gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phototrophic purple and green bacteria in a sewage treatment plant (1978)

In all purification stages of a biological sewage treatment plant, phototrophic bacteria were detected by the method of viable cell counts. The predominant species identified belonged to the genus Rhodopseudomonas of purple nonsulfur bacteria. The number of phototrophic bacteria was highest in wastewater containing sludge. In activated sludge, an average of 10(5) viable cells/ml was found; the number depended upon concentration of sludge rather than on seasonal changes in light conditions in the course of a year. Bacteriochlorophyll a was extracted from activated sludge. Relative to the viable counts of phototrophic bacteria, the content of bacteriochlorophyll a was 5- to 10-fold higher than that of three representative pure cultures. By incubation of activated and digester sludge under different environmental conditions, it was shown that phototrophic bacteria can complete with other bacteria only under anaerobic conditions in the light.
Budgeting for Social Security Or: When Are Savings Really Savings? (2000)

Policy and budgetary debate about Social Security is greatly affected by understandings of how the program is financed and, therefore, what steps would make it more affordable in the future. Unfortunately, both the standard justifications for and criticisms of buildups in the Social Security trust funds do not reflect the extent to which such buildups in fact would help finance future program costs. This article argues for a different standard, based explicitly on the fiscal capacity of the federal government and the effect of the government's obligations to pay interest on that capacity. I explain how both this definition of the role of the trust funds, and a broader understanding of fiscal capacity, would affect analysis of Social Security's condition and of possible reforms.
Process Parameter Optimization In Resistance Spot Welding Of Dissimilar Thickness Materials (2013)

Resistance spot welding (RSW) has been used widely to join sheet metals. It has been a challenge to get required weld quality in spot welding of dissimilar thickness materials. Weld parameters are not generally available in standards for thickness beyond 4mm. This paper presents the welding process design and parameter optimization of RSW used in joining of low carbon steel sheet of thickness 0.8 mm and metal strips of cross section 10 x 5mm for electrical motor applications. Taguchi quality design was adopted for weld current and time optimization using L9 orthogonal array. Optimum process parameters (current- 3.5kA and time- 10 cycles) were obtained from the Taguchi analysis and shear test results. Confirmation experiment result revealed that the weld quality was within acceptable interval. Further, numerical simulation of RSW process was carried out with selected weld parameters to quantify the temperature at faying surface and check for formation of appropriate nugget. The nugget geometry measured after peel test and predicted from numerical validation method were similar and in accordance with the standards.
High Performance Variable Width Multipath Multilayer Differential Inductor (2017)

This paper presents a novel variable width multipath multilayer differential inductor. In the proposed Inductor the multilayer technology reduces the parasitic capacitance and Variable width in multipath reduces the skin effect and current crowding effect which improves Quality factor and Self Resonance Frequency. The proposed inductor is implemented using 0.18μm CMOS Technology. For the Same Value of Inductance and Same On chip area the Proposed inductor has 30% improvement in Quality Factor, 50% Improvement in Self Resonance Frequency and 50% improvement in Peak Q Frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Qmax</sub> ) compared to Standard Differential Inductor.
Adequacy of testing, empiric treatment, and referral for adult male emergency department patients with possible chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea urethritis (2009)

This study evaluated the adequacy of testing, empiric treatment and referral for further evaluation of adult male emergency department (ED) patients with possible chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea urethritis. Of 968 adult male ED patients, 84% were tested for chlamydia and gonorrhoea, 16% for HIV and 27% for syphilis; 92% received empiric treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhoea and 71% were referred for further evaluation; of those tested, 29% were infected with chlamydia, gonorrhoea or both; and 3% of those tested had a positive syphilis test. The results of logistic regression modelling indicated that testing, treatment and referral were not related to a history of sexual contact with someone known to have a sexually transmitted disease or to the patient's ultimate diagnosis of a laboratory-confirmed infection. Compliance with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing and treatment regimens was high, but was poor for HIV testing. More explicit guidance from CDC regarding syphilis testing and referral for further evaluation is needed.
An Apparently New Disease of Chickens: Avian Nephrosis (1962)

INCE the fall of 1957, in the Delmarva area, we have seen an acute disease of chickens with increasing frequency. This malady, which appears to be infectious and contagious, is characterized by ruffled feathers, watery diarrhea, trembling, and severe prostration. It seems to spread from pen to pen within a poultry house, and tends to recur in successive broods. The initial outbreaks occurred in and around an area known as Gumboro, in southern Delaware; hence, the common name of Gumboro disease. The term avian nephrosis has been applied to this new disease because of the tubular degenerative lesions in the kidneys. Specific characteristic signs and lesions set off the condition as a definite entity.
Recycling of Waste Wooden Construction Materials as Components for Wood-Urethane Resin Composites (2005)

The International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures (RILEM) was founded with the aim to promote scientific cooperation in the area of construction materials and structures worldwide. This mission is achieved through collaboration of leading experts in construction practice and science including academics, researchers, industrialists, testing laboratories and authorities.
Preparation of Fullerene Polycrystalline Films on Different Substrates by Physical Vapor Deposition (2007)

Fullerene (C60) films were prepared on Si, ITO, and Cu substrates by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method. It was observed that the morphology and structure of fullerene films strongly depend on the substrates. Along with the interactions between fullerenes and substrates increasing from ITO, Si to Cu substrate, C60 forms small polycrystalline grains, large polycrystalline grains and fullerene oligomers under the same experimental conditions. The irreversible C60 polymerization on Cu substrate is suggested to be catalyzed by the copper metal.
Spoken dialogue system design-the influence of the organisational context on the design process (2002)

Most of the currently available speech recognition systems were designed by speech recognition and dialogue experts for clients giving varying degrees of input. In this paper we report on experience gained in reversing this principle of the design process, i.e. dialogue systems are designed by clients with technical assistance from speech recognition experts. This approach was taken in the EC Language Engineering project REWARD which is concerned with enabling experts in a target domain area with very little or no speech recognition experience to design telephone services which use advanced speech recognition technology. The discussion of the organisational impact on the design process makes use of design life cycle analyses carried out in the ESPRIT 4th Framework LTR Concerted Action Project DISC.
Curcumin Modulates Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB)-mediated Inflammation in Human Tenocytes in Vitro (2011)

Inflammatory processes play essential roles in the pathogenesis of tendinitis and tendinopathy. These events are accompanied by catabolic processes initiated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Pharmacological treatments for tendinitis are restricted to the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recent studies in various cell models have demonstrated that curcumin targets the NF-κB signaling pathway. However, its potential for the treatment of tendinitis has not been explored. Herein, we used an in vitro model of human tenocytes to study the mechanism of curcumin action on IL-1β-mediated inflammatory signaling. Curcumin at concentrations of 5-20 μm inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis in cultures of human tenocytes. The anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin included down-regulation of gene products that mediate matrix degradation (matrix metalloproteinase-1, -9, and -13), prostanoid production (cyclooxygenase-2), apoptosis (Bax and activated caspase-3), and stimulation of cell survival (Bcl-2), all known to be regulated by NF-κB. Furthermore, curcumin suppressed IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation via inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of κBα, inhibition of inhibitor of κB-kinase activity, and inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Furthermore, the effects of IL-1β were abrogated by wortmannin, suggesting a role for the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) pathway in IL-1β signaling. Curcumin suppressed IL-1β-induced PI-3K p85/Akt activation and its association with IKK. These results demonstrate, for the first time, a potential role for curcumin in treating tendon inflammation through modulation of NF-κB signaling, which involves PI-3K/Akt and the tendon-specific transcription factor scleraxis in tenocytes.
Learning to rank only using training data from related domain (2010)

Like traditional supervised and semi-supervised algorithms, learning to rank for information retrieval requires document annotations provided by domain experts. It is costly to annotate training data for different search domains and tasks. We propose to exploit training data annotated for a related domain to learn to rank retrieved documents in the target domain, in which no labeled data is available. We present a simple yet effective approach based on instance-weighting scheme. Our method first estimates the importance of each related-domain document relative to the target domain. Then heuristics are studied to transform the importance of individual documents to the pairwise weights of document pairs, which can be directly incorporated into the popular ranking algorithms. Due to importance weighting, ranking model trained on related domain is highly adaptable to the data of target domain. Ranking adaptation experiments on LETOR3.0 dataset [27] demonstrate that with a fair amount of related-domain training data, our method significantly outperforms the baseline without weighting, and most of time is not significantly worse than an "ideal" model directly trained on target domain.
Quantitation of CD39 Gene Expression in Pancreatic Tissue by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (2009)

Within the past decade, the field of gene expression analysis has constantly evolved, with numerous technologies being available for RNA quantification, including differential display, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), quantitative real-time (qRT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarrays. Although every technique has its specific application, the high levels of accuracy, reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity have established qRT-PCR as a standard method for detection and quantification of gene expression. In this chapter, all steps of the qRT-PCR procedure, including purification of total RNA from animal tissues, reverse transcription to complementary DNA (cDNA), and quantification of relative gene expression are discussed. We chose qRT-PCR analysis of CD39 in pancreatic tissue as an example that is applicable to any gene of interest. CD39/ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-type-1 (ENTPD1) is the dominant vascular ecto-nucleotidase that hydrolyzes extracellular nucleotides to integrate purinergic signaling responses. It has recently been associated with tumor growth and proliferation in melanoma cells and linked to pancreatic cancer progression.
Improving the robustness and efficiency of crude scheduling algorithms (2007)

Abstract Higher crude prices have made it even more imperative that refiners blend low‐quality and high‐quality crudes optimally to maximize their margins. Mathematical modeling of crude blending results in bilinear terms, which combined with commonly used feed quality specifications, make crude scheduling a large, nonconvex, mixed‐integer nonlinear optimization problem. The existing literature algorithms and software (DICOPT/GAMS and BARON/GAMS; Brooke et al., GAMS: a user's guide, GAMS, 1998) fail to solve practical instances of this difficult and useful problem. In this paper, we first enhance the practical utility of our previous crude scheduling algorithm by adding 15 properties and corresponding linearly additive indices, which are used in the refinery industry to ensure feed quality. Then, we propose some new iterative strategies to improve the robustness and solution quality of this algorithm. We also propose a partial relaxation strategy to increase its solution speed. We prove its enhanced performance using 24 industry‐scale examples, and estimate bounds on solution quality. In contrast to existing algorithms or software that fail to solve most of these problems, our revised algorithm solves all problems successfully and gives profits within 6% of our computed upper bounds. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Characterization of three terpenoid glycosyltransferase genes in ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) (2010)

Three putative terpenoid UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes, designated CsUGT1, CsUGT2, and CsUGT3, were isolated and characterized in 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). CsUGT1 consisted of 1493 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 492 amino acids, CsUGT2 consisted of 1727 nucleotides encoding 504 amino acids, and CsUGT3 consisted of 1705 nucleotides encoding 468 amino acids. CsUGT3 had a 145 bp intron at 730-874, whereas CsUGT1 and CsUGT2 had none. The three deduced glycosyltransferase proteins had a highly conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase motif in the C terminus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CsUGT1 and CsUGT3 were classified into group L of glycosyltransferase family 1, and CsUGT2 was classified into group D. Through Southern blotting analysis, CsUGT1 was found to have two copies in the sweet orange genome, whereas CsUGT2 and CsUGT3 had at least seven and nine copies, respectively. CsUGT1, CsUGT2, and CsUGT3 were constitutively expressed in leaf, flower, and fruit tissues. The results facilitate further investigation of the function of terpenoid glycosyltransferases in citrus and the biosynthesis of terpenoid glycosides in vitro.
High Yield Growth and Purification of Human Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus and Initial Analysis of Viral Structural Proteins (1981)

Structural proteins from a large-plaque variant (LPV) of human parainfluenza type 3 virus were analysed by electrophoresis on Laemmli-type polyacrylamide gels. High virus concentrations were obtained by growth in BS-C-1 cells cultivated on microcarrier beads. Purification of the virus in composite equilibrium gradients of potassium tartrate:glycerol resulted in 25% recovery of input infectivity and a preparation containing less than 0.08% of input host cell protein and RNA. Parainfluenza type 3 virus equilibrated at a density of 1.20 g/ml in these gradients. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 3H-glucosamine-labelled virus taken from peak gradient fractions revealed 8 or 9 major virion peptides, ranging in mol. wt. from 17 x 10(3) to 125 x 10(3) (17K to 125K), two of which were glycoproteins. The sum of the estimated mol. wt. of these peptides, 501.5K to 570.5K, does not exceed the estimated genomic potential of other paramyxoviruses.
University of Hagen at QA@CLEF 2008: Answer Validation Exercise (2008)

RAVE (Real-time Answer Validation Engine) is a logic-based answer validator/selector designed for application in real-time question answering. RAVE uses the same toolchain for deep linguistic analysis and the same background knowledge as its predecessor (MAVE), which took part in the AVE 2007. However, a full logical answer check as in MAVE was not considered suitable for real-time answer validation since it requires parsing of all answer candidates. Therefore RAVE uses a simplified validation model where the prover only checks if the support passage contains a correct answer at all. This move from logic-based answer validation to logical validation of supporting snippets permits RAVE to avoid any parsing of answers, i.e. the system only needs a parse of the question and pre-computed snippet analyses. In this way very low validation/selection times can be achieved. Machine learning is used for assigning local validation scores using both logic-based and shallow features. The resulting local validation scores are improved by aggregation. One of the key features of RAVE is its innovative aggregation model, which is robust against duplicated information in the support passages. In this model, the effect of aggregation is controlled by the lexical diversity of the support passages for a given answer. If the support passages have no terms in common, then the aggregation has maximal effect and the passages are treated as providing independent evidence. Repetition of a support passage, by contrast, has no effect on the results of aggregation at all. In order to obtain a richer basis for aggregation, an active validation approach was chosen, i.e. the original pool of support passages in the AVE 2008 test set was enhanced by retrieving additional support passages from the CLEF corpora. This technique already proved effective in the AVE 2007. The development of RAVE is not finished yet, but the system already achieved an F-score of 0.39 and a selection rate of 0.61 compared to optimal selection. Judging from last year’s runs of MAVE (with a 0.93 selection rate and F-score of 0.72), this may look disappointing. However, the AVE task for German was much more difficult this year, and the F-score gain of RAVE (over the 100% yes baseline) and qa-accuracy gain (compared to random selection) are better than in last year’s runs of MAVE. 1
Performance Analysis of 3D NDT Scan Matching for Autonomous Vehicles Using INS/GNSS/3D LiDAR-SLAM Integration Scheme (2021)

Because robustness and accuracy of localization are crucial for autonomous driving applications. Using the conventional integration scheme of Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), pose estimation error can drift and accumulate with time, especially in GNSS challenging environment and in unknown environment where an existing map has not been constructed. In this paper, in term of using multi-sensor fusion for improving the positioning accuracy, we proposed a localization method that is based on LiDAR-based 3D Normal Distribution Transform (NDT) scan matching with an INS/GNSS integration scheme. As the experimental results, our proposed method showed a statistical improvement over the state of the art INS/GNSS integration scheme.
Structural stability and intriguing electronic properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide alloys (2017)

Based on the first-principles calculations, we systematically studied the structures and electronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) alloys with half-to-half mixing of S and Se. Using the chemical potentials of S and Se, the energetic phase diagrams for both single phases and mixed phases of TMD were constructed. A new heterolayer structure (for Sc and Ti) and alternating structure (for Cr, Mn, Fe, Zr, Mo, and W) were proposed for the first time, which were thermodynamically stable for MSSe alloys under the S-poor (relatively low chemical potential of S) and Se-rich (relatively high chemical potential of Se) conditions, and further compared with the disordered structures. Moreover, band gaps, carrier effective mass, and work functions were calculated for these stable mixed phases. Compared to the single phases of MS<sub>2</sub> and MSe<sub>2</sub>, MSSe alloys showed superior electronic properties including tunable band gaps and work functions. Importantly, the significantly reduced effective mass of the carriers in the MSSe alloys may induce higher carrier mobility, providing better performance of TMD materials in electronic devices.
Photo2Video (2003)

To exploit rich content embedded in a single photograph, a system named Photo2Video was developed to automatically convert a photographic series into a video by simulating camera motions, set to incidental music of the user's choice. For a chosen photographic series, an appropriate camera motion pattern is selected for each photograph to generate a corresponding motion photograph clip. Then, the final output video is rendered by connecting a series of motion photograph clips with specific transitions, and aligning with the selected incidental music. Photo2Video provides a novel way to browse a series of images and can be regarded as a system exploring the new medium between photograph and video.
Time-dependent behavior of active galactic nuclei with pair production (1994)

We study the properties of coupled partial differential equations describing the time-dependent behavior of the photon and electron occupation numbers for conditions likely to be found near active galactic nuclei (AGN). The processes governing electron acceleration are modeled by a stochastic accelerator, and we include acceleration by Alfvenic and whistler turbulence. The acceleration of electrons is limited by Compton and synchrotron losses, and the number density of electrons depends on pair production and annihilation processes. We also treat particle escape from the system. We examine the steady, (possibly) oscillatory, and unstable solutions that arise for various choices of parameters. We examine instabilities related to pair production and trapping and consider the formation of pair jets.
Online Modeling With Tunable RBF Network (2012)

In this paper, we propose a novel online modeling algorithm for nonlinear and nonstationary systems using a radial basis function (RBF) neural network with a fixed number of hidden nodes. Each of the RBF basis functions has a tunable center vector and an adjustable diagonal covariance matrix. A multi-innovation recursive least square (MRLS) algorithm is applied to update the weights of RBF online, while the modeling performance is monitored. When the modeling residual of the RBF network becomes large in spite of the weight adaptation, a node identified as insignificant is replaced with a new node, for which the tunable center vector and diagonal covariance matrix are optimized using the quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm. The major contribution is to combine the MRLS weight adaptation and QPSO node structure optimization in an innovative way so that it can track well the local characteristic in the nonstationary system with a very sparse model. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has significantly better performance than existing approaches.