gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fumonisin and Ochratoxin Production in Industrial Aspergillus niger Strains (2011)

Aspergillus niger is perhaps the most important fungus used in biotechnology, and is also one of the most commonly encountered fungi contaminating foods and feedstuffs, and occurring in soil and indoor environments. Many of its industrial applications have been given GRAS status (generally regarded as safe). However, A. niger has the potential to produce two groups of potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins: fumonisins and ochratoxins. In this study all available industrial and many non-industrial strains of A. niger (180 strains) as well as 228 strains from 17 related black Aspergillus species were examined for mycotoxin production. None of the related 17 species of black Aspergilli produced fumonisins. Fumonisins (B(2), B(4), and B(6)) were detected in 81% of A. niger, and ochratoxin A in 17%, while 10% of the strains produced both mycotoxins. Among the industrial strains the same ratios were 83%, 33% and 26% respectively. Some of the most frequently used strains in industry NRRL 337, 3112 and 3122 produced both toxins and several strains used for citric acid production were among the best producers of fumonisins in pure agar culture. Most strains used for other biotechnological processes also produced fumonisins. Strains optimized through random mutagenesis usually maintained their mycotoxin production capability. Toxigenic strains were also able to produce the toxins on media suggested for citric acid production with most of the toxins found in the biomass, thereby questioning the use of the remaining biomass as animal feed. In conclusion it is recommended to use strains of A. niger with inactive or inactivated gene clusters for fumonisins and ochratoxins, or to choose isolates for biotechnological uses in related non-toxigenic species such as A. tubingensis, A. brasiliensis, A vadensis or A. acidus, which neither produce fumonisins nor ochratoxins.
Human Pre-interleukin 1.ALPHA. and .BETA.: Structural Features Revealed by Limited Proteolysis. (1991)

Both pre-interleukin 1 alpha and beta (pre IL 1 alpha and beta) are proteolytically processed into extracellular mature forms of IL 1 alpha and beta. Since pre IL 1 alpha is shown to be biologically active, there may be other reasons for the proteolytic processing of IL 1 alpha and presumably, for IL 1 beta also. In order to examine the possibility that structural stabilization may be associated with the proteolytic processing of pre IL 1 alpha and beta, we investigated the structural features of pre IL 1 alpha and beta by the combination of limited proteolysis and immunoprecipitation with antibodies to the NH2-terminal halves or COOH-terminal halves of pre IL 1 alpha or beta. Both trypsin and V8 protease digested the NH2-terminal halves of pre IL 1 alpha and beta more easily than the COOH-terminal halves of pre IL 1 alpha and beta, yielding structurally stabilized "mature" forms of IL 1. Both trypsin and V8 protease yielded a fragment similar in size to mature IL 1 alpha from pre IL 1 alpha. In contrast, trypsin digested pre IL 1 beta into fragments smaller in size than mature IL 1 beta, while V8 protease yielded a fragment similar in size to mature IL 1 beta. Furthermore, mature IL 1 beta, once processed and released from cells, was resistant to trypsin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Advanced UXO Detection/Discrimination Technology Demonstration - Kaho'olawe Hawaii (2004)

Technical Report
SU-GG-T-601: Design and Development of a New Micro Beam Treatment Planning System (2010)

Purpose: To develop the Treatment Planning System for a new microbeam treatment system. Method and Materials: The microbeam treatment system was composed of an x-band linac with a robot arm, the real-time tracking system using x-ray fluoroscopy, and the treatment planning system. The system realizes 4 . irradiation usingmany microbeams of which the diameter is about 1mm. We developed the software for the optimization of beam directions/beam intensities and dose calculation. We used the pseudo Beam's Eye Beam (pBEV) method in the beam direction optimization and the steepest decent method and the objective function in the beam intensity optimization. We employed the superposition/convolution algorithm and the density scaling method (developed by Siddon) in the dose calculation. The dose kernel was calculated by using the EGS5 Monte Carlo simulation code. The calculated result was compared with the Monte Carlo-calculated PDD curve in water. Finally, the microbeam irradiation for a small tumor in lung was simulated using the treatment planning system. Results: One hundred beams were selected using the pBEV scores from 408 beams. The beam intensities of each beam were determined by the steepest decent method. The dose distribution for a small lung tumor was calculated using the beam direction/intensity. The dose was concentrated on the PTV and the OARs were spared effectively. The dose difference between the calculated PDD curve with our system and the Monte-Carlo calculated curve in water was within 1%. The calculation time of 1 port was about 15sec. Conclusion: We developed the treatment planning system for a new microbeam treatment system. The dose distribution for a small lung tumor was simulated using the software. Conflict of Interest Statement: Research sponsored by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Efavirenz (Sustiva) Analogues as HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Replacement of the Cyclopropylacetylene Side Chain. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
1073 Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in serum and skeletal muscle and mRNA expression of BCAA catabolizing enzymes in muscle of dairy cows around parturition (2016)

The BCAA (Leu, Ile, and Val), besides being substrates for protein synthesis or generation of energy, also act as signaling molecules and modulate overall AA and protein metabolism. The BCAA are mainly catabolized in skeletal muscle by transamination, followed by an irreversible oxidative decarboxylation by the action of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDH). In view of the substantial mobilization of muscle protein during the transition period and the specific requirements of BCAA for milk protein synthesis and for supporting immune functions, our objective was to investigate the changes in the expression of BCAA catabolizing enzymes in conjunct with BCAA profiles during late gestation and the subsequent lactation in dairy cows. Biopsies from M. semitendinosus and blood were collected from 11 multiparous German Holstein cows on d −21, 1, 21, and 70 relative to calving. The BCAA profiles in muscle and serum were determined by LC-MS/MS profiling through targeted metabolomics using the Biocrates Absolute IDQ p180 Kit. The mRNA abundance of BCKDHA and BCKDHB was quantified by qPCR. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The concentrations of Leu, Ile, and Val in muscle increased from d −21 to d 1 (P < 0.001), remained unchanged until d 21 and then declined (except in case of Val) on d 70 (P < 0.001). In serum, the concentrations of Val and Ile changed over time (P < 0.01 and 0.06, respectively), whereas Leu remained stable. The mRNA abundance of BCKDHA decreased (P = 0.03) from d −21 to d 1, followed by a 1.9-fold increase (P < 0.01) on d 21 and then again declined thereafter (P < 0.01). The abundance of BCKDHB mRNA decreased 1.7-fold from d −21 to d 1 (P < 0.01), remained at this level on d 21, and then increased (P < 0.01) to nearly prepartum values on d 70. Negative correlations (P < 0.01) between BCKDHB mRNA abundance and muscle concentrations of Leu, Ile, and total BCAA (r = −0.48, −0.53, and −0.44, respectively) were observed across all time-points. Reduced abundance of BCKDHA and BCKDHB mRNA coincided with greater muscle concentrations of BCAA, suggesting an attenuation of BCAA oxidation in skeletal muscle shortly after parturition. This would favor sparing of BCAA for milk protein synthesis and other metabolic processes.
Macro Rings. XX. Transannular Effects in π-π-Complexes<sup>1</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMacro Rings. XX. Transannular Effects in π-π-Complexes1Donald J. Cram and Ralph H. BauerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 22, 5971–5977Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01531a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01531a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views438Altmetric-Citations109LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Low Incidence of a Nucleotide Sequence Alteration of the Neurofibromatosis 2 Gene in Human Breast Cancers (1995)

We investigated aberrations of the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene in breast tumors of 60 patients by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products followed by nucleotide sequencing. We detected a tumor-specific single-base substitution in codon 398 in exon 12 of the gene, resulting in an alteration of a single amino acid, in DNA from a breast cancer sample. The results indicated possible but infrequent involvement of mutations of the tumor suppressor NF2 gene in human breast cancers.
Ahrens receives the Hess Medal (1997)

Tom Ahrens was awarded the Harry H. Hess Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honor Ceremony on December 17,1996, in San Francisco. The Hess Medal recognizes outstanding achievements in research in the constitution and evolution of Earth and its sister planets. The award citation and Ahren's response are given here.
Adjustment Behaviours of Dividend Payouts in G7 Countries: A Different Look (2012)

The topic of the dividend adjustment behaviours of firms in G7 countries was analysed in this study. After dividing the entire sample of firms into countries and separating listed, delisted, and unlisted firms by their listing type, we investigated the question using quantile regressions. Our analyses provided the following results. First, payout ratios showed decreasing tendencies irrespective of both country origin and listing types. Second, the speeds of dividend adjustment in Japan and Italy were estimated to be the fastest by quantile, whereas that of Canadian firms was estimated to be the slowest. Third, when the same issue was examined for listing types, unlisted firms showed the fastest speed of adjustment. In general, the estimated curves for both the speed of adjustment and the required time for partial adjustment were found to be cross-sectionally unstable and nonlinear with respect to dividend levels.
Acid extraction to a hydrophobic ionic liquid: the role of added tributylphosphate investigated by experiments and simulations (2012)

We have studied the extraction of four HA acids (HNO(3), HReO(4), HClO(4), HCl) to a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (BMI(+) Tf(2)N(-)) at room temperature, in a wide range of acidic concentrations in water. The effect of tributylphosphate (TBP) as co-solvent is investigated. According to experimental observations, water dragging to the IL phase increases with added TBP and/or acids. Acid extraction is found to be weak, however, for the four acids except for concentrated HNO(3) (>3 M). Molecular dynamics simulations on model biphasic systems show that TBP is not surface active, but well dissolved in the IL. They also reveal the importance of HA acid model (either totally or half dissociated) and of the TBP content on acid extraction to the IL. Furthermore, they show that "the proton" can be extracted by TBP (H(3)O(+)(TBP)(3)"complex") without its A(-) conjugated base, via a cation transfer mechanism (BMI(+) transfer to water). Experiments and simulations show that TBP plays an important role in the mutual solubility between water and ionic liquid, by different amounts, depending on the HA acid. On the other hand, both approaches indicate that a HTf(2)N containing aqueous solution completely mixes with the [BMI][Tf(2)N] IL that contains the same Tf(2)N(-) anion.
Fuel Injection Strategies to Improve Emissions and Efficiency of High Compression Ratio Diesel Engines (2008)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Simultaneous low NOx (&lt; 0.15 g/kWh) &amp; soot (&lt; 0.01 g/kWh) are attainable for enhanced premixed combustion that may lead to higher levels of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions as the engine cycles move to low temperature combustion, which is a departure from the ultra low hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, typical of the high compression ratio diesel engines. As a result, the fuel efficiency of such modes of combustion is also compromised (up to 5%). In this paper, advanced strategies for fuel injection are devised on a modern 4-cylinder common rail diesel engine modified for single cylinder research. Thermal efficiency comparisons are made between the low temperature combustion and the conventional diesel cycles. The fuel injection strategies include single injection with heavy EGR, and early multi-pulse fuel injection under low or medium engine loads respectively. The empirical studies have been conducted under independently controlled exhaust gas recirculation, intake boost, and exhaust backpressure. Multiple fuel injection pulses per cycle and heavy EGR have been applied to modulate the homogeneity history in order to improve the phasing and efficiency of the combustion process. The new low temperature combustion trade-off, that is, CO &amp; THC vs. NOx &amp; soot is presented in the context of the different fuel injection strategies.</div>
Nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 ENDOR studies of intrabridgehead three-electron .sigma.-bonded radical cations. Observation of second-order splittings (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 ENDOR studies of intrabridgehead three-electron .sigma.-bonded radical cations. Observation of second-order splittingsB. Kirste, R. W. Alder, R. B. Sessions, M. Bock, H. Kurreck, and S. F. NelsenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 9, 2635–2640Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00295a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00295a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views249Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ACTR-93. A PHASE I STUDY OF MLN0128 (TAK-228) AND BEVACIZUMAB IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED SOLID TUMORS INCLUDING GLIOBLASTOMA (2017)

The P13K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis plays a central role in cell growth and survival in a variety of cancers. MLN0128(TAK-228) is an oral inhibitor of TORC1/2 complexes. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF with activity in some cancers. We conducted a Cancer Therapeutic Evaluation Program (CTEP)-sponsored phase I trial of TAK-228 and bevacizumab. Eligibility criteria included histologically confirmed recurrent glioblastoma(rGBM) and advanced solid tumors, >18 years old, ECOG≤2, adequate bone marrow and organ function. The study had 2 stages; dose escalation using a 3 + 3 design to estimate MTD defined as the highest dose at which <2/6 patients experience dose-limiting toxicity (DLT); followed by dose expansion at MTD to include up to 40 patients with rGBM, endometrial and ovarian cancer. A total of 49 patients received study treatment including 18 with rGBM, 17 with ovarian cancer and 14 with endometrial cancer. Median age and ECOG score were 59 years and 1. Three TAK-228 dose levels were evaluated in stage 1, including 3,4 and 5 mg daily with bevacizumab (10mg/kg intravenously bi-weekly) in 28-day cycles. At 5 mg dose level, 1/6 pts experienced a DLT of grade 3 fatigue. Median number of cycles was 3(1–22). Twenty-five patients (51%) required dose-reduction after cycle 1. The most common ≥grade 3 toxicities included fatigue, rash and gastrointestinal complaints. Reasons for discontinuing treatment included disease progression(26), consent withdrawal(10), and toxicity(9). Four patients remain on treatment while 32 have died. Median PFS for rGBM patients was 82 days(95% CI, 57, 223), and for ovarian and endometrial cancer patients was 317 days(95% CI, 163,617). The MTD of oral, daily TAK-228 when administered with biweekly bevacizumab was 5 mg, but many patients required dose reduction on extended treatment. Although activity was limited for rGBM, encouraging activity was noted for recurrent endometrial and ovarian cancer.
Human ABR encodes a protein with GAPrac activity and homology to the DBL nucleotide exchange factor domain (1993)

We have previously cloned a segment of a gene, ABR, homologous to the BCR gene, which encodes a protein consisting of three distinct functional domains. In the present study, genomic ABR sequences were used to isolate human ABR cDNAs. Surprisingly, the two types of ABR cDNAs identified differed only in their most 5' coding sequences. These are predicted to encode proteins of 93.5 and 92.3 kDa molecular mass. ABR showed a differential expression pattern in various mouse tissues, analogous to that of BCR, and the highest level was found in brain. Similar to BCR, ABR contains a region with homology to DBL, vav, and CDC24, which are likely to or have been shown to encode GTP exchange factors. A domain of ABR with similarity to GAPrho was expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli and was shown to have GAP activity toward rac. Although both ABR and BCR have GAP activity, ABR lacks homology to the serine/threonine kinase domain of BCR. Therefore, ABR is likely to have cellular functions overlapping with but also distinct from those of BCR.
CCR8 is expressed by post-positive selection CD4-lineage thymocytes but is dispensable for central tolerance induction (2018)

Following positive selection, thymocytes migrate into the medulla where they encounter diverse self-antigens that induce central tolerance. Thymocytes expressing T cell receptors (TCRs) with high affinity for self-antigens displayed by medullary antigen presenting cells (APCs) undergo either negative selection or diversion to the regulatory T cell (Treg) lineage, thus ensuring maturation of non-autoreactive T cells. Because many self-antigens are expressed by only a small percentage of medullary thymic epithelial cells, thymocytes must enter the medulla and efficiently scan APCs therein to encounter the full array of self-antigens that induce central tolerance. Chemokine receptors play a critical role in promoting medullary entry and rapid motility of post-positive selection thymocytes. We found that the chemokine receptor CCR8 is expressed by post-positive selection CD4+ single positive (SP) thymocytes in mice, while the corresponding chemokine ligands are expressed by medullary APCs, and thus hypothesized that CCR8 would promote thymocyte medullary entry and/or rapid motility to induce negative selection. However, despite a subtle decline in thymocyte medullary accumulation and the presence of autoantibodies in aged CCR8-deficient mice, CCR8 was not required for thymocyte differentiation, rapid motility, or negative selection.
β-Cells with Relative Low HIMP1 Overexpression Levels in a Transgenic Mouse Line Enhance Basal Insulin Production and Hypoxia/Hypoglycemia Tolerance (2012)

Rodent pancreatic β-cells that naturally lack hypoglycemia/hypoxia inducible mitochondrial protein 1 (HIMP1) are susceptible to hypoglycemia and hypoxia influences. A linkage between the hypoglycemia/hypoxia susceptibility and the lack of HIMP1 is suggested in a recent study using transformed β-cells lines. To further illuminate this linkage, we applied mouse insulin 1 gene promoter (MIP) to control HIMP1-a isoform cDNA and have generated three lines (L1 to L3) of heterozygous HIMP1 transgenic (Tg) mice by breeding of three founders with C57BL/6J mice. In HIMP1-Tg mice/islets, we performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunoblot, histology, and physiology studies to investigate HIMP1 overexpression and its link to β-cell function/survival and body glucose homeostasis. We found that the HIMP1 level increased steadily in β-cells of L1 to L3 heterozygous HIMP1-Tg mice. HIMP1 overexpression at relatively lower levels in L1 heterozygotes results in a negligible decline in blood glucose concentrations and an insignificant elevation in blood insulin levels, while HIMP1 overexpression at higher levels are toxic, causing hyperglycemia in L2/3 heterozygotes. Follow-up studies in 5-30-week-old L1 heterozygous mice/islets found that HIMP1 overexpression at relatively lower levels in β-cells has enhanced basal insulin biosynthesis, basal insulin secretion, and tolerances to low oxygen/glucose influences. The findings enforced the linkage between the hypoglycemia/hypoxia susceptibility and the lack of HIMP1 in β-cells, and show a potential value of HIMP1 overexpression at relatively lower levels in modulating β-cell function and survival.