gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathovar-specific requirement for the Pseudomonas syringae lemA gene in disease lesion formation (1992)

The lemA gene is conserved among strains and pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. In P. syringae pv. syringae B728a, a causal agent of bacterial brown spot disese of bean, the lemA gene is required for lesion formation on leaves and pods. Using lemA-containing DNA as a probe, we determined that 80 P. syringae pv. syringae strains isolated from bean leaves could be grouped into seven classes based on restriction fragment length polymorphism. Marker exchange mutagenesis showed that the lemA gene was required for lesion formation by representative strains from each restriction fragment length polymorphism class. Hybridization to the lemA locus was detected within six different P. syringae pathovars and within Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interestingly, a lemA homolog was present and functional within the nonpathogenic strain P. syringae Cit7. We cloned a lemA homolog from a genomic library of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121, a causal agent of halo blight of bean, that restored lesion formation to a P. syringae pv. syringae lemA mutant. However, a lemA mutant P. syringae pv. phaseolicola strain retained the ability to produce halo blight disease symptoms on bean plants. Therefore, the lemA gene played an essential role in disease lesion formation by P. syringae pv. syringae isolates, but was not required for pathogenicity of a P. syringae pv. phaseolicola strain.
Probability of Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of the Vector Triatoma infestans Fed on Infected Humans and Dogs in Northwest Argentina (1996)

The probability that an uninfected Triatoma infestans would become infected with Trypanosoma cruzi after a single feed on people or dogs seropositive for T. cruzi was estimated in Amama, a rural village in northwest Argentina where transmission had resurged four years earlier. The prevalence of seropositivity for T. cruzi was 34.2% among 225 people tested, and 65.1% among 83 dogs tested. Parasitemia was detected by xenodiagnosis in 29.3% of 41 seropositive persons and in 85.3% of 34 seropositive dogs. Parasitemia decreased with age more sharply in seropositive people than in seropositive dogs. Seropositive humans infected 2.6% (95% confidence interval = 1.6%-3.6%) of 963 third or fourth instar nymphs fed once on them, whereas dogs infected 48.7% (44.7%-52.7%) of 610 nymphs. The probability of bug infection increased significantly with instar and was positively related to molting success. The infectivity to bugs of seropositive dogs was 12 times higher than that of seropositive children, and 100 times higher than that of seropositive adults. The weighted probability of infection of an uninfected bug fed randomly on any dog (0.3082) was about 50 times higher than that of bugs fed on any human (0.0062). Such differences in relative infectivity, combined with the relative host-feeding preference of domiciliary Triatoma infestans for dogs, reinforces the important role of domestic dogs as a risk factor for the domestic transmission of T. cruzi.
Detecting Non-compositional MWE Components using Wiktionary (2014)

We propose a simple unsupervised approach to detecting non-compositional components in multiword expressions based on Wiktionary. The approach makes use of the definitions, synonyms and translations in Wiktionary, and is applicable to any type of MWE in any language, assuming the MWE is contained in Wiktionary. Our experiments show that the proposed approach achieves higher F-score than state-of-the-art methods.
Compatibility and Stability of Rolapitant Injectable Emulsion Admixed with Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate. (2017)

Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist, and dexamethasone combination therapy is the standard of care for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Herein, we describe the physical and chemical stability of an injectable emulsion of the Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist rolapitant 185 mg in 92.5 mL (free base, 166.5 mg in 92.5 mL) admixed with either 2.5 mL of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (10 mg) or 5 mL of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (20 mg). Admixtures were prepared and stored in two types of container closures (glass and Crystal Zenith plastic bottles) and four types of intravenous administration tubing sets (or intravenous tubing sets). The assessment of the physical and chemical stability was conducted on admixtures packaged in bottled samples stored at room temperature (20°C to 25°C under fluorescent light) and evaluated at 0, 1, and 6 hours. For admixtures in intravenous tubing sets, the assessment of physicochemical stability was performed after 0 and 7 hours of storage at 20°C to 25°C, and then after 20 hours (total 27 hours) under refrigeration (2°C to 8°C) and protected from light. Physical stability was assessed by visually examining the bottle contents under normal room light and measuring turbidity and particulate matter. Chemical stability was assessed by measuring the pH of the admixture and determining drug concentrations through high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Results showed that all samples were physically compatible throughout the duration of the study. The admixtures stayed within narrow and acceptable ranges in pH, turbidity, and particulate matter. Admixtures of rolapitant and dexamethasone were chemically stable when stored in glass and Crystal Zenith bottles for at least 6 hours at room temperature, as well as in the four selected intravenous tubing sets for 7 hours at 20°C to 25°C and then for 20 (total 27 hours) hours at 2°C to 8°C. No loss of potency of any admixed component occurred in the samples stored at the temperature ranges studied.
Evidence of different mediators of central inflammation in dysfunctional and inflammatory pain — Interleukin-8 in fibromyalgia and interleukin-1 β in rheumatoid arthritis (2015)

The purpose of this study was to relate central inflammation to autonomic activity (heart rate variability (HRV)) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and fibromyalgia (FM). RA patients had reduced parasympathetic activity and FM patients had increased sympathetic activity compared to healthy controls. Comparisons between RA and FM showed higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin (IL)-1β inversely correlated to parasympathetic activity in RA. The FM patients had higher concentrations of CSF IL-8, IL-1Ra, IL-4 and IL-10, but none of these cytokines correlated with HRV. In conclusion, we found different profiles of central cytokines, i.e., elevated IL-1β in inflammatory pain (RA) and elevated IL-8 in dysfunctional pain (FM).
Mobile communications in China (2004)

China now has the world's largest mobile communications market. In the past several years, a series of major reforms have been carried out in China's telecom industry, aiming at separating administrative and enterprise functions, breaking monopoly and promoting effective competition. Upon WTO accession, China has committed to a phased timetable of mobile market opening. China has announced plans to have four full-range telecom operators. Moreover, there is a big opportunity for 3G mobile services in China. In the next five or ten years, China is expected become a major player in the development and innovation of mobile communication. We believe that with the entry to the WTO, the reformed and reorganised mobile market of China will have a very bright and promising future.
Next generation sequencing and its applications in HPVassociated cancers (2016)

Approximately 18% of all human cancers have a viral etiology, and human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as one of the most prevalent viruses that plays causative role in nearly all cervical cancers and, in addition, in subset of head and neck, anal, penile and vulvar cancers. The recent introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) and other 'omics' approaches have resulted in comprehensive knowledge on the pathogenesis of HPV-driven tumors. Specifically, these approaches have provided detailed information on genomic HPV integration sites, disrupted genes and pathways, and common and distinct genetic and epigenetic alterations in different human HPV-associated cancers. This review focuses on HPV integration sites, its concomitantly disrupted genes and pathways and its functional consequences in both cervical and head and neck cancers. Integration of NGS data with other 'omics' and clinical data is crucial to better understand the pathophysiology of each individual malignancy and, based on this, to select targets and to design effective personalized treatment options.
Amino Resins and Plastics (2002)

Abstract Amino resins are thermosetting polymers made by combining an aldehyde with a compound containing an amino ( \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\relbar \kern-5pt{\relbar}\kern-7pt{\relbar}}{\rm{NH}}{_{2}}}$\end{document} ) group. Urea–formaldehyde (U/F) accounts for > 80% of amino resins; melamine–formaldehyde accounts for most of the rest. The principal attractions of amino resins and plastics are water solubility before curing; colorlessness; excellent solvent resistance; outstanding hardness and abrasion resistance; and good heat resistance. Amino resins provide a wide variety of useful products. Adhesives, the largest single market, are used to make plywood, chipboard, and sawdust board. Other types are used to make laminated wood beams, parquet flooring, and for furniture assembly. Aminoplasts and other thermosetting plastics are molded by an automatic injection‐molding process similar to that used for thermoplastics. The process is best applied to relatively small moldings. The great advantage of injection molding is that it eliminates manual labor costs, thereby allowing amino resins to better compete with thermoplastics. The future for amino resins and plastics seems secure. New developments will probably be in the areas of highly specialized materials for treating textiles, paper, etc, and for use with other resins in the formulation of surface coatings. Most amino resins are based on the reaction of formaldehyde with urea or melamine. The first step in the formation of resins and plastics from formaldehyde and amino compounds is the addition of formaldehyde to introduce the hydroxymethyl group, known as methylolation or hydroxymethylation. The second step is a condensation reaction that involves the linking together of monomer units with the liberation of water to form a dimer, a polymer chain, or a vast network, usually referred to as methylene bridge formation, polymerization, resinification, or simply cure. Precise control of the course, speed, and extent of the reaction is essential for successful manufacture. Amino resins are usually made by a batch process. Both urea– and melamine–formaldehyde resins are of low toxicity. Melamine–formaldehyde resins may be used in paper that contacts aqueous and fatty foods. However, some mills are looking for alternatives.
Environmental Assessment of a Large-Scale Production of TiO2 Nanoparticles via Green Chemistry (2018)

Green chemistry concept is currently implemented in order to stimulate the development of sustainability processes and pollution prevention. However, not for all cases the use of this type of process generates an operation with good environmental performance, also in the development and evaluation of new topologies, such as the one presented in this paper, environmental assessment becomes in an important tool in order to optimize the process. In this work for developed a synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles from titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) via green chemistry. Environmental assessment was performed using software WAR GUI, which use Waste Reduction Algorithm in order to quantify potential environmental impacts generation and output environmental impacts for this process for 4 different cases. Results show that the process doesn’t generate high potential environmental impacts (PEI) with a rate of 1.43X102 PEI/h for the case that include energy and product contributions, which represents a very low value compared to the total output rate for this case (1.21X104 PEI/h). For toxicological categories, it was obtained that for human toxicity by ingestion (HTPI) and terrestrial toxicity potential (TTP) categories exist some environmental impacts due to presence of TTIP in a high concentration, additionally these effects are increased by propanol, as a subproduct of the hydrolysis, and ethanol as solvent for the purification stage. For the aquatic matrix the potential impacts obtained was relatively low. On the other hand, it was determined for atmospheric effects that the presence of the alcohols in the process rises the potential impact related to the photochemical oxidation potential category.
True-amplitude seismic migration: A comparison of three approaches (1997)

Abstract Knowledge of elastic parameter (compressional and shear velocities and density) contrasts within the earth can yield knowledge of lithology changes. Elastic parameter contrasts manifest themselves on seismic records as angle-dependent reflectivity. Interpretation of angle-dependent reflectivity, or amplitude variation with offset (AVO), on unmigrated records is often hindered by the effects of common-depth-point smear, incorrectly specified geometrical spreading loss, source/receiver directivity, as well as other factors. It is possible to correct some of these problems by analyzing common-reflection-point gathers after prestack migration, provided that the migration is capable of undoing all the amplitude distortions of wave propagation between the sources and the receivers. A migration method capable of undoing such distortions and thus producing angle-dependent reflection coefficients at analysis points in a lossless, isotropic, elastic earth is called a “true-amplitude migration.” The principles of true-amplitude migration are simple enough to allow several methods to be considered as “true-amplitude.” I consider three such migration methods in this paper: one associated with Berkhout, Wapenaar, and co-workers at Delft University; one associated with Bleistein, Cohen, and co-workers at Colorado School of Mines and, more recently, Hubral and co-workers at Karlsruhe University; and a third introduced by Tarantola and developed internationally by many workers. These methods differ significantly in their derivations, as well as their implementation and applicability. However, they share some fundamental similarities, including some fundamental limitations. I present and compare summaries of the three methods from a unified perspective. The objective of this comparison is to point out the similarities of these methods, as well as their relative strengths and weaknesses.
Collaborative Learning by Means of Video Games: An Entertainment System in the Learning Processes (2009)

New Technologies have been incorporated to schools as learning tools some time ago. In this paper we remark some advantages of video games as educational systems and how we can use them as a tool of CSCL (Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning) into classrooms. Moreover, we consider that learning process is important enough to be measured in addition to the solution. So, we are interested in this scope and we present a first step towards our method of collaboration analysis in VGSCL (Video Game - Supported Collaborative Learning): a messages categorization
Efficient Generation of Minimal Length Addition Chains (1999)

An addition chain for a positive integer n is a set 1 = a0 < a1 < . . . < ar=n of integers such that for each $i\ge 1$, $a_i=a_j+a_k$ for some $k\le j <i$. This paper is concerned with some of the computational aspects of generating minimal length addition chains for an integer n. Particular attention is paid to various pruning techniques that cut down the search time for such chains. Certain of these techniques are influenced by the multiplicative structure of n. Later sections of the paper present some results that have been uncovered by searching for minimal length addition chains.
Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (2010)

Because of its frequency and grave prognosis, preventing hepatocellular carcinoma is an urgent priority. Prevention should be possible because environmental carcinogens-chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections, dietary exposure to aflatoxins, and iron overload-cause the great majority of these tumors. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection accounts for 55% of global hepatocellular carcinomas and 80% of those in the high-incidence Asia Pacific and sub-Saharan African regions. In these regions the infection that becomes chronic is predominantly acquired very early in life. A safe and effective vaccine against this virus is available and its universal inclusion in the immunization of infants has already resulted in a marked reduction of chronic infection and a 70% decrease in the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in those immunized. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in industrialized countries. The infection is mainly acquired in adulthood and, until a vaccine becomes available, prevention will consist mainly of identifying, counselling, and treating chronically infected individuals, preventing spread of the virus by the use of safe injection practices (particularly in intravenous drug abusers), and screening all donated blood for the presence of the virus. 4.5 billion of the world.s population are exposed to dietary aflatoxins. Prevention involves treating susceptible crops to prevent fungal contamination, and handling the foodstuffs in such a way as to prevent contamination during storage. Iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis can be prevented by repeated venesection and in African dietary iron overload by fermenting the home-brewed beer in iron-free containers.
Transparency and water-resistance enhancement of AR coating for the cover glass in the solar cell module (2014)

This paper demonstrates the antireflection coating of SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanospheres applied to cover glass by using the optimal spin-coating method. Because of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions between the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanosphere antireflection (AR) coating and n-octadecyltriethoxysilane solution (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sub> -TEOS), the contact angle of the AR coating with hydrophobic treatment can be enhanced to 110° and the water-resistant remains unchanged which preserved similar transmittance for six weeks. Furthermore, the AR coating with hydrophobic treatment exhibits approximately 3% and 7% improvement in the transmittance of unpolarized light at normal and oblique incidence, respectively. And the transmittances of p- and s- polarization states are shown opposite tendency as incident angle increase. The hydrophobic and omnidirectional AR coating with nanoscale SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> particles can be fabricated using the proposed simple and economical method.
Human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 is O-glycosylated. (1993)

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) is found in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and conditioned media from human fibroblasts. It has a marked preferential binding affinity for IGF-II over IGF-I. The present study demonstrates that IGFBP-6 purified from human cerebrospinal fluid is O-glycosylated but not N-glycosylated. Enzymatic deglycosylation does not alter the high affinity of IGFBP-6 for IGF-II (Ka 4.4 +/- 2.2 x 10(11) M-1) or its preference for IGF-II over IGF-I. The effect of glycosylation of IGFBP-6 on its secretion, in vivo stability or localization remains to be determined.
Template mobile applications for social and educational development (2009)

There are over 3.5 billion mobile phones in the world and they are proliferating at astounding rates across socioeconomic and cultural boundaries. They also provide unprecedented opportunities for enabling social impact and technical activism. To most of the people in informal economies and immigrant communities, the mobile phone is the dominant computing resource which they have access to with limited income to support. In the paper we present a notion of template applications for mobile phones. By developing useful applications as templates for these communities which operate on the limited resources of their existing mobile phone, we gain the benefits of language, community, and country portability and customization. We present the template philosophy and illustrate the concept with two developed template applications and explore their transformation into other application domains.
Advances in the Systemic Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2018)

Triple-negative breast cancer constitutes a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are often aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. Molecular characterization, while not a standard of care, can further subtype triple-negative breast cancer and provide insight into prognostication and behaviour. Optimal chemotherapy regimens have yet to be established; however, there have been advances in the systemic treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings. In this review, we discuss evidence for the potential benefit of neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, adjuvant combination chemotherapy with weekly paclitaxel, and <i>BRCA</i> mutation-directed therapy in the metastatic setting. The role for adjuvant capecitabine in patients who do not achieve a pathologic complete response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is reviewed. Future directions and data concerning novel targeted agents are reviewed, including the most recent data on parp [poly (adp-ribose) polymerase] inhibitors, antiandrogen agents, and immunotherapy.
Land-vehicle navigation using multiple model carrier phase DGPS/INS (2001)

This paper proposes a multiple model carrier phase differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) aided Inertial Navigation System (INS) scheme for land-vehicle application. The most important feature of this approach for integrated navigation system design is the optimal combination of different uncertain system parameters. The uncertain parameters can include elements of the state transition matrix, observation matrix, process noise covariance matrix, and measurement noise covariance. Simulations prove that the resulting multiple model integrated navigation approach has an improved performance than known single model integrated navigation schemes.
Mitochondrial Transfer Between Eukaryotic Animal Cells and Its Physiologic Role (2006)

Experiments recently reported by the Prockop laboratory show that some form of mitochondrial transfer can occur among cells in vitro and can have a physiologic role by rescuing the respiration of respiration-deficient cells. However, these results do not establish whether it was only mtDNA or whole functional mitochondria that were transferred, or if the latter, whether the mitochondria were transferred through direct cytoplasmic transport or as discrete vesicles. Two hypotheses are discussed here concerning the physiologic role of mitotransfer (the first is preferred): (a) respiration-competent mitochondria transfer from respiration-competent cells to respiration-deficient cells with damaged mitochondria (the "entropy" scenario); and (b) respiration-competent mitochondria transfer from predominantly respiration-deficient cells to respiration-competent cells, which provide a more favorable host environment (the "selfish" scenario).