gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
C1.1 - Miniaturized Impedance Measurement System for Battery Diagnosis (2009)

Battery diagnosis information is required for many applications. Relevant quantities are state of charge (SOC), ampere hour capacity and internal resistance. Impedance spectroscopy is a preferred method for battery diagnosis because of its ability to separate individual mechanisms due to their different frequency behavior. A prototype for a miniaturized low-cost impedance measurement system was realized especially for battery diagnosis. For impedance measurement a digital signal processing method was used. A sinusoidal signal was used as excitation signal. Special care was dedicated to the correction of parasitic effects due to parasitic wire capacitances and the parasitic capacitance of discrete circuit elements. The developed system is compact and can be integrated in different applications.
The fluid mechanics of root canal irrigation (2010)

Root canal treatment is a common dental operation aimed at removing the contents of the geometrically complex canal chambers within teeth; its purpose is to remove diseased or infected tissue. The complex chamber is first enlarged and shaped by instruments to a size sufficient to deliver antibacterial fluids. These irrigants help to dissolve dying tissue, disinfect the canal walls and space and flush out debris. The effectiveness of the procedure is limited by access to the canal terminus. Endodontic research is focused on finding the instruments and clinical procedures that might improve success rates by more effectively reaching the apical anatomy. The individual factors affecting treatment outcome have not been unequivocally deciphered, partly because of the difficulty in isolating them and in making the link between simplified, general experimental models and the complex biological objects that are teeth. Explicitly considering the physical processes within the root canal can contribute to the resolution of these problems. The central problem is one of fluid motion in a confined geometry, which makes the dispersion and mixing of irrigant more difficult because of the absence of turbulence over much of the canal volume. The effects of treatments can be understood through the use of scale models, mathematical modelling and numerical computations. A particular concern in treatment is that caustic irrigant may penetrate beyond the root canal, causing chemical damage to the jawbone. In fact, a stagnation plane exists beyond the needle tip, which the irrigant cannot penetrate. The goal is therefore to shift the stagnation plane apically to be coincident with the canal terminus without extending beyond it. Needle design may solve some of the problems but the best design for irrigant penetration conflicts with that for optimal removal of the bacterial biofilm from the canal wall. Both irrigant penetration and biofilm removal may be improved through canal fluid agitation using a closely fitting instrument or by sonic or ultrasonic activation. This review highlights a way forward by understanding the physical processes involved through physical models, mathematical modelling and numerical computations.
Performance Analysis and Best Implementations of Old and New Algorithms for the Open-Pit Mining Problem (2000)

The open-pit mining problem is to determine the contours of a mine, based on economic data and engineering feasibility requirements, to yield maximum possible net income. This practical problem needs to be solved for very large data sets. In practice, moreover, it is necessary to test multiple scenarios, taking into account a variety of realizations of geological predictions and forecasts of ore value. The industry is experiencing computational difficulties in solving the problem. Yet, the problem is known to be equivalent to the minimum cut or maximum flow problem. For the maximum flow problem there are a number of very efficient algorithms that have been developed over the last decade. On the other hand, the algorithm that is most commonly used by the mining industry has been devised by Lerchs and Grossmann (LG). This algorithm is used in most commercial software packages for open-pit mining. This paper describes a detailed study of the LG algorithm as compared to the maximum flow “push-relabel” algorithm. We propose here an efficient implementation of the push-relabel algorithm adapted to the features of the open-pit mining problem. We study issues such as the properties of the mine and ore distribution and how they affect the running time of the algorithm. We also study some features that improve the performance of the LG algorithm. The proposed implementations offer significant improvements compared to existing algorithms and make the related sensitivity analysis problem practically solvable.
Association of fungal colonization and invasive disease in very low birth weight infants (1998)

Fungal colonization was detected in one-fifth of VLBW infants and represents a risk factor for fungemia. Because disease occurred in the absence of apparent colonization, factors other than colonization may contribute to invasive candidiasis.
Stereospecific Synthesis of Suspensolide, a Male-Produced Pheromone of the Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), and the Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereospecific Synthesis of Suspensolide, a Male-Produced Pheromone of the Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), and the Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew)Ginna Hidalgo-Del Vecchio and Allan C. OehlschlagerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 17, 4853–4857Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00096a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00096a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views376Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade Is Necessary But Not Sufficient for Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor- and Epidermal Growth Factor-Stimulated Expression of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Ovine Fetoplacental Artery Endothelial Cells* (1999)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may play important roles in the placental vasculature, not only by controlling cell growth and differentiation, but also by mediating production of local vasodilators such as nitric oxide. As the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal cascade has been widely associated with cell growth in response to growth factors, herein we investigate whether bFGF, EGF, and VEGF also stimulate expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) via activation of the MAPK cascade in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells. The presence of the receptors for all three growth factors was confirmed by both immunocytochemistry and a functional cell proliferation assay. All three growth factors at 10 ng/ml rapidly (<10 min) activated MAPK. This activation was inhibited by PD 98059, a specific MAPK kinase inhibitor. bFGF and EGF, but not VEGF, dose- and time-dependently increased eNOS protein levels. Maximal stimulatory effects of bFGF and EGF on eNOS protein expression were observed at 10 ng/ml for 24 h of treatment and were associated with elevated eNOS messenger RNA. PD 98059 also significantly inhibited bFGF- and EGF-induced increases in eNOS protein expression. Because treatment with all three growth factors resulted in activation of the MAPK cascade, while bFGF and EGF, but not VEGF, increased eNOS expression, we conclude that activation of the MAPK cascade is necessary, but not sufficient, for bFGF- and EGF-induced increases in eNOS protein expression in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells. Thus, additional signaling pathways are implicated in the different controls of eNOS expression and mitogenesis by growth factors.
Heat Shock Protein 90B1 Plays an Oncogenic Role and is a Target of microRNA-223 in Human Osteosarcoma (2012)

Hsp90B1 is a direct target of miR-223 and miR- 223 may have a tumor suppressor function in osteosarcoma through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and could be used in anticancer therapies in osteosarcoma.
Clinical efficacy comparisons between minimally invasive surgery and craniotomy in treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (2013)

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of minimally invasive surgery for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HIH).Methods retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 82 patients with HIH from March 2009 to May 2012,of43 patients in the observation group with minimally invasive surgery and 39 cases were treated with traditional craniotomy in control group.Comparing the two groups of patients with angiotensin system related indexes and 3 d internal pressure.Results The renin,angiotensin Ⅱ and aldosterone of observation group were (1.1 ±0.2) μg/(L · h),(56.7 ± 12.0) ng/L and (119.2 ± 15.6) ng/L respectively,while in control group were (2.1 ± 0.6) μg/(L · h),(77.4 ± 12.5) ng/L and (150.3 ± 22.4)ng/L respectively,there was a significant difference compared with the control group (t =6.74,8.93,5.61,respectively,P ＜ 0.05).The systolic blood pressure (SBP) preoperative and postoperative 1,2,3 days of observed group were (188 ± 12) mm Hg,(166 ± 10) mm Hg,(153 ± 9) mm Hg,(145 ± 9) mm Hg,while of control group were (189±17) mm Hg,(183 ±16) mm Hg,(179±15) mm Hg,(168±15) mm Hg(P＜0.05).The difference was statistically significant (F in group =19.41,P ＜ 0.05;F between group =21.33,P ＜0.05 ;F interactive group =17.56,P ＜ 0.05),and the observation changes of SBP were stable than the control group.Conclusion Minimally invasive operation in the treatment of HIH,can effectively control the systolic blood pressure levels.Patients recovered quickly,and of which the prognosis was good.

Key words: 
Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage;  Minimally invasive surgery;  Craniotomy; Renin;  Angiotensin Ⅱ ;  Aldosterone
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a diagnostic and prognostic marker for acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with AKI-prone conditions (2015)

uNGAL is a valid marker for the early detection of AKI in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with AKI-prone conditions; however, its level could not independently predict 30-day liver-related mortality.
Reduction of plasma MicroRNA-21 is associated with chemotherapeutic response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (2011)

Plasma miR-21 is a good biomarker for NSCLC, and could be used to predict responses to chemotherapy.
Shock Wave Interaction with L-Shaped Structures (1993)

This study investigated the interaction of shock waves with L-shaped structures using the CTH hydrodynamics code developed by Sandia National Laboratories. Computer models of shock waves traveling through air were developed using techniques similar to shock tube experiments. Models of L-shaped buildings were used to determine overpressures achieved by the reflecting shock versus angle of incidence of the shock front. An L-shaped building model rotated 45 degrees to the planar shock front produced the highest reflected overpressure of 9.73 atmospheres in the corner joining the two wings, a value 9.5 times the incident overpressure of 1.02 atmospheres. The same L-shaped building was modeled with the two wings separated by 4.24 meters to simulate an open courtyard. This open area provided a relief path for the incident shock wave, creating a peak overpressure of only 4.86 atmospheres on the building's wall surfaces from the same 1.02 atmosphere overpressure incident shock wave.
Functional Analysis of Mutations in Exon 9 of NF1 Reveals the Presence of Several Elements Regulating Splicing (2015)

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common human hereditary disorders, predisposing individuals to the development of benign and malignant tumors in the nervous system, as well as other clinical manifestations. NF1 is caused by heterozygous mutations in the NF1 gene and around 25% of the pathogenic changes affect pre-mRNA splicing. Since the molecular mechanisms affected by these mutations are poorly understood, we have analyzed the splicing mutations identified in exon 9 of NF1, which is particularly prone to such changes, to better define the possible splicing regulatory elements. Using a minigene approach, we studied the effect of five splicing mutations in this exon described in patients. These highlighted three regulatory motifs within the exon. An in vivo splicing analysis of an extensive collection of changes generated in the minigene demonstrated that the CG motif at c.910-911 is critical for the recognition of exon 9. We also found that the GC motif at c.945-946 is involved in exon recognition through SRSF2 and that this motif is part of a Composite Exon Splicing Regulatory Element made up of physically overlapping enhancer and silencer elements. Finally, through an in vivo splicing analysis and in vitro binding assays, we demonstrated that the c.1007G>A mutation creates an Exonic Splicing Silencer element that binds the hnRNPA1 protein. The complexity of the splicing regulatory elements present in exon 9 is most likely responsible for the fact that mutations in this region represent 25% of all exonic changes that affect splicing in the NF1 gene.
The Use of Honeycomb in the Design of Innovative Helmets (2012)

Motorbike riders are among the most vulnerable road users. The improvement of the protection offered by motorcycle helmets through use of non-conventional energy absorbing materials could significantly reduce the number of motorcyclists’ fatalities. This thesis investigates the coupling of hexagonal aluminium honeycomb with polymeric foams for the design of innovative and safer motorbike helmets. The compressive behaviour and energy absorption properties of two layered foam-honeycomb composites are assessed experimentally. The experiments include quasi-static and impact compressive tests. Experimental outcomes show an increase of the energy absorbed by the two-layered materials with respect to the one provided by foams currently used for the manufacturing of helmets, tested under the same conditions. A finite element model representing the two-layered materials is also proposed. The model is validated against the experimental results. An accurate reproduction of the experiments is attained. A commercially available helmet is then modified to accommodate aluminium honeycombs in the energy absorbing liner, and standard tests are performed. The investigation includes also the testing of unmodified helmets, presenting same geometry and material properties of the prototypes. The experiments consist of impacts against a flat and kerbstone surfaces, as prescribed by standards. The dynamical responses of the prototypes and their commercial counterparts are compared. It is found that for impacts against the kerbstone anvil, the prototypes offer a noticeable reduction of the accelerations transmitted to the head, compared to the commercial helmets. For impacts against the flat surface, commercial helmets generally provide better protection to the head, which highlights a non optimum design of the prototype helmet and the limitations of using aluminium honeycombs as reinforcement materials. Experimental findings are later used to validate a finite element model of the prototype, where the two-layered model presented in this thesis is implemented. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental findings.
Expression pattern of the ether‐a‐gogo‐related (ERG) k<sup>+</sup> channel‐encoding genes ERG1, ERG2, and ERG3 in the adult rat central nervous system (2003)

Voltage-dependent K(+) channels play a pivotal role in controlling cellular excitability within the nervous system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression in the adult rat brain of the three ether-a-gogo-related gene (ERG) family members ERG1, ERG2, and ERG3, encoding for K(+) channel subunits. To this aim, the distribution of ERG transcripts was studied by means of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nonradioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry (NR-ISH). Furthermore, ERG1 subunit distribution was studied by immunohistochemical analysis. RT-PCR analysis revealed ERG1, ERG2, and ERG3 expression in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. NR-ISH experiments detected transcripts encoded by all three ERG genes in the cerebral cortex and in all CA subfields and in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; strong ERG1 signals were also detected in scattered large elements throughout the oriens, pyramidal, and radiatum layers, and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. In the thalamus, positively labeled neurons were detected in the reticular nucleus with ERG1 and ERG3 and in the anterodorsal nucleus with ERG2 riboprobes. Transcripts for ERG1 and, to a lesser degree, also for ERG3, were detected in the basal ganglia and in several brainstem nuclei. All three ERG genes appeared to be expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Finally, ERG1 expression was also revealed in non-neuronal elements such as ependymal and subependymal cells along the ventricular walls and hippocampal astrocytes. These results suggest that the K(+) channel isoforms of the ERG family appear to be expressed in different central nervous system regions where they might differentially control the firing of neurons engaged in several networks.
Generation and characterisation of anti-C6 monoclonal antibodies in C6-deficient mice: the search for an anti-C6 therapy. (2006)

For the second approach, monoclonal antibodies were raised against rabbit, rat, mouse and human C6. The two most interesting antibodies were raised against human C6 and inhibited complement-mediated haemolysis in a cell-based assay. Both of these antibodies were species specific, excluding the possibility of testing their therapeutic properties in animal models of complement-mediated disease. Instead, an ex vivo model of cardiopulmonary bypass was established and used to test the ability of these antibodies to block soluble C5b-9 formation. Neither antibody inhibited soluble C5b-9 formation, suggesting that they might be interfering with the insertion of C6 into the cell membrane during MAC assembly.
Use of aprotinin in lung transplantation (1993)

Although the use of aprotinin has been well documented for cardiac surgical procedures, its use in lung transplantation has received less attention. Herein is the experience at Washington University with aprotinin in patients undergoing lung transplantation (most with cystic fibrosis). In these patients, bleeding from the chest wall is a major problem due to the dense adhesions from chronic infection. Aprotinin has a dramatic effect in reducing bleeding.
Structure and properties of cellulose/poly(<i>N</i>‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels prepared by IPN strategy (2009)

Abstract Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) strategy was developed to fabricate novel hydrogels composed of cellulose and poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) with high mechanical strength and adjustable thermosensitivity. Cellulose hydrogels were prepared by chemically cross‐linking cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution, which were employed as the first network. The second network was subsequently obtained by in situ polymerization/cross‐linking of N ‐isopropylacrylamide in the cellulose hydrogels. The results from FTIR and solid 13 C NMR indicated that the two networks co‐existed in the IPN hydrogels, which exhibited uniform porous structure, as a result of good compatibility. The mechanical and swelling properties of IPN hydrogels were strongly dependent on the weight ratio of two networks. Their temperature‐sensitive behaviors and deswelling kinetics were also discussed. This work created double network hydrogels, which combined the advantages of natural polymer and synthesized PNIPAAm collectively in one system, leading to the controllable temperature response and improvement in the physical properties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microplasmas: A Review (2011)

In this paper, a review on microplasma discharges is conducted. The different types and configurations used in microplasmas such as the Cathode Boundary Layer (CBL), Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD), Capillary Plasma Electrode Discharge (CPED), Inverted Square Pyramid (ISP), Square Cross Sectional Cavities (SCSC), Radio Frequency Inductively Coupled Discharge (RFIC), Radio Frequency Capacitive Coupled Discharge (RFCC), Micro-Hollow Cathode Discharge (MHCD), and microstrip technology (MS) discharges at different operating conditions are discussed. Numerical and experimental methods used for the analysis of the physics involved in these microplasmas, as well as the different construction methods used, are also described.
Hepatology. A Textbook of Liver Disease (1990)

Section I: Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry of Liver Function. Section II: Systemic Effects of Liver Disease. Section III: Evaluation of Liver Function. Section IV: Etiologies, Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis and Management of Specific Liver Diseases. A: Toxic Injury. B: Acute Liver Disease Due to Infectious Agents. C: Chronic Liver Disease. D: Tumors of the Liver. E: Liver Disease Primarily of Children. F: Special Topics. G: Biliary Tract Disease.
Syntheses of substituted‐oxazolo‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles, 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles, and 1,2,4‐triazoles (1995)

Abstract Starting from readily available methyl 5‐methyloxazole‐4‐carboxylate ( 1 ) and 4‐methyl‐5‐oxazolylcar‐boxylic acid hydrazide ( 11 ) the title compounds were prepared. The reaction of compound 1 with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding hydrazide 2 . The reaction of compound 2 with formic acid yielded 1‐formyl‐2‐(5‐methyloxazole‐4‐carboxyl)hydrazine ( 3 ). Refluxing of the latter with phosphorus pentasulfide in xylene gave compound 5 in 62% yield. The reaction of compound 3 with phosphorus pentoxide afforded compound 4 . Starting from hydrazide 11 , compounds 13 and 14 were prepared similarly. Reaction of compound 2 with substituted isothiocyanate yielded compound 9 which was cyclized in basic medium to 4‐alkyl‐5‐(5‐methyl‐4‐oxazolyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐3 H ‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione ( 10 ). The isomer 19 was prepared similarly. Methylation and subsequent oxidation of compound 19 gave compound 21 . Reaction of the acid 7 with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride gave 2‐amino‐5‐(5‐methyl‐4‐oxazolyl)1,3,4‐thiadiazole ( 8 ). 2‐Amino‐5‐(4‐methyl‐5‐oxazolyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole ( 17 ) was prepared from acyl chloride 15 by the usual method.