gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dehydration of asparagus cookies by combined vacuum infrared radiation and pulse-spouted microwave vacuum drying (2017)

The restructured cookies were made from old stalks of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). Combination of vacuum infrared radiation drying and pulse-spouted microwave vacuum drying (VIRD–PSMVD) was studied as a potential mean for dehydration of restructured cookies. The samples were first dried by VIRD and then by PSMVD to final moisture content less than 6%. Expansion ratio, texture, color, flavor, and other attributes of samples dried by this method were evaluated and compared with those dried by PSMVD and VIRD. Results showed that the samples dried by VIRD–PSMVD showed higher overall acceptability, crisper texture, and higher expansion ratio.
The distribution of atypical epithelium in main‐duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (2010)

We conclude that total pancreatectomy should be performed for mIPMN when dilatation of the main duct suggests possible spread of the lesion to the whole pancreas.
3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,1-dimethoxybutane, a new reagent for dimethylchromenylation: synthesis of lonchocarpin, jacareubin, evodionol methyl ether, and other chromens (1971)

Like citral, 3-methylbut-2-enal condenses under pyridine catalysis with suitable meta-dihydric phenols to give chromens having the 2,2-dimethyl-substitution pattern common in Nature. Citral acetal and 3-methyl-1,1-dimethoxybut-2-ene can replace the free aldehydes, and this observation has led to the development of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,1-dimethoxybutane as a stable and readily accessible dimethylchromenylation reagent. Synthesis of various dimethylchromens, among them lonchocarpin, jacareubin, and evodionol methyl ether, illustrate its use. But-2-enal and cinnamaldehyde may be used in chromenylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active 1‐Fluoroalkyl Benzenes. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
On-chip optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy using a TripleX dual-waveguide trap (2014)

We present a new approach to the dual-beam geometry for on-chip optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy, using waveguides microfabricated in TripleX technology. Such waveguides are box shaped and consist of SiO2 and Si3N4, so as to provide a low index contrast with respect to the SiO2 claddings and low loss, while retaining the advantages of Si3N4. The waveguides enable both the trapping and Raman functionality with the same dual beams. Polystyrene beads of 1 μm diameter can be easily trapped with the device. In the axial direction discrete trapping positions occur, owing to the intensity pattern of the interfering beams. Trapping events are interpreted on the basis of simulated optical fields and calculated optical forces. The average transverse trap stiffness is 0.8 pN/nm/W, indicating that a strong trap is formed by the beams emitted by the waveguides. Finally, we measure Raman spectra of trapped beads for short integration times (down to 0.25 s), which is very promising for Raman spectroscopy of microbiological cells.
Mass and charge state assignment for proteins and peptide mixtures via noncovalent adduction in electrospray mass spectrometry (1995)

A method has been developed that takes advantage of the formation of noncovalent compounds in electrospray mass spectrometry. Mixtures of proteins and peptides are shown to produce an intense ion that corresponds to a 1:1 complex with a crown ether (18-crown-6). Although the crown ether may be added directly to the solution, for the current experiments it is introduced via the methanol liquid sheath. The spacing of these complexed species in the mass spectrum allows unambiguous determination of the charge state of the ions and their actual mass. Through constant neutral loss scans, charge state may be determined, mass assigned, spectra simplified, and chemical noise may be reduced for the analysis of complex peptide samples without Chromatographic separation. Finally, the prevalence of single complexation permits mass assignments based on the mass difference of a single protein ion and its complexed form at any charge state. In essence, the method performs a separation based on charge state. It can be used to complement Chromatographic separation and deconvolution algorithms for the electrospray mass spectrometry analysis of peptide-protein mixtures.
Performance analysis of a distributed question/answering system (2002)

The problem of question/answering (Q/A) is to find answers to open-domain questions by searching large collections of documents. Unlike information retrieval systems very common today in the form of Internet search engines, Q/A systems do not retrieve documents, but instead provide short, relevant answers located in small fragments of text. This enhanced functionality comes with a price: Q/A systems are significantly slower and require more hardware resources than information retrieval systems. This paper proposes a distributed Q/A architecture that enhances the system throughput through the exploitation of interquestion parallelism and dynamic load balancing and reduces the individual question response time through the exploitation of intraquestion parallelism. Inter and intraquestion parallelism are both exploited using several scheduling points: one before the Q/A task is started and two embedded in the Q/A task. An analytical performance model is introduced. The model analyzes both the interquestion parallelism overhead generated by the migration of questions and the intraquestion parallelism overhead generated by the partitioning of the Q/A task. The analytical model indicates that both question migration and partitioning are required for a high-performance system.
Association of Hydrotropes in Aqueous Solution Studied by Reaction Kinetics (2002)

The effect of added hydrotropes on the rates of neutral hydrolysis for 1-benzoyl-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole 1 has been studied, together with the concentration dependence of the 1H NMR spectra of the hydrotropes in aqueous solution. Hydrotropes include sodium 4-alkylbenzenesulfonates 2a−e, sodium 4-methoxybenzenesulfonate 2f, sodium 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate 2g, cesium benzenesulfonate 3, benzamidinium chloride 4, phenyltrimethylammonium bromide 5a, and benzyltrimethylammonium bromide 5b. All hydrotropes, except 2g, induce strong rate-retarding effects, indicative of strong interactions with 1 and of remarkably strong hydrophobic interactions between aromatic moieties. Most hydrotropes show neither spectroscopic nor kinetic evidence for cooperative aggregation in the concentration range studied, i.e., from 0 to 1.4 mol kg−1. Cooperative aggregation is absent because the hydrophobic moieties are too small for hydrophobic interactions to overcome electrostatic repulsion. Lack of aggregation results in high availability of hydrophobic binding sites, thereby accounting for the high solubilizing power characteristic for hydrotropes. However, sodium 4-n-propylbenzenesulfonate 2d and sodium 4-n-butylbenzenesulfonate 2e show cooperative self-association forming highly dynamic loose micellar-type structures.
Retinal migration during dark reduction of bacteriorhodopsin (1984)

When the retinal Schiff base in chymotryptically cleaved bacteriorhodopsin is reduced to a secondary retinylamine by prolonged exposure to 10% (wt/vol) sodium cyanoborohydride, at pH 10, in the absence of light, approximately 45% of the retinal is found linked to Lys-41 and 22% to Lys-40, and the remainder is scattered over various sites on the large chymotryptic fragment, including the physiological site at Lys-216. The retinal-binding site is destroyed or blocked by the reduction conditions, but the bacteriorhodopsin lattice remains intact. The results demonstrate that artifactual linkage to Lys-40/41 is possible under special conditions. Under these conditions, the epsilon-amino groups of Lys-40/41 show an enhanced ability to form retinylidene linkages with the retinal released by the physiological linkage site at Lys-216, due to some combination of close proximity to the normal linkage site, and increased reactivity with respect to other lysine epsilon-amino groups. The results are of interest for the characterization of the two newly discovered rhodopsin-like proteins, halorhodopsin and slow rhodopsin.
Radar Cross Section Measurements of a Realistic Jet Engine Structure with Rotating Parts (2011)

Radar cross section (RCS) data are measured from a realistic aircraft jet engine structure with rotating parts, and the characteristics are analyzed. The model has an inlet with dimensions of 0.866 m × 0.866 m × 0.703 m, 35 degree skewed three stage rotor blades attached to the rotating shaft with a motor, and the number of blades are 17, 29, and 41. The experimental results show that the jet engine modulation (JEM) patterns are very complicated and can be used to extract meaningful distinct features.
Fundamental processes affecting recovery in hydrogen thyratrons (1987)

Experimental measurements in the positive column of wall-confined high-current hydrogen thyratron discharges show a pronounced increase in atomic hydrogen excited state populations after the end of the current pulse. The decay rate of the electron and excited state population is observed to decrease as the energy flux increases. A time-dependent collisional-radiative model is used to calculate electron and excited state densities. This model is in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements and explains the afterpulse behavior. The analysis shows that the coupling between electron and atom temperatures is an important mechanism in high-power thyratron recovery. A new method using laser-induced fluorescence to obtain time-resolved Stark broadening data for electron density measurements is presented.
Proton shielding anisotropy in benzene (1970)

(1970). Proton shielding anisotropy in benzene. Molecular Physics: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 285-287.
Dengue in Nakorn Phanom, Thailand (1994)

Dengue virus infection constitutes major health problem in Nakorn Phanom, Northeast Thailand. Its epidemic season in Nakorn Phanom tends to start earlier than entire Thailand, or even Northeast Thailand as a whole. This discrepancy could be due to its geographical and climatic condition in Mae Kong Valley. Recent hospital data indicate health transition as shown by the emergence of traffic accidents and adult diseases to be counted among top 10 causes of death or hospitalizations.
Transient Heating and Burning of Droplet Containing a Single Metal Particle (1992)

Abstract An analytical and numerical study of combustion of an isolated liquid hydrocarbon and a liquid hydrocarbon droplet containing a metal particle is presented. The objective is to formulate a simplified combustion model, which accounts for the unsteady gas phase. Further, the model is extended to include an idealized configuration of metal slurry droplets in which a metal particle is enveloped by liquid hydrocarbon, so that ignition characteristics of the metal particles can be studied. The governing spherically symmetric, unsteady conservation equations are simplified using the Schvab-Zel'dovich and von Mises transformations. The liquid-solid phase includes the effect of transient heating. Results indicate that the burning rates for a composite droplet are close to those for a corresponding all-liquid droplet. It is found that in absence of forced convection, unless the ambient air is preheated to large temperatures comparable to the aluminum oxide melting point, the flame does not possess sufficient energy to ignite the metal. It is shown that conduction from the flame is the dominant heat transfer mechanism.
Nonconventional Polymers in Ceramic Processing: Thermoplastics and Monomers (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction: Ceramic Green Bodies as Filled Polymers Thermoplastics in Ceramic Processing A Brief Review of Thermoplastics Used in Ceramic Forming Melt Spinning of Fibers Single-Component Extrusion and ‘‘Plastics Processing’’ Thermoplastic Green Machining Thermoplastic Coextrusion Crystallinity in Thermoplastics Compounding Thermoplastic Blends Volumetric Changes in Thermoplastic–Ceramic Compounds Polymer Formation by Polymerization of Suspensions in Monomers Summary References
Teosinte Cytoplasmic Genomes: I. Performance of Maize Inbreds with Teosinte Cytoplasms (1996)

Cytoplasmic variation in maize ( Zea mays L.) is known to influence qualitative phenotypes such as male sterility and teosinte‐cytoplasm‐associated miniature. Cytoplasmic influences on quantitative characters such as grain yield have been difficult to document. The objective of this research was to study effects of diverse teosinte cytoplasmic genomes on quantitative agronomic characters in two maize inbreds. Ten diverse cytoplasms derived from three subspecies of Z. mays and one Z. perennis cytoplasm were substituted for the cytoplasms of inbreds A619 and W23 by at least six generations of backcrossing. Inbreds with teosinte cytoplasms were compared with A619 and W23 in a replicated field trial in three environments. Five of the 11 cytoplasms had quantitative influences. Three of these five cytoplasms decreased yield, with one of the cytoplasms reducing yield of the A619 nuclear genotype by 1.07 Mg ha −1 or 20%. Many effects were specific to either the A619 or W23 nuclear background indicating that teosinte cytoplasmic genomes interacted with maize nuclear genomes. Cytoplasmic effects tended to be small and unfavorable in the context of a maize breeding program.
Computations of capacitance matrices for ESD between 3-dimensional bodies (2002)

The computational tool described is based upon three-dimensional geometric modeling and electrostatic charge simulation, for determination of capacitance matrices between three-dimensional bodies, including the influence of a ground plane. These matrices provide a means of computing potential and electric field distributions between approaching bodies, and thus determining relative probabilities of electrostatic discharge. Also, energy storage computations before and after a discharge provide a means for estimating the relative severity of the event. The tool is used to compute capacitance matrices for a simple model of a human body with arm and finger approaching another object.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chronic Inflammation with Increased Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) RNA Expression in the Vaginal Epithelium of HIV‐Infected Thai Women (2001)

Thai residents have a greater risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than do US residents. To analyze host factors associated with heterosexual transmission, vaginal epithelial biopsies from HIV-seropositive Thai and US women were evaluated for tissue virus load and histologic makeup. In all, 84% of Thai and 14% of US women exhibited a chronic inflammatory T cell infiltrate in the vaginal epithelium. In Thai tissue, the infiltrate was associated with elevated levels of HIV RNA in the epidermis. Uninfected Thai women also had vaginal epithelial inflammation. Inflammation did not correlate with sexually transmitted diseases or HIV disease stage. The higher rates and increased risk of heterosexual transmission in Thailand may be due to chronic inflammation at the site where the virus is transmitted, which leads to the accumulation of activated T cells. Such cells might act as targets for initial viral infection and subsequently as reservoirs that support efficient transmission.
Throughput optimized multi-source cooperative networks with compute-and-forward (2014)

In this work, we investigate a multi-source multicast network with the aid of multiple relays, where it is assumed that no direct link is available at each S-D pair. The aim is to maximum the common multicast throughput of all source nodes. A transmission protocol employing the relaying strategy, namely, compute-and-forward (CPF), is proposed. Both the delay-stringent transmission and the delay-tolerant transmission applications are investigated. The associated optimization problems to maximum the short-term and long-term common multicast throughput are formulated and solved. Performance comparisons show that the CPF strategy outperforms conventional decode-and-forward (DF) strategy.
Associations between the <i>MDM2</i> promoter P1 polymorphism del1518 (rs3730485) and incidence of cancer of the breast, lung, colon and prostate (2016)

The MDM2 promoter region contains several polymorphisms, some of which have been associated with MDM2 expression, cancer risk and age at cancer onset. del1518 (rs3730485) is an indel polymorphism residing in the MDM2 promoter P1 and is in almost complete linkage disequilibrium with the MDM2 promoter P2 polymorphism SNP309T>G (rs2279744). Cancer risk assessments of del1518 have previously been conducted in relatively small Chinese populations only. In this study we assessed the genotype distribution of del1518 among healthy Caucasians, African Americans and Chinese, and we estimated the Odds Ratios (OR) for incident cancer of the breast, colon, lung and prostate (n=7,081) as compared to controls (n=3,749) in a large Caucasian (Norwegian) cohort.We found the genotypes of the del1518 to vary significantly between healthy Caucasians, African-Americans and Chinese (p< 1×10-5). Further, we found a positive association of the del1518 del-allele with risk of colon cancer (dominant model: OR = 1.15; 95 % CI = 1.01 - 1.31). Stratifying according to SNP309 status, this association remained among carriers of the SNP309TG genotype (OR = 1.21; 95 % CI = 1.01 - 1.46), but with no clear association among carriers of the SNP309TT genotype. In conclusion, our findings suggest del1518 to be associated with increased risk of colon cancer.
European Research Priorities in Farm Animal Genomics (2013)

Production of safe and healthy high quality food for human population, preservation of stable rural social economic infrastructure and sustainable use of agricultural land and animal resources are important goals of European livestock sector. Research and innovation in the livestock sector will play an important role in development of more efficient and sustainable strategies for supply of healthy high quality food, reduction of environmental impact of animal production and development of broader genetic base for our livestock species. Research, especially high throughput –omics technologies are therefore important component of the research agenda within the new EU framework programme, Horizon 2020. In the present article we review the most important developments in animal genetics research during the last decade and evaluate some new strategies which should contribute to establishment of excellent science in the European livestock sector.
QUANTIFYING STOCHASTIC RESONANCE IN A SINGLE THRESHOLD DETECTOR FOR RANDOM APERIODIC SIGNALS (2004)

We explore stochastic resonance (SR) effects in a single comparator (threshold detector) driven by either a Gaussian or exponentially distributed aperiodic signal. The behaviour of different performance measures, namely the cross-correlation coefficient (CCC), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mutual information, I, has been investigated. The signals were added to Gaussian noise before being passed through the threshold detector. For the two signals tested, we observe the perhaps surprising result that the SNR never displays SR. However, SR is displayed by both the CCC and I for Gaussian signals. For exponential signals SR is not displayed by any of the measures. By generating signals whose probability distributions have the generalized Gaussian form Ae -|βx| n it is possible to demonstrate that SR ceases to occur if n<1.7. We conclude that SR is only observable in threshold based systems for certain types of aperiodic signal. Specifically, SR is not expected to occur for signals whose probability density functions have long, slowly decaying, tails. We discuss the implication of these results for the role of SR in biological sensory systems.
Roles of intrinsic anisotropy and π-band pairbreaking effects on critical currents in tilted-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:math>-axis<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Mg</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>films probed by magneto-optical and transport measurements (2014)

Investigations of $\mathrm{Mg}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ and Fe-based superconductors in recent years have revealed many unusual effects of multiband superconductivity, but manifestations of anisotropic multiband effects in the critical current density ${J}_{c}$ have not been addressed experimentally, mostly because of the difficulties in measuring ${J}_{c}$ along the $c$ axis. To investigate the effect of very different intrinsic anisotropies of \ensuremath{\sigma} and \ensuremath{\pi} electron bands in $\mathrm{Mg}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ on current transport, we grew epitaxial films with a tilted $c$ axis (\ensuremath{\theta} \ensuremath{\sim} 19.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}), which enabled us to measure the components of ${J}_{c}$ along both the $ab$ plane and the $c$ axis using magneto-optical and transport techniques. These measurements were combined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed terraced steps on the surface of the tilted-$c$-axis films. The measured field and temperature dependencies of the anisotropic ${J}_{c}(H)$ show that ${J}_{c,\mathrm{L}}$ parallel to the terraced steps is higher than ${J}_{c,\mathrm{T}}$ perpendicular to the terraced steps, and ${J}_{c}$ of thinner films (50 nm) obtained from transport experiments at 0.1 T reaches \ensuremath{\sim}10% of the depairing current density ${J}_{d}$ in the $ab$ plane, while magneto-optical imaging revealed much higher ${J}_{c}$ at lower fields. To analyze the experimental data we developed a model of anisotropic vortex pinning which accounts for the observed behavior of ${J}_{c}$ in the tilted-$c$-axis films and suggests that the apparent anisotropy of ${J}_{c}$ is affected by current pairbreaking effects in the weaker \ensuremath{\pi} band. Our results indicate that the out-of-plane current transport mediated by the \ensuremath{\pi} band could set the ultimate limit of ${J}_{c}$ in $\mathrm{Mg}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ polycrystals.
A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Electrochemically Grown ZnS Monolayers on Au(111) (1999)

The structure and chemical composition of electrosynthesized ZnS thin films on Au(111) substrates was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The films were grown by alternating underpotential deposition and oxidative adsorption cycles of S and Zn from solution precursors (electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy, EC-ALE). Oxidative adsorption of the first layer of S results in a ( × )R30° adlattice on Au(111). In the initial Zn monolayer, XPS indicates the presence of SO42- derived from the supporting electrolyte. The coadsorbed SO42- can be chemically or electrochemically displaced by H2S(aq) or HS(aq)-, leading to the formation of ZnS. Atomically resolved STM images show the ZnS/Au(111) monolayer to be 6-fold symmetric with an interatomic spacing of 0.37 ± 0.01 nm. The structure of the deposit on the micrometer scale was also investigated by STM. The first complete EC-ALE cycle results in the formation of nanocrystallites of ZnS randomly distributed across Au(111) terraces. The average diameter of the crystallites is 10 ± 5 nm, and the apparent coverage of ZnS is 0.38.