gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy for lung cancer (2016)

Treatment of lung cancer remains a challenge, and lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Immunotherapy has previously failed in lung cancer but has recently emerged as a very effective new therapy, and there is now growing worldwide enthusiasm in cancer immunotherapy. We summarize why immune checkpoint blockade therapies have generated efficacious and durable responses in clinical trials and why this has reignited interest in this field. Cancer vaccines have also been explored in the past with marginal success. Identification of optimal candidate neoantigens may improve cancer vaccine efficacy and may pave the way to personalized immunotherapy, alone or in combination with other immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint blockade. Understanding the steps in immune recognition and eradication of cancer cells is vital to understanding why previous immunotherapies failed and how current therapies can be used optimally. We hold an optimistic view for the future prospect in lung cancer immunotherapy.
The Potential of Intralesional Rose Bengal to Stimulate T-Cell Mediated Anti-Tumor Responses (2015)

Rose Bengal (RB) is a red synthetic dye that was initially used in the garment industry and has been used safely for decades as a corneal stain by ophthalmologists. Antineoplastic properties of RB have also been observed, though the mechanism of action remained to be elucidated. Recently, interest in RB as a therapeutic cancer treatment has increased due to significant anti-tumor responses with direct tumor injection in human clinical trials for metastatic melanoma. In these patients, there has been the implication that RB may mount a T-cell mediated anti-tumor response and impart antigen-specific responses in distant bystander lesions. This article serves to evaluate the potential of intralesional rose bengal to stimulate T-cell mediated anti-tumor responses in in-vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical studies.
Fracture Toughness of Fe-Zn Intermetallic Compound Layer (2014)

The Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds (IMC) layers composed of δp, δk, and Γ phases were fabricated using two different kinds of Fe/Zn diffusion couple (DC), and the fracture toughness of the constituent phases was estimated from the toughness of the IMC layers. In the DCs with sufficient Zn supply, the IMC layers were mainly composed of δp phase after isothermal holding at 450-600 °C for 60 s, while in the DCs with limited Zn supply, the IMC layers were composed of δp, δk, and Γ phases at the early stage of isothermal holding, which was later dominated by Γ phase with further isothermal holding. The average grain size of the IMC phases was found to increase with increased holding temperature. From the comparisons between the IMC layers composed mainly by either δp or Γ phases, toughness of Γ phase was found inferior to that of δp phase. In addition, it was demonstrated that the toughness of δp and Γ was found to increase with decreased average grain size. Whereas, from the results using the multi-phase IMC layers, the toughness of δk phase was found almost equivalent to that of Γ phase.
Correction to: The early identification of disease progression in patients with suspected infection presenting to the emergency department: a multi-centre derivation and validation study (2019)

In the publication of this article [1], there are two errors in contributing author affiliations. This has now been included in this correction article.
After-Death Functions of Cell Death. (2019)

Cell death can occur through numerous regulated mechanisms, from apoptosis to necrosis, entosis, and others. Each has a distinct mode of regulation and effect on tissue homeostasis. While the elimination of individual cells is typically considered the relevant physiologic endpoint of cell death, in some cases the remnants left behind by death can also function to support tissue homeostasis. Here we discuss specific functions of the end products of cell death, and how "after-death" functions may contribute to the roles of programmed cell death in physiology.
Fabrication of Sintered Diamond/Metal Composites and Evaluation of Grinding Performance for Sapphire (2012)

The fabrication of sintered diamond/metal composites bodies composed of diamond filler with the average particle size of 15 μm to 30 μm and metal binder (Ag-Cu-Ti system brazing) was attempted by powder metallurgical sintering process at 700℃ to 1000?C in vacuum atmosphere. As a result, dense bulks of sintered diamond/metal composites were obtained by this powder metallurgical sintering process. The increase of sintering temperatures from 750℃ to 950℃ and of pressure enhanced the density of sintered diamond/metal composites during the hot-pressing in vacuum. All bulks prepared at the temperatures of 750?C to 950℃ were composed of diamond phase and Ag-Cu-Ti system brazing without any other phase for sintered bulks for diamond/metal composites. Furthermore, some properties were evaluated for sintered diamond/metal composites.
Computing exact approximations of a chaitin omega number (2004)

A Chaitin Omega number, Ω, is the halting probability of a universal Chaitin (self-delimiting Turing) machine. Every Ω number is both computably enumerable and random. In particular, every Ω number is non-computable. In this thesis, we describe a method to compute the exact values of the first 64 successive bits of a natural Chaitin Omega number. 
We first describe a model of computation which has been defined and proved to be a universal Chaitin machine U. We then propose a method (procedure) which combines iterative executions of an algorithm with mathematical analysis to get the exact values of the first successive 64 bits of the corresponding Chaitin ΩU number of U. 
This particular defined Chaitin machine U is essentially a register machine and has been implemented in Java. We call it the canonical compressed model (or compressed model) as it allows only ‘canonical’ program strings to be processed in U. Thus, many input strings which are illegal, hence useless, are ignored and never involved in the computational process. In addition, the compressed design shortens the length of all instructions so that relatively short strings now contain somewhat complex programs. 
A simulator for U, written in Java, is a primary part of the project. The algorithm is executed iteratively, computing step by step an increasing sequence of rational numbers (in binary) to approximate Ω U. In the n-th step, the algorithm produces four main output files: all halting strings, looping strings, run-time errors, and prefix strings (incomplete programs). In each step, all prefix strings (of the previous step) are read and processed one by one. Each string is extended by 7 bits (ASCII code representations for symbols) to generate new strings that are examined one by one to detect any lexical, syntactic, semantic, or run-time error in each of them. Any of those strings with an error detected is discarded to save storage space and execution time. 
We solve the Halting Problem for all programs for U of length less than or equal to 84 bits so we can calculate an increasing sequence of exact approximations converging to ΩU. By means of a mathematical analysis the first successive 64 bits, 00000010000001000001100010000110 10001111110010111011101000010000 of the 84 bits are proved to be the exact first bits of ΩU. Actually, more bits can be obtained by this procedure if the disk space is sufficient for it to go on, but this procedure cannot be extended indefinitely. 
In order to assure that our computing result is correct, we have proved that all input strings of length less than or equal to 84 executed in U over 100 steps are not halting programs.*
*This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Adobe Acrobat; Microsoft Office.
Copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide using (salen)Co(<scp>iii</scp>) complexes: synthesis and characterization of syndiotactic poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (2005)

Synthetic routes to a series of new (salen-1)CoX (salen-1 = N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-diaminoalkane; X = halide or carboxylate) species are described and the X-ray crystal structures of two (salen-1)CoX (salen- = N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane; X = Cl, I) complexes are presented. (R,R)-(salen-)CoX (X = Cl, Br, I, OAc, pentafluorobenzoate (OBzF(5))) catalysts are active for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO(2), yielding syndiotactic poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC), a previously unreported PCHC microstructure. Variation of the salen ligand and reaction conditions, as well as the inclusion of [PPN]Cl ([PPN]Cl = bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride) cocatalysts, has dramatic effects on the polymerization rate and the resultant PCHC tacticity. Catalysts rac-(salen-)CoX (salen- = N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-diaminopropane; X = Br, OBzF(5)) have high activities for CHO/CO(2) copolymerization, yielding syndiotactic PCHCs with up to 81% r-centered tetrads. Using Bernoullian statistical methods, PCHC tetrad and triad sequences were assigned in the (13)C NMR spectra of these polymers in the carbonyl and methylene regions, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: 9‐cis and 11‐cis Isomers of 18,18,18‐, 19,19,19‐, and 20,20,20‐Trifluororetinal. (1987)

Abstract The 9‐cis or 11‐cis isomers (VI) and (XII) of the all‐trans trifluororetinal (Ia) are prepared as shown in the reaction scheme.
Er:YAG laser radiation for soft and hard urological tissue treatment (2006)

Er:YAG laser (wavelength 2.94 μm) operating both in free-running and Q-switched regime was designed and developed for the purpose of ureter wall perforation or incision, and urinary stones fragmentation. Component of this system was a special transfer part consisted of a cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow glass waveguide (inner/outer diameter 700/850 μm or 320/450 μm) with a sealed cap for a contact treatment. Maximum pulse interaction energy and length for free-running Er:YAG laser were 100 mJ and 200 μs, respectively (corresponding intensity was 130 kW/cm<sup>2</sup> for the 700 μm waveguide and 500 kW/cm<sup>2</sup> for the 320 μm waveguide). Maximum interaction pulse energy and length in Q-switched regime were 30 mJ and 70 ns, respectively (corresponding intensity was 111 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> for the 700 μm waveguide and 357 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> for the 320 μm waveguide). Basic interaction characteristics and parameters of ureter wall perforation and urinary stones fragmentation were found. For that reason the number of pulses needed for the perforation of the ureter wall tissue (thickness ~1mm), ablation threshold and ablation rate were measured for free-running and Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation. Subsequently, the investigated tissue samples were histologically evaluated after the interaction. The ablation rate of the Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation was higher compared to the free-running radiation. The application of Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation on ureter tissue resulted in minimum tissue alteration (up to 50 μm from the surface) without any influence on the deeper layers. The possibility of urinary stones perforation with free-running Er:YAG laser radiation (with maximum interaction energy) was also demonstrated.
Pumping of gas lasers by a pulse generator with an inductive storage unit (1990)

An investigation was made of lasing in Ne(He, Ar)–Xe–HCl (λ = 308 nm) and Ne–H2 (λ = 585.3 nm) mixtures and in nitrogen (λ = 337.1 nm) pumped by a pulsed generator with an inductive energy storage unit and a plasma current chopper. The use of such a pulse generator made it possible to ensure the optimal pumping conditions for lasers of various types including exciplex and plasma lasers, as well as those utilizing self-terminating transitions.
<title>Automated situational awareness sensing for homeland defense</title> (2003)

Advances in information technology enable a capability to gather large amounts of raw data from all parts of our society to a degree of efficiency that can actually encumber surveillance missions. Today one can create automated networks of sensors to gather enormous volumes of data, but we do not have the human capacity to sort through all this raw data. Similar problems exist in the area of machinery condition or health monitoring - another surveillance problem. By automating data collection, processing, fusion and interpretation, one can bring the most relevant and timely information to human analysts, planners, and responders. Key technologies that enable this transformation from data to knowledge are distributed hardware and software architectures, intelligent sensors, data fusion and reasoning algorithms, and open system architectures for information exchange. Distributed hardware and software structures partition complex systems into a collection of interconnected subsystems. Intelligent sensors enable this conversion of data to information by processing massive amounts of data at the subsystem and higher levels to extract contextually relevant information. The transformation from raw sensor data to useful information requires the application of subsystem-specific signal processing and feature extraction algorithms, data fusion, and classification algorithms to combine data and features from commensurate and non-commensurate sensors or information sources. Emerging standards in open system architectures for condition based maintenance apply equally to surveillance systems and condition monitoring systems. Examples from fielded system health monitoring applications are presented along with their parallels to surveillance systems with application to homeland defense.
HIV-1 Tat protein enhances Microtubule polymerization (2005)

These results show that Tat directly acts on microtubule polymerization and provide insights into the mechanism of T cell apoptosis mediated by extra-cellular Tat.
Removal of Tributyltin in Shipyard Waters: Characterization and Treatment to Meet Low Parts per Trillion Levels (2003)

Removal of tributyltin (TBT) from shipyard waters has been conducted in Virginia shipyards for over 2.5 years and has resulted in a 99% reduction of TBT discharged to coastal-estuarine waters. This has been achieved by conventional coagulation clarification for particulate TBT removal and removal of dissolved TBT using activated carbon. Although advances have been made in the understanding of TBT removal under various treatment conditions, TBT removal with the existing full-scale treatment plant to levels that would comply with a 50 parts per trillion (pptr) discharge limit are not possible. Results from study efforts that are currently ongoing suggest that the 50 pptr limit might be reached using ultraviolet irradiation or ozonation and that both processes would be substantially improved with the addition of hydrogen peroxide to promote hydroxyl radical formation.
429 Development of Design of Damped Structure by Using Colloidal Damper (2011)

Colloidal damper is a new damper which uses a principle of difference of surface extension force, which is occurred by the direction of movement of surface. Some characteristics of the colloidal damper were investigated by our group. That is, a damping characteristics of colloidal damper for the amount ratio of silica gel and water, volume of cylinder and pre-pressure of the cylinder by changing exciting frequency and displacement of a piston. By using these results, this paper presents a design method of the colloidal damper, that is, diameter and length of a cylinder, pre-pressure in the cylinder, ratio of silica-gel and water. In order to show a flow of this design method, suspension of car which is composed by colloidal damper and spring, is presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF 241Am LUNG MONITORING SYSTEM USING AN IMAGING PLATE (2007)

A new 241Am lung monitoring system without shielding was devised by using an imaging plate system. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's realistic torso phantom containing a 241Am lung was covered by imaging plates sealed in lightproof bags. The imaging plate system displayed 241Am lung images characteristic of the lung shape of the torso phantom. The imaging plate system's lower detection limits of 14 Bq for 60 min exposure and 6 Bq for 300 min were the same levels as those of the phoswich detectors and the germanium detectors placed in shielded rooms. The imaging plate system for 60 min exposure detected about 2% of the annual limit of 740 Bq for 241Am inhalation. A lung monitoring system using imaging plates is applicable for 241Am lung monitoring.
Application of a monoclonal antibody-based antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (antigen ELISA) for field diagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis at Nguruman, Kenya (1992)

A monoclonal antibody-based, enzyme immunoassay (antigen ELISA) for the detection of species-specific invariant antigens of Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax or T. brucei in the serum of infected animals was evaluated as a means of diagnosis using bovine field sera from a trypanosomiasis endemic area, Nguruman, Kenya. Circulating trypanosome antigens were detected in 126 (96.2%) of 131 serum samples from animals with parasitologically confirmed diagnosis: 74.8% were positive for antigens of two or three trypanosome species, while 21.4% tested positive for one trypanosome species. When 70 sera from animals (at Nguruman), which had tested negative for trypanosomes by the buffy coat technique, were tested, 35 (50.0%) of them were shown to be antigen-ELISA positive: 24 (34.3%) showing infection with a single species and 11 (15.7%) with mixed infections. The predominant trypanosome species diagnosed in the two herds by antigen ELISA was T. vivax, which was detected in 133 (82.6%) of the 161 sera that tested positive for antigens, followed by T. congolense in 122 (75.8%) sera, with 109 (67.7%) showing evidence of mixed infections with two or three trypanosome species. In single infections, T. vivax exceeded T. congolense by a ratio of 2:1, with T. brucei accounting for less than 1.0%. Evidence for the specificity of the test was provided by analysis of field sera from 100 cattle, from a trypanosomiasis-free area, infected with other haemoparasites (anaplasmosis, babesiosis and theileriosis), which all tested negative in the assay.
Modulation of Tumor Cell Motility by Prostaglandins and Inhibitors of Prostaglandin Synthesis (1986)

15-Methyl-prostaglandin E1 (15-M-PGE1), a synthetic stable, prostaglandin E1 analogue was examined for ability to inhibit motility in a line of murine tumor cells. Inhibition of random motility and motility stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate was seen at concentrations of 15-M-PGE1 as low as 1 microM. Inhibition of laminin-stimulated motility was observed with 10 microM 15-M-PGE1. The murine tumor cells used in this study produced high levels of prostaglandins. When the cells were treated with either indomethacin or ibuprofen, prostaglandin levels (measured as prostaglandin E2 by radioimmunoassay) were reduced by greater than 95% without a corresponding increase in lipoxygenase products. When indomethacin or ibuprofen-treated cells were compared to control cells in regards to motility, they were more active. These studies show that E-series prostaglandins can modulate motility in the murine fibrosarcoma cells and suggest that the production of endogenous cyclooxygenase metabolites by the murine tumor cells may regulate, at least in part, the responsiveness of the cells to stimulation.
Mutually exclusive regulation of T cell survival by IL-7R and antigen receptor-induced signals (2013)

Two major processes govern T cell proliferation and survival: interleukin-7-mediated homeostasis and antigen-induced selection. How cells transit between the two states is unknown. Here we show that T cell receptor ligation actively inhibits homeostatic survival signals while initiating a new, dominant survival programme. This switch is mediated by a change in the expression of pro- and anti-apoptosis proteins through the downregulation of Bcl-2 and the induction of Bim, A1 and Bcl-xL. Calcineurin inhibitors prevent the initiation of the new survival programme, while permitting the dominant repression of Bcl-2. Thus, in the presence of these drugs the response to antigen receptor ligation is cell death. Our results identify a molecular switch that can serve as an attractive target for inducing antigen-specific tolerance in treating autoimmune disease patients and transplant recipients.
Sleep and posture (1994)

Abstract Computer‐assisted open catheter studies of 10 healthy, nose‐breathing men in dorsal and in lateral recumbent sleep demonstrated stable intrasubject transpharyngeal differential pressures and airflow resistances. They averaged 19.6 Pa (± standard deviation [SD] 11.9) and 0.103 Pa/cm 3 per second (± SD 0.065) in the dorsal posture and stage II sleep during quiet breathing and were not significantly different in the lateral posture or in stage I sleep. Five subjects were snorers, and their pharyngeal airflow pressures and resistances increased substantially during quiet breathing on assumption of recumbency and much more in sleep. In the 5 subjects who were nonsnorers, postural changes were not significant and sleep increases were moderate. During snoring, transpharyngeal pressures and resistances increased even further, averaging 188 Pa and 1.02 Pa/cm 3 per second for the whole group. Transpharyngeal differential pressures and hypopharyngeal transmural pressures frequently exceeded 300 Pa in inspiration and in expiration during periods of snoring. Yet, transpharyngeal differential pressures and resistances did not reveal appreciable differences between phases that would indicate compliant change of pharyngeal cross section. Breathing frequency was unchanged, but ventilation was significantly diminished at elevated upper airway resistances (P<.01). Transpharyngeal resistances and differential pressures varied independently from widely differing nasal resistances. As with our earlier studies, pressure measurements alone clearly demonstrated breathing patterns and events.
An adaptive hybrid vector quantization algorithm (1993)

A hybrid image compression algorithm consisting of vector quantization followed with an entropy coder to code the truncated residual is described. It is demonstrated that the tree level decision rule for a hybrid adaptive vector quantization algorithm can be more efficient by including coding information from both the VQ and entropy coders. A cost function approach is taken where the vector cost is a sum of the total distortion for that vector and α times the total bit length from both the VQ and entropy encoders. An LMS method for adapting α is shown and the results summarized.
Interferon-γ production by natural killer cells and cytomegalovirus in critically ill patients* (2012)

Impaired natural killer cell function with reduced interferon-γ secretion precedes the occurrence of cytomegalovirus reactivation among previously immunocompetent critically ill patients.
HOXA11 (homeobox A11) (2011)

Review on HOXA11 (homeobox A11), with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated.
Effect of valsartan compared with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide on plasma levels of cellular adhesion molecules: the Val-MARC trial (2007)

In contrast to hsCRP, both valsartan and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide induced reductions of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in the Val-MARC trial. These effects, although statistically significant, were small and independent of changes in blood pressure.
Determination of the Presence of Interleukin-6 in Bile After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (1996)

Measurement of IL-6 in bile may be a useful, noninvasive tool for diagnosing acute rejection.