gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: The Future of Immune Targeting (2016)

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous tumor. There is increasing evidence of the role of tumor lymphocytic immune infiltrates in this subtype of breast cancer. Robust levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been associated with improved disease-free and overall survival rates in TNBC patients with and without any treatment. Recent efforts have been made to develop a standardized methodology for evaluating TILs. The presence of TILs in the breast tumor microenvironment can also predict responses not only to neoadjuvant but also to adjuvant chemotherapy treatments. High numbers of TILs correlate with increased pathological complete responses (pCR) in TNBC. TILs are prognostic and predictive of response to standard therapies; thus, the immune system appears to play an active role in a subgroup of breast cancer. There is an increasing interest in directly targeting the immune system as part of breast cancer therapy, mainly in patients with TNBC. New immune modulatory agents, including immune checkpoints inhibitors, have shown promising activity in a subgroup of metastatic TNBC. Increased programmed cell death protein 1 ligand (PD-L1) expression on the surface of TNBC provides the rationale for implementing therapeutic strategies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in TNBC. The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor pembrolizumab, and the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab have shown promising results in clinical trials.
Calculation of delay and rise times for uniformily distributed RLC line (2002)

In this theoretical paper, simple explicit delay and rise time expressions for a uniformly distributed RLC line are presented. Derivation of these expressions are based on Elmore's definitions. The transfer function for an n-cell RLC ladder network with capacitive load is obtained by using the transmission parameter matrix for each cell. In the calculation of the transfer function, the transmission line is modeled by a lumped parameter network. Explicit delay and rise time formulas are computed from the transfer function using Elmore's definitions. Examples are included to illustrate the use of the formulations given for delay and rise times. As a special case, the proposed expressions are verified with the SPICE 5 circuit analysis program for n=2, 3, 5-cell ladder networks loaded with a capacitor.
Transmit and receive weights optimization algorithm in MIMO-SDMA system (2004)

This paper proposes an algorithm of joint transmit and receive weight vectors optimization in MIMO-SDMA system. This algorithm is based on the symbol cancellation method. Using these weight vectors can not only separate the transmit data of multiusers, but also improve bit error rate and maximize the capacity of MIMO channel. Comparison between this algorithm and other three algorithms is also presented. Simulation results show that this algorithm in MIMO-SDMA system has best performance.
Negative Stiffness Building Blocks for Statically Balanced Compliant Mechanisms: Design and Testing (2010)

In some applications, nonconstant energy storage in the flexible segments of compliant mechanisms is undesired, particularly when high efficiency or high-fidelity force feedback is required. In these cases, the principle of static balancing can be applied, where a balancing segment with a negative stiffness is added to cancel the positive stiffness of the compliant mechanism. This paper presents a strategy for the design of statically balanced compliant mechanisms and validates it through the fabrication and testing of proof-of-concept prototypes. Three compliant mechanisms are statically balanced by the use of compressed plate springs. All three balanced mechanisms have approximately zero stiffness but suffer from a noticeable hysteresis loop and finite offset from zero force. Design considerations are given for the design and fabrication of statically balanced compliant mechanisms.
Structures of Sultones from Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructures of Sultones from Proton Magnetic Resonance SpectraR. W. Ohline, A. L. Allred, and F. G. BordwellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 21, 4641–4645Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01075a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01075a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views114Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization of Polypyrrole-CdSe/CdTe Nanocomposite Films Prepared with an All Electrochemical Deposition Process (2003)

An all electrochemical deposition process was developed to prepare the polypyrrole nanocomposite films containing multiple layers of CdSe and CdTe. The CdSe layer grew on top of polypyrrole in a Volmer−Weber mode leading to an increase in surface roughness, while the subsequent CdTe layer filled up the interisland space of the CdSe layer resulting in smoother surfaces. A complete coverage of CdTe over the CdSe layer significantly improved the photoluminescence performance of the composite film. This demonstrates that wider band gap materials (CdSe here) can be enhanced in photoluminescence performance with passivation of surface states offered by a narrower band gap material (CdTe here) provided that the lowest conduction band of the narrower band gap material is located higher in energy level than that of the wider band gap material. A top covering layer of polypyrrole not only further smoothed the surface but also further boosted the photoluminescence intensity of the nanocomposite film because of the enhanced radiative electron−hole recombination.
Modulation of T-cell differentiation in murine fetal thymus organ cultures. (1989)

The effects of IL-1, IL-2, and a panel of monoclonal antibodies to thymic stroma and/or thymocytes, on T-cell differentiation in murine fetal thymus organ cultures were followed. Day-14 fetal thymic lobes were cultured for up to 12 days in the presence of IL-1 and/or IL-2 at concentrations of 100 U/ml. Development of all the major subpopulations defined by CD4 and CD8 expression was inhibited by IL-2, however the degree of inhibition was greatest for CD4+CD8- and CD4+CD8+ subsets. IL-1 alone caused only minor shifts in the subpopulations, but when added together with IL-2 the inhibitory effects of IL-2 were markedly enhanced. Analyses of subsets of CD4-CD8- cells demonstrated that the inhibition was most dramatic at the IL-2R positive and subsequent stages of CD4-CD8- differentiation. Interestingly, the putative precursors of IL-2R+CD4-CD8- increased in the presence of IL-2. In preliminary studies the organ culture system was used to examine the effects of a panel of antibodies to thymocytes and/or thymic stromal cells. Out of 14 antibodies tested, MTS 35 and MTS 37 have caused relative increases in the CD8 and CD4 single-positives, respectively. Both antibodies also induced increases in the percentages of CD4-CD8- cells and decreases in the percentages of CD4+CD8+ cells.
Lateral GaN Transistors - A Replacement for IGBT devices in Automotive Applications (2014)

The current drive-train power requirements of most hybrid vehicles (HVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are met by using Silicon IGBT devices. Higher performance can be achieved with GaN power transistors because they can provide lower losses, higher operating temperatures and smaller systems. The improvements offered by the GaN devices are yet to be realized in deployed subsystems. Several groups of researchers are experimenting and reporting upon GaN transistors that are aimed at replacing Si IGBTs. The results achieved by GaN Systems are presented and these are compared to other producers of GaN devices.
EMI performance comparison of switched-capacitor bidirectional converter with and without QR ZCS (2009)

The EMI performance of a non-isolated bidirectional switched-capacitor (SC) converter with quasi-resonant (QR) zero current switching (ZCS) converter is proposed in this paper. The quasi-resonant switched-capacitor converter presents low conducted EMI noise due to the sinusoidal resonant current advantages. Theoretical analysis and EMI measurement for the proposed bi-directional power conversion scheme is performed using a detailed equivalent circuit model and field test, respectively. The conducted common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) noises could be separated using a power combiner from the converter circuit noises. Experimental verification is carried out to verify and compare the proposed QR ZCS SC bi-directional converter EMI performance with the conventional hard-switching device. Peak level EMI emissions in the measured frequency spectrums show the proposed device can significantly reduce from 1.5-14.3 dBμV compared with that measured in the converter without QR ZCS for the forward and reverse power flow control schemes at a specified frequency range. The radiated emissions are improved as well. It can also be observed from the CM/DM separated measurement experimental results that the DM noises are dominant. This may present better EMI suppression when designing the power line filter.
Effect of various pretreatment conditions on enzymatic saccharification (2011)

The present work deals with the delignification of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse with different pretreatmenttechniques followed by saccharification with commercial and indigenously produced cellulase enzymes. 100 g of sugar canebagasse and whaet straw were treated with various concentrations of H2O2 (1-5% v/v) and its combination with 2% NaOHfor one hour under steam at 30 psi. Sugarcane bagasse was 88% delignified with 5% H2O2 + 2% NaOH whereas wheat strawshowed 51% delignification with 3% H2O2 + 2% NaOH. Moreover the saccharification with commercial cellulase enzyme wasfound to be 33.6% and 63.3% with pretreated wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. However, very low levels ofsaccharification (6-14%) were found with indigenously produced cellulase enzyme.
Metformin Attenuates the Exacerbation of the Allergic Eosinophilic Inflammation in High Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice (2013)

A positive relationship between obesity and asthma has been well documented. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator metformin reverses obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) and inhibits different types of inflammatory responses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin on the exacerbation of allergic eosinophilic inflammation in obese mice. Male C57BL6/J mice were fed for 10 weeks with high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. The cell infiltration and inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue were evaluated at 48 h after ovalbumin (OVA) challenge. HFD obese mice displayed peripheral IR that was fully reversed by metformin (300 mg/kg/day, two weeks). OVA-challenge resulted in higher influx of total cell and eosinophils in lung tissue of obese mice compared with lean group. As opposed, the cell number in BAL fluid of obese mice was reduced compared with lean group. Metformin significantly reduced the tissue eosinophil infiltration and prevented the reduction of cell counts in BAL fluid. In obese mice, greater levels of eotaxin, TNF-α and NOx, together with increased iNOS protein expression were observed, all of which were normalized by metformin. In addition, metformin nearly abrogated the binding of NF-κB subunit p65 to the iNOS promoter gene in lung tissue of obese mice. Lower levels of phosphorylated AMPK and its downstream target acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) were found in lung tissue of obese mice, which were restored by metformin. In separate experiments, the selective iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (20 mg/kg, 3 weeks) and the anti-TNF-α mAb (2 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the aggravation of eosinophilic inflammation in obese mice. In conclusion, metformin inhibits the TNF-α-induced inflammatory signaling and NF-κB-mediated iNOS expression in lung tissue of obese mice. Metformin may be a good pharmacological strategy to control the asthma exacerbation in obese individuals.
비전정 및 비중격 질환에 대한 외측비일절개(Lateral Alotomy) 접근법 (2004)

There are many approaches for treatment ofnasal vestibular and septal lesions. Ifthe lateral alotomy approach is employed, nasal vestibular and septal lesions can be easily exposed and exdsed. We analyzed the advantages and disadvantages offhe lateral alotomy approach. Materials and Method : Our review ofthose who had been operated via la-teral alotomy approach included, 2 cases ofnasal vestibular papilloma, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 angioldomyoma, 1 myxoid sarcoma or 1 septal perforation. Operative procedures, surgical outcomes a-nd postoperative complications were leviewed retros-pectively. Resutts : Using lateral alotomy approach, all lesions were easily exposed and completely resected. Lateral alotomy ap-proach oBered straight view offhe lesions and fhe operator used bofh hands during the procedure. Patients were closely observed for about2 years (19-28 months) wifhout complications. And no patients complamedofwoundscar. Conclusion : Nasal vesti-bular and antehor nasal septal lesions can be easily exposed via lateml alotomy approach. This approach has the advantage of be-ing able to use both hands by the operator. (Korean J Otolaryntol 2004;47:39-42)
Constructing compact models of concurrent Java programs (1998)

Finite-state verification technology (e.g., model checking) provides a powerful means to detect concurrency errors, which are often subtle and difficult to reproduce. Nevertheless, widespread use of this technology by developers is unlikely until tools provide automated support for extracting the required finite-state models directly from program source. In this paper, we explore the extraction of compact concurrency models from Java code. In particular, we show how static pointer analysis, which has traditionally been used for computing alias information in optimizers, can be used to greatly reduce the size of finite-state models of concurrent Java programs.
Characterization of Cobalt(II)-Substituted Peptide Deformylase:  Function of the Metal Ion and the Catalytic Residue Glu-133 (2000)

Peptide deformylase (PDF) catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of the N-terminal formyl group from nascent ribosome-synthesized polypeptides in eubacteria. PDF represents a novel class of mononuclear iron protein, which utilizes an Fe(2+) ion to catalyze the hydrolysis of an amide bond. This Fe(2+) enzyme is, however, extremely labile, undergoing rapid inactivation upon exposure to molecular oxygen, and is spectroscopically silent. In this work, we have replaced the native Fe(2+) ion with the spectroscopically active Co(2+) ion through overexpression in the presence of Co(2+). Co(2+)-substituted PDF (Co-PDF) has an activity 3-10-fold lower than that of the Fe(2+)-PDF but is highly stable. Steady-state kinetic assays using a series of substrates of varying deformylation rates indicate that Co-PDF has the same substrate specificity as the native enzyme. Co-PDF and Fe-PDF also share the same three-dimensional structure, pH sensitivity, and inhibition pattern by various effector molecules. These results demonstrate that Co-PDF can be used as a stable surrogate of Fe-PDF for biochemical characterization and inhibitor screening. The electronic absorption properties of the Co(2+) ion were utilized as a probe to monitor changes in the enzyme active site as a result of site-directed mutations, inhibitor binding, and changes in pH. Mutation of Glu-133 to an alanine completely abolishes the catalytic activity, whereas mutation to an aspartate results in only approximately 10-fold reduction in activity. Analysis of their absorption spectra under various pH conditions reveals pK(a) values of 6.5 and 5.6 for the metal-bound water in E133A and E133D Co-PDF, respectively, suggesting that the metal ion alone is capable of ionizing the water molecule to generate the catalytic nucleophile, a metal-bound hydroxide. On the other hand, substrate binding to the E133A mutant induces little spectral change, indicating that in the E.S complex the formyl carbonyl oxygen is not coordinated with the metal ion. These results demonstrate that the function of the active-site metal is to activate the water molecule, whereas Glu-133 acts primarily as a general acid, donating a proton to the leaving amide ion during the decomposition of the tetrahedral intermediate.
Prototype Selection for Composite Nearest Neighbor Classifiers (1995)

Combining the predictions of a set of classifiers has been shown to be an effective way to create composite classifiers that are more accurate than any of the component classifiers. Increased accuracy has been shown in a variety of real-world applications, ranging from protein sequence identification to determining the fat content of ground meat. Despite such individual successes, the answers are not known to fundamental questions about classifier combination, such as "Can classifiers from any given model class be combined to create a composite classifier with higher accuracy?" or "Is it possible to increase the accuracy of a given classifier by combining its predictions with those of only a small number of other classifiers?". The goal of this dissertation is to provide answers to these and closely related questions with respect to a particular model class, the class of nearest neighbor classifiers. We undertake the first study that investigates in depth the combination of nearest neighbor classifiers. Although previous research has questioned the utility of combining nearest neighbor classifiers, we introduce algorithms that combine a small number of component nearest neighbor classifiers, where each of the components stores a small number of prototypical instances. In a variety of domains, we show that these algorithms yield composite classifiers that are more accurate than a nearest neighbor classifier that stores all training instances as prototypes. The research presented in this dissertation also extends previous work on prototype selection for an independent nearest neighbor classifier. We show that in many domains, storing a very small number of prototypes can provide classification accuracy greater than or equal to that of a nearest neighbor classifier that stores all training instances. We extend previous work by demonstrating that algorithms that rely primarily on random sampling can effectively choose a small number of prototypes.
Some Aspects of Stereoscopic Depth Perception*† (1967)

Some of the fundamental facts of stereoscopic depth perception are described briefly. Emphasis is placed on experiments that provide evidence for a physiologic basis for the phenomenon: existence of limiting disparities, relationship to double images, role of simultaneous stimuli, the limiting delay between stimuli to the two eyes, role of vertical disparities, effect of unequal luminances, the role of training and of strabismus surgery, etc. A general though brief discussion of the theories of stereoscopic depth perception deals with psychologic cues, fixation eye movements, fusional eye movements, Hering theory of local signs, gestalt point of view, and suppression theories. A few current problems are then considered: duration of stimuli, role of eye movements, effect of binocular rivalry, relationship of perceived depth to angular disparity, adaptation to conflicting empiric cues and stereoscopic depth, and the induced effect.
Rapid prototyping is coming of age (1995)

This article examines how, by accelerating the design process and speeding tooling development, rapid prototyping technology helps manufacturers cut new product cycle times and costs. During the last decade, a class of technologies has emerged by which a computer-aided design file of an object can be converted into a physical model through special sintering, layering, or deposition techniques. Called rapid prototyping (RP), or solid free-form fabrication, the major application for this technology has been early verification of product designs and quick production of prototypes for testing. Multiple prototypes can now be reproduced more economically by using the RP master as a pattern for creating molded or soft tooling. Interest in desktop (or more accurately, office) rapid prototyping for visualization and design verification is growing, but it is not yet easy to cost-justify. Recently, the fabrication of patterns for limited-run production tooling has become more common. Today, the most popular rapid tooling options are silicone rubber (RTV) molding and epoxy and spray metal tooling. For metal part production, the choices are investment, plaster, spin, and sand casting.
S‐adenosylmethionine and betaine correct hepatitis C virus induced inhibition of interferon signaling in vitro† (2006)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of chronic liver disease. Standard therapy, pegylated interferon alpha (pegIFNalpha) combined with ribavirin, results in a sustained response rate in approximately half of patients. The cause of treatment failure in the other half of the patients is unknown, but viral interference with IFNalpha signal transduction through the Jak-STAT pathway might be an important factor. We have shown previously that the expression of HCV proteins leads to an impairment of Jak-STAT signaling because of an inhibition of STAT1 methylation. Unmethylated STAT1 is less active because it can be bound and inactivated by its inhibitor, protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1). We show that treating cells with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) and betaine could restore STAT1 methylation and improve IFNalpha signaling. Furthermore, the antiviral effect of IFNalpha in cell culture could be significantly enhanced by the addition of AdoMet and betaine. In conclusion, we propose that the addition of these drugs to the standard therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis C could overcome treatment resistance.
Designing knowledge-based systems within functional architecture: the DIVA experiment (2003)

An assessment is made of the use of functional architecture for knowledge-based systems. The discussion is based on the experience gained while designing DIVA, an expert system for vibration-based monitoring of large rotating machinery. The authors describe the system and show how its task decomposition results from the characteristics of the problem. They explain how this approach makes it possible to build more sophisticated explanations of reasoning. They also show how knowledge acquisition has been achieved in this framework and discuss the maintainability of such systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>