gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
YOLOv3 and YOLOv4: Multiple Object Detection for Surveillance Applications (2020)

Object detection algorithm such as You Only Look Once (YOLOv3 and YOLOv4) is implemented for traffic and surveillance applications. A neural network consists of input with minimum one hidden and output layer. Multiple object dataset (KITTI image and video), which consists of classes of images such as Car, truck, person, and two-wheeler captured during RGB and grayscale images. The dataset is composed (image and video) of varying illumination. YOLO model variants such as YOLOv3 is implemented for image and YOLOv4 for video dataset. Obtained results show that the algorithm effectively detects the objects approximately with an accuracy of 98% for image dataset and 99% for video dataset.
Pharmacokinetics and dosage regimens of anti-inflammatory drugs. (1990)

The term anti-inflammatory drug, in its broadest sense, encompasses a number of very diverse compounds, ranging from steroids to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and from disease modifying agents (used in the treatment of canine rheumatoid arthritis) to chondroprotective agents (used in the treatment of osteoarthrosis and traumatic arthritis in the horse). For many of these drugs (eg, chondroprotective and disease modifying agents) the mode of action is unknown and even with steroids and NSAIDs there is no universal agreement on mechanism of action. It is therefore in many cases impossible to link pharmacokinetic data to a drug's pharmacodynamics, for example to an effect on a specific biochemical marker. Some agents, including corticosteroids, may have indirect modes of action, so that the pharmacodynamic half-life can be much longer than (and not clearly related to) the pharmacokinetic half-life. In other cases, clinical benefits may only become apparent after several weeks or even months. It can therefore be difficult or impossible to use classical pharmacokinetic approaches to set dosing intervals and dose rates for clinical use. To some extent, the position is more straightforward with NSAIDs. However, even with these drugs simple approaches are not possible and this paper will review briefly some of the studies undertaken in our laboratory which have attempted to utilize NSAID kinetics to set dosage schedules for clinical use.
Oxidation of primary alcohols to methyl esters using tert-butyl hypochlorite, pyridine and methyl alcohol (1991)

When treated with tert-butyl hypochlorite, in the presence of pyridine and methyl alcohol, saturated aliphatic primary alcohols are oxidized to methyl esters in very high yields. Oxidation of benzylic alcohols, under the same conditions, yields a mixture of aldehydes and methyl esters. It appears that this reaction is a three-step process with an aldehyde and acyl chloride as the intermediates. Investigation of the relative rates of reaction reveals that benzyl alcohols are, as expected, oxidized faster than aliphatic alcohols, while the corresponding aldehydes show an opposite trend in reactivity. The reaction mechanism is proposed and the difference in the reactivity for aliphatic and benzylic aldehydes attributed to the stereoelectronic factors.
Apolipoprotein D in lipid metabolism and its functional implication in atherosclerosis and aging (2008)

Dyslipidemia is characterized by increased triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Such an atherogenic lipid profile often predisposes an at risk individual to coronary artery disease with incompletely understood mechanisms. Apolipoprotein D (apoD) is an atypical apolipoprotein. Unlike canonical apolipoproteins that are produced mainly in liver and intestine, apoD is expressed widely in mammalian tissues. ApoD does not share significant degrees of homology in amino acid sequence with other apolipoproteins. Instead, apoD is structurally similar to lipocalins, a diverse family of lipid-binding proteins that are responsible for transporting lipids and other small hydrophobic molecules for metabolism. Plasma ApoD is present mainly in HDL and to a lesser extent in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Genetic variants of apoD are associated with abnormal lipid metabolism and increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Increased apoD deposition is detectable in atherosclerotic lesions of humans with established cardiovascular disease as well as mice with premature atherosclerosis. Moreover, apoD is associated with anti-oxidation and anti-stress activities, contributing to lifespan expansion in fruit flies. Elderly subjects and patients with Alzheimer exhibit markedly elevated apoD production in the brain. Thus, apoD is emerged as a significant player in lipid metabolism and aging. Here we focus our review on recent advances toward our understanding of apoD in lipid metabolism and address whether apoD dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. We will also discuss the functional implication of apoD in aging.
Detection of bacterial antigens in milk samples from clinical cases of bovine mastitis in which culture is negative (1993)

ELISAs to detect antigens against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis were developed and used on whey samples from quarter milk samples from cases of clinical mastitis in which no bacterial pathogen had been isolated by standard culture techniques. Antigens against one or other of the bacteria listed above were detected in 68 per cent of 84 samples. Fifty-one per cent of the 84 samples contained antigens to E coli. Antigens against one or other of these bacteria were also detected in 51 per cent of 53 quarter milk samples which were negative on culture but had somatic cell counts of more than 500,000 cells/ml. It is suggested that ELISAs for the detection of antigens in quarter milk samples could be a useful adjunct to culture, to determine the infection status of a quarter.
Electric Field Design for Multijet Electropsinning with Uniform Electric Field (2014)

Electric field plays a key role in producing required nanofibers in electrospinning. This study aims to achieve uniform electric field distribution in multijet electrospinning by designing the appropriate spinneret and collector geometry. Based on the three-dimensional electric field simulation, three kinds of spinneret and two kinds of collectors have been designed. The simulation results show that a flat spinneret creates a more uniform electric field distribution than the multineedle spinneret with an auxiliary plate. The two-step spinneret can intensify the electric field at the central area and create a rather uniform electric field. A smaller collector creates a more uniform electric field distribution, and a curved collector creates a more uniform surface electric field. The simulation results have been verified by experiments. The experiments show that thinner and more uniform fibers are collected when using the two-step spinneret and a smaller flat collector, and the thickness of fiber mat is more uniform.
HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (2010)

Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts. To produce monoclonal antibodies, Bcells are removed from the spleen of an animal that has been challenged with the relevant antigen. These B-cells are then fused with myeloma tumor cells that can grow indefinitely in culture (myeloma is a B-cell cancer). This fusion is performed by making the cell membranes more permeable. The fused hybrid cells (called hybridomas), being cancer cells, will multiply rapidly and indefinitely and will produce large amounts of the desired antibodies. They have to be selected and subsequently cloned by limiting dilution. Supplemental media containing Interleukin-6 (such as briclone) are essential for this step.The production of monoclonal anti-bodies was first invented by Cesar Milstein, Georges J. F. Kohler and Niels Kaj Jerne in 1975. Selection occurs via culturing the newly fused primary hybridoma cells in selective-media, specifically media containing 1x concentration HAT for roughly 10–14 days. After using HAT it is often desirable to use HT containing media. Cloning occurs after identification of positive primary hybridoma cells. Clone by limited dilution. While some may believe that IL-6 is essential for this step, it is not necessary to add that expensive supplement, rather use 50% heat-inactivated FBS for the first week. Add 10% FBS DMEM to the clone culture plate after screening for single colony wells.
The Development of an IMU Integrated Clothes for Postural Monitoring Using Conductive Yarn and Interconnecting Technology (2017)

Spinal disease is a common yet important condition that occurs because of inappropriate posture. Prevention could be achieved by continuous posture monitoring, but most measurement systems cannot be used in daily life due to factors such as burdensome wires and large sensing modules. To improve upon these weaknesses, we developed comfortable "smart wear" for posture measurement using conductive yarn for circuit patterning and a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) for interconnections. The conductive yarn was made by twisting polyester yarn and metal filaments, and the resistance per unit length was about 0.05 Ω/cm. An embroidered circuit was made using the conductive yarn, which showed increased yield strength and uniform electrical resistance per unit length. Circuit networks of sensors and FPCBs for interconnection were integrated into clothes using a computer numerical control (CNC) embroidery process. The system was calibrated and verified by comparing the values measured by the smart wear with those measured by a motion capture camera system. Six subjects performed fixed movements and free computer work, and, with this system, we were able to measure the anterior/posterior direction tilt angle with an error of less than 4°. The smart wear does not have excessive wires, and its structure will be optimized for better posture estimation in a later study.
ARINC 653 role in Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) (2008)

The air transport industry has developed ARINC Specification 653 as a standardized Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) interface definition. The document specifies the interface boundary between avionics software applications and the core executive software. The standardization effort was sponsored by the airline user community and involved many interested parties, including airframe manufacturers, avionics suppliers, RTOS suppliers, government and academia. ARINC 653 is a key enabler in the development of Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA). In many ways it represents a paradigm shift for avionics development; in particular it recognizes the RTOS as key component of an IMA system. The commitment shown by industry to IMA could not be more evident than that shown by the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 787 avionics suites. This paper will provide top-level overview of IMA software architecture, the key elements of the ARINC 653 standard and its current development status.
A Single Formula for the “Law of the Wall” (1961)

Technical Briefs A Single Formula for the “Law of the Wall” D. B. Spalding D. B. Spalding Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and Article Information D. B. Spalding Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England J. Appl. Mech. Sep 1961, 28(3): 455-458 (4 pages) https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3641728 Published Online: September 1, 1961 Article history Received: March 8, 1961 Online: September 16, 2011
Physiological Changes During Prolonged Seizures and Epileptic Brain Damage (1978)

The role of physiological changes occurring during prolonged seizures in the causation of epileptic brain damage has been investigated experimentally in baboons and rats. Prolonged drug-induced myoclonic seizure activity is associated with initial arterial hypertension and subsequent hypotension, increased venous pressure, early hyperglycaemia and subsequent hypoglycaemia, variable arterial hypoxia and lactacidosis, and hyperpyrexia. Cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and glucose is increased 2--3 fold throughout prolonged seizures provided the physiological status of the animal is well maintained. Ischaemic neuronal change is found after seizures lasting 1.5--7 hours, involving the small neurones of the third cortical lamina, Purkinje and basket cells in the cerebellum, and pyramidal neurons in the endfolium and Sommer sector of the hippocampus. Muscular paralysis and artificial ventilation minimise late physiological changes such as arterial hypotension and hyperpyrexia, and protect against cerebellar damage, but only slightly against neocortical and hippocampal damage. When arterial hypotension, hypoxia or hypoglycaemia lead to a reduction in the intensity of seizure discharge in paralysed, ventilated rats, there is also a reduction in hippocampal and neocortical damage. Factors intimately related to the intensity and duration of the neuronal discharge are responsible for neocortical and hippocampal lesions.
Temperature Dependence of Optical Rotation:  α-Pinene, β-Pinene Pinane, Camphene, Camphor and Fenchone (2004)

The temperature dependence of the specific rotations of α-pinene, β-pinene, pinane, camphene, camphor, and fenchone were measured in ethylcyclohexane solutions from 0 to 100 °C, and at several wavelengths. The rotations for α-pinene and camphene have only a very small temperature dependence. In contrast, the specific rotations of β-pinene and pinane decrease significantly with increasing temperature. This does not appear to be a result of a complex between pinane and the solvent, since changing to di-n-butyl ether leads to essentially the same temperature dependence. The specific rotations of camphor and fenchone are temperature sensitive, but in opposite directions. The observed temperature dependence of the specific rotations of these compounds has important consequences for variable temperature studies of chiral compounds having two or more conformers with similar energies.
Murine renal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (Methods in Renal Research Paper) (2008)

Ischaemia/reperfusion is a major cause of acute kidney injury in native and transplant kidneys and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Murine models of renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury have great potential to improve understanding of the underlying processes and are an important focus of ongoing research into therapeutic and preventative strategies. Like all experimental models, murine models of renal ischaemia/reperfusion are prone to significant variability and results may be influenced by a number of technical and design factors. In this article we review the factors that may influence experimental results and provide a guide to conducting reproducible experiments in murine renal ischaemia/reperfusion.
<title>Bacterial concrete</title> (2001)

Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self-repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii and Sporosarcina bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and CaCl<SUB>2</SUB> medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places. Energy- dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra of the microbial precipitation on the surface of the crack indicated the abundance of calcium and the precipitation was inferred to be calcite (CaCO<SUB>3</SUB>).
Some Trends in Airship Technology Developments (1983)

Abstract : Recent advances in aerospace technology, and in particular the application of new materials and novel structures, have special relevance to the development of dirigibles. This paper demonstrates that significant reductions in structure weight can be achieved through the use of, for example, carbon fibre composites. It goes to show what corresponding improvements in operational performance can be gained.
Lack of Ocular Changes with Dimethyl Sulfoxide Therapy of Scleroderma (1989)

Eighty-four patients with scleroderma hand ulcers were treated 3 times daily for 3 months in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial by immersing their hands into bags of topical 70% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), topical 2% DMSO, or 0.85% normal saline. Fifty-five of the patients completed the study, 46 of whom received blinded initial (0 days) and final (12 weeks) full ophthalmologic examinations. This evaluation included past ocular history, past drug history, family ocular history, pupillary examination, cycloplegic refraction, motility study, applanation tension, indirect dilated funduscopic examination, and slit-lamp examination. No statistical difference in these ocular variables, including visual acuity, lenticular changes, and cataract development, were noted among the three groups, and in no patients were the DMSO-related lenticular changes reported in numerous animal studies found. The maximum theoretical dosage of DMSO administered was 2.6 g/kg/day, which is comparable to those used in the animal studies.
TGF-β1 Represses Activation and Resultant Death of Microglia via Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity (2004)

Overactivation of microglial cells may cause severe brain tissue damage in various neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the overactivation of microglia should be repressed by any means. The present study investigated the potential mechanism and signaling pathway for the repressive effect of TGF-beta1, a major anti-inflammatory cytokine, on overactivation and resultant death of microglial cells. A bacterial endotoxin LPS stimulated expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and caused death in cultured microglial cells. TGF-beta1 markedly blocked these LPS effects. However, the LPS-evoked death of microglial cells was not solely attributed to excess production of NO. Because phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) was previously shown to play a crucial role in iNOS expression and cell survival signals, we further studied whether PI3K signaling was associated with the suppressive effect of TGF-beta1. Like TGF-beta1, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked iNOS expression and death in cultured microglial cells. Both TGF-beta1 and LY294002 decreased the activation of caspases 3 and 11 and the mRNA expression of various kinds of inflammatory molecules caused by LPS. TGF-beta1 was further found to decrease LPS-induced activation of PI3K and Akt. TGF-beta1 and LY294002 suppressed LPS-induced p38 mitogen-activated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity. In contrast, TGF-beta1 and LY294002 enhanced LPS-induced NF-kappaB activity. Our data indicate that TGF-beta1 protect normal or damaged brain tissue by repressing overactivation of microglial cells via inhibition of PI3K and its downstream signaling molecules.
The life, death, and replacement of oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS (2008)

Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are mature glial cells that myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord. As such, they are integral to functional and efficient neuronal signaling. The embryonic lineage and postnatal development of OLs have been well-studied and many features of the process have been described, including the origin, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of precursor cells. Less clear is the extent to which OLs and damaged/dysfunctional myelin are replaced following injury to the adult CNS. OLs and their precursors are very vulnerable to conditions common to CNS injury and disease sites, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and elevated glutamate levels leading to excitotoxicity. Thus, these cells become dysfunctional or die in multiple pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, ischemia, and hypoxia. However, studies of certain conditions to date have detected spontaneous OL replacement. This review will summarize current information on adult OL progenitors, mechanisms that contribute to OL death, the consequences of their loss and the pathological conditions in which spontaneous oligodendrogenesis from endogenous precursors has been observed in the adult CNS.
Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables (1996)

Abstract We outline a framework for causal inference in settings where assignment to a binary treatment is ignorable, but compliance with the assignment is not perfect so that the receipt of treatment is nonignorable. To address the problems associated with comparing subjects by the ignorable assignment—an “intention-to-treat analysis”—we make use of instrumental variables, which have long been used by economists in the context of regression models with constant treatment effects. We show that the instrumental variables (IV) estimand can be embedded within the Rubin Causal Model (RCM) and that under some simple and easily interpretable assumptions, the IV estimand is the average causal effect for a subgroup of units, the compliers. Without these assumptions, the IV estimand is simply the ratio of intention-to-treat causal estimands with no interpretation as an average causal effect. The advantages of embedding the IV approach in the RCM are that it clarifies the nature of critical assumptions needed for a causal interpretation, and moreover allows us to consider sensitivity of the results to deviations from key assumptions in a straightforward manner. We apply our analysis to estimate the effect of veteran status in the Vietnam era on mortality, using the lottery number that assigned priority for the draft as an instrument, and we use our results to investigate the sensitivity of the conclusions to critical assumptions.