gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological activation of cloned intermediate- and small-conductance Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated K<sup>+</sup>channels (2000)

We previously characterized 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO), as well as the clinically useful benzoxazoles, chlorzoxazone (CZ), and zoxazolamine (ZOX), as pharmacological activators of the intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel, hIK1. The mechanism of activation of hIK1, as well as the highly homologous small-conductance, Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channel, rSK2, was determined following heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes using two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) and excised, inside-out patch-clamp techniques. 1-EBIO, CZ, and ZOX activated both hIK1 and rSK2 in TEVC and excised inside-out patch-clamp experiments. In excised, inside-out patches, 1-EBIO and CZ induced a concentration-dependent activation of hIK1, with half-maximal (K(1/2)) values of 84 microM and 98 microM, respectively. Similarly, CZ activated rSK2 with a K(1/2) of 87 microM. In the absence of CZ, the Ca(2+)-dependent activation of hIK1 was best fit with a K(1/2) of 700 nM and a Hill coefficient (n) of 2.0. rSK2 was activated by Ca(2+) with a K(1/2) of 700 nM and an n of 2.5. Addition of CZ had no effect on either the K(1/2) or n for Ca(2+)-dependent activation of either hIK1 or rSK2. Rather, CZ increased channel activity at all Ca(2+) concentrations (V(max)). Event-duration analysis revealed hIK1 was minimally described by two open and three closed times. Activation by 1-EBIO had no effect on tau(o1), tau(o2), or tau(c1), whereas tau(c2) and tau(c3) were reduced from 9.0 and 92.6 ms to 5.0 and 44.1 ms, respectively. In conclusion, we define 1-EBIO, CZ, and ZOX as the first known activators of hIK1 and rSK2. Openers of IK and SK channels may be therapeutically beneficial in cystic fibrosis and vascular diseases.
The renin-angiotensin system: renal actions and blood pressure regulation. (1991)

The RAS is part of an extremely powerful feedback system for long-term control of blood pressure and volume homeostasis. Disturbances that tend to lower blood pressure, such as heart failure, cirrhosis, and peripheral vasodilation, cause sodium and water retention until blood pressure returns to normal due, in large part, to the combined actions of ANGII and reduced arterial pressure. In response to increased sodium intake, decreased ANGII formation greatly amplifies the effectiveness of pressure natriuresis, thereby preventing large increases in body fluid volumes and blood pressure. In circumstances in which the RAS is inappropriately activated, the sodium retaining effects of ANGII necessitate increased blood pressure to maintain sodium balance via pressure natriuresis. Because the RAS is so powerful in regulating blood pressure, blockade of the system with ACE inhibitors offers a powerful therapeutic tool in diseases such as hypertension and congestive heart failure. The control of sodium excretion and blood pressure by ANGII is exerted through multiple intrarenal as well as extrarenal effects, including stimulation of aldosterone secretion, which can influence renal excretion. Current evidence suggests that the intrarenal effects of ANGII are quantitatively more important than those mediated by aldosterone in controlling blood pressure and renal excretion. The most important intrarenal effects of ANGII include efferent arteriolar constriction as well as direct effects on sodium transport. The constrictor effect on efferent arterioles also is important in preventing reductions in GFR in circumstances associated with impaired renal perfusion. Therefore blockade of ANGII formation in circumstances such as renal artery stenosis may caused marked reductions in GFR. However, in many patients efferent arteriolar vasodilation caused by ANGII blockade may not lower GFR markedly because of other autoregulatory mechanisms that compensate by causing parallel reductions in afferent arteriolar resistance. In these individuals, chronic ACE inhibition may prove to be beneficial in slowing the progression of renal disease because a reduction in glomerular hydrostatic pressure may help to prevent glomerular damage.
Applied Attention Theory (2007)

Eye witness testimony, training, driving, and display design: these are just a few of the real-world domains in which depend on undivided attention. Emphasizing the link between theory and application, Applied Attention Theory provides a deep understanding of how theories of attention, developed from laboratory-based psychological research, can inform our understanding of everyday human performance in a wide number of applications and environments. The basic theories discussed concern divided, focused, and selective attention, and areas of application include mental workload measurement, multi-tasking, distracted driving, complex display design, education, and the training of attentional skills. Includes an extensive reference list and citations to both basic and applied work Provides intuitive descriptions of attentional phenomena in the world beyond the laboratory Discusses applications of attention theory to diverse areas such as graph design, distracted driving, and process control Offers an engineering orientation as well as a psychological orientation to research Highlights the critical role of effort in single task behavior, such as decision and choice, to the extent that humans tend to be effort-conserving in their choice of activities Examines how multiple tasks are managed in a discrete fashion
Inferior Vena Caval Filter Use in U.S. Trauma Centers (1997)

Questionnaires were mailed to 620 U.S. "trauma surgeons" to determine a consensus regarding indications for inferior vena caval (IVC) filter placement; 210 (34%) responded. Eighty-seven percent of respondents practiced in Level I trauma centers; 78% were in urban areas and 75% reported more than 1,000 trauma admissions per year. One-half (52%) of those responding were "trauma directors" at their centers. Filter insertion was done by radiologists at 81% of centers, by trauma surgeons at 34%, by vascular surgeons at 33%, and by general surgeons at 13%. Each month, 60% of trauma centers inserted zero or one filter, whereas 27% inserted two to three filters. Complications per year were reported as one or fewer in 85% of trauma centers. Respondents agreed that "absolute indications" for inserting IVC filters were pulmonary embolism while anticoagulated (93%), deep venous thrombosis present and anticoagulation contraindicated (89%), and free-floating ileofemoral thrombus by venogram (54%) and by duplex imaging (45%). "Relative indications" for placement were deep venous thrombosis by duplex imaging (41%) or by venogram (38%), spinal cord injury (40%), pelvic fractures (39%), multiple lower-extremity fractures (29%), concurrent cancer (19%), prolonged bed rest (14%), and obesity (10%). The permanent nature of the filter affected its rate of application. For example, potential removability would significantly (p < 0.01) increase prophylactic placement from 29 to 53% in the patient with multiple lower-extremity fractures. Only 12% considered sepsis and 10% young age as contraindications to IVC filter insertion. Contraindications and complications were few, yet frequency of use was surprisingly low. Radiologists insert the filter more than twice as often as surgeons.
Suppression of temperature and polarization dependence by polymer overcladding in silica-based AWG multiplexer (2004)

A temperature and polarization-insensitive arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer was realized by forming a polymer overcladding with negative thermo-optic coefficient on the silica core and undercladding without deteriorating the loss and crosstalk characteristics of the original silica AWG multiplexer.
Parameter optimization of an improved two-jet plasmatron for analyzing powder samples (2006)

The effect of operation parameters on an analytical signal in the jet of an improved two-jet plasmatron was studied. It was found that the analysis can be performed at lower current intensities and smaller gas flow rates on approaching the plasma-jet merging zone and choosing an analytical zone 3 to 2 mm ahead the site of plasma-jet merging. The detection limits of many elements in the direct analysis of graphite powders were 10−8–10−6 wt % against 10−6–10−4 on a previous plasmatron.
Jesus in Art (2013)

Examining how depictions of Jesus within art have become more racialized and radicalized over the centuries, and how the standard, Western style of a blonde-haired, blue-eyed Christ has been replaced with more varied representations.
Geostatistical History Matching Under Training-Image Based Geological Model Constraints (2002)

Abstract History matching forms an integral part of the reservoir modeling work-flow process. Despite the existence of many history matching tools, the integration of production data with seismic and geological continuity data remains a challenge. Geostatistical tools exists for integrating large scale seismic and fine scale well/core data. A general framework for integrating production data with diverse types of geological/structural data is largely lacking. In this paper we develop a new method for history matching that can account for production data constraint by prior geological data, such as the presence of channels, fractures or shale lenses. With multiple-point (mp) geostatistics prior information about geological patterns is carried by training images from which geological structures are borrowed then anchored to the subsurface data. A simple Markov chain iteratively modifies the mp geostatistical realizations until history match. The method is simple and general in the sense that the procedure can be applied to any type of geological environment without requiring a modification of the algorithm.
The Non-Sporing Anaerobic Bacteria in Human Faeces (1974)

SUMMARY Non-sporing strictly anaerobic bacteria were isolated from human faecal samples from England, Scotland, USA, India, Uganda and Japan. Strains were assigned to genera on the basis of the Gram reaction and on the type of fatty acid produced from glucose. Analysis of these acids was by gas-liquid chromatography. The isolates were further classified on the basis of various biochemical reactions. Bacteroides fragilis was the non-sporing anaerobe most frequently isolated from human faeces. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Eubacterium aerofaciens were also frequently isolated. Stool samples from India, Uganda and Japan contained a larger proportion of eubacteria and fewer Bacteroides spp. than did the samples from England, Scotland and the USA.
Energy-Efficient Gabor Kernels in Neural Networks with Genetic Algorithm Training Method (2019)

Deep-learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have proven to be successful in various cognitive applications with a multilayer structure. The high computational energy and time requirements hinder the practical application of CNNs; hence, the realization of a highly energy-efficient and fast-learning neural network has aroused interest. In this work, we address the computing-resource-saving problem by developing a deep model, termed the Gabor convolutional neural network (Gabor CNN), which incorporates highly expression-efficient Gabor kernels into CNNs. In order to effectively imitate the structural characteristics of traditional weight kernels, we improve upon the traditional Gabor filters, having stronger frequency and orientation representations. In addition, we propose a procedure to train Gabor CNNs, termed the fast training method (FTM). In FTM, we design a new training method based on the multipopulation genetic algorithm (MPGA) and evaluation structure to optimize improved Gabor kernels, but train the rest of the Gabor CNN parameters with back-propagation. The training of improved Gabor kernels with MPGA is much more energy-efficient with less samples and iterations. Simple tasks, like character recognition on the Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology database (MNIST), traffic sign recognition on the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB), and face detection on the Olivetti Research Laboratory database (ORL), are implemented using LeNet architecture. The experimental result of the Gabor CNN and MPGA training method shows a 17–19% reduction in computational energy and time and an 18–21% reduction in storage requirements with a less than 1% accuracy decrease. We eliminated a significant fraction of the computation-hungry components in the training process by incorporating highly expression-efficient Gabor kernels into CNNs.
An analyzer for detecting intermittent faults in electronic devices (2002)

Intermittent defects are a major cause of failure in electronic systems throughout all branches of the Armed Forces and the electronics industry. They result in unnecessary repairs, low operational readiness, premature system replacement, and preventable accidents. The problems associated with troubleshooting and resolving intermittents are discussed, along with the need to change current mind-sets. New technologies and equipment developed by Universal Synaptics to detect and isolate intermittents are described. In addition, recommendations are made on how to maximize the benefits of these new technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High concentration diffusivity and clustering of arsenic and phosphorus in silicon (1998)

The As diffusion coefficient as a function of its concentration was determined by Boltzmann–Matano analysis of the profiles of the dopant diffusing out of its conjugate phase precipitates during furnace annealing at 900 and 1050 °C of samples heavily doped by ion implantation. This method allowed to assure a constant diffusion source of As and to investigate a doping range attaining 3×1021 cm−3. Along the same lines, the diffusivity versus concentration of specimens heavily implanted with P was determined at 900 and 1000 °C. Dopant profiles were determined by secondary neutral mass spectroscopy. The diffusivity of both As and P increases with dopant content, attaining a maximum at a concentration which closely corresponds to the saturation value of the carrier density, ne, which we previously determined by equilibration annealing of specimens with excess dopant. This finding demonstrates that ne represents the limiting value of the concentration of unclustered dopant at the diffusion temperature. On the contrary, a diffusivity monotonically increasing with dopant concentration up to its solubility limit, was observed in the case of B and Sb, which do not cluster. Finally, we report the results of a simulation model which can accurately describe the evolution of the As profile upon annealing, by using our diffusivity data and taking into account both the precipitation and clustering phenomena.
Classification of Contents in Ibn Yamin’s Quatrain (Ruba’is) (2010)

Quatrain is one of the forms of much interest for Farsi- speaking poets. Ibn Yamin Faryumadi , the famous poet and Qat’ah writer of the eighth century, was especially fascinated by this form. His quatrains enjoy a big variety in content; they can be considered among the colorful quatrains of Farsi language. They can be classified into eight groups; each of them highlights a particular aspect of his worldview and poetic creativity. 
Since the opening of the seventh century, quatrain form went to lose its prosperity and currency; hence, the variety in content and subtle points of Ibn Yamin’s quatrains drew attentions to this form again. The quatrain form provided opportunity for the themes and contents, already dealt with by the poet in detail in his Qat’ahs, to be expressed briefly in another form.
Answering Opinion Questions on Products by Exploiting Hierarchical Organization of Consumer Reviews (2012)

This paper proposes to generate appropriate answers for opinion questions about products by exploiting the hierarchical organization of consumer reviews. The hierarchy organizes product aspects as nodes following their parent-child relations. For each aspect, the reviews and corresponding opinions on this aspect are stored. We develop a new framework for opinion Questions Answering, which enables accurate question analysis and effective answer generation by making use the hierarchy. In particular, we first identify the (explicit/implicit) product aspects asked in the questions and their sub-aspects by referring to the hierarchy. We then retrieve the corresponding review fragments relevant to the aspects from the hierarchy. In order to generate appropriate answers from the review fragments, we develop a multi-criteria optimization approach for answer generation by simultaneously taking into account review salience, coherence, diversity, and parent-child relations among the aspects. We conduct evaluations on 11 popular products in four domains. The evaluated corpus contains 70,359 consumer reviews and 220 questions on these products. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. 1
Relative permittivity and loss tangent measurement using the NIST 60 mm cylindrical cavity (2005)

In order to develop a dielectric Standard Reference Material (SRM), a measurement system for measuring the relative permittivity and loss tangent of dielectric materials is presented.To achieve the necessary level of measurement accuracy, we selected the circular-cylindrical cavity method.Expressions for determining the relative permittiv- ity and loss tangent are derived from theoretical models of an empty and sample-loaded circular-cylindrical cavity.We describe the circular-cylindrical cavity's specifications and the detailed measurement procedure we employed.We present a comprehensive uncertainty analysis for both the relative permittivity and loss tangent as well as a measurement assurance plan for ensuring the integrity of the measurement system.
Vascular volume and blood‐brain barrier permeability measured by dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in hippocampus and cerebellum of patients with MCI and normal controls (2006)

These results suggest that changes in cerebrovasculature may occur in hippocampus of MCI. DCE-MRI may provide a noninvasive means to measure the subtle BBB leakage associated with the cerebrovascular pathology commonly found in Alzheimer's disease.
Physiological responses to prompt and sustained squatting. Measurement by systolic time intervals. (1977)

Ten healthy men, ages 22 to 35, were studied non-invasively standing (control), at the onset of squatting ('prompt squat'), and at two minutes of squatting. Squatting produced decreases in heart rate, isovolumic contraction time, pre-ejection period, and pulse transmission time from onset of depolarisation to the first heart sound, left ventricular ejection time, and the ejection time index. These results of systolic time intervals are consistent with the bradycardia and increased ventricular filling induced by squatting. Major changes from control measurements were found at the onset of squatting, showing the impact of prompt squat of left ventricular performance.
A cluster-based directional routing protocol in VANET (2010)

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a new application of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) in the field of Inter-vehicle communication. As the high mobility of vehicles, some traditional MANET routing protocols may not fit the VANET. In this paper, we propose a cluster-based directional routing protocol (CBDRP) for highway scenarios, in which the header of a cluster selects another header according to the moving direction of vehicle to forward packets. Simulation results shows the CBDRP can solve the problem of link stability in VANET, realizing reliable and rapid data transmission.
The basicity of phosphines (1982)

The basicities of the triarylphosphines P(4-XC 6 H 4 ) 3 (X = Cl, F, H, CH 3 , CH 3 O, (CH 3 ) 2 N), P(3-CH 3 C 6 H 4 ) 3 , and P(2-CH 3 C 6 H 7 ) 3 as well as the trialkylphosphines P(t-Bu) 3 and PCy 3 have been measured by the nitromethane titration method. The range of basicity available by aryl substitution is very large, being pK a = 8.65 for X = (CH 3 ) 2 N to 1.03 for X = Cl. The most basic phosphine is P(t-Bu) 3 whose pK a = 11.40. The measured basicities correlate well with σ p , [Formula: see text], and ν as well as with the lone pair ionisation potentials of the triarylphosphines. Generally the 1 H, 31 P, and 13 C nmr spectral parameters of the free and protonated phosphines do not correlate well with pK a .
New insight into proton-induced latchup: Experiment and modeling (1993)

A combination of irradiation experiments (using energetic protons and heavy ions) and a theoretical analysis was used, for the first time, to study proton induced single event latchup (SEL) in electronic devices. A significant difference between SEL and single event upset (SEU) was found. For SEU the device sensitivity can be predicted by a model assuming the collection of the majority of the charge carriers generated in the sensitive volume by the nuclear fragments of the (p,Si) reactions. For SEL, the measured sensitivities are much lower than predicted by prompt charge collection. Recombination of charge carriers (generated by the heavier fragments) due to a track electric field reasonably explains the SEL data.
Shakespeare’s Life and Theatre (1987)

It is sometimes said that we don't know a great deal about Shakespeare's life. It is even suggested that someone of modest background and without benefit of a university education could not possibly be the author of the plays which appeared under the name 'William Shakespeare' during his lifetime and which, seven years after his death, were collected together by two life-long friends into a single folio (1623). In fact, we know a very great deal about Shakespeare, especially as compared with other dramatists of that time who wrote outstanding plays but who are little more than shadows – Webster and Tourneur, for example. If we jump ahead nearly four centuries, a handy comparison might be made with a twentieth-century author about whom we might expect to know all. Yet, for example, there are surprisingly large gaps in our knowledge of George Orwell's time in Burma and Paris from 1922 to 1929.
Improvement of HfO<sub>x</sub>-Based RRAM Device Variation by Inserting ALD TiN Buffer Layer (2018)

In this letter, the impacts introduced by oxygen-scavenging metal (Ti), including forming voltages variation and resistances dispersion in high/low states of HfOx-based RRAM devices, were investigated. Based on experiments, it is concluded that Ti atoms during physical vapor deposition process can randomly penetrate into the bulk of HfOx and are intended to randomly create the initial oxygen vacancies, thus causing the performance degradation. Moreover, a novel structure with an atomic layer deposition-TiN buffer layer inserted between oxygen-scavenging Ti and HfOx layers was proposed and experimentally demonstrated to reduce the impacts of Ti penetration, which further improves vacancy-creating approach. It was experimentally verified that with the help of incorporating a TiN buffer layer, the uniformity of switching parameters, such as forming voltage and resistance, was effectively improved. The understanding and improvement of device variation caused by oxygen-scavenging metal in oxides-based resistive random access memory (RRAM) are useful for further development of highly reliable RRAM technology.
Discussion on the Type and Mechanism of Antifoamer for Lubricating Oils (2010)

According to the determination method of foaming characteristics for lubricating oils and the principles of surfactant,the defoaming and antifoaming mechanism of antifoamer for lubricating oils is described.The author doesn't think that the mechanism of antifoamer for lubricating oils is debasing the surface tension of the interface of liquid and air.It is pointed out that the antifoamer for lubricating oils should possess the abilities of enhancing tension or debasing intensity and tenacity of foam surface.And its principle is described in detail.Finally,the properties of organic silicone antifoamer,non silicone antifoamer and compounded antifoamer are presented briefly also.