gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy decision trees: issues and methods (1998)

Decision trees are one of the most popular choices for learning and reasoning from feature-based examples. They have undergone a number of alterations to deal with language and measurement uncertainties. We present another modification, aimed at combining symbolic decision trees with approximate reasoning offered by fuzzy representation. The intent is to exploit complementary advantages of both: popularity in applications to learning from examples, high knowledge comprehensibility of decision trees, and the ability to deal with inexact and uncertain information of fuzzy representation. The merger utilizes existing methodologies in both areas to full advantage, but is by no means trivial. In particular, knowledge inferences must be newly defined for the fuzzy tree. We propose a number of alternatives, based on rule-based systems and fuzzy control. We also explore capabilities that the new framework provides. The resulting learning method is most suitable for stationary problems, with both numerical and symbolic features, when the goal is both high knowledge comprehensibility and gradually changing output. We describe the methodology and provide simple illustrations.
Cycloaddition of Alkynyl Ketones with <i>N</i>-Tosylimines Catalyzed by Bu<sub>3</sub>P and DMAP: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyrrolidines and Azetidines (2008)

Cycloadditions of alkynyl ketones with N-tosylimines catalyzed by Lewis bases to synthesize azetidines and pyrrolidines were systematically described. In the reaction of alkynyl ketones with N-tosylimines catalyzed by Bu3P at room temperature in toluene, highly functionalized pyrrolidines were formed in good to excellent yields. When DMAP was used in place of Bu3P as catalyst to facilitate the cycloaddition, completely substituted azetidines were produced in moderate to good yields in CH2Cl2. Both cyclization reactions proceeded smoothly with complete stereoselectivity. The scope and limitations of these cycloaddition reactions were also investigated.
The Effect of Tumble Flow on Engine Performance and Flame Propagation (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, single cylinder engines with different tumble ratio were made to show the effects of tumble motion on engine performance and flame propagation. Particle tracking velocimetry technique by using chopper was adopted to examine the in-cylinder flow field for the full understanding of tumble motion. And equivalent angular speed of tumble vortex was obtained from each crank angle and compared with tumble ratio derived from the steady state flow rig test.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Flame propagation speed were obtained with the gasket ionization probe and the piston ionization probe. And the combustion pressure in cylinder was measured to analyze the combustion characteristics. In case of high tumble engine, BSFC and BSHC were decreased and BSNOx was increased at part load test, BMEP and combustion peak pressure was increased at full load test. Also, flame propagation characteristics could be understood by use of piston ionization probe.</div>
Cascaded-CNN: Deep Learning to Predict Protein Backbone Structure from High-Resolution Cryo-EM Density Maps (2019)

Abstract Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become a leading technology for determining protein structures. Recent advances in this field have allowed for atomic resolution. However, predicting the backbone trace of a protein has remained a challenge on all but the most pristine density maps (< 2.5Å resolution). Here we introduce a deep learning model that uses a set of cascaded convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to predict Cα atoms along a protein’s backbone structure. The cascaded-CNN (C-CNN) is a novel deep learning architecture comprised of multiple CNNs, each predicting a specific aspect of a protein’s structure. This model predicts secondary structure elements (SSEs), backbone structure, and Cα atoms, combining the results of each to produce a complete prediction map. The cascaded-CNN is a semantic segmentation image classifier and was trained using thousands of simulated density maps. This method is largely automatic and only requires a recommended threshold value for each evaluated protein. A specialized tabu-search path walking algorithm was used to produce an initial backbone trace with Cα placements. A helix-refinement algorithm made further improvements to the α-helix SSEs of the backbone trace. Finally, a novel quality assessment-based combinatorial algorithm was used to effectively map Cα traces to obtain full-atom protein structures. This method was tested on 50 experimental maps between 2.6Å and 4.4Å resolution. It outperformed several state-of-the-art prediction methods including RosettaES, MAINMAST, and a Phenix based method by producing the most complete prediction models, as measured by percentage of found Cα atoms. This method accurately predicted 88.5% (mean) of the Cα atoms within 3Å of a protein’s backbone structure surpassing the 66.8% mark achieved by the leading alternate method (Phenix based fully automatic method) on the same set of density maps. The C-CNN also achieved an average RMSD of 1.23Å for all 50 experimental density maps which is similar to the Phenix based fully automatic method. The source code and demo of this research has been published at https://github.com/DrDongSi/Ca-Backbone-Prediction .
Wear characteristics of styrene butadiene rubber/natural rubber blends with varying carbon blacks by DIN abrader and mining rock surfaces (2008)

Abstract In this study, nine rubber compounds were produced by varying the proportions of natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and four different carbon blacks. Tensile and tear properties are enhanced by the addition of intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) N231, and modulus increases for the compounds containing N234 carbon blacks. The wear behavior of the prepared rubber vulcanizates against various rocks, such as, granite, shale, schist, sandstone, coal, and concrete, at 4.4 N normal load and 0.8 m/s relative sliding speed were studied in a specially fabricated experimental setup. The DIN abrasion testing results show good abrasion resistant properties of 70 phr NR and 30 phr SBR with N231 grade ISAF type carbon black. Also, moderate abrasion resistance is found in rubber compound containing 80 phr NR and 20 phr SBR with N234 grade ISAF type of carbon black. Out of the various rock types, the schist and sandstone are observed to be highly abrasive against the prepared rubber compounds. The microscopic examination of the abraded rubber surfaces has indicated the formation of longitudinal grooves against harder rocks and transverse ridges against softer rocks. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Generation of Layered Depth Images from Multi-View Video (2007)

The feature of rendering arbitrary view make layered depth image (LDI) be suitable to present multi-view video data and provide interactivity form such as free view video(FVV). However, visual artifacts occurred in the rendered result limit the practicality of LDI. In this paper, we proposed an approach to deal with this problem during generating of LDI, which refines colors of the depth pixels by choosing proper candidate depth pixels, removes matting effects by projecting LDI backward to reference views, and eliminate the gaps or holes due to disocclusion and undersample by local background interpolation. Experimental results show that our approach is practicable and efficient.
Finding the evidence for protein-protein interactions from PubMed abstracts (2006)

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Density, distribution, and habitat of Flammulated Owls in Idaho (1997)

From 1990 to 1992 we surveyed for Flammulated Owls (Otus flammeolus) in 3 areas in Idaho: Salmon National Forest (SNF), Payette National Forest and adjacent Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (PNF-HCNRA), and Nez Perce National Forest (NPNF). We also collected and summarized information on all historic and modern records of Flammulated Owls in Idaho. Flammulated Owls were detected on 65% of 68 routes (2–16 km in length) surveyed at densities ranging from 0.04 to 1.25 singing males/40 ha. Owls were detected on survey routes as early as 10 May and as late as 23 July. Mean percent canopy cover estimated at owl locations on the PNF-HCNRA and NPNF study sites ranged from 52% to 64%, while shrub cover ranged from 16% to 21% and ground cover was 39% to 49%. Our surveys and summary of distributional records indicated that Flammulated Owls occur throughout the montane forests of Idaho in old or mature stands of open ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and stands co-dominated by those 2 species. Fire suppression and timber harvest activity in ponderosa pine forests represent 2 main threats to the species' future security in Idaho. More research on the effects of various silvicultural treatments on Flammulated Owl populations is warranted.
Carbon formed by hydrothermal treatment of α‐SiC crystals (2000)

The hydrothermal behavior of α-SiC crystals has been studied in the temperature range 500–700 °C under 30–200 MPa pressure at different pH values. The extent of carbon formation via selective oxidative extraction of Si out of the SiC crystal lattice and the structure of the carbon formed depends on the experimental conditions. Homogeneous carbon coatings were obtained on machined crystal surfaces at ca. 600 °C and p ≥ 60 MPa using distilled water. They were analysed using TEM, SEM, optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger spectroscopy and SIMS. The films consist of hydrogenated carbon which contains up to 13 atom% oxygen on the surface and ca. 3 atom% oxygen in the bulk. Predominantly amorphous sp2-carbon formed, which shows little tendency to form turbostratic disordered or partly crystallized graphite. However, some particles containing nanocrystalline diamond were also found. A mechanism for hydrothermal carbon formation is proposed. The different methods for carbon analysis applied are compared.
Quasi-LPV modelling and control of TRMS (2016)

Twin rotor multi input multi output system (TRMS) is laboratory setup of helicopter with two degrees of freedom (DOF). High non-linearity, cross-coupling between axes and difficulty in measuring variables makes its control a challenging task. Nonlinear systems can be modelled as linear parameter varying (LPV) system by hiding nonlinearities with in scheduling parameters. LPV model enables application of linear like control methods to nonlinear systems with guaranteed time robustness and stability.
The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Development of Asthma (1996)

This review describes the biosynthesis of nitrogen oxide, its relationship with asthmatic inflammation and its possible role in modulating immune response to inhaled allergens. Nitric oxide has been shown to have many actions from neurotransmission to memory. It is produced enzymatically by nitric oxide synthase which exists in several isoforms. The inducible form has been identified in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and neutrophils. Nitric oxide has been detected in the exhaled air of several animal species including humans, and increased levels are found in patients with inflammatory airways diseases such as asthma and bronchiectasis. As yet the cellular source of exhaled nitric oxide is uncertain. The precise effects of nitric oxide on the airways have yet to be completely determined, but is has been observed that nitric oxide has a selective suppressive effect on the Th1 subset of helper T cells. This has led to the hypothesis that raised levels of nitric oxide may interfere with the balance between Th1 and Th2 cell types leading to a predominantly Th2 type response associated with allergic asthmatic symptoms. Whilst this simple inorganic gas has an important role to play in the aetiology of asthma, the true extent of this role has yet to be determined.
Hypercalcemia with Acute Renal Failure in Sarcoidosis-A Case Report (2008)

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease that primarily affects the lung and lymphatic systems of the body; however, significanet renal involvement is rare.We report herein a 58-year-old man who admitted to our hospital complaining of chest tightness and weight loss about 3 kg in one month. On laboratory evaluation, Chest X-ray film showed bilateral hilum node enlargement. Severe hypercalcemia, with serum level of calcium 11.2 mg/dl was noted. Renal failure was noted with serum creatinine of 5.1 mg/dl. Sarcoidosis with renal involvement was confirmed by typical chest radiography findings, and mediastinoscope biopsy of the mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Oral prednisolone , 0.5 mg/kg/day, resulted in the improvement of laboratory results.
Diode pumped holmium, thulium and erbium lasers between 2 and 3 micrometers operating cw at room temperature (1990)

Diode-pumped cw lasers operating between 2 and 3 m in the heavy rare-earth activator ions are reviewed. In Ho,Tm:YAG we demonstrated high efficiency using Tm as the sensitizer ion, which absorbed the pump radiation. This is followed by a cross-relaxation process, which allows two excited Tm ions to be produced from one absorbed photon. There is rapid energy migration among the Tm ions, followed by energy transfer to the Ho ion. The 2 pm laser action is to a level 460 cm1 above the ground state. In Tm,Ho:YLF we demonstrated cw cascade laser emission at 2.31 and 2.08 rim. Above threshold for both transitions, two infrared photons are produced for each absorbed pump photon. The theoretical slope efficiency ofthis system is 72.3% for pumping at 0.791 pm. In Er:YLF, cw laser emission at 2.8 im with a 10% slope efficiencywas demonstrated. The laser transition is normally self-terminating, but an upconversion process, which depopulates the lower laser level and populates the upper laser level, allows this transition to operate in a cw mode.
Subjective Quality Analysis of Bit Rate Exchange Between Temporal and SNR Scalability in the MPEG4 SVC Extension (2007)

It is well known that a compression trade-off exists between the spatial and temporal video quality. Various temporal scalability techniques have been considered for lowering the encoded frame rate such that the freed bit rate can be used to increase the PSNR quality of the remaining frames. Temporal scalability in the SVC extension of the MPEG4/AVC codec (ITU-T and ISO/IEC, 2006) is realized by the hierarchical B-frame structure or the open loop MCTF approach. We investigate the usefulness of the hierarchical B-frame structure as a tool for scaling the bit rate. We use the patented video quality metric (VQM) to measure the subjective quality, in this way explicitly taking into account temporal artifacts due to frame rate reduction. Our results indicate that there is little to no quality gain by exchanging frame rate for increased spatial quality at a given constant bit rate.
CADAC: A Controlled-Precision Decimal Arithmetic Unit (1983)

This paper describes the design of an arithmetic unit called CADAC (clean arithmetic with decimal base and controlled precision). Programming language specifications for carrying out "ideal" floating-point arithmetic are described first. These specifications include detailed requirements for dynamic precision control and exception handling, along with both complex and interval arithmetic at the level of a programming language such as Fortran or PL/I.
Random discontinuous carbon fiber preforms: Experimental permeability characterization and local modeling (2009)

Abstract Injection experiments indicate that for random discontinuous carbon fiber preforms, increasingly uneven flow fronts develop with increasing fiber bundle length and filament count. While at high propensity for fiber bundle splitting, the preform permeability increases continuously with increasing fiber length, no trend can be identified at low propensity. No clear influence of the virgin bundle filament count on the preform permeability was observed. Types of sizing used on the fibers and bundle cross‐sectional shapes may vary and affect the intrinsic filamentization behavior, thus dominating the preform permeability. In a model for local preform permeability, interbundle voids, distributed randomly across the preform thickness, are approximated via a regular void structure. Simulated filling patterns are qualitatively similar to those observed experimentally, showing more pronounced features than those derived from a model based on local through‐thickness homogenization of the filament distribution. A model based on an alternating arrangement of fiber bundles and voids allows prediction of global preform permeability values from series of injection simulations, showing quantitatively better agreement with corresponding experimental results than the homogenization model. For global permeability, agreement between simulated and experimental mean values improves with increasing fiber volume fraction, whereas calculated coefficients of variation show no strong dependence on the fiber volume fraction. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
时代,人物,形象……… (1960)

夏天过去了,初秋的季节——九月已经来临了。在古俄罗斯,这正是大地收获的季节,是大地果实丰收的季节。它被看作是新的一年的开始。人们相互祝贺九月一日,在此刻来总结过去出生活与工作,对未来充满了希望与幻想。
Time-space consistency in large-scale distributed virtual environments (2004)

Maintaining a consistent view of the simulated world among different simulation nodes is a fundamental problem in large-scale distributed virtual environments (DVEs). In this paper, we characterize this problem by quantifying the time-space inconsistency in a DVE. To this end, a metric is defined to measure the time-space inconsistency in a DVE. One major advantage of the metric is that it may be estimated based on some characteristic parameters of a DVE, such as clock asynchrony, message transmission delay, the accuracy of the dead reckoning algorithm, the kinetics of the moving entity, and human factors. Thus the metric can be used to evaluate the time-space consistency property of a DVE without the actual execution of the DVE application, which is especially useful in the design stage of a DVE. Our work also clearly shows how the characteristic parameters of a DVE are interrelated in deciding the time-space inconsistency, so that we may fine-tune the DVE to make it as consistent as possible. To verify the effectiveness of the metric, a Ping-Pong game is developed. Experimental results show that the metric is effective in evaluating the time-space consistency property of the game.
Immunological aspects of B-cell derived tumors in humans and rodents. (1988)

Translocation of the c-myc protooncogene to an immunoglobulin locus is a rate-limiting step in the genesis of three B-cell derived tumors: Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in humans, mouse plasmocytoma (MPC) and rat immunocytoma (RIC). Its consequences have been best analysed in BL. They involve a non-immunological and an immunological component. The former acts by preventing the B-cell from leaving the cycling compartment and entering the resting stage when programmed to do so. The latter acts by the down-regulation of certain HLA class I polymorphic specificities, leukocyte adhesion molecules and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded proteins. Together, they contribute to the escape of the BL cell from the host immune response.--We have also described a non-clonogenic, non-tumorigenic "revertant" subline among five EBV-convertants of an originally highly tumorigenic, EBV-negative BL line. The other four convertants have remained highly tumorigenic. Suppression of the tumorigenicity is associated with a switch to a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL)-like phenotype, accompanied by the appearance of several activation markers. It is suggested that the LCL-type immunoblast comes under the influence of host feed-back controls that normally contribute to the constancy of the B-cell pool.
A lattice vector quantization using a geometric decomposition (1990)

An efficient lattice vector quantization design and the associated fast coding algorithm are proposed for high-bit-rate, high-quality data compression applications. The codewords are uniformly distributed and densely packed as 2/sup n/-dimensional lattice points, based on a geometric lattice decomposition technique. The maximum quantization error has been chosen as the design criterion. For high-rate applications, it has the following advantages: (1) simple vector codeword generation; (2) no codewords need to be stored and only predetermined rules are used at encoder and decoder ends; (3) highly regular code structure, so that encoding is done via an inverse tree-search suitable for fast parallel processing, and decoding is done similar to a scalar quantizer; (4) high coding quality capability, viz. the maximum quantization distortion can be prespecified to a desired value and the entire hyper-region is covered uniformly; and (5) dimensionality saving can be easily predicted and it can be achieved using fixed-length codes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structure and function of peripiasmic chaperone‐like proteins involved in the biosynthesis of K88 and K99 fimbriae in enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1991)

The nucleotide sequence of faeE and fanE, two genes involved in the biosynthesis of K88 and K99 fimbriae, respectively, was determined and the amino acid sequence of the FaeE and FanE proteins was deduced. Immunoblotting of subcellular fractions with an antiserum raised against purified FaeE confirmed that FaeE is located in the periplasm. Indications were obtained that FaeE functions as a chaperone-like protein. Its interaction with the fimbrial subunit (FaeG) in the periplasm stabilized this polypeptide and prevents its degradation by the cell-envelope protease DegP. Furthermore, FaeE prevents the formation of FaeG multimers which cannot be incorporated into fimbriae. The reactions of the FaeE/FaeG dimers with a set of monoclonal antibodies directed against the various epitopes present on K88 fimbriae revealed that the fimbrial subunits associated with FaeE were present in a conformation resembling their native configuration. Indications about the domains in FaeG involved in the interaction with FaeE are discussed.
A scalable scheme for certificate revocation (2005)

This paper proposes a scalable scheme for certificate revocation in public key infrastructure. In this scheme, the set of revoked certificates is divided into groups. In each group, proofs for certificate status are computed using one-way accumulators, while all groups are still organized in a hash tree. The main advantage of the proposed scheme is that it can adjust traffic between CA-to-directory and directory-to-user according to certificate update rate and query rate in applications, thus overall traffic for certificate revocation can be remarkably reduced and a wider range of scenarios can be accommodated. Compared with Naor's dynamic hash tree scheme, results show it can reduce traffic by about 50% in typical environments.
Nutritional composition of<i>Plantago</i>species (<i>P. Major</i>L.,<i>P. Lanceolata</i>L., and<i>P. Media</i>L.) (2001)

Analyses of the nutrients are given for the leaves of wild Plantago major L., P. lanceolata L. and P. media L., from different locations of the southeast of Spain. The proximate composition, mineral elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and P), fatty acids, vitamins (vitamin C and carotenes), nitrate and oxalic acid were determined. The results show the low proportion of available carbohydrates, ranging from 1.99 g (P. major) to 2.81 g (P. lanceolata) (per 100 g fresh weight). Oxalic acid was found in low amounts, between 33.5 mg (P. media) and 88.2 mg (P. lanceolata) (100 g f wt). P. major had the highest amounts of vitamin C (45.1 mg/100g f. wt.) and calcium (108mg/100g f. wt.). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were high in all species, ranging from 38.97% (P. media) to 46.07% (P. lanceolata). Nutrient ratios (K/Na; Ca/P and oxalic acid/Ca) were found to be favourable in most cases.