gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wiring statistics and printed wiring board thermal conductivity (2002)

The thermal conductivity of printed wiring boards depends strongly upon the copper content of the signal and power planes. For boards with continuous power and ground planes, it is adequate to use simple lumped conductivities based on the volume percentage of copper. However, nearly order of magnitude errors can occur when this approach is used with boards with discontinuous or significantly perforated power and ground planes. We describe a statistical approach to modeling the copper connectivity in wired signal planes, based on the probability distribution of wire lengths in the X and Y directions. Using this approach, we have constructed finite element models of six-layer printed wiring boards which approximate functional boards with a wide range of wiring density, via density, and power/ground plane perforations. The finite element results show that the connectivity of the wiring, vias, and power/ground planes plays an important role in establishing the board's average thermal conductivity. Although there is some scatter in the results, due to wiring details, we find that the percentage of copper in the printed wiring board can still be used as an initial indicator of thermal conductivity. We present an empirical fit to the models suitable for design applications.
Parallel SQL on Tandem's NonStop SQL (2003)

A comparison is made of a number of different strategies for the concurrent execution of multiple SQL (structured query language) statements on a completely nonsharing multiprocessor system. The author gives some preliminary results in the form of heuristics derived from measurements on a Tandem system. The measurements indicate that in such an environment in most cases the single evaluation of common subexpressions offers no benefits over concurrent execution. Two heuristics have been identified for the evaluation of two frequent structures. It is shown that vertical partitioning performs better than horizontal partitioning of query trees, and that selections should be pushed down to common subtrees.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Collecting photoelectrons with a scanning tunneling microscope nanotip (2008)

The collection of photoelectrons excited with a synchrotron via a nanotip placed near the surface of a sample is studied. Simulating the electron trajectory, we found that photoelectrons escaping from the surface are too weak to be the only source of electrons contributing to a photocurrent detected with a scanning tunneling microscope tip, as reported recently. The tunneling of low-energy electrons generated with synchrotron irradiation is suggested as an additional channel contributing to the photocurrent at a small separation between tip and sample. An image based on x-ray absorption is expected to attain a resolution comparable to a topographical image.
Neurotrophin and Trk receptor-like immunoreactivity in the frog gastrointestinal tract. (2004)

Nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are members of the neurotrophin family, which is involved in the differentiation, growth, repair, plasticity and maintenance of many neuronal populations. They act through three tyrosin-kinase (Trk) specific receptors: NGF bind to TrkA, BDNF to TrkB and NT3 to TrkC. Despite increasing evidence regarding the presence of neurotrophin and their receptors in many vertebrate species, in amphibians there are very few data concerning them. Thus, the aim of this study was to extend the investigation to the presence of both neurotrophins and their Trk receptors in the gut of an anuran amphibian, Rana temporaria. In the frog gut NT-3- like immunoreactivity (IR) was observed in both the nervous system and endocrine cells of the stomach and intestine, while NGF-like IR was observed only in the enteric nervous system, and BDNF-like IR in the intestinal endocrine cells. TrkA- and TrkB-like IR was detected in both neurons and endocrine cells of the intestine, while TrkC-like IR was observed only in intestinal neurons. No Trk IR was detected in the stomach. The occurrence of the IR to neurotrophins and their receptors in the gut of the frog further confirms the well-conserved presence of this family of growth factors and Trk receptors during the evolution of vertebrates and suggests their complex involvement in the biology of the gastrointestinal neuro-endocrine system.
Task-resource Scheduling Problem (2012)

Cloud computing is a new and rapidly emerging computing paradigm where applications,data and IT services are provided over the Internet.The task-resource management is the key role in cloud computing systems.Task-resource scheduling problems are premier which relate to the efficiency of the whole cloud computing facilities.Task-resource scheduling problem is NPcomplete.In this paper,we consider an approach to solve this problem optimally.This approach is based on constructing a logical model for the problem.Using this model,we can apply algorithms for the satisfiability problem(SAT) to solve the task-resource scheduling problem.Also,this model allows us to create a testbed for particle swarm optimization algorithms for scheduling workflows.
β-Mannanase ameliorates viscosity-associated depression of growth in broiler chickens fed guar germ and hull fractions (2003)

High concentrations of guar meal in broiler chicken diets reduce body weight and feed efficiency. The increased intestinal viscosity that is responsible for reduced measures of performance results from residual guar gum present in guar meal. Two experiments were designed to study the effects of 2 guar meal fractions at 3 different concentrations, germ (0, 5.0, and 7.5%) and hull (0, 2.5, and 5.0%), and the effectiveness of a beta-mannanase at three levels (0, 1x, and 4x; 1x = 1.09 x 10(5) units/ kg) on broiler growth and feed conversion. Growth and performance were measured as a function of intestinal viscosity. Addition of the germ fraction to rations did not reduce body weight, although feed conversion ratio was increased at 7.5% of the diet. Intestinal viscosity also increased significantly at this level. Enzyme addition significantly reduced intestinal viscosity. Due to an interaction that was present between hull and enzyme concentration, each treatment was compared separately. Inclusion of the hull fraction significantly reduced body weight at both levels of inclusion and increased feed conversion ratio at 5% inclusion. Addition of the enzyme significantly increased body weight and reduced feed conversion ratio in diets containing guar hull fractions. Supplementation of beta-mannanase to feeds containing either fraction of guar meal reduced intestinal viscosity and alleviated the deleterious effects associated with guar meal feeding.
Women, productivity and progress (2015)

In the 114 years over which Nobel Prizes have been awarded in six categories, 47 women have received the award, of whom just 16 have been in what might be called the 'disciplinary' areas of the awards (i.e. not including Literature and Peace). Two of these prizes were in Physics, five in Chemistry, eight in Physiology and Medicine, and just one in Economics.
Establishment of a standard test procedure for PET bottle materials with respect to chemical inertness behaviour including the preparation of a certified PET reference material (2001)

Within the last ten years Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles more and more conquered the shelves of supermarkets. The imagination of billions of PET bottles on the market arises the question in what way the emerging packaging waste can be overcome with a minimum of environmental pollution. The PET multi-use system is one form of source reduction. Due to the underlying principle of a plastic bottle refill system, i.e. circulation between the bottler and the consumer, and due to the intrinsic interactivity of plastics with contacting chemicals, a special and even unique situation arises concerning the question of testing compliance with food regulations. Currently, there is neither any specific national or EU regulation nor standard test available to cover this problem. The development of a chemical inertness method was based on the intention of having a systematical control possibility to check the food safety of refilled PET bottles taken from the market. Within the presented research work a standardised and easy-to-apply method for general chemical inertness testing of refillable PET bottles was developed. This test is based on dipping PET strips into a mixture of distinct solutes under defined conditions in the following re-migration of these compounds into a food simulant. Re-migrating substances give therefore evidence about the chemical inertness of a PET material. With the establishment of a chemical inertness test procedure a systematical control possibility to check the food safety of refilled PET bottles taken from the market is available.
Anthropologische Veränderungen in der technischen Zivilisation (1987)

Philosophische Anthropologie hat die Aufgabe einer Verständigung des Menschen über sich selbst. Diese Aufgabe ist immer wieder neu gestellt, und deshalb wird philosophische Anthropologie je nach historischem und gesellschaftlichem Kontext immer wieder anders ausfallen. Das ist nicht so selbstverständlich, wie es auf den ersten Blick scheint, denn es ist nicht klar, daß der Mensch selbst immer wieder ein anderer ist. So hat man die Anthropologie gerade, etwa im Gegensatz zur Geschichte, als die Frage nach den “anthropologischen Konstanten” verstanden, also nach denjenigen Invarianten, die den Menschen unabhängig von der Geschichte und transkulturell bestimmen.
Residual Pesticides in Fishes From Lake Chicot, Arkansas (1987)

Samples of fish from isolated and flow-through portions of Lake Chicot, Arkansas, were analyzed for residual pesticide concentrations from 1978 and 1981. Where appropriate ecologically, fish flesh, viscera and whole fish, were analyzed for the common organochlorine insecticides DDT [1,1 ,1-trichloro -2,2bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane], DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethyene], DDD [1,1-dichloro -2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane], toxaphene (chlorinated camphene), chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, and endrin. DDT, DDT metabolites, and heptachlor were significantly (a = 0.05) higher in spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) and yellow bullhead catfish (Ictalurus natalis) than in other species examined. Pesticide concentrations did not exceed the acceptable levels established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency although toxaphene levels in one white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) and one freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) were as high as 0.01 /tg/g. Bottom feeding and piscivorus fishes had consistently higher concentrations of pesticides than fishes belonging to other feeding groups. The main body of the lake, with a large drainage area (930 km2 ) had higher concentrations of suspended solids than did the isolated northern basin and produced fish with significantly (a = 0.05) higher levels of toxaphene, DDD, and DDT. Insecticide concentrations were consistently greater in viscera with toxaphene, DDT, DDE and DDD levels significantly (a = 0.05) greater than in either whole fish or fish flesh samples. Eight years after banning, residual pesticides in fish from both basins of Lake Chicot were still significantly (a = 0.05) higher during years of increased runoff, indicating the importance of watershed management practices on longterm downstream water resources.
Control of a plate equation with large memory (1992)

We prove reachability for a plate equation with large memory. Our argument is based upon a new kind of unique continuation property of a non-local equation. The main tool is a multiplier technique combined with compactness property.
The biological properties of the optical isomers of propranolol and their effects on cardiac arrhythmias (1968)

1. The optical isomers of propranolol have been compared for their beta-blocking and antiarrhythmic activities.2. In blocking the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoprenaline, (+)-propranolol had less than one hundredth the potency of (-)-propranolol. At dose levels of (+)-propranolol which attenuated the responses to isoprenaline, there was a significant prolongation of the PR interval of the electrocardiogram.3. The metabolic responses to isoprenaline in dogs (an increase in circulating glucose, lactate and free fatty acids) were all blocked by (-)-propranolol. (+)-Propranolol had no effect on fatty acid mobilization but significantly reduced the increments in both lactate and glucose.4. Both isomers of propranolol possessed similar depressant potency on isolated atrial muscle taken from guinea-pigs.5. The isomers of propranolol exhibited similar local anaesthetic potencies on an isolated frog nerve preparation at a level approximately three times that of procaine. The racemic compound was significantly less potent than either isomer.6. Both isomers of propranolol were capable of preventing adrenaline-induced cardiac arrhythmias in cats anaesthetized with halothane, but the mean dose of (-)-propranolol was 0.09+/-0.02 mg/kg whereas that of (+)-propranolol was 4.2+/-1.2 mg/kg. At the effective dose level of (+)-propranolol there was a significant prolongation of the PR interval of the electrocardiogram. Blockade of arrhythmias with both isomers was surmountable by increasing the dose of adrenaline.7. Both isomers of propranolol were also capable of reversing ventricular tachycardia caused by ouabain in anaesthetized cats and dogs. The dose of (-)-propranolol was significantly smaller than that of (+)-propranolol in both species but much higher than that required to produce evidence of beta-blockade.8. The implications of these results are discussed.
Phase-Transfer Esterification of the Alkali Metal Salts of Cephalosporins and Penicillins (1986)

Cephalosporins and penicillins can be converted into their alkyl esters in high yields by reaction of their solid sodium or potassium salts with alkyl bromides in acetonitrile in the presence of crown ethers as phase-transfer catalysts.
The annexin A5-mediated pathogenic mechanism in the antiphospholipid syndrome: role in pregnancy losses and thrombosis (2010)

Annexin A5 (AnxA5) binds to phospholipid bilayers, forming two-dimensional crystals that block the phospholipids from availability for coagulation enzyme reactions. Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies cause gaps in the ordered crystallization of AnxA5 which expose phospholipids and thereby accelerate blood coagulation reactions. The aPL antibody-mediated disruption of AnxA5 crystallization has been confirmed on artificial phospholipid bilayers and on cell membranes including endothelial cells, placental trophoblasts and platelets. Recently, we reported that hydroxychloroquine, a synthetic antimalarial drug, can reverse this antibody-mediated process through two mechanisms: (1) by inhibiting the formation of aPL IgG-beta2glycoprotein I complexes; and (2) by promoting the formation of a second layer of AnxA5 crystal 'patches' over areas where the immune complexes had disrupted AnxA5 crystallization. In another translational application, we have developed a mechanistic assay that reports resistance to AnxA5 anticoagulant activity in plasmas of patients with aPL antibodies. AnxA5 resistance may identify a subset of aPL syndrome patients for whom this is a mechanism for pregnancy losses and thrombosis. The elucidation of aPL-mediated mechanisms for thrombosis and pregnancy complications may open new paths towards addressing this disorder with targeted treatments and mechanistic assays.
Molecularly imprinted matrix solid‐phase dispersion coupled to micellar electrokinetic chromatography for simultaneous determination of triazines in soil, fruit, and vegetable samples (2012)

A simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of four triazines from soil, strawberry, and tomato samples was developed by selective molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion (MI-MSPD) coupled to micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Using atrazine as template, the synthesized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were employed as the dispersion sorbent of MSPD to successfully extract atrazine and its analogs of simazine, ametryn, and propazine from the three different real samples, while matrix interferences were effectively eliminated simultaneously under the optimum extraction conditions. Excellent separation was achieved within 7 min by using an optimized buffer system composed of 30 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 20 mmol/L SDS, and 15% ACN at pH 9.45, obtained by orthogonal design. Good linearity was obtained in a range of 0.5-25 μg/g with the correlation coefficients R(2) ≥0.9991 except for strawberry sample within 1-25 μg/g, and limits of detection were between 12.9-31.5 ng/g in all the three samples. The average recoveries of the four triazines at three different spiked levels were ranged from 53.5 to 98.4% with the relative standard deviations of 1.28-4.89%. This method was proved convenient, costeffective, and environmental benign and could be used as an alternative tool to the existing methods for analyzing the residues of triazines in soil, fruit, and vegetable samples.
Low temperature mechanical properties of boron-doped silicon (1992)

The audio-frequency mechanical properties of oscillators fabricated from boron-doped single-crystal silicon were measured as a function of temperature. The mechanical properties (${\mathit{Q}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and period) are dominated by the boron impurities and cannot be attributed to glassy defects. We also found the higher strain mechanical response of these crystals to be nonlinear below 0.3 K. The strength of this nonlinearity is related to the boron concentration.
XOR-문제를 위한 베이지안 분류 규칙의 습득 (2002)

델보는 주어진 사례로부터 이들 사례를 분류 할 수 있는 베이지안 분류 규칙을 습득하는 귀납적 학습 시스템이다. 델보에서는 분류 규칙의 습득을 위해 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하였다. 유전자 알고리즘을 이용한 학습 시스템의 구현에서 개체 집단의 구성원은 임의의 수의 분류 규칙으로 구성되고 다음 세대를 위한 자식들은 구성원의 규칙 중 일부를 교환함으로써 생성한다. 델보 시스템은 여러 분류 문제를 해결하는데 별 무리가 없으나 일부 문제 특히 XOR-문제를 해결하는데 있어서는 다소 한계가 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 델보 시스템이 XOR-문제의 해결에 적합한 규칙을 습득할 수 없음을 수학적으로 증명하고 델보 시스템이 XOR-문제를 해결할 수 있도록 델보의 학습 환경을 개선하기 위한 방법을 제시한다.
Methods of obtaining peripheral venous access in difficult situations (1999)

Peripheral venous access is frequently required in the hospital environment. This can occasionally be difficult to obtain. We have reviewed the pertinent literature and propose a structured algorithmic approach to reduce patient discomfort and to minimise the time involved in securing venous access.
The Effect of Catalase on Recovery of Heat-injured DNA-repair Mutants of Escherichia coli (1987)

The apparent sensitivity of Escherichia coli K12 to mild heat was increased by recA (def), recB and polA, but not by uvrA, uvrB or recF mutations. However, addition of catalase to the rich plating medium used to assess viability restored counts of heat-injured recA, recB and polA strains to wild-type levels. E. coli p3478 polA was sensitized by heat to a concentration of hydrogen peroxide similar to that measured in autoclaved recovery medium. The apparent heat sensitivity of DNA-repair mutants is thus due to heat-induced sensitivity to the low levels of peroxide present in rich recovery media. It is proposed that DNA damage in heated cells could occur indirectly by an oxidative mechanism. The increased peroxide sensitivity of heat-injured cells was not due to a decrease in total catalase activity but may be related specifically to inactivation of the inducible catalase/peroxidase (HPI).
International Earthquake Hazard Program underway (1992)

Over a year into the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), significant steps were taken at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) assembly in Vienna last August to develop major activities in a number of associations. In particular, a broad program on the reduction of earthquake hazards was adopted by the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). First, a major IASPEI report on the proposed goals and activities of the association, “Minimizing Earthquake Vulnerability” (IASPEI Committee for IDNDR, 29 pp., 1991), was adopted. This report sets out program goals and an organization for dealing with proposals and allocating resources. It contains twenty‐two recommendations that cover all aspects of seismological risk reduction and associated research and education. At the IUGG assembly, a keynote lecture on the decade and its relation to seismological work was given by R. Hamilton, director, United Nations‐IDNDR Secretariat in Geneva.
High accurate range finding with SPADs at 1064nm (2013)

Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), operated in Geiger mode, provide highest detection efficiency for time of flight measurements in the single photon regime. However, the risetime of the output signal shows time delays with changing number of generated photoelectrons. Therefore the measured time of arrival shows some drift with changing input light levels. Based on the continuity equations and the intrinsic resistance of SPADs, a simple model of the avalanche breakthrough was developed to analyze this behavior. By applying a suitable external gating circuit, e. g. implementing a decoupling resistor between the diode and the gating capacitor, this simulation shows a slight dependency of the diodes peak output current on the number of generated photoelectrons. Experimental observations performed with a passive quenching circuit and an InGaAs/InP-SPAD showed good agreement with the simulation. In time of flight measurements, e. g. in satellite laser ranging, this behavior can be used for compensating intensity dependent delays during the detection process.
Design and Analysis of a Double-Stator Cup-Rotor Directly Driven Permanent Magnet Wind Power Generator (2006)

This paper presents a new double-stator cup-rotor directly driven permanent magnet machine for wind power generation. The machine configuration is so unique that it can significantly improve the torque density with small cogging torque. Because of the nature of double-stator windings, the machine can flexibly change their connections, hence providing a constant output voltage over a wide speed range for battery changing. Computer simulation is conducted by using the time-stepping finite element method. Both simulation and experimental results are given to verify the validity of the proposed machine. © 2006 IEEE.
Driver Eye and Vehicle Heights for Use in Geometric Design (1998)

Driver eye, headlight, taillight, and vehicle heights are important elements for determining passing and intersection sight distances and horizontal and vertical curve lengths to provide required stopping sight distance. Driver eye and object heights have varied significantly since their inception in the 1920s, when their values were suggested as 1676 mm. The objective of this study was to determine appropriate driver eye, headlight, taillight, and vehicle heights for use in developing geometric design criteria. The results of this research were used to recommend a driver eye height of 1080 mm for design purposes. This value represents 90 percent of the passenger car driver eye height values and an even higher percentage of the total vehicle fleet, because passenger cars have the lowest driver eye height values and represent fewer than two-thirds of the total vehicle fleet. Headlight and taillight heights of 600 mm are recommended for design. These values represent over 90 and 95 percent of the passenger cars observed in this study, respectively. The vehicle height recommendation for sight distance was 1315 mm, which represents the 10th percentile passenger car height values measured in the research.