gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumorigenicity and transcriptional modulation of c-myc and N-ras oncogenes in a human hepatoma cell line. (1985)

Tumorigenicity and oncogene expression were examined in HepG2 derived cells, a human hepatoma cell line. HepG2 cells and a single cell clonal HepG2 line, HLD2-6, were equally tumorigenic when injected s.c. into athymic nude mice. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment of both cell lines (500 micrograms cyclophosphamide/ml/two cell cycles) had no effect on tumor incidence or latency (P greater than 0.05). Tumors were nonencapsulated, highly invasive adenocarcinomas and were positive for gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and bile production. Plasma from tumor-bearing mice was positive for human alpha-fetoprotein and negative for hepatitis B virus surface antigen as measured by radioimmunoassay. Two cell lines reestablished into tissue culture from HLD2-6 derived tumors had unaltered cell cycle times. Detailed in vitro translation analysis of RNA isolated from HLD2-6 derived cells and tumors were extremely similar to the translation products of RNA isolated from a normal human liver sample except for a Mr 53,000 polypeptide with an apparent charge shift. c-myc specific transcripts, when compared to a normal human liver sample, were increased in all HLD2-6 cell lines and tumors derived from HLD2-6 cells. This increase in c-myc expression could not be explained by gene amplification or hepatitis B virus integration. N-ras specific transcripts were not elevated in HLD2-6 cells grown in tissue culture but there was a selective increase of the 5.5-kilobase N-ras transcript in HLD2-6 derived tumors grown in nude mice. This increased 5.5-kilobase transcript did not remain elevated if the tumors were reestablished into tissue culture, suggesting some interaction with the host animal. c-Ha-ras expression could not be detected in any HLD2-6 derived tumor or cell line.
Influence of Low Cu Addition on Quench Sensitivity in Al-Mg-Si Alloys (2014)

Quench sensitivity in two Al-Mg-Si alloys, one Cu-free and the other with low Cu additions (~0.1 wt%), both having the same amounts of other solutes, has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and corresponding material hardness. A two stage hardness evolution during an isothermal heat treatment was observed with slow cooling after solution heat treatment. This effect was less pronounced in the Cu-added alloy. However maximum hardness was not influenced by cooling rate, which could be related to higher precipitate number densities and volume fractions. Both alloys were over-aged faster in the slow cooling conditions.
Path-Planning Algorithm for Vehicle Operating in Orchards (2006)

Navigation in orchards is difficult due to the high number of obstacles that limit visibility and leave minimal room for manoeuvring. This study presents a simple path-planning algorithm that could assist the vehicle&apos;s driver by suggesting the most appropriate path between two locations. The orchard is represented by a set of grid-maps that include the orchard&apos;s topography, the locations of the obstacles, and optional additional information such as regions in which travel should be preferred or avoided. The vehicle&apos;s description is kept as simple as possible and includes only the permissible directions of travel relative to current heading. A cost is associated with each action, such as driving on an incline or turning, and the algorithm computes the path that is optimal in terms of the user-defined criterion.
Binding of Retrovirus-associated Protein Kinase and Proteins to Staphylococcus aureus (1982)

Formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan, bearing protein A, routinely used for the absorption of antigen-antibody complexes, was found to bind protein kinase activity from disrupted Moloney murine leukaemia virus (Mo-MuLV). The Wood strain of S. aureus lacking protein A also bound the kinase with similar efficiency. About 50% of the bound kinase activity, as detected by phosphorylation of casein using [gamma-32P]ATP, could be eluted from the bacterial preparation with buffer containing 0 X 5 M-KC1. Similar results were obtained with Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MuSV) strain 349 and ts110 MuSV(MuLV). The bacterial preparation was also found to bind casein kinase activity from cellular extracts of uninfected, Rauscher murine leukaemia virus (R-MuLV)-infected and Mo-MuLV-infected cells. Analysis of [3H]leucine-labelled proteins from purified virus showed selective binding to S. aureus of only two major labelled virus proteins. One virus component bound to S. aureus had the relative mobility of p15; the other polypeptide co-migrated with virus p10. Upon exposure to increased salt concentration, most of the p10 but very little of the p15 proteins were released. The S. aureus-binding proteins from ts110 Mo-MuSV and MuSV-349 revealed similar binding and elution patterns of p10 and p15 molecules. The p10 and protein kinase activity eluted from Mo-MuLV-absorbed bacteria were separated by gel filtration into a high molecular weight species, containing p10 and kinase activity, and a low molecular weight p10 monomer lacking enzymic activity.
Current Distributions Inside the Cylindrical Model with the Internal and the External Tissues Having Different Conductivities in the Electric Fields (1997)

The health effect of the weak current induced in the human body as a result of the interaction between human body and power line electric fields has been investigated. A human model (cylinder+semisphere) filled with tissues having different conductivities was used to analyze the internal current densities. In this analysis, only the magnitudes of the induced current densities were analyzed. In this paper, the finite element method is applied to the analysis of the distributions of the horizontal and vertical currents induced in the cylindrical model. The calculation method is verified by comparing the calculated results with the experimental ones obtained elsewhere. The basic characteristics of the induced current distributions in the cylindrical model with the two tissues having different conductivities have been made clear.
New challenges in certification for aircraft software (2011)

We outline the current approach to certification of aircraft software, and the role of DO-178B. We consider evidence for its effectiveness and discuss possible explanations for this. We then describe how changes in aircraft systems and in the air traffic system pose new challenges for certification, chiefly by increasing the extent of interaction and integration.
A Global Perspective on Biocides Regulatory Issues (2011)

Abstract Description of the Proposed Paper This paper will review the regulations pertaining to offshore biocide use in different regions of the world. The roles of regional and global organizations in helping to harmonize available environmental, health, and safety information will also be discussed. Application Many offshore applications involve the use of biocides, including drilling, production, and pipeline operations. Biocides are also vital to reservoir integrity, flow assurance, and prevention of microbial corrosion. Regulation of the use and discharge of chemicals, including biocides, must be well understood in order to protect the environment and maintain compliance. Results, Observations, and Conclusions Each region, and in some cases each country, has its own method of evaluating risk for chemical use. These assessments lead to varying degrees of regulation throughout the world. In some cases there are additional regulations for offshore chemical use. It should be noted that several organizations exist which aim to standardize the risk assessment process for Biocides. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) publishes test protocols for its global member countries that are widely used for determining the ecotoxicity and other environmental parameters of chemicals. Regional guidelines are also in place in some areas; for example, North Sea countries have adopted the Harmonized Offshore Chemical Notification Format (HOCNF) to ensure that each country's regulatory agency is considering the same data set. Ultimately, each regulatory body is responsible for performing its own risk assessments and enforcing its own standards. Significance of Subject Matter For chemical suppliers, service companies, and asset owners who operate globally, it is important to be aware of how regulations vary from region to region. An understanding of the science behind these regulations can also lead biocide users to make informed, environmentally-conscious decisions.
A synthesis of star calibration techniques for ground‐based narrowband electron‐multiplying charge‐coupled device imagers used in auroral photometry (2016)

Abstract A technique is presented for the periodic and systematic calibration of ground‐based optical imagers. It is important to have a common system of units (Rayleighs or photon flux) for cross comparison as well as self‐comparison over time. With the advancement in technology, the sensitivity of these imagers has improved so that stars can be used for more precise calibration. Background subtraction, flat fielding, star mapping, and other common techniques are combined in deriving a calibration technique appropriate for a variety of ground‐based imager installations. Spectral (4278, 5577, and 8446 Å) ground‐based imager data with multiple fields of view (19, 47, and 180°) are processed and calibrated using the techniques developed. The calibration techniques applied result in intensity measurements in agreement between different imagers using identical spectral filtering, and the intensity at each wavelength observed is within the expected range of auroral measurements. The application of these star calibration techniques, which convert raw imager counts into units of photon flux, makes it possible to do quantitative photometry. The computed photon fluxes, in units of Rayleighs, can be used for the absolute photometry between instruments or as input parameters for auroral electron transport models.
Providing Video-on-Demand using Peer-to-Peer Networks (2006)

Digital media companies have recently started embracing peer-assisted distribution networks as an alternative to traditional client-server architectures [5]. Such Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architectures ensure a fast and scalable delivery of media content. However, their drawback is that users need to often wait for the full video to be downloaded before they can start watching it. While a lot of effort has gone into optimizing the distribution of large video files using P2P swarming techniques, little research has been done on how to ensure a small start-up time and a sustainable playback rate to enable a play-asyou-download experience. In this work, we address the challenges underlying the problem of near Video-on-Demand (nVoD) using P2P swarming systems, and provide evidence that high-quality nVoD is feasible. In particular, we investigate the scheduling problem of efficiently disseminating the blocks of a video file in a P2P mesh-based system, and show that pre-fetching and network coding techniques can provide significant benefits. Our results show that, for videos which are 120 minutes in duration, 10 minutes ( ≈ 8 % of the video’s length) of buffering at start-up can enable playback rates that are close (up to 80 − 90%) to the access link capacity, even under dynamic changes of the user population. 1.
Early psychomotor slowing predicts the development of HIV dementia and autopsy-verified HIV encephalitis (2002)

OBJECTIVES- To ask if slowed motor speed predicts later human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia and HIV encephalitis. METHODS- In 100 deceased acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients prior results from repeated testing of the movement reaction time test were correlated with later clinical signs of HIV dementia and with neuropathological signs of HIV encephalitis. Autopsy was performed in 72 patients. RESULTS- Movement reaction time 1-2 years prior to death, or at the time of clinical AIDS diagnosis predicted both development of HIV dementia (P<0.05) and HIV encephalitis at autopsy (P<0.01). CONCLUSION- Testing for early psychomotor slowing may be used to identify patients at risk of HIV dementia and HIV encephalitis.
Binary decision feedback with envelope detection (1963)

The performance of discarding and of cumulative decision-feedback systems employing null-zone reception is evaluated for two common types of envelope detection. Compared with a synchronous phase-detection system, of course, the envelope-detection systems necessarily suffer somewhat, both because of the loss of phase information and because of the threshold effect which occurs below roughly 0 db. Nevertheless, feedback is again shown to permit an unlimited trade-off between error probability and transmission time.
SELECTIVE RECOGNITION OF CYCLIC GMP USING A FLUORESCENCE-BASED MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMER (2002)

ABSTRACT Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) plays a role as a second messenger in many different biological systems. Given the ubiquitous nature of cGMP, a simple method of detecting cGMP is of interest. To that end a fluorescent polymer with recognition sites for cGMP has been prepared. Its selectivity and sensitivity were investigated and a dose-dependant decrease in fluorescence of the polymer in the presence of cGMP was observed. In contrast, virtually no effect was detected upon application of the structurally similar molecules, guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP) and adenosine 3′,5′- cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), thus demonstrating the high selectivity of this polymer. The association constant for the binding of cGMP to the imprinted polymer was determined in order of 3 × 105 M−1. A fluorescent, molecularly imprinted polymer that selectively recognises cGMP may have a useful application as a fluorescent chemosensor for cGMP detection in biological samples.
Cell heterogeneity and subpopulations in solid tumors characterized by simultaneous immunophenotyping and DNA content analysis (2000)

This method offers the possibility of characterizing solid tumors according to their immunophenotype and DNA content. The results obtained can be used to identify changes in immunophenotypic and DNA profiles of tumor cell populations before and after therapy and might be useful to define parameters predictive for response to therapy.
Length control of supramolecular polymeric nanofibers based on stacked planar platinum(<scp>ii</scp>) complexes by seeded-growth (2015)

The formation of high aspect ratio supramolecular polymeric nanofibers from square-planar platinum(II) complexes through Pt···Pt and π-π stacking interactions has been achieved with a small width (<15 nm), tunable length, and relatively narrow length distributions up to ca. 400 nm under conditions of kinetic control using small seed fibers as initiators.
A Fokker-Planck model for wealth inequality dynamics (2017)

Studying the mechanisms that govern the dynamics of the wealth distribution is essential for understanding the recent trend of growing wealth inequality. A particularly important explanation is Piketty's argument, giving credit to the seminal events of the first half of the 20th century for the relatively egalitarian second half of this century. Piketty suggested that these dramatic events were merely a perturbation imposed on the economy affecting the wealth structure, while in general, wealth inequality tends to increase regularly. We present a simple stochastic model for wealth and income based on coupled geometric Brownian motions and derive a Fokker-Planck equation from which the joint wealth-income distribution and its moments can be extracted. We then analyze the dynamics of these moments and hence of the inequality. Our analysis largely supports Piketty's argument regarding the irregularity of the 20th century, that wealth inequality inevitably tends to increase. We find, however, that even if wealth inequality will eventually go up, under plausible conditions, it can go down for periods of up to several decades.
Pregnancy outcome in renal allograft recipients in Israel. (1996)

The literature contains reports of 2,309 pregnancies in some 1,600 women who have undergone renal transplantation. Certain pre-pregnancy factors, especially hypertension, renal graft dysfunction and short interval between transplant and pregnancy, appear to increase the neonatal risks. We describe the outcome of 42 pregnancies in 27 allograft recipients at Beilinson Medical Center in Israel during the last 8 years. All were treated with combination immunosuppression regimens. The average interval from time of transplantation to conception was 3.7 +/- 0.4 years (2 months to 9 years). Rejection episodes occurred in 37% prior to pregnancy but in none during or immediately after pregnancy. Of the 42 pregnancies 28% ended in therapeutic or spontaneous abortions, and 29 of the 30 deliveries ended in a life birth. The prematurity rate (65%) was similar to that described in the literature. Renal deterioration was evident in seven women (26%) within 2 years after delivery. Despite this significant success rate, pregnancy in organ transplant patients should still be considered high risk.
Oncological outcome after radical prostatectomy: Marital status does not make a difference (2015)

Marital status does not affect the clinical and pathological characteristics of radical prostatectomy patients treated at a high-volume center. Furthermore, marital status does not affect biochemical recurrence-free and metastases-free survival after radical prostatectomy.
Integrated migration and internal multiple elimination (2012)

Standard seismic migration, applied to data with internal multiples, leads to images with ghosts. The reason is that one-way wave field extrapolation operators give erroneous downgoing and upgoing fields in the subsurface, which in the correlation process lead to ghosts. By using “data-drivedn wave field reconstruction” it is possible to obtain the correct downgoing and upgoing wave fields in the subsurface. Using these in the correlation process leads to ghost-free images.
Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for Blood Glucose Measurement (1980)

We have developed a laser absorption spectroscopy for blood glucose measurement based on the use of carbonic gas laser which permits the glucose density of human tissues to be measured continuously without taking blood samples.As compared with conventional types of infrared spectroscopes, the newly developed laser absorption spectroscope features a higher light sources brightness and combined use of laser beam displaying excellent wavelength resolution and attenuated total reflection (ATR) plate. The ATR plate is an attenuated total reflection prism with high refraction index containing arsonium selenide.Regarding its principle of measurement, the ATR plate is press against the patients lips or other viscous membrane tissue and the carbonic gas laser beam made, to penetrate to a depth of about 30 microns in the tissue for multiplexed. reflection. The absorbed spectrum is measured and fed into a minicomputer for direct readout of glucose density.Conventional methods for measuring the kinds or densities of molecules in human tissues optically require the use of visible light rays. However, the newly developed laser absorption spectroscope employs the ATR prism, by which it is possible to use a carbonic gas laser lying in the range of infrared rays for measuring the absorbed spectrum.Since this new spectroscope permits the glucose density in the blood to measured in real time and very accurately without extraction of blood serum from the body as with conventional great value in this field.
Towards sub-minute PET examination times (2009)

The main performance parameters in positron camera system design are sensitivity and spatial resolution. This paper concerns sensitivity, which is a function of the scintillation material, the solid angle subtended by the detector array, and the scintillator packing fraction. The solid angle can be increased by extending the axial extent of cylindrical detector systems. Most commercial positron camera systems are usually based on rings of detector blocks with lutetium oxyorthosilicate, LSO:Ce or LYSO:Ce, as the scintillator of choice. By adding more block detector rings, the solid angle increases while the detection efficiency remains fairly constant assuming the same crystal thickness. It has been shown that Ca co-doping of LSO:Ce reduces the scintillation decay time to ~30 ns with a light output over 30000 ph/MeV. This improvement may give a time-of-flight (TOF) advantage with time resolution of 500 to 600 ps or less. If we couple the count rate sensitivity of a large axial field-of-view (AFOV) system to the TOF sensitivity increase, we have the means to create examination times in the sub-minute range with no compromise in image quality. In the present study we have compared the existing Siemens molecular CT (mCT) systems to future 6, 8, 12, 20 and higher block ring systems with and without the TOF advantage. The mCT 4 block ring system has been used as a reference. The time for acceptable image quality with this system is then extrapolated to other systems based on planar sensitivity. However, the planar sensitivity is related to the solid angle, and reaches saturation for large AFOVs. This implies that there is an upper count rate sensitivity limit. A 20 block ring system may cover a 70 cm examination range at a certain planar count rate and could provide acceptable quality images in approximately 10 seconds by combining a high planar sensitivity count rate provided by the multi-ring feature, the high stopping power of LSO and the TOF gain due to the improved timing resolution.
Delphinol® standardized maqui berry extract reduces postprandial blood glucose increase in individuals with impaired glucose regulation by novel mechanism of sodium glucose cotransporter inhibition. (2014)

Our results suggest a potential use of Delphinol® for naturally controlling post-prandial blood glucose owed to inhibition of sodium glucose co-transporter in small intestine.
Autophagy fails to prevent glucose deprivation/glucose reintroduction-induced neuronal death due to calpain-mediated lysosomal dysfunction in cortical neurons (2017)

Autophagy is triggered during nutrient and energy deprivation in a variety of cells as a homeostatic response to metabolic stress. In the CNS, deficient autophagy has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic brain injury. However, its role in hypoglycemic damage is poorly understood and the dynamics of autophagy during the hypoglycemic and the glucose reperfusion periods, has not been fully described. In the present study, we analyzed the changes in the content of the autophagy proteins BECN1, LC3-II and p62/SQSTM1 by western blot, and autophagosome formation was followed through time-lapse experiments, during glucose deprivation (GD) and glucose reintroduction (GR) in cortical cultures. According to the results, autophagosome formation rapidly increased during GD, and was followed by an active autophagic flux early after glucose replenishment. However, cells progressively died during GR and autophagy inhibition reduced neuronal death. Neurons undergoing apoptosis during GR did not form autophagosomes, while those surviving up to late GR showed autophagosomes. Calpain activity strongly increased during GR and remained elevated during progressive neuronal death. Its activation led to the cleavage of LAMP2 resulting in lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsin B to the cytosol. Calpain inhibition prevented LMP and increased the number of neurons containing lysosomes and autophagosomes increasing cell viability. Taken together, the present results suggest that calpain-mediated lysosome dysfunction during GR turns an adaptive autophagy response to energy stress into a defective autophagy pathway, which contributes to neuronal death. In these conditions, autophagy inhibition results in the improvement of cell survival.