gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutations affecting conserved cysteine residues within the extracellular domain of Neu promote receptor dimerization and activation. (1996)

Overexpression of the Neu/ErbB-2 receptor tyrosine kinase has been implicated in the genesis of human breast cancer. Indeed, expression of either activated or wild-type neu in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice results in the induction of mammary tumors. Previously, we have shown that many of the mammary tumors arising in transgenic mice expressing wild-type neu occur through somatic activating mutations within the neu transgene itself. Here we demonstrate that these mutations promote dimerization of the Neu receptor through the formation of disulfide bonds, resulting in its constitutive activation. To explore the role of conserved cysteine residues within the region deleted in these altered Neu proteins, we examined the transforming potential of a series of Neu receptors in which the individual cysteine residues were mutated. These analyses indicated that mutation of certain cysteine residues resulted in the oncogenic activation of Neu. The increased transforming activity displayed by the altered receptors correlated with constitutive dimerization that occurred in a disulfide bond-dependent manner. We further demonstrate that addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the culture medium interfered with the specific transforming activity of the mutant Neu receptors. These observations suggest that oncogenic activation of Neu results from constitutive disulfide bond-dependent dimerization.
The role of intellectual capital in organisational value creation : an application of a theoretical model to two case studies (2004)

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University, 17/06/2004.
A 0.4-V 13-bit 270-kS/s SAR-ISDM ADC With Opamp-Less Time-Domain Integrator (2019)

This paper presents a 13-bit high-resolution two-step analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Successive approximation register (SAR)-ADCs and an incremental sigma-delta modulator (ISDM) act as the coarse and fine ADCs, respectively. By using the proposed time-domain ISDM, the integrator is relaxed from the finite gain error and static current consumption. For the matching of the capacitive digital-to-analog converter(CDAC), the integral non-linearity (INL) splitting (INLS) switching procedure is developed to reduce the INL and switching energy to 25% and 9% of the reference common-mode voltage (VCM)-based scheme, respectively. With a reduced capacitance of the capacitor array, the requirements of the input driver and reference buffer are effectively relaxed. A prototype was fabricated in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 90-nm CMOS technology, which occupies an area of 0.059 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The achieved spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) and signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) at Nyquist rate are 90.38 and 73.57 dB, respectively. The maximum differential non-linearity (DNL) and INL are 0.45 and 0.75 LSB, respectively. The prototype consumes 638 nW at 0.4-V supply and 270-kHz sampling rate. The resultant Schreier figure of merit (FoM) is 186.8 dB, and the Walden FoM is 0.61 fJ/conversion step.
Potential role of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene in the prevention of preterm rupture of fetal membranes. (1994)

The association of antioxidant vitamins in serum and amniotic fluid with preterm rupture of fetal membrane (PROM) was examined. Amniotic fluid and venous blood specimens from 80 pregnant women with or without PROM were analyzed for ascorbic acid (ASA), alpha-tocopherol, retinol and beta-carotene concentrations. No differences in retinol and alpha-tocopherol in amniotic fluid or serum concentrations were found between the PROM and control groups. PROM and control subjects had similar serum ASA concentrations. However, PROM subjects had lower amniotic fluid ASA concentrations (p < 0.0001) and lower ratios of amniotic fluid ASA to serum ASA concentration than those of controls. Serum beta-carotene levels were lower in PROM group than control group (p = 0.025). The findings suggest that a low level of ASA in amniotic fluid but not serum appears to be an important determinant of PROM. beta-Carotene and ASA may act synergistically to prevent PROM in smokers.
Excitotoxicity and stroke: Identifying novel targets for neuroprotection (2013)

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead to excitotoxicity can prevent stroke damage. Interest in excitotoxicity began fifty years ago when monosodium glutamate was found to be neurotoxic. Evidence soon demonstrated that glutamate is not only the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, but also a critical transmitter for signaling neurons to degenerate following stroke. The finding led to a number of clinical trials that tested inhibitors of excitotoxicity in stroke patients. Glutamate exerts its function in large by activating the calcium-permeable ionotropic NMDA receptor (NMDAR), and different subpopulations of the NMDAR may generate different functional outputs, depending on the signaling proteins directly bound or indirectly coupled to its large cytoplasmic tail. Synaptic activity activates the GluN2A subunit-containing NMDAR, leading to activation of the pro-survival signaling proteins Akt, ERK, and CREB. During a brief episode of ischemia, the extracellular glutamate concentration rises abruptly, and stimulation of the GluN2B-containing NMDAR in the extrasynaptic sites triggers excitotoxic neuronal death via PTEN, cdk5, and DAPK1, which are directly bound to the NMDAR, nNOS, which is indirectly coupled to the NMDAR via PSD95, and calpain, p25, STEP, p38, JNK, and SREBP1, which are further downstream. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the literature on excitotoxicity and our perspectives on how the new generation of excitotoxicity inhibitors may succeed despite the failure of the previous generation of drugs.
Does Agency Size Affect IS Security Compliance for e-Government? (2006)

Security compliance has now become a major information systems management problem thanks to government regulations. Organizations are now developing methodologies and tools to assess compliance of Information Systems (IS) security. The research outlined in this paper is part of a longitudinal action research study which aims to help inform and improve security within Whole of Government (WoG). This paper examines the different effects of organisational size on IS security compliance within government organisations and how the adoption of security controls differed across small, medium and large government agencies. This paper identifies differences across government agencies rather than assuming that IS security compliance within e-government would be the same for different sized agencies. The approach utilised within this study may be extended to assess compliance with regulations in small, medium and large, multi-unit organizations in other sectors as well as government.
Induced magnetism of carbon atoms at the graphene/Ni(111) interface (2010)

We report an element-specific investigation of electronic and magnetic properties of the graphene/Ni(111) system. Using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, the occurrence of an induced magnetism of the carbon atoms in the graphene layer is observed. We attribute this magnetic moment to the strong hybridization between C π and Ni 3d valence band states. The net magnetic moment of carbon in the graphene layer is estimated to be in the range of 0.05–0.1 μB per atom.
Tendamistat (12–26) fragment (1991)

In order to determine whether regions of a protein that are turns in the native structure are able to maintain such a structure when isolated, we have studied the conformational properties of various peptide fragments corresponding to the 12-26-peptide region of the alpha-amylase inhibitor tendamistat, by NMR. Amide solvent accessibility, NOE spectroscopy (NOESY) and rotating-frame NOE spectroscopy (ROESY) data strongly support the conclusion that the 12-26 and 15-23 peptides adopt in aqueous solution, a set of turn-like structures located around the central region of their corresponding polypeptidic chains, the same region where a beta turn exists in the native protein. Such a set of structures are destabilized when one residue located within the native beta turn of the 15-23 peptide is modified Trp18----Ser. Our results indicate that the tendency to bend in a predetermined region of a protein chain seems to exist from the very beginning of the folding process and therefore it could drive the folding instead of being a consequence of the tertiary assembly of the protein.
Interest-Based Peer Selection in P2P Network (2008)

Currently most distributed peer-to-peer network systems send to other peers when users' query request, but their search result is a great deal of needless answer as gap between their search goal and their information need. It is because each peers own different interest domain knowledge. However, we purpose interest-based peer selection in order to rank best peers under the user context with content retrieval tasks. Generally speaking, providers may be best peers what user want find. Providers can satisfy users' information need, if we figure out providers what are user search goal. Based on ACM domain knowledge, we propose reference ontology in order to calculate the semantic similarity under each peer preferences, and rank best peers. Feedback data is updated ontological user profile by user activities and content retrieval tasks. Our approach can satisfy users' information need and reduce their search time-consuming.
Maize Root Phytase (Purification, Characterization, and Localization of Enzyme Activity and Its Putative Substrate) (1996)

Three phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) isoforms from the roots of 8-d-old maize (Zea mays L. var Consul) seedlings were separated from phosphatases and purified to near homogeneity. The molecular mass of the native protein was 71 kD, and the isoelectric points of the three isoforms were pH 5.0, 4.9, and 4.8. Each of the three isoforms consisted of two subunits with a molecular mass of 38 kD. The temperature and pH optima (40[deg]C, pH 5.0) of these three isoforms, as well as the apparent Michaelis constants for sodium inositol hexakisphosphate (phytate) (43, 25, and 24 [mu]M) as determined by the release of inorganic phosphate, were only slightly different. Phytate concentrations higher than 300 [mu]M were inhibitory to all three isoforms. In contrast, the dephosphorylation of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate was not inhibited by any substrate concentration, but the Michaelis constants for this substrate were considerably higher (137-157 [mu]M). Hydrolysis of phytate by the phytase isoforms is a nonrandom reaction. D/L-Inositol-1,2,3,4,5- pentakisphosphate was identified as the first and D/L-inositol-1,2,5,6-tetrakisphosphate as the second intermediate in phytate hydrolysis. Phytase activity was localized in root slices. Although phosphatase activity was present in the stele and the cortex of the primary root, phytase activity was confined to the endodermis. Phytate was identified as the putative native substrate in maize roots (45 [mu]g P g-1 dry matter). It was readily labeled upon supplying [32P]phosphate to the roots.
Communication Routes within the Taste Bud by Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides (2005)

Taste receptor cells (TRCs) are located throughout the oral cavity, sequestered into morphological structures known as taste buds. These differentiated epithelial cells relay the presence of tastants to the central nervous system via sensory afferent nerves. Only a minority of TRCs within the bud synapse with these nerve fibers. This anatomical finding has lead to the dichotomization of TRCs into ‘true’ TRCs and supporting cells. However, this original conception—that a single TRC is excited by a tastant molecule and releases neurotransmitter onto its postsynaptic afferent nerve fiber—has been undermined by more recent physiological and molecular findings. For example, a single neurotransmitter, as might be expected from this scheme, has not been observed. Rather, there is evidence for at least five neurotransmitters within the mammalian taste bud: glutamate, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetyl choline and GABA. Additionally, TRCs expressing essential transduction molecules such as gustducin and members of the T2R family are not synaptically connected to the CNS. How then do TRCs equipped to respond to stimuli communicate with the central nervous system? The cloistering of TRCs into the precisely arranged structure of the bud may provide a clue. The bud, a highly conserved morphology of the vertebrate gustatory system, is an obvious substrate for cell to cell communication. Hence, alternative signaling pathways, such as paracrine communication, could explain this paradox. Rather than acting as arbitrarily collected detectors, TRCs within the bud may operate as a unit. Our investigations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in rat circumvallate and foliate TRCs have elucidated new pathways of communication among TRCs. Two, serotonin and cholecystokinin, are described here.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of Dinuclear Ni/Mn Model Complexes for the Active Site of [NiFe]-Hydrogenases (2013)

Four new dinuclear Ni/Mn model complexes RN(PPh2)2Ni(μ-SEt)2(μ-Cl)Mn(CO)3 (7, R = p-MeC6H4CH2; 8, R = EtO2CCH2) and RN(PPh2)2Ni(μ-SEt)2(μ-Br)Mn(CO)3 (9, R = p-MeC6H4CH2; 10, R = EtO2CCH2) have been prepared via the four separated step-reactions involving six new precursors RN(PPh2)2 (1, R = p-MeC6H4CH2; 2, R = EtO2CCH2), RN(PPh2)2NiCl2 (3, R = p-MeC6H4CH2; 4, R = EtO2CCH2), and RN(PPh2)2Ni(SEt)2 (5, R = p-MeC6H4CH2; 6, R = EtO2CCH2). The Et3N-assisted aminolysis of Ph2PCl with p-MeC6H4CH2NH2 or EtO2CCH2NH2·HCl in CH2Cl2 gave the azadiphosphine ligands 1 and 2 in 38% and 53% yields, whereas the coordination reaction of 1 or 2 with NiCl2·6H2O in CH2Cl2/MeOH afforded the mononuclear Ni dichloride complexes 3 and 4 in 59% and 78% yields, respectively. While thiolysis of 3 or 4 with EtSH under the assistance of Et3N in CH2Cl2 produced the mononuclear Ni dithiolate complexes 5 and 6 in 64% and 68% yields, further treatment of 5 and 6 with Mn(CO)5Cl or Mn(CO)5Br resulted in formation of the dinuclear Ni/Mn model complexes 7-10 in 31-73% yields. All the new compounds 1-10 have been structurally characterized, while model complexes 7 and 9 have been found to be catalysts for HOAc proton reduction to hydrogen under CV conditions.
Real-time speech recognition system (1992)

SRI and U.C. Berkeley are developing hardware for a real-time implementation of spoken language systems (SLS). Our goal is to develop fast speech recognition algorithms and supporting hardware capable of recognizing continuous speech from a bigram or trigram based 10,000 word vocabulary or a 1,000 to 5,000 word SLS system.
The Logical Process and Practical Choices for Private University Teachers' Professional Development under the Framework of Connotative Development (2020)

Exploring and enhancing the logical and practical process for teachers' professional development is the key in promoting the connotative construction of private universities legally and orderly. Based on the framework of connotative development, the paper has classified the general and specific connotations as well as their internal relevance to the organizational connotative development. Besides, in accordance with the rules of teachers' professional development, this paper depicts a logical process for private university teachers' professional development of and proposes feasible pathways and key measures in practice, aiming at providing theoretical support and references to the planning and implementation of teachers' professional development in private universities.
Design Strategies versus Limiting Theory for Engineering Large Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Polarizabilities in Charged Organic Molecules (2003)

The combination of two design strategies for engineering large second-order nonlinear optical polarizabilities is critically analyzed and contrasted with a recent limiting theory for nonlinear molecular polarizabilities. Elongation of the conjugation path length and N-arylation in stilbazolium chromophores both are established engineering guidelines to enhance molecular optical nonlinearities. These two strategies have now been combined, resulting in extended and N-aryl substituted “stilbazolium” chromophores. The second-order nonlinear molecular polarizabilities, or first hyperpolarizabilities β, of these ionic compounds were measured by hyper-Rayleigh scattering with suppression of the multiphoton fluorescence contributions. Static first hyperpolarizabilities β0 were estimated by using the two-level model. The resulting large β0 values are compared with theoretical limiting values obtained from recently derived generally applicable sum-rules and with experimental values for neutral dipolar chromophores. It is concluded that the two design strategies are independently valid, and that their combination will therefore provide the maximum attainable β0 in an ionic compound. Crystals containing optimized ionic chromophores can hence be expected to possess electrooptic coefficients far greater than those obtained so far from either ionic crystals of stilbazolium dyes or from neutral dipolar guest chromophores in polymer matrixes.
Traumatically Induced Reactive Change as Visualized Through the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeted to Neurofilament Subunits (1992)

Reactive axonal change has long been recognized as a feature of traumatic brain injury. To date, the histological methods used to identify reactive axons have been of limited utility, and they have not provided insight into the initial intraaxonal event that triggers reactive change. In this investigation, monoclonal antibodies to the 68, 150, and 200 kilodalton (kD) neurofilament subunits have been used to follow the progression of reactive axonal change. Anesthetized rats and cats were subjected to moderate traumatic brain injury. One to 72 hours (h) postinjury, their brains were processed for the light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopic immunocytochemical visualization of the various neurofilament subunits. Although all of the chosen antibodies revealed some degree of immunoreactivity within the reactive axon, the 68 kD antibody revealed a dramatic increase in immunoreactivity following injury. Within one h of injury, intensely 68 kD-immunoreactive axonal segments were observed with LM, and parallel EM microscopic analyses demonstrated that this increased immunoreactivity was associated with an increased number of 68 kD-immunoreactive neurofilaments, the majority of which coursed in an axis parallel to the axon's course. Over 2-6 h postinjury, these 68 kD-immunoreactive filaments demonstrated increasingly disordered alignment in relation to the axon's long axis, withdrawing from the focus of injury while becoming encompassed by an expanding organelle cap. It is posited that this increased 68 kD immunoreactivity is associated with a traumatically-induced increase in subunit exchange which contributes to cytoskeletal dysfunction leading to organelle accumulation, focal swelling and ultimate axonal detachment.
The volatile constituents of frankincense – a review (2009)

Abstract The smell of frankincense resin and powder, as well as burned frankincense, has been linked to a series of health effects since ancient times. Additionally, frankincense and its fumes are used as a means to induce positive psychophysical effects and well‐being, not only in an ecclesiastical setting but also in traditional medical applications. This review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge of the volatile constituents of frankincense, with explicit consideration concerning the diverse Boswellia varieties. Altogether, more than 300 volatiles in frankincense have been reported in the literature. In particular, a broad diversity has been found in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the volatiles with respect to different varieties of Boswellia . A detailed discussion of the various analytical approaches applied to isolating and analysing the volatile fractions of frankincense is also presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison Analysis between DNMA Method and Other MCDM Methods (2019)

The utility value-based multiple criteria decision making methods have been widely used in practice. They are simple in calculation and easy to understand. The normalization and aggregation are main parts of the utility value-based methods. There are mainly two normalization techniques with different advantages, including the linear normalization and vector normalization, and three types of aggregation approaches with different functions, including the complete compensatory operator, the un-compensatory operator and the incomplete compensatory operator. The double normalization-based multiple aggregation (DNMA) method, as a new member of the utility value-based methods, has taken the advantages of both two normalization techniques and three aggregation approaches. This paper aims to make a comparative analysis between the DNMA method and other representative utility value-based methods, including the TOPSIS, VIKOR and MULTIMOORA.We focus on the normalization, aggregation and integration techniques of these MCDM methods.Their similarity and some differences are pointed out to direct appropriate applications.
The Powdery mildews: a comprehensive treatise (2003)

Belanger, R. R., Dik, A. J., Bushnell, W. R., Carver, T. L. W. (Eds) (2002). The Powdery Mildews: A Comprehensive Treatise PUBD American Phytopathological Society (APS) Press, St Paul, Minn, pp. 292
Rosacea as an inflammatory disorder: a unifying theory? (2004)

Rosacea is increasingly being viewed as an immune-based disorder. Various immune factors, such as eicosanoids, proinflammatory cytokines, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, appear to be involved in the vascular, inflammatory, and proliferative subtypes of this disorder. Many pharmacologic agents that effectively treat the symptoms of rosacea show anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulating effects, providing further evidence that rosacea is an inflammatory disorder.
Protocol Adaptation in Hybrid RF/Optical Wireless Networks (2006)

One of the major challenges in network-centric warfare is the ability to connect nodes with very high-capacity links. For example, sensor data dissemination is fundamental to network-centric warfare and yet it may overwhelm many available RF communication links. Free-space optical communications (FSOC) has the potential to meet this emerging military need by offering dramatic increases in bandwidth. This technology is not without significant technical challenges such as acquisition/tracking and mitigating the effects of propagation, so multi-band hybrid capabilities are likely to be needed. This diversity of systems provides a degree of robustness that is required for the assured ability to communicate in military operations. This paper will examine protocols and technical approaches for hybrid RF/optical tactical wireless networks