gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3β-hydroxyllup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid: structural elucidation, Candidosis and mold inhibition evaluation. (2010)

3β-hydroxyllup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (Betulinic acid) a Pentacyclic lupane triterpene known for anti-HIV activity and cytotoxic activity against various malignant versus nonmalignant cancer cell lines, was isolated from malaleuca bracteata. The structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopy analysis, including 2D-NMR correlation spectroscopy (COSY), nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) and heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) experiments. The inhibitory zone (mm) ranges from 20 ± 0.02 to 30 ± 0.01 against the test organisms. Trichophyton tonsurans was the most sensitive organism (30 ± 0.01) which was observed to be greater than the standard drugs Fluoconazole (14 ± 0.90), Nystatin (17 ± 0.03) and Fulcin (23 ± 0.50) used as positive control. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) results indicated that a concentration of 0.625 and 2.5 mg/ml inhibited and completely kill Candida guielemondi, Candida stelletoidea, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, T. tonsurans and Microsporum canis except T. tonsurans which was kill at 1.25 mg/ml. While the rest of the organisms were inhibited and kill by a concentration of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml respectively, the results shows that the compound have great potential as antifungal drug.

	 

	Key words: Betulinic acid, pentacyclic triterpene, antifungal, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
<title>Optical diagnostics for the arc jet facility at NASA/JSC</title> (1993)

The non-intrusive plasma diagnostics program incorporates various laser and other optical methods to measure the concentration, velocity, and temperatures of the different atomic, molecular and ionic species in test facilities that simulate atmospheric entry flows. The data collected in these measurements is used to validate arc jet flow codes that can be used in combination with shock layer codes to understand the heat transfer to the thermal protection materials. Absorption methods are used to estimate the atomic copper concentration in the free stream flow. Emission from the free stream and shock layer is used to identify the radiating species and also their rotational, vibrational and electronic temperatures. Analysis of the shock layer emission resulted in the temperature mapping across the entire shock layer. Laser excited fluorescence measurements are used to determine velocity and temperatures in the free stream as well as shock layer. This paper describes the current status and future development of optical diagnostics for the arc jet facility.
Chilling sensitivity of the frost‐tolerant potato <i>Solanum commersonii</i> (1994)

Frost tolerance has been reported in the shoots of wild, tuberiferous potato species such as Solanum commersonii when the plants are grown in either field or controlled conditions. However, these plants can survive as underground tubers and avoid unfavorable environmental conditions altogether. As such, leaf growth and photosynthesis at low temperature may not be required for survival of the plants. In order to determine the temperature sensitivity of S. commersonii shoots, we examined leaf growth, development and photosynthesis in plants raised at 20/16°C (day/night). 12/9°C and 5/2°C. S. commersonii leaves grown at 5°C exhibited a marked decrease in leaf area and in total chlorophyll (Chl) content per leaf area when compared with leaves grown at 20°C. Furthermore, leaves grown at 5°C did not exhibit the expected decrease in either water content or susceptibility to low‐temperature‐induced photoinhibition that normally characterizes cold acclimation in frost‐tolerant plants. Measurements of CO 2 ‐saturated O 2 evolution showed that the photosynthetic apparatus of 5°C plants was functional, even though the efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry was reduced by growth at 5°C. A decrease in the resolution of the M‐peak in the slow transients for Chl a fluorescence in leaves grown at 12 and 5°C and in all leaves exposed to high light at 5°C indicated that low temperature significantly affected processes on the reducing side of Q A , the primary quinone electron acceptor in photosystem II. Thus S. commarsonii exhibits the characteristics of a plant that is limited by chilling temperatures. Although S. commersonii can tolerate light frosts, its sensitivity to chilling temperatures may result in shoot dieback in winter in its native habitat. The plants may avoid both chilling and freezing temperatures by overwintering as underground tubers.
Griffithsin carrageenan fast dissolving inserts prevent SHIV HSV-2 and HPV infections in vivo (2018)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) strategies with proven in vivo efficacy rely on antiretroviral drugs, creating the potential for drug resistance and complicated treatment options in individuals who become infected. Moreover, on-demand products are currently missing from the PrEP development portfolio. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a non-antiretroviral HIV entry inhibitor derived from red algae with an excellent safety profile and potent activity in vitro. When combined with carrageenan (CG), GRFT has strong activity against herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that GRFT/CG in a freeze-dried fast dissolving insert (FDI) formulation for on-demand use protects rhesus macaques from a high dose vaginal SHIV SF162P3 challenge 4 h after FDI insertion. Furthermore, the GRFT/CG FDI also protects mice vaginally against HSV-2 and HPV pseudovirus. As a safe, potent, broad-spectrum, on-demand non-antiretroviral product, the GRFT/CG FDI warrants clinical development.
Fabrication of trilayer resist using photocuring-imprint lithography (2003)

We fabricated fine trilayer resist structures (photocurable polymer/spin-on-glass (SOG)/Novolak resist) with a smooth-top surface and low-edge roughness, which is useful for standard patterning for the evaluation of critical dimension-atomic-force microscopy using photocuring-imprint lithography. A very serious pattern shrinkage problem observed at the top of the photocurable polymer after etching at room temperature was greatly improved by using substrate cooling, where the temperature was decreased to −120 °C. Finally, we obtained improved pattern shrinkage of the photocurable polymer, ranging from a maximum of 23 nm to a minimum of 4 nm, at optimum etching conditions. The pattern reduction did not occur in the following etch process. From this result, we noticed that throughout the trilayer resist etch process, the pattern reduction was mainly generated in the photocurable polymer etching step. SOG was used as the hard mask. The SOG showed high etch selectivity against the bottom layer of the Novolak resist in O2-based plasmas. The SOG etched only in pure SF6 gas, but the SOG was not etched in O2-based plasmas. Novolak resist etching at room temperature showed very small pattern shrinkage, no residue, no undercut, and fine features, while the Novolak etching at −120 °C showed much residue and damaged etch profiles. It is probable that in contrast to −120 °C, at room temperature, the residue of the Novolak resist was clearly removed by the reactive species, which are activated by the increased temperature. After trilayer resist etching, removal of the SOG layer was needed for the measurement of the pattern shrinkage and the line-edge roughness (LER). In this experiment, the SOG layer was removed by using anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. This method did not cause the pattern collapse which is frequently found in wet etching removal. Furthermore, trilayer resist patterns after the removal of the SOG layer showed very fine etch profiles, and the LER variation was very small through the whole trilayer resist etching process.
The ACM SIGCOMM 2009 technical program committee process (2009)

Selecting a technical program for a conference, and running the process so that decisions are well received by authors and participants, is a challenging task. We report our experience in running the SIGCOMM 2009 Technical Program Committee (TPC). The purpose of this article is to document the process that we followed, and discuss it critically. This should let authors get a better understanding of what led to the final acceptance or rejection of their work, and hopefully allow colleagues in charge of similar tasks make use of our experience.
The Role of the Dorsomedial-Ventromedial Area of the Hypothalamus in the Control of Prolactin Secretion Induced by Cervical Stimulation* (1981)

Cervical stimulation (CS) initiates daily nocturnal (N) and diurnal (D) surges of PRL, which persist for at least 10 days, in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. To affect pituitary PRL release, CS probably acts through several areas of the hypothalamus. PRL regulation by one hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial-ventromedial nuclei (DMN-VMN), was investigated in the present study. Electrical stimulation of the DMN-VMN of rats with intact ovaries produces both N and D PRL surges of the same magnitude, timing, and persistence as those initiated by CS. However, in long term OVX rats, stimulation of the DMN-VMN results in N surges which last only until day 6 and D surges present only through day 2. OVX rats receiving sc Silastic implants containing progesterone on the day after DMN-VMN stimulation had larger N surges, which persisted only as long as those secreted by long term OVX untreated rats. The D surge was unaffected. Rats OVX immediately after DMN-VMN stimulation secreted N surges through day 10, but D surges only through day 6. CS of long term OVX rats bearing lesions or sham lesions within the DMN-VMN results in N surges persisting through day 10. However, D surges could not be initiated by CS in rats bearing DMN-VMN lesions. These results suggest that the DMN-VMN is one area which responds to CS by initiating N and D surges of PRL. Excitation of this area is a requirement for the initiation of D, but not N, surges of PRL. However, continuation of the N surge probably involves the excitation of other areas within the central nervous system.
New class of polyphase pulse compression code with unique characteristics (1992)

An algorithm for generating a new class of uniform polyphase code for radars using digital pulse compression is presented. The significant advantages of the specified codes over other polyphase codes are lower correlation sidelobes and higher Doppler tolerance with only a small degradation in range resolution.
Decrease of suppressor inducer (cd4+ 2h4+) t cells in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid (1989)

T-lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis are predominantly CD4+ (inducer) as opposed to CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) T cells. The CD4+ lymphocytes can be subdivided into populations that express high densities of the CDw29 (4B4) determinant and have helper inducer function or express high densities of CD45R (2H4) determinant and have suppressor inducer function. In the present study, we characterized the nature of these CD4+ T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis by performing flow cytometric analysis on paired samples of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. There were significantly lower percentages of CD4+2H4+ T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid than in the peripheral blood (p = 0.001, paired t test). In contrast, there were increased percentages of helper inducer (CD4+4B4+) T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (p = 0.001, paired t test), compared with the peripheral blood. Analysis of subjects with other inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system did not show significant decreases in CD4+2H4+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid, though in some, decreases were also observed. These results indicate that the CD4+ T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis are predominantly helper inducer, as opposed to suppressor inducer T cells, and that the relative decrease of suppressor inducer cells in the peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients is not due to their migration to the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, the increased numbers of helper inducer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid may contribute to local autoimmune processes in the central nervous system compartment of multiple sclerosis patients.
Prostate cancer : principles and practice (2002)

Biology Epidemiology Diagnosis and Staging Early Prostate Cancer - Single Modality Treatment Early Prostate Cancer - Multimodality Treatment Advanced - Hormone Sensitive Disease Hormone Refractory Disease Hormone Refractory Disease - Current Standards / Future Directions Index Advanced Hormone Sensitive Diseas
Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach and Esophagus and Drinking Water and Dietary Sources of Nitrate and Nitrite (2008)

We conducted a population-based case-control study of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus in Nebraska, U.S.A. Nitrate concentrations in public drinking water supplies were linked to residential water source histories. Among those using private wells at the time of the interview, we measured nitrate levels in water samples from wells. Dietary nitrate and nitrite were estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire. Among those who primarily used public water supplies (79 distal stomach, 84 esophagus, 321 controls), average nitrate levels were not associated with risk (highest versus lowest quartile: stomach OR=1.2, 95% CI [0.5-2.7]; esophagus OR=1.3, 95% CI [0.6-3.1]). We observed the highest ORs for distal stomach cancer among those with higher water nitrate ingestion and higher intake of processed meat compared with low intakes of both; however, the test for positive interaction was not significant (p=0.213). We did not observe this pattern for esophagus cancer. Increasing intake of nitrate and nitrite from animal sources was associated with elevated ORs for stomach cancer and with a significant positive trend in risk of esophagus cancer (P-trend=0.325 and 0.015, respectively). Larger studies with higher exposures to drinking water sources of nitrate are warranted to further evaluate N-nitroso compound precursors as risk factors for these cancers.
Space charge accumulation and degradation in electron beam irradiated dielectrics for spacecraft (2013)

Effect of electron beam irradiation on dielectric properties in various insulating materials for spacecraft is investigated using PEA (Pulsed Electro-Acoustic) method. In space environment, spacecraft is exposed to plasma or radioactive-rays. In such condition, multilayer insulating materials covering the spacecraft are charged up. Sometimes the charge accumulation causes to the serious damage to the electric devices and degradation of insulating materials. To investigate the change of the electrical properties of dielectrics by electron beam irradiation, we measure the space charge distributions and the conduction current in some e-beam irradiated materials under dc stress. From the measurement results, it was found that the large amount of charges accumulated in some irradiated materials under dc stress, while almost no charges accumulated in the non-irradiated materials under the same stress.
Antibodies to Cytokeratin Filaments in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease (1984)

Previous studies have suggested that cytoskeletal elements in an altered form in vivo (alcoholic hyalin , AH) are targets for an autoimmune reaction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In this study we assayed autoantibodies to cytoskeletal cytoskeletal cytokeratin filaments, intermediate filaments of epithelial cells, by indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIF) using cultured human amnion epithelial cells and PtK 2 cells as targets. Sera from 20 patients with ALD, 38 patients with urogenital cancer, 22 patients with renal diseases, and from 18 healthy controls were studied. Patients with ALD had a significantly increased prevalence of cytokeratin filament autoantibodies using both PtK 2 cells (69%) and human amnion epithelial cells (69%) as substrate, as compared to other groups. The antibodies were mainly of IgA and IgM class and could be demonstrated in all forms of ALD. Interestingly, cytoskeleton antibodies have previously been observed in diseases of viral and "autoimmune" origin.
Chondral Lesions of the Hip (2010)

Hip arthroscopy has become increasingly popular over the past several years as the techniques have evolved to be able to address both the peripheral and central compartments of the hip. The main indications for hip arthroscopy 10 years ago were diagnostic and debridement procedures such as removal of loose bodies, labral resection, synovectomy, and cartilage debridement. Advances in this field have now expanded to include reconstruction and repair of the labrum, recontouring of the acetabulum and head-neck junction, cartilage salvage, and repair and releases of the tendons around the hip joint. We detail in this article chondral injuries that occur in the hip joint and arthroscopic procedures to address these issues. We routinely perform chondroplasty in cases where there is a partial thickness tear of articular cartilage. Full thickness defects are addressed with microfracture which follows closely the guidelines established for the knee. As our understanding of chondral injuries and their causes grows, future efforts will focus on prevention.
Novel Starches (2007)

Carboxymethylation of starch results in an increased intravascular persistence and a slower fragmentation compared with HES. The greater impairment of blood coagulation by CMS and CM-HES seems to be caused by the higher plasma concentrations.
EndoFLIP® in Comparison to High-Resolution Manometry and Eckardt Score in the Assessment of Achalasia and Response to Intervention: Presidential Poster (2015)

Introduction: Achalasia is defined by a manometry that demonstrates aperistalsis of the esophageal body and incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The purpose of this study is to compare the EndoFLIP (FLIP) to Eckardt score (ES) and high resolution manometry (HRM) before and after therapeutic intervention. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 15 patients with achalasia (8 female, 7 male, average age 60) at a single tertiary care center. For each patient an ES was obtained, and HRM and FLIP were measured. The FLIP system is a catheter with a distal 14 cm balloon containing 17 ring electrodes each 5 mm apart allowing impedance planimetry measurements. Distensibility, cross-sectional area (CSA), and minimum diameter were measured using 40cc distention. The patients underwent therapeutic intervention with Heller myotomy (5 patients), POEM (3), botulinum toxin (BT) (4), and dilation (3). Following intervention, we repeated the FLIP to assess for objective evidence of physiologic improvement. An ES was determined 4-12 weeks after intervention, with a score < 4 indicating clinical success. Results: The mean ES for patients prior to therapy was 6.4 + 0.6. In all patients the basal LES pressure was elevated and relaxation was incomplete, with means of 43.4 + 6.2 mmHg and 25.2 + 3.1 mmHg, respectively. Prior to therapy the mean distensibility in all patients was 2.68 + 0.89. Distensibility improved with Heller myotomy by 2.6 + 0.7mm2/mmHg, with POEM by 2.1 + 0.4 mm2/mmHg, and in the patient who underwent pneumatic dilation (PD) by 6.6 mm2/mmHg. There was no change in disten-sibility after BT or non-pneumatic dilation. There was a significant increase in distensibility after Heller, POEM, and PD (p= 0.035). The ES improved following Heller myotomy by 3.5+ 1.3, POEM by 6.7+ 1.9, and pneumatic dilation by 4.0. There was no improvement in ES following BT or non-pneumatic dilation. There were not enough patients to evaluate differences in response between subtypes of achalasia. Conclusion: (1) There was a decrease in ES to < 4 in those receiving Heller, POEM, and PD; (2) Improvement in ES was associated with improved distensibility; (3) BT and non-PD were ineffective at improving ES or increasing distensibility. FLIP is a useful tool in the initial assessment of achalasia for describing symptom severity and for clinical assessment after treatment. This supports the role of FLIP in the clinical assessment and management of achalasia.Table 1: Comparison of achalasia patients based on treatment type
ChemInform Abstract: S‐TRIAZOLO(4,3‐B)PYRIDAZINE PHOTOCHEMISTRY. THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE PHOTOCYCLOADDITION OF 3‐HEXENE (1975)

Abstract Aus dem s‐Triazolo(4,3‐b)pyridazin (I) erhält man bei der Photolyse in Gegenwart der isomeren Hexene (IIa), (IIb) die stereoisomeren Addukte (III) bzw. (IV), die strukturell zugeordnet werden.
Modified Prony method approach to echo-reduction measurements (1981)

A modified Prony method is presented for measuring the steady-state echo reduction of acoustic panels. The method extrapolates the steady-state amplitudes from the transient portion of the signal allowing time-limited measurements. The method is applied to measurements of square panels 76 cm on an edge and 0.95-cm thick of steel and aluminum in the frequency range of 3–10 kHz. The signals were time limited to 200 μs (0.6 to 2.0 wavelengths) by the arrival of the diffracted signal from the panel edges. Results are compared with theoretical values and indicate the method is capable of making measurements subject to ambient noise.
Flexural Wave Propagation in a Fluid-Loaded Elastic Plate With Periodically Varying Rigidity (1997)

The method of multiple scales is utilized to analyze the propagation of flexural waves in a fluid-loaded elastic plate with periodically varying rigidity. Subsonic modes are coupled under a Bragg condition imposed by the parametric periodicity, leading to a strong stopband interaction. This interaction is analytically described by two coupled-mode equations. The results might be utilized to avoid the undesirable acoustic radiation occurring when subsonic waves encounter a discontinuity.
Design and control of a robotic leg with braided pneumatic actuators (2002)

A four-DOF planar robotic leg actuated with McKibben artificial muscles was designed, constructed, and controlled. Both position and passive stiffness were independently controllable at each joint. The tunable passive stiffness properties of the actuators provided stable, forward walking for the robot. A benefit of passive joint stiffness is energy efficiency. Results indicate that the leg may be capable of walking on a horizontal plane with its control valves off 90% of the time. The muscle-like properties of these actuators, including high strength-to-weight ratio, tunable passive stiffness, and self-limiting force output, make them well suited for legged robots.
PHILOSOPHICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SOUND AND IMAGE ONTICS IN THE DIGITAL ART CONTEXT (2012)

The article is dedicated to philosophical and cultural aspects of sound and image ontics in the digital art context. The current situation of cultural genesis is characterized by the transition from the domination of analog technology to the domination of digital technology, and it is represented in crisis of traditional typology of arts and in revision of sound and visual image ontics as crucial elements of social-cultural reality. Sounds and images constitute the autonomous databases and flows, manifest simulation, seriality and fragmentation as their basic features. http://mediamusic-journal.com/Issues/1_6.html
Susceptibility of <i>Pseudomonas pseudomallei</i> to new <i>β</i>-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics (1988)

Pseudomonas pseudomallei is resistant to many antimicrobial agents. We determined the susceptibility to twelve beta-lactams and six aminoglycosides of twelve isolates of P. pseudomallei. Imipenem (MIC range 0.5-1.0 mg/l; MIC90 1.0 mg/l), ceftazidime (MIC range 1-8 mg/l; MIC90 8.0 mg/l), amoxycillin/clavulanate (MIC range 4-8 mg/l; MIC90 8.0 mg/l), piperacillin (MIC range 4-16 mg/l; MIC90 8.0 mg/l), and carumonam (MIC range 4-16 mg/l; MIC90 8.0 mg/l) were the most active. Aminoglycosides were relatively inactive, for example, gentamicin (MIC range 16-64 mg/l; MIC90 64 mg/l), netilmicin (MIC range 16-128 mg/l; MIC90 128 mg/l) and amikacin (MIC range 32-64 mg/l; MIC90 64 mg/l).