gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Generic approach for OCR performance evaluation</title> (2001)

This paper presents the limits of the character recognition engines (commercial OCRs) and how to exceed these limits to achieve the industrial goals in terms of document capture and coding performances. The recent integration of these OCRs in several industrial capture chains leads to think that a solution is possible to reach electronically the same performances obtained by human typists. After a global description of the problems and the exposure of the OCR limits, the paper will focus on the methodology used and details the different steps proposed for the individual performance improvement. The first step consists in the individual evaluation of the OCRs. This is made by comparing the OCR result with a ground truth, which allows to highlight its defects and catalogue its main errors on the document processed. The second step allows to increase these individual performances by combination the OCR with some others. Our choice has been fixed on the combination of only two OCRs deemed very efficient and complementary on the same class of documents. The residual errors are treated in the last step which be able to propose a list of heuristics resolving punctually the OCR defects on the limit cases. In order to validate our approach, we present in the second part of the paper a practical case of experimentation to reach industrial performances. This approach has been tested in the framework of an industrial application for automatic document capture, by attempting the lowest score, imposed on one specific document class, of 1 error for 10000 characters.
Methanol-reinforced kraft pulping (1993)

The addition of methanol to a high-sulfidity kraft cook on Scandinavian softwood chips was studied under different process conditions. Delignification and the degradation of carbohydrates were accelerated, but the effect on delignification was greater. Thus, methanol addition improved selectivity. The positive effect of methanol could also be observed for modified kraft cooks having a leveled out alkali concentration and lower concentration of sodium ions and dissolved lignin at the end of the cook. Methanol addition had no discernible effect on pulp strength or on pulp bleachability.
Profiling the Thermoelectric Power of Semiconductor Junctions with Nanometer Resolution (2004)

We have probed the local thermoelectric power of semiconductor nanostructures with the use of ultrahigh-vacuum scanning thermoelectric microscopy. When applied to a p-n junction, this method reveals that the thermoelectric power changes its sign abruptly within 2 nanometers across the junction. Because thermoelectric power correlates with electronic structure, we can profile with nanometer spatial resolution the thermoelectric power, band structures, and carrier concentrations of semiconductor junctions that constitute the building blocks of thermoelectric, electronic, and optoelectronic devices.
Self-trapping of strong electromagnetic beams in relativistic plasmas (2002)

Interaction of an intense electromagnetic (em) beam with a relativistic electron-positron (e-p) plasma is investigated. It is shown that the thermal pressure brings about a fundamental change in the dynamics-localized, high amplitude, em field structures, not accessible to a cold (but relativistic) plasma, can now be formed under well-defined conditions. The possibilities of trapping em beams in self-guiding regimes to form stable two-dimensional solitonic structures in a pure e-p plasma are worked out.
Circuit-aware architectural simulation (2004)

Architectural simulation has achieved a prominent role in the system design cycle by providing designers the ability to quickly examine a wide variety of design choices. However, the recent trend in system design toward architectures that react to circuit-level phenomena has outstripped the capabilities of traditional cycle-based architectural simulators. In this paper, we present an architectural simulator design that incorporates a circuit modeling capability, permitting architectural-level simulations that react to circuit characteristics (such as latency,energy,or current draw) on a cycle-by-cycle basis. While these additional capabilities slow simulation speed, we show that the careful application of circuit simulation optimizations and simulation sampling techniques permit high levels of detail with sufficient speed to examine entire workloads.
Responses to escalating predatory threat in garter and ribbon snakes (Thamnophis). (1993)

Several models suggest that animals perform a stable sequence of responses during increasing threat from a potential predator. To test the comparative utility of such models, 45 garter and ribbon snakes from four species (genus Thamnophis) were given an antipredator behavior test in which the snakes were exposed to a series of five levels of escalating threat: (a) threat is out of view, (b) threat looms over arena, (c) threat is nonmoving human hand near snake's head, (d) threat is moving human hand, and (e) threat is experimenter's tapping the snake's body. Five different antipredator behaviors were measured. It was found that both qualitative and quantitative changes in behavior occurred between threat levels. However, species differences were also found in the occurrence and amount of every behavior recorded, which indicates that even closely related species may differ in behaviors exhibited in different phases of a predatory encounter.
Structure of the ligand-binding domain of rat VDR in complex with the nonsecosteroidal vitamin D<sub>3</sub>analogue YR301 (2008)

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a ligand-inducible hormone receptor that mediates 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) action, regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism, induces potent cell differentiation activity and has immunosuppressive effects. Analogues of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) have been used clinically for some years. However, the risk of potential side effects limits the use of these substances. LG190178 is a novel nonsecosteroidal ligand for VDR. (2S)-3-[4-(3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutoxy]-3-methylphenyl}pentan-3-yl)-2-methylphenoxy] propane-1,2-diol (YR301) is the only one of the four evaluated stereoisomers of LG190178 to have strong activity. To understand the strong activity of YR301, the crystal structure of YR301 complexed with the rat VDR ligand-binding domain (VDR LBD) was solved at 2.0 A resolution and compared with the structure of the VDR LBD-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) complex. YR301 and 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) share the same position and the diethylmethyl group occupies a similar space to the C and D rings of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). YR301 has two characteristic hydroxyl groups which contribute to its potent activity. The first is 2'-OH, which forms hydrogen bonds to the NE2 atoms of both His301 and His393. The other is 2-OH, which interacts with Ser233 OG and Arg270 NH1. These two hydroxyl groups of YR301 correspond exactly to 25-OH and 1-OH, respectively, of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). The terminal hydroxyl group (3-OH) of YR301 is directly hydrogen bonded to Arg270 and also interacts indirectly with Tyr232 OH and the backbone NH of Asp144 via water molecules. Additional derivatization of the terminal hydroxyl group using the positions of the water molecules might be useful for the design of more potent compounds.
Influence of Water Temperature on the Hydrodynamic Diameter of Gold Nanoparticles from Laser Ablation (2010)

Defined hydrodynamic properties of nanoparticle colloids are required for applications in dosimetry, rheology, or biosensing studies. During the generation of nanoparticles by laser ablation of a solid target in liquids, the temperature of the liquid increases, which may effect cavitation bubble and particle formation. We demonstrate that this temperature variation influences the hydrodynamic diameter of the resulting colloidal nanoparticles when a gold target is ablated by an IR femtosecond laser in water at different stabilized liquid temperatures in the range of 283−353 K. The maximum hydrodynamic diameter was observed at 330 K, the temperature at which the compressibility of water reaches its minimum. The formation of particles by condensation of ablated species in the liquid matrix or inside the confined cavitation bubble is discussed, as well as the influence of the physical properties of the liquid that vary with temperature, such as viscosity and compressibility. The reduction of the hydrodynamic particle diameter at the higher compressible state of water indicates that a lower number of agglomerates are dispersed in the liquid, reducing the polydispersity index of the gold colloid.
Biochemical Characterization of the Pseudomonas putida 3-Hydroxyacyl ACP:CoA Transacylase, Which Diverts Intermediates of Fatty Acid de Novo Biosynthesis (2002)

The 3-hydroxyacyl ACP:CoA transacylase (PhaG) was recently identified in various Pseudomonas species and catalyzes the diversion of ACP thioester intermediates of fatty acid de novo biosynthesis toward the respective CoA thioesters, which serve as precursors for polyester and rhamnolipid biosynthesis. PhaG from Pseudomonas putida was overproduced in Escherichia coli as a C-terminal hexahistidine-tagged (His(6)) fusion protein in high yield. The His(6)-PhaG was purified to homogeneity by refolding of PhaG obtained from inclusion bodies, and a new enzyme assay was established. Kinetic analysis of the 3-hydroxyacyl transfer to ACP, catalyzed by His(6)-PhaG, gave K(0.5) values of 28 microm (ACP) and 65 microm (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) considering V(max) values of 11.7 milliunits/mg and 12.4 milliunits/mg, respectively. A Hill coefficient of 1.38 (ACP) and 1.32 (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) indicated a positive substrate cooperativity. Subcellular localization studies showed that PhaG is not attached to polyester granules and resides in the cytosol. Gel filtration chromatography analysis in combination with light scattering analysis indicated substrate-induced dimerization of the transacylase. A threading model of PhaG was developed based on the homology to an epoxide hydrolase (1cqz). In addition, the alignment with the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold region indicated that PhaG belongs to alpha/beta-hydrolase superfamily. Accordingly, CD analysis suggested a secondary structure composition of 29% alpha-helix, 22% beta-sheet, 18% beta-turn, and 31% random coil. Site-specific mutagenesis of seven highly conserved amino acid residues (Asp-60, Ser-102, His-177, Asp-182, His-192, Asp-223, His-251) was used to validate the protein model and to investigate organization of the transacylase active site. Only the D182(A/E) mutation was permissive with about 30% specific activity of the wild type enzyme. Furthermore, this mutation caused a change in substrate specificity, indicating a functional role in substrate binding. The serine-specific agent phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or the histidine-specific agent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) caused inhibition of 3-hydroxyacyl transfer to holo-ACP, and the S102(A/T) or H251(A/R) PhaG mutant was incapable of catalyzing 3-hydroxyacyl transfer, suggesting that these residues are part of a catalytic triad.
Spectroscopic studies of Lewis acid-base interactions. Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen bonding chemical shifts (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSpectroscopic studies of Lewis acid-base interactions. Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen bonding chemical shiftsFrank L. Slejko and Russell S. DragoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 21, 6935–6944Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00802a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00802a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views143Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Prevention of Infection of Soybean Seeds by<i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>by Polyamine Biosynthesis Inhibitors (1994)

The mechanism-based inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and α-difluoromethylarginine (DFMA) were used to prevent soybean seed infection by the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum truncatum. DFMA (2 mM) and DFMO (4 mM) protected soybean seeds against infection by C. truncatum. The effect of these inhibitors on the growth of the fungus was examined. Similar sensitivity to both DFMO and DFMA was observed; however, growth inhibition was reversed by the addition of putrescine or spermidine. This fungus was found to contain both ornithine and arginine decarboxylases. The intracellular polyamine levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were lowered by the presence of either DFMA or DFMO. Spermidine was the predominant polyamine found in this fungus. Because DFMA, contrary to DFMO, did not affect seed germination, DFMA treatment could be used to prevent infection of soybean seeds by C. truncatum
Comparative T cell receptor repertoire selection by antigen after adoptive transfer: A glimpse at an antigen-specific preimmune repertoire (2000)

The low frequency of precursor cells specific for any particular antigen (Ag) makes it difficult to characterize preimmune T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires and to understand repertoire selection during an immune response. We have undertaken a combined adoptive transfer single-cell PCR approach to probe the Ag-specific preimmune repertoires of individual mice. Our strategy was to inject paired irradiated recipient mice with normal spleen cells prepared from individual donors and to compare the TCR repertoires subsequently selected during a CD8 response to a defined model Ag. We found that although some TCRs were shared, the TCR repertoires selected by mice receiving splenocytes from the same donor were not identical in terms of the TCRs selected and their relative frequencies. Our results together with computer simulations imply that individual mice express distinct Ag-specific preimmune TCR repertoires composed of expanded clones and that selection by Ag is a random process.
An algebraic multigrid method for solving very large electromagnetic systems (1997)

Abstract — Although most finite element programs have quite effective iterative solvers such as an incomplete Cholesky (IC) or symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) preconditioned conjugate gradient (CG) method, the solution time may still become unacceptably long for very large systems. Convergence and thus total solution time can be shortened by using better preconditioners such as geometric multigrid methods. Algebraic multigrid methods have the supplementary advantage that no geometric information is needed and can thus be used as black box equation solvers. In case of a finite element solution of a nonlinear magnetostatic problem, the algebraic multigrid method reduces the overall computation time by a factor of 6 compared to a SSOR-CG solver. Index terms — numerical analysis, electromagnetic analysis, iterative methods, finite element methods. I.
Size and Shape of Blood Group A-Substance (1951)

Kekwick has recently presented data on the size and shape of an A-substance preparation from pseudomucinous ovarian cyst fluid. He obtained a molecular weight of 260000 and an axial ratio of 60/1 from ultracentrifuge and diffusion measurements. For comparison it seems worthwhile to present briefly data obtained on other preparations of A-substance. Materials. The closely related preparations R18-F10, R19-F1A, and R19-F2A of A-substance from hog gastric mucin were used (,). This material is known to be chemically and immunologically inhomogeneous (,). The solvent used in all experiments was 0.02 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.1 with sufficient sodium chloride to give an ionic strength of 0.15. Light scattering. Measurements were made at concentrations between 1.0 and 0.1%. Values of the reciprocal of specific turbidity were plotted against concentration and extrapolated to zero concentration. The molecular weights of R19-F1A and R19-F2A calculated from the values of (C/τ) c=o were 900,000 and 1,100,000 respectively. All samples were centrifuged for 30 minutes at 25,000 times gravity to remove optical haze. The refractive index increment for 5461 Å was 0.14 (concentration expressed as weight fraction). Diffusion. Free diffusion measurements at 2 concentrations of R18-F10 were made at 1.3 °C in a Neurath cell using a Longsworth scanning optical system. By the height-area method Viscosity. The values of specific viscosity, γtsp, divided by volume fraction of solute, θ, at different rates of shear are given in Table I. Measurements were made in an Ostwald-Fenske viscometer at 25°C. Osmotic Pressure. Four measurements at one and 2% concentration gave the molecular weight of R18-F10 as 220,000 ± 30,000, uncorrected for deviations from ideal behavior.
Overlay control strategy for 45/32nm RD and production ramp up (2010)

The tight overlay budgets required for 45nm and beyond makes overlay control a very important topic. High order
overlay control (HOC) is becoming an essential methodology to remove the immersion induced overlay signatures.
However, to implement the high order control into dynamic APC system requires FA infrastructure modification and a
stable mass production environment. How to achieve the overlay requirement before the APC-HOC system becomes
available is important for RD environment and for product early ramp up phase. In this paper authors would like to
demonstrate a field-by-field correction (FxFc) or correction per exposure (CPE) methodology to improve high order overlay signature without changing current APC-linear control system.
Radiation induced shift study in parasitic MOS structures by 2D numerical simulation (2002)

Charge trapping effects have been investigated by numerical simulation in parasitic lateral MOS transistor oxides under different radiation doses up to 60 krad. We bring out the position and the density of trapping charges influence on the parasitic conduction channels creation.
Silicon-Organic Hybrid MZI Modulator Generating OOK, BPSK and 8-ASK Signals for Up to 84 Gbit/s (2013)

We report on high-speed multilevel signal generation and arbitrary pulse shaping with silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulators. Pure phase modulation exploiting the linear electrooptic effect allows the generation of multiple modulations formats at highest speed such as 40-Gbit/s on-off-keying (OOK) and binary-phase-shift keying (BPSK) and 28-Gbd 4-ASK and 8-ASK with data rates up to 84 Gbit/s. Additionally, beside NRZ pulse shaping, for the first time, Nyquist pulse shaping with silicon modulators is demonstrated to enable multiplexing at highest spectral efficiency.
Enhanced photovoltaic performances of graphene/Si solar cells by insertion of a MoS<sub>2</sub>thin film (2015)

Transition-metal dichalcogenides exhibit great potential as active materials in optoelectronic devices because of their characteristic band structure. Here, we demonstrated that the photovoltaic performances of graphene/Si Schottky junction solar cells were significantly improved by inserting a chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown, large MoS2 thin-film layer. This layer functions as an effective electron-blocking/hole-transporting layer. We also demonstrated that the photovoltaic properties are enhanced with the increasing number of graphene layers and the decreasing thickness of the MoS2 layer. A high photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 11.1% was achieved with the optimized trilayer-graphene/MoS2/n-Si solar cell.
Immunoscintigraphy of Venous Thrombi: Clinical Effectiveness of a New Antifibrin D-Dimer Monoclonal Antibody (1999)

Safety and thrombus imaging capabilities of the 99mTc-labeled form of a new F(ab')2 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against fragment D dimers from cross-linked human fibrin, previously shown to be effective labeled to 131I in detecting venous thrombi in the rabbit, were investigated. Sixteen patients (seven men, mean age: 60+/-7 years) with deep (n = three) and superficial (n = 13) venous thromboses of the lower limbs documented at echo-Doppler study underwent, 24 hours before saphenous vein stripping, a scintigraphic study after IV injection of the 99mTc-MoAb (1,129+/-275 MBq/mL), acquiring dynamic images, as well as early and delayed static images of lower limbs. Tracer activity was compared in normal and pathologic areas. At the operation, vessel wall including the thrombotic lesion was isolated, weighed, and counted. Blood radioactivity and MoAb concentration were also measured. No adverse reaction was observed after MoAb administration. Thrombus site appeared as a focal area (hot spot) of asymmetrically increased tracer uptake, already detectable at early images in all patients. All thrombi detected at echo-Doppler study (n=25) were confirmed at scintigraphic study, which showed four additional hot spots subsequently confirmed to represent thrombi at operation. Average percent ratio between pathologic and normal regions was 1.51+/-1.34 (p < 0.05) at time-activity curves, 2.27+/-1.1 (p < 0.05) at early static images, and 2.15+/-1.2 (p < 0.05) at delayed images, respectively. Thrombus-to-blood uptake ratio was 4.3+/-0.9 (p < 0.01). The F(ab')2 MoAb proved to be safe, and low levels of antimouse antibodies were detected in response, although further studies are needed to assess tolerance and effectiveness in case of a second administration in the same patient. The 99mTc-labeled MoAb was very effective in identifying venous thromboses both at deep and superficial localizations, although its sensitivity and specificity need be evaluated in a more numerous group, including also patients with different and clinically more relevant localizations, such as caval thromboses. However, the possibility of obtaining high-quality images within 4 hours of MoAb administration is clinically relevant, and carries also therapeutic implications, especially in pulmonary thromboembolism.
Atrial Activity and Systemic Blood Pressure during Anesthesia in Man (1963)

Atrial contribution to ventricular performance was evaluated during halothane anesthesia in man by a method whereby atrioventricular dissociation is readily induced. Three conditions are outlined that facilitate production of this arrhythmia in man: general anesthesia with a halothane-oxygen mixture by use of an average inspired halothane concentration of 0.5 per cent; controlled ventilation following muscle paralysis with d-tubocurare; and an exogenous stimulus, most easily provided by the onset of surgery. The last factor is probably mediated via direct sympathetic stimuli to the heart. The change from sinoatrial to atrioventricular nodal rhythm was associated with a fall in arterial pressure and a rise in central venous pressure; the heart rate remained unaltered. The changes in the systemic and central venous pressures were attributed to failure of atrial systole to contribute to ventricular filling during diastole. It is suggested that tricuspid regurgitation may occur during nodal rhythm, since synchronous atrioventricular contraction is required for adequate closure of the atrioventricular valve. Further studies of this problem in anesthetized man with this particular pharmacologic tool are indicated.