gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SIMULATION OF BUBBLE BREAKUP DYNAMICS IN HOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE (2006)

This article presents numerical simulation results for the deformation and breakup of bubbles in homogeneous turbulence under zero gravity conditions. The lattice Boltzmann method was used in the simulations. Homogeneous turbulence was generated by a random stirring force that acted on the fluid in a three-dimensional periodic box. The grid size was sufficiently small that the smallest scales of motion could be simulated for the underlying bubble-free flow. The minimum Weber number for bubble breakup was found to be about 3. Bubble breakup was stochastic, and the average time needed for breakup was much larger for small Weber numbers than for larger Weber numbers. For small Weber numbers, breakup was preceded by a long period of oscillatory behavior during which the largest linear dimension of the bubble gradually increased. For all Weber numbers, breakup was preceded by a sudden increase in the largest linear dimension of the bubble. When the Weber number exceeded the minimum value, the average surface area increased by as much as 80%.
Materials and processing for realization of micro-hotplates operated at elevated temperature (2002)

Micro-pellistors and conductivity-type gas sensors are among the most promising candidates for the monolith integration of gas-sensing elements in olfactory gas detection. Both types have to be operated at elevated temperatures of 200–600 °C; therefore, the formation of thermally isolated integral micro-hotplates is the key element in the development of the array. In this paper, the alternative processes are discussed with emphasis on thermal isolation, selection of the appropriate structural materials, formation of stable contacts to the filaments and deposition of gas-sensitive layers. The results of thermal and mechanical model calculations were confirmed by experimental measurements.
The use of Dodt as a Non-Malodorous Scavenger in Fmoc-Based Peptide Synthesis (2002)

We have synthesized a random group of peptides and performed cleavages using various cleavage cocktails including 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol (DODT). Purity of the peptides was compared to that obtained with standard protocols for cleavage using RP-HPLC and Maldi-Tof mass spectrometry. We show that stinking thiols can be replaced by the almost odourless (DODT) without negatively affecting the purity of the end product.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF SOME 11‐SUBSTITUTED TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL METABOLITES (1983)

Abstract Beschrieben wird die Synthese der Metaboliten (VIb) und (VIIb) von A9‐THC (R: ‐Me).
Studies on Phenazines. II (1952)

Iodinin was synthesized by the oxidation of 1, 6-dihydroxyphenazine with H2O2 and acetic anhydride in benzene solution. N-oxidation of 1- and of 2-hydroxyphenazine was also investigated.
Control of neurotransmission, behaviour and development, by photo‐dynamic manipulation of tissue redox state of brain targets (2000)

Reversible manipulation of local neurotransmission in brain areas, using controlled spatial and temporal resolution, is one of the powerful techniques used to investigate integrative aspects of brain function. We have developed a novel technique for rapidly inactivating local synaptic transmission, from outside the brain, within seconds or minutes via oxidation of target tissue using a photosensitive dye followed by photoirradiation (photo-dynamic tissue oxidation; PDTO). PDTO applied through a defined slit, sharply suppressed excitatory synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices and also suppressed in vivo hippocampal neurotransmission reversibly. Furthermore, we manipulated the voluntary movement of gerbils in free-field activity by application of PDTO to the striatum. Also, in freely moving kittens, the development of the visual cortex was manipulated by long-lasting application of PDTO to the eye. Thus, PDTO enables external manipulation of in vivo or in vitro neurotransmission in various clearly defined regions on the submillimeter scale. Suppression of neurotransmission occurred only within the photo-oxidized area which can be histochemically visualized.
Assessing Target Zone Credibility (1991)

The paper presents estimates of devaluation expectations for six ERM currencies relative to the Deutsche mark, for the period March 1979-April 1992. Both the ‘simplest test’ and the ‘drift adjustment’ method are used. The simplest test adjusts interest rate differentials for the maximum and minimum expected rate of depreciation within the exchange rate band; the driftadjustment method adjusts interest rate differentials by the estimated expected rate of depreciation within the band. The latter method gives more precise estimates, especially for short horizons, and allows statistical inference and hypothesis testing. Expected rates of devaluation have generally fallen during the period. Still, some devaluation expectations relative to the Deutsche mark remain in 1992, except for the BeI~an/Luxembourg franc and the Netherlands guilder. Expected rates of devaluation have fluctuated more than interest rate differentials.
The production of IL-8 in cerebrospinal fluid in aseptic meningitis of children (1997)

Neutrophils accumulate initially in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of aseptic meningitis, perhaps because of increased levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and IL-8 in the subarachnoid space. We studied levels of these cytokines in children with aseptic meningitis using ELISA. When meningeal symptoms existed, IL-8 levels (1399 +/- 1600 ng/l, n = 32) in the CSF were significantly higher than those either after meningeal symptoms disappeared (61 +/- 56 ng/l, n = 18) or in controls (44 +/- 63 ng/l, n = 27) (P < 0.0001). High levels of IL-8 on admission dropped sequentially. Significant correlations were found between IL-8 levels and either neutrophil counts (r = 0.612), G-CSF levels (r = 0.873) or MIP-1alpha levels (r = 0.623) in the CSF of the affected patients (P < 0.0001). IL-8 values in serum were lower than in the corresponding CSF samples from all individuals with meningeal symptoms. The IL-8 mRNA was detectable by reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-assisted amplification in fresh leucocytes from the CSF, but not from the peripheral blood of a healthy volunteer. The culture of CSF mononuclear cells produced high levels of IL-8 (approximately 2750 ng/l). These data indicate that IL-8 levels rise transiently at the initial stage of aseptic meningitis, and that mononuclear cells that migrate into the CSF are a cellular source of this chemokine. We suppose that IL-8, in addition to G-CSF and MIP-1alpha, contribute to the localized neutrophil accumulation during the disease.
Interpreting the Dynamic Interaction between a Very Small Rising Bubble and a Hydrophilic Titania Surface (2009)

We interpret recent measurements of time-varying interference fringe intensities observed between rising bubbles (diameter 15−120 μm) and a horizontal hydrophilic titania plate to determine the rate of approach of such bubbles to the surface. The bubbles remain spherical because of high Laplace pressures and small buoyancy forces so the approach velocity remains in the Stokes flow regime. The rate of approach of the bubble to the titania plate is controlled by buoyancy force and surface forces such as van der Waals and electric double layer interactions together with a hydrodynamic force arising from the drainage of the thin water film between the bubble and the titania surface. The dynamics are found to be consistent with the no-slip hydrodynamic boundary condition at the surface of the bubble and at the titania plate. However, far from the titania plate the terminal velocities of the rising bubbles suggests that the bubble surfaces are fully mobile with zero tangential stress.
Modification of Aluminum-Silicon Alloys (2008)

Abstract This article focuses on aspects important for the commercial production of castings. It discusses the modification process in hypoeutectic and eutectic alloys that differ only in the relative volume fraction of primary aluminum and aluminum-silicon eutectic. The article explains how modification changes porosity formation in a casting. It describes the mechanisms responsible for silicon modification, as well as the modifications and changes in eutectic nucleation and eutectic grain structure. The article reviews the usage of strontium during process steps in foundry practices. The growth of silicon eutectic is described to explain effects ancillary to silicon modification. The article also discusses the effects of elements, such as phosphorus, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, boron, and calcium, on the silicon structure.
Body regions have an impact on the collagen/elastin index of the skin measured by non‐invasive in vivo vertical two‐photon microscopy (2017)

It is known that the collagen and elastin fibre structures are changing with age. There is little knowledge about the influence of body area as these investigations have been limited for ethical reasons, so far. Thus, modified non-invasive two-photon microscopy was used providing vertical optical sections of second harmonic generation and autofluorescence to calculate the collagen-to-elastin ratio and its alterations depending on the investigated body site in vivo. The results of this study indicate that the impact of different body areas could be higher than the influence of age and should be considered in future studies.
Copolyamides of caprolactam and m-xylylenediammonium isophthalate (1976)

Caprolactam was copolymerized with m-xylylenediammonium isophthalate (MXD-I) to form a series of partially aromatic, thermoplastic copolyamides. The MXD-I mole-% in these systems varied between 91% and 31%. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the glass transition temperature of these copolyamides was shown to decrease with decrease in their aromatic content. The Tg of a typical copolyamide with an MXD-I mole fraction of 0.34 is about 50°C higher than that of nylon 6. The DSC thermograms of MXD-I homopolymer and all the reported copolymers revealed no distinct melting endotherms or crystallization exotherms, and these polymers were considered to be essentially amorphous. Most of these copolyamides were shown by thermogravimetric analysis to be more thermally stable than nylon 6. Compression-molded films of several copolymers were prepared and were shown to be less hydrophilic than nylon 6, regardless of their suggested amorphous nature. Tensile properties of several copolyamides were measured and were shown to depend on their MDX-I content, degree of polymerization, and chain sequential arrangement. A few of the reported copolyamides exhibited some unusual solution, thermal, and tensile properties. This was ascribed to the presence of block structures and/or branching in these systems.
Improved Low Voltage SEM Image Resolution Through the Use of Image Restoration Techniques (2015)

Low voltage SEM or LV-SEM (<5 keV) is particularly useful when observing insulators and beam sensitive materials, as well as for delineating fine surface structure Obtaining quality images at low beam energies can be challenging, however, because chromatic aberrations cause significant increases in the probe size. Since the probe size increases with the source energy spread, field emission guns (FEGs) or Schottky sources are preferred over thermionic sources. However, chromatic aberrations are still a problem because they lead to an increase in the probe size when the probe energy is decreased. To overcome this, manufacturers often use relatively high gun energies (>5 keV) and introduce a retarding field at the end of the column to lower the landing energy of the electrons.
Using Deep Belief Nets to Learn Covariance Kernels for Gaussian Processes (2007)

We show how to use unlabeled data and a deep belief net (DBN) to learn a good covariance kernel for a Gaussian process. We first learn a deep generative model of the unlabeled data using the fast, greedy algorithm introduced by [7]. If the data is high-dimensional and highly-structured, a Gaussian kernel applied to the top layer of features in the DBN works much better than a similar kernel applied to the raw input. Performance at both regression and classification can then be further improved by using backpropagation through the DBN to discriminatively fine-tune the covariance kernel.
Two discrete types of tumor necrosis factor-resistant cells derived from the same cell line. (1991)

From the murine fibrosarcoma cell line L929s, which is sensitive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell lysis, two discrete types of TNF-resistant variants were derived by TNF selection. Cells of the first type (named L929r1) were not sensitized to TNF cytotoxicity by cotreatment with either inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis, or gamma-interferon, despite the presence of a functional gamma-interferon response. L929r1 constitutively produced TNF in the supernatant and expressed membrane-bound TNF, which was not bound to the TNF receptor. In fact, TNF receptors could not be demonstrated on L929r1 cells, not even after low pH treatment and/or incubation with antiserum to TNF. L929r1 exhibited a stable TNF-resistant phenotype in the absence of further TNF selection. No evidence could be obtained that TNF acted as an autocrine growth factor for these cells. L929r2, the second type of TNF-resistant L929 cells, became sensitive to TNF lysis in the presence of RNA or protein synthesis inhibitors, or in the presence of gamma-interferon. TNF induced the secretion of interleukin 6 in these cells, additionally showing that functional TNF signaling in these cells indeed takes place, but does not lead to cell lysis under normal conditions. L929r2 did not produce TNF, also not upon stimulation with exogenous TNF. The number and binding affinity of TNF receptors were not consistently different between L929s and L929r2 cells. In the absence of further TNF selection, L929r2 gradually reverted to TNF sensitivity. This sensitivity was not reversible to TNF resistance by the gene-regulatory agents 5-azacytidine or sodium butyrate. Treatment with these agents also did not affect the TNF sensitivity of L929s cells nor the TNF resistance of L929r1 and L929r2 cells. In summary, our results suggest the existence among cells of the same cell line of discrete mechanisms for acquisition of resistance to TNF-mediated cell lysis.
Development of Bacterial Resistance to the Third Generation Cephalosporins and Their Clinical Use (1999)

Development of Gram-negative rods resistance to the third generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoperazone) in connection with their application at the University Hospital in Olomouc was evaluated in this study. The highest increase in resistance to cefotaxime was detected in Enterobacter cloacae (from 22.9% in 1995 to 49.0% in 1997) and Enterobacter agglomerans strains (28.0% - 40.5%). In addition, increased resistance to ceftazidime in Acinetobacter baumannii (12.5% - 35.1%), Enterobacter aerogenes (7.4% - 20.9%), Enterobacter cloacae (16.7% - 47.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.0% - 26.3%) was observed. Finally, the greatest increase in frequency of strains resistant to cefoperazone was observed in E. aerogenes (18.4% - 30.1%), E. agglomerans (31.0% - 52.3%), E. cloacae (35.5% - 47.2%) and Providencia rettgeri (26.5% - 53.2%). A 23.5% increase in third generation cephalosporin use was evident by evaluation of RDDD(ATB) parameters in 1996 and 1997. Corresponding values for individual antibiotics were 26.5% cefotaxime, 20.7% ceftriaxone, and 40.3% ceftazidime increase. However, cefoperazone use decreased by 10.9%.
Arthroscopic treatment of rotator cuff tear and greater tuberosity fracture nonunion (1996)

The association of full-thickness rotator cuff tear combined with a nonunion of the greater tuberosity is uncommon. We present one case, describing management of both lesions using arthroscopic technique.
Failure of chloroquine prophylaxis for falciparum malaria in pregnant women in Madang, Papua New Guinea (1990)

Six hundred and twenty pregnant women, living under conditions of year-round transmission of malaria in a rural coastal area of Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG), were followed while attending mobile antenatal clinics and receiving chloroquine prophylaxis (300 mg base weekly). Whole blood chloroquine concentrations measured by ELISA from samples collected at delivery indicated a high level of drug compliance in regular attenders. Susceptibility is increased in primigravidae to Plasmodium falciparum but not to other malaria species, with the peak prevalence occurring at nine to 16 weeks gestation. The incidence of P. falciparum infection per person-month was 20% for primigravidae, 25% for those gravida 2, 17% for those gravida 3 or greater, and 14% for non-pregnant nulliparae. Some 8.7% of primigravidae and 9.5% of those gravida 2 had persistent infections. Prophylactic chloroquine is required in this pregnant population because of altered host immunity during pregnancy, but is reduced in efficacy because of chloroquine resistance. Despite this, a missed clinic attendance resulted in a two-fold increase in incidence for all pregnant women, indicating that chloroquine was having some effect.
American Society for Echocardiography Software Suite for Verification and (1995)

The imminent balloting of the draft DICOM 3.0 module on ultrasound represents a major step forward in the progress of digital storage formats for echocardiography. In this paper, we discuss a software suite soon to be released into the public domain for reading, parsing and verifying DICOM 3.0 ultrasonic objects. The software is designed to allow the user to verify that a Jle consisting of digital ultrasound data, claiming DlCOM 3.0 conformance, does in fact adhere to the standard. A graphical user-interface for the software suite is also provided, allowing the playback of cin& mode images in real-time on standard computer hardware, and across a TCP/IP network.
Sleep electroencephalogram and rhythm disturbances in mood disorders (1993)

This paper reviews recent advances in sleep research in affective disorders. Some specific issues, such as genetic and familial aspects of sleep are discussed and new results from studies in depressed adolescents are reported. Conclusions from a large meta-analytic study of sleep in psychiatric disorders are evaluated and sleep studies in some eating disorders are considered.
Ashless Phosphorus–Containing Lubricating Oil Additives (2017)

In any discussion of phosphorus-containing lubricating oil additives, the products that probably come most rapidly to mind are the zinc dialkyldithiophosphates. In addition to examining the impact of ashless phosphorus compounds on lubrication performance, this chapter also looks at their performance as antioxidants, rust inhibitors, and metal passivators. Until the 1920s, additive-free mineral oils met the majority of industry's lubrication requirements. In contrast to the large range of aryl phosphates available, the range of neutral alkyl phosphates is currently limited to tri-n-butyl phosphate and tri-iso-butyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and tributoxyethyl phosphate. The main products available in the Natural Phosphates category are tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and trixylyl phosphate. As with phosphate esters, it is possible to produce both neutral and acid phosphite esters. Alkyl and aryl acid phosphites are manufactured by reacting together phosphorus trichloride, an alcohol, and water. Although these products are isomeric with the dialkyl phosphites, they are a distinct class of materials with different properties.
Somatic association in Triticum aestivum. (1966)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
A pseudokinase mediates cell wall integrity in<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2011)

to determine the optical constants in a depth dependent manner. By modeling the reflectivity spectra, in combination with angular resolved reflectivity, we show that it is possible to extract accurate optical constants in cases intractable with current techniques. Due to the large number of parameters inherent in such free-form modeling, we use the maximum entropy method to refine the underlying model in fitting the measured reflectivity data.
Low-threshold pulsed operation of long-wavelengthlasers on Sifabricated by direct bonding (1995)

Low-threshold room-temperature pulsed operation of InGaAs/InGaAsP multiquantum-well (MQW) lasers (λ ≃ 1.55 µm) on Si substrates is demonstrated. These laser structures were first grown on InP substrates, then bonded at 700°C onto Si substrates with buffer layers. The mesa-stripe broad-area lasers have a threshold current density of 1.7 kA/cm2 (50 µm mesa width, 330 µm cavity length), which is comparable to the value for lasers on InP substrates.
A domain-independent expert system for complex mechanical designs (1990)

In general, mechanical design is the process of creating concepts and specifying detailed physical systems and material components to achieve design goals. It is a search process for refinement from a large space of possibilities. Conventionally, the search process is mathematically modeled into constrained optimization problems. Many sophisticated numerical algorithms in nonlinear programming have been developed for solving the problem. However, many special features of practical mechanical designs have not been fully incorporated in the development of the solvers. The non-differentiability, the qualitative evaluation, and the designer's preference are examples which are difficult to be handled numerically. This inadequacy prompts the problem to be reexamined in the domain of modern Artificial Intelligence Techniques. However, available general purpose AI systems solve only simple design problems and are generally focused on narrow specified domains. This dissertation synthesizes the state of the art technologies in Artificial Intelligence, Statistics, Numerical Computation, and Fuzzy Set Theory, and present a hybrid general purpose Expert System to solve mechanical design problems. The new system is composed of a statistical learning model and a fuzzy redesign model. The statistical learning model derives domain specific knowledge by memorizing design samples. The "design experience" is correlated to predict initial designs when new design conditions are described. The fuzzy redesign solver iteratively improves any initial design based on qualitative judgments. The dependencies between design variables are automatically derived. Redesign decisions are made depending on the dependency, priority, and preference. The new approach has been verified and demonstrated using three reasonably complex practical design problems. They are the two bar truss design, welded neck flange design, and fixed tubesheet heat exchanger thermal differential design. The method proposed in this dissertation performed very well in automating poorly understood complex mechanical design processes proving its effectiveness, reliability, efficiency, and versatility.