late-stage cancer has indeed advanced, mortality can only be decreased by improving the rate of early diagnosis. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s, it was expected that thermography would hold the key to breast cancer detection, as surface temperature increases overlying malignant tumors had been demonstrated by thermographic imaging. Unfortunately, detection of the 1-3 degrees C thermal differences failed to bear out its promise in early identification of cancer. In the intervening two-and-a-half decades, three new factors have emerged: it is now apparent that breast cancer has a lengthy genesis; a long-established tumor-even one of a certain minimum size-induces increased arterial/capillary vascularity in its vicinity; and thermal variations that characterize tissue metabolism are circadian ("about 24 hours") in periodicity. This paper reviews the evidence for a connection between disturbances of circadian rhythms and breast cancer. Furthermore, a scheme is proposed in which circadian rhythm "chaos" is taken as a signal of high risk for breast cancer even in the absence of mammographic evidence of neoplasm or a palpable tumor. Recent studies along this line suggest that an abnormal thermal sign, in the light of our present knowledge of breast cancer, is ten times as important an indication as is family history data.
N-PHOSPHORYL AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES: PART V: O-ALKYL SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS ON THE<sup>31</sup>P-NMR SPECTRA OF PHOSPHORAMIDATES (1991)

Abstract The N-(O,O-dialkyl) phosphoryl derivatives of amines and amino acids demonstrated additive O- and N-alkyl substitution γ, δ and ε effects on the 31P-NMR spectra. In general, the O-alkyl substitution generated much more profound influence than the N-alkylated one.
A theoretical and experimental investigation of the aerothermopressor process (1958)

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1958.