gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Registration Mark Detection for Electron-Beam Lithography—EL1 System (1980)

In electron-beam lithography for the direct exposure of wafers for integrated circuit manufacturing, accurate registration is necessary to achieve the required pattern overlay. This paper examines elements that should be considered to optimize the registration mark detection process in an automatic registration system for an e-beam lithography tool such as IBM's EL1. Included is a section on the generation of the backscatter signals and the proper combination of these signals to reduce the detection uncertainty errors in a system with four backscatter detectors. Signals obtained from resist-coated marks with several vertical profiles are presented for illustration and comparison with the predicted results. Beam shot noise, resist effects, and other factors that affect the signal-to-noise ratio are discussed and some pattern overlay results from EL1 are given.
Managing the side effects of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. (1998)

The treatment of colorectal cancer severely affects both patients suffering from colorectal cancer and their families. To ensure that the patient is fully informed about the impact of colorectal cancer treatment, members of the oncology care team must present to the patient not only potential treatment benefits, but also negative aspects of treatment, such as frequent physician visits, treatment expense, and frequent side effects. Treatment-related side effects not only decrease the patient's quality of life, they also may compromise treatment efficacy by necessitating dosage reductions or interruptions in therapy. Participation by both the oncology care team and patients is crucial for effective side effect management. Methods to reduce the incidence and severity of side effects associated with standard, commercially available chemotherapies for colorectal cancer (ie, 5-fluorouracil-based regimens and irinotecan [CPT-II, Camptosar; Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI]) are discussed. Brief information about the side effects and management of side effects associated with selected investigational agents, doxifluridine (UFT, Furtulon; Hoffman La Roche Inc, Nutley, NJ), capecitabine (Ro09-1978, Xeloda; Hoffman La Roche Inc), and 5-ethynyluracil (776C85; Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC) is also presented.
Stable Levitation Performance of Bulk High Temperature Superconductor Magnet in Applied Magnetic Fields (2014)

Bulk high temperature superconductor magnet (HTSCM) has been considered to get the better stable levitation in applied magnetic field which is not the original field-cooling magnetization (FCM) field in this paper. The vibration disturbance experiments firstly showed that a permanent magnet (PM) can suspend stably under a bulk Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) HTSCM. This implies that the stable levitation of one single bulk HTSCM is able to realize in the other magnetic field even from one single small PM due to the re-magnetization effect. Secondly, it is found that the HTSCM with more trapped flux produced larger guidance forces and smaller repulsion levitation forces compared with the well-recognized FCM condition of the30mm field-cooling height by the permanent magnet guideway (PMG). Especially, the HTSCM with the 0.349T trapped field achieved a maximum 9.8N guidance force, which is over impressive 7 times than the conventional FCM condition. So, it is feasible to introduce the bulk HTSCM into the HTS Maglev transportation system because this pre-magnetization method of the onboard superconductor bulks is not only helpful to improve the levitation capability and stability, but also enhance the dynamic property above the practical PMG.
Fe-based Amorphous Powder for Soft-Magnetic Composites (2013)

Fe-based amorphous powders are fabricated through gas and water atomization using industrial grade raw materials. The atomic structure of the powder is examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Eight of totally thirteen different compositions are proved completely amorphous or amorphous with traces of crystalline phase in the desired powder particle size (d &gt; 75 μm) and five are crystalline. It reveals that the Glass Forming Ability (GFA) of atomized powders is well correlated to the GFA of as-casted rods or melt-span ribbons. In the present study at least 1.5-2 mm critical size of GFA for a target composition is necessary for the formation of amorphous powders in the desired particle size. The thermal stability of the amorphous powder is examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Applying the conventional powder metallurgy process the amorphous powders are mixed with the crystalline Somaloy® 110i, a commercial Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) material from Höganäs AB in Sweden, and made into toroid-shaped components. The components are annealed aiming for improved soft-magnetic properties. The magnetic measurements are taken on copper-wire double coiled toroids. As a result, the total magnetic flux (B), coercivity (HC) and permeability (μmax) is reduced due to the addition of amorphous powders to Somaloy® 110i powder but the core losses (P) is at the same level despite reduced density. An improved soft magnetic property and core loss is revealed by the comparison to recent literature reports on SMC mixing of crystalline and amorphous powders.
In Vitro and Invivo Evaluation of Some Fast Release Dosage Forms of Hydrochlorothiazide (1984)

AbstractThe utilization of ternary sugar solid dispersion and solvent deposition systems for increasing the dissolution rate of hydrochlorothiazide (hot) were investigated. The dispersion systems were prepared by the fusion method using various combinations of mannitol and sorbitol, and urea and polyethylene glycol 4000 (peg 4000) were used for comparison. An 1:2 mixture of sorbitol-mannitol was found to be an excellent carrier. The dissolution rate of this sample was closely comparable to that of hot-peg 4000 solid dispersions. Drug-urea eutectic mixtures were inferior to both the sugar and polymer dispersions. Solvent deposition systems of hot with microfine cellulose and potato starch gave higher dissolution rates at the initial sampling times. It is proposed that solid dispersion systems of this drug may prove to be valuable. Tablets fabricated from fast-release hot granules showed better in vivo results than a marketed tablet. A linear relationship was observed between in vitro-in vivo data of some of the products.
Rectangular to Parallel Plate Waveguide Transition and Its Tapering Effect for Microwave Devices Characterization (2014)

The experimental characterization in exploiting the property of microwave devices is an essential complement to theoretical and/or simulation works. Thus, the need of instrument for the characterization is becoming unavoidable thing to be established. This paper reports the development of test-fixture in form of a parallel plate waveguide (PPW) to characterize the reflectivity and/or transmittivity of microwave device whereby the property of reflection and/or transmission can be achieved under normal incidence. Since the PPW is excited using a rectangular waveguide, a transition section which connects the rectangular waveguide and the PPW needs to be investigated to have an optimum performance required for microwave devices characterization. The tapering effect of transition section is examined and analyzed numerically in yielding the influences to the test-fixture performance. Here, a WR248 type rectangular waveguide which has working frequency of 2.60GHz to 3.95GHz for TE 10 mode is used as coaxial-to-waveguide transducer for exciting the PPW. The result shows that the linear-tapered transition has better performance in term of bandwidth compared to the step-tapered one. In addition, the discussions of taper length and number of step-tapered transition related to the performance of test-fixture as well as the experimental characterization for linear-tapered transition are also presented.
Indoor Particles: A Review (1996)

This paper reviews studies of particle concentrations and sources in homes and buildings. Three major studies of indoor and outdoor concentrations in U.S. homes are summarized in detail and compared. A number of smaller studies in homes are also briefly summarized. One study of 38 buildings and several smaller studies of buildings are also reviewed. All major studies found that an important indoor source of fine and coarse particles was cigarette smoking, with estimated increases in homes with smokers ranging from 25 to 45 micrograms/m3 PM2.5. Several studies identified cooking as a second important source. All of the three major studies found a substantial portion of indoor particles to be due to unexplained indoor sources, suggesting a topic for future research. One study also found a large unexplained increase in personal exposure to PM10 compared to concurrent indoor or outdoor concentrations--the so-called "personal cloud," a second topic for further research. The impact of outdoor air particles on indoor concentrations was considered. Equilibrium mass balance models indicate that this is a function of the penetration P through the building envelope, the air exchange rate a, and the particle decay rate k. EPA's PTEAM Study provided an estimate for k of 0.39 h-1 for fine particles and 1.01 h-1 for coarse particles. Two studies suggest that P = 1 for PM10. Using these results, the fraction of outdoor air PM2.5 and PM10 particles found indoors at a given air exchange rate can be calculated. The protective effect of reducing air exchange rates during periods of high outdoor particle pollution can thus be quantified.
The pH-Dependent Stucture and Properties of Au and Ag Nanoparticles Produced by Tryptophan Reduction (2016)

In the work, an attempt was made to combine different experimental conditions to obtain stable gold and silver nanoparticles in the presence of amino acid tryptophan. The pH-dependent properties of gold and silver nanoparticles were studied. UV/visible spectroscopy and laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry data confirm kynurenine pathway for tryptophan conversion in such systems.
Digital anti-counterfeiting scheme based on symmetric keys (2003)

A scheme was developed to identify commodity forgery, which assures the security of anticounterfeiting number and the validation procedure. The scheme uses on anticounterfeiting number with as symmetric encryption algorithm and Hash function. Publickey cryptography was used to assure the security of the symmetric key and parallel interface communication was used between the validating server and the Web server to avoid Internet attack and protect important data on the validating server. Various possible test attacks verity the security of the scheme.
Two-Dimensional Turbulence (2011)

In physical systems, a reduction in dimensionality often leads to exciting new phenomena. Here we discuss the novel effects arising from the consideration of fluid turbulence confined to two spatial dimensions. The additional conservation constraint on squared vorticity relative to three-dimensional (3D) turbulence leads to the dual-cascade scenario of Kraichnan and Batchelor with an inverse energy cascade to larger scales and a direct enstrophy cascade to smaller scales. Specific theoretical predictions of spectra, structure functions, probability distributions, and mechanisms are presented, and major experimental and numerical comparisons are reviewed. The introduction of 3D perturbations does not destroy the main features of the cascade picture, implying that 2D turbulence phenomenology establishes the general picture of turbulent fluid flows when one spatial direction is heavily constrained by geometry or by applied body forces. Such flows are common in geophysical and planetary contexts, are beautiful to observe, and reflect the impact of dimensionality on fluid turbulence.
Differential proteomic analysis during the vegetative phase change and the floral transition in <i>Malus domestica</i> (2010)

In order to identify the proteomic changes of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) during the vegetative phase change and the floral transition, leaf protein of juvenile, adult vegetative and reproductive phase in a seedling ('Jonathan' × 'Golden Delicious') was extracted and analyzed by 2-D electrophoresis and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Seventy two gel spots with significant expression differences between ontogenetic phases were obtained. Five protein spots were only detected in leaves of juvenile phase and 11 were not; 17 spots were found exclusively in adult vegetative leaves; and only one spot solely appeared in reproductive leaves while 12 did not. Twenty six of the differentially expressed proteins identified were involved in photosynthesis. Seven enzymes were related to respiration and carbohydrate metabolism. Fifteen other proteins also presented qualitative or quantitative differences among developmental phases. The spatial distribution of one differentially expressed protein, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, was confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. These results strongly support the idea that the vegetative phase change and the floral transition are regulated independently during developmental process.
A transformational approach for multimodal web user interfaces based on UsiXML (2005)

A transformational approach for developing multimodal web user interfaces is presented that progressively moves from a task model and a domain model to a final user interface. This approach consists of three steps: deriving one or many abstract user interfaces from a task model and a domain model, deriving one or many concrete user interfaces from each abstract one, and producing the code of the corresponding final user interfaces. To ensure these steps, transformations are encoded as graph transformations performed on the involved models expressed in their graph equivalent. For each step, a graph grammar gathers relevant graph transformations for accomplishing the sub-steps. The final user interface is multimodal as it involves graphical (keyboard, mouse) and vocal interaction. The approach outlined in the paper is illustrated throughout a running example for a graphical interface, a vocal interface, and two multimodal interfaces with graphical and vocal predominances, respectively.
The role of biological response modifiers on apoptosis in HIV infections and AIDS. (1996)

The vital role played by biological response modifiers especially interferon alpha (IFN) in HIV infections and AIDS is discussed. Apoptosis, a phenomenon of a genetically controlled physiological cell death is also discussed in relation to HIV infections and its response to oropharyngeal IFN therapy. HIV infections induce apoptosis at a stage when CD4-positive T lymphocytes are still immature and weakly expressing CD4 molecules. During IFN therapy, the process of apoptosis is blocked or down-regulated, thus rendering the immature cells to rapidly mature to strongly express CD4 molecules and to perform their expected functional role. These observations are of critical importance in further understanding of the salient features associated with HIV/AIDS, and which may be exploited in the design of strategic intervention measures.
EEG changes in Autism spectrum Disorder in tertiary care hospital (2017)

Introduction: ASD is a neuro-developmental disorder characterized by impairment of communication, behavior and socialization.  About a third of children with ASD have epilepsy. Most of the cases are associated with some form of movement disorder mimicking epilepsy. However, few cases show epileptiform discharge on EEG without clinical seizure. Rationale: Seizure and pseudoseizure differentiation is important issue in ASD cases to administer AED. Method: Sixty children with ASD had undergone EEG. A questionnaire was filled up with clinical parameter and EEG findings. All findings were analyzed. Result : Mean age at presentation was 36 months. M:F ratio was 3:1. All children  presented with core symptom of impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication and behavior problem. EEG was abnormal in 47% case.Among them focal discharge 6(10%), generalized discharge 16(17%), others 6(10%) were found. Conclusion: Fair number of EEG changes was present in ASD cases without symptomatic seizure. This cases need further evaluation for management.
Music and the Great Exhibition (1951)

A century ago the history of the Crystal Palace began brilliantly with a mighty outpouring of music—and music was to be a consolation and a saving grace in the many disappointments and failures of its old age. The story of the Crystal Palace was a story of melodious achievement from the almost miraculous speed of its birth to the even greater rapidity of its destruction.
Facilitated Communication – “A Thumbnail Sketch” (1994)

Facilitated communication is an approach to communication therapy which has received widespread media coverage in the United States. Interest in this approach is now growing in the United Kingdom. Facilitated communication involves a communication partner helping a communication aid user to overcome physical and emotional problems in using their aid, by providing physical assistance. Some issues and concerns surrounding this technique are outlined.
A Model of Perceptual Learning Integrated with Top-Down Information (2007)

Recent psychological and neurobiological experiments results show that top-down information such as attention and other higher cortical processes play an important role in perceptual learning issues, while current neural network models, mostly concerned with bottom-up information process only, do not combine the top-down information. In this paper, we give a model of perceptual learning that takes top-down information into account, and explain the mechanism of this model in the framework of information geometry.
Spatially-Variant Tikhonov Regularization for Double-Difference Waveform Inversion (2011)

Double-difference waveform inversion is a potential tool for quantitative monitoring for geologic carbon storage. It jointly inverts time-lapse seismic data for changes in reservoir geophysical properties. Due to the ill-posedness of waveform inversion, it is a great challenge to obtain reservoir changes accurately and efficiently, particularly when using time-lapse seismic reflection data. Regularization techniques can be utilized to address the issue of ill-posedness. The regularization parameter controls the smoothness of inversion results. A constant regularization parameter is normally used in waveform inversion, and an optimal regularization parameter has to be selected. The resulting inversion results are a trade off among regions with different smoothness or noise levels; therefore the images are either over regularized in some regions while under regularized in the others. In this paper, we employ a spatially-variant parameter in the Tikhonov regularization scheme used in double-difference waveform tomography to improve the inversion accuracy and robustness. We compare the results obtained using a spatially-variant parameter with those obtained using a constant regularization parameter and those produced without any regularization. We observe that, utilizing a spatially-variant regularization scheme, the target regions are well reconstructed while the noise is reduced in the other regions. We show that the spatially-variant regularization scheme provides the flexibility to regularize local regions based on the a priori information without increasing computational costs and the computer memory requirement.
Interlayer adhesion of coextruded films: Effect of biaxial stretching (2004)

Abstract In order to understand the effect of thermoforming on the interlayer adhesion of coextruded films, a peel test was performed for coextruded films after being stretched. To simulate the non‐uniaxial stretching nature of actual thermoforming processes, planar stretching and biaxial stretching were applied to the coextruded films prior to the peel test. Both the planar stretching and biaxial stretching were performed at an optimum thermoforming temperature under well‐controlled stretch rates to a predetermined stretch ratio. It was found that there was a significant amount of reduction of interlayer adhesion due to stretching. Furthermore, the loss of interlayer adhesion at the optimum thermoforming temperature was linearly related to thickness drawdown as a result of stretching regardless of stretching modes. Therefore, it is suggested that the effect of thermoforming on interlayer adhesion of coextruded films can be easily estimated from the thickness distribution of thermoformed parts. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:948–954, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Easy and Efficient Disk I/O Workload Characterization in VMware ESX Server (2007)

Collection of detailed characteristics of disk I/O for workloads is the first step in tuning disk subsystem performance. This paper presents an efficient implementation of disk I/O workload characterization using online histograms in a virtual machine hypervisor —VMware ESX Server. This technique allows transparent and online collection of essential workload characteristics for arbitrary, unmodified operating system instances running in virtual machines. For analysis that cannot be done efficiently online, we provide a virtual SCSI command tracing framework. Our online histograms encompass essential disk I/O performance metrics including I/O block size, latency, spatial locality, I/O interarrival period and active queue depth. We demonstrate our technique on workloads of Filebench, DBT-2 and large file copy running in virtual machines and provide an analysis of the differences between ZFS and UFS filesystems on Solaris. We show that our implementation introduces negligible overheads in CPU, memory and latency and yet is able to capture essential workload characteristics.
Determination of acetylcholinesterase activity by the Ellman assay: A versatile tool for <i>in vitro</i> research on medical countermeasures against organophosphate poisoning (2011)

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the main mechanism of action of organophosphorus compounds (OP), and AChE reactivators (oximes) are at present the only causal therapeutic approach. Being the key target of OP toxicity, AChE may serve as a valuable tool for diagnosis of OP exposure as well as for the investigation of the kinetics of interactions between OP and oximes. At present, the rapid, simple, and cheap spectrophotometric Ellman assay is widely used for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and in vitro kinetic investigations. Application of the assay for investigation of the interactions between AChE, inhibitors, and oximes requires the consideration of potential matrix effects (e.g. hemoglobin), side reactions (e.g. oximolysis of substrate) and other determinants (e.g. pH, temperature). By taking these factors into account, the Ellman assay allows the precise and reproducible determination of kinetic constants as a basis for the understanding of toxic OP effects and for the development of improved therapies against poisoning by OP. In addition, advanced applications of the Ellman assay, for example, in a dynamic in vitro model for the real-time activity determination of membrane-bound AChE, enables the proper investigation of relevant tissue, primarily respiratory muscle, and extends the applicability of this method.
Amperometric Biosensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Based on Sol-Gel/Hydrogel Composite Thin Film (2001)

A reagentless amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor was developed. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized in a novel sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid matrix that is composed of silica sol and a grafting copolymer of poly(vinyl alcohol) with 4-vinylpyridine (PVA-g-PVP). Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) was employed as a mediator and could lower the operating potential to −50 mV (versus Ag/AgCl). The sensor achieved 95 % of the steady-state current in 15 s. Linear calibration for hydrogen peroxide was up to 1.3 mM with the detection limit of 2.5×10−7 M. The enzyme electrode retained about 94 % of its initial activity after 30 days of storage in a dry state at 4 °C.