gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Edge Detection (1986)

Edge detection is the process that attempts to characterize the intensity changes in the image in terms of the physical processes that have originated them. A critical, intermediate goal of edge detection is the detection and characterization of significant intensity changes. This paper discusses this part of the edge detection problem. To characterize the types of intensity changes derivatives of different types, and possibly different scales, are needed. Thus, we consider this part of edge detection as a problem in numerical differentiation. We show that numerical differentiation of images is an ill-posed problem in the sense of Hadamard. Differentiation needs to be regularized by a regularizing filtering operation before differentiation. This shows that this part of edge detection consists of two steps, a filtering step and a differentiation step. Following this perspective, the paper discusses in detail the following theoretical aspects of edge detection. 1) The properties of different types of filters-with minimal uncertainty, with a bandpass spectrum, and with limited support-are derived. Minimal uncertainty filters optimize a tradeoff between computational efficiency and regularizing properties. 2) Relationships among several 2-D differential operators are established. In particular, we characterize the relation between the Laplacian and the second directional derivative along the gradient. Zero crossings of the Laplacian are not the only features computed in early vision. 3) Geometrical and topological properties of the zero crossings of differential operators are studied in terms of transversality and Morse theory.
Chemoimmunotoxin therapy against a human colon tumor (HT-29) xenografted into nude mice. (1989)

The efficacy of intracavitary chemoimmunotoxin therapy for cancer treatment was evaluated using the human colon carcinoma (HT-29) which had been xenografted i.p. into nude mice. Mice bearing HT-29 were treated with an immunotoxin consisting of the monoclonal antibody OVB3 coupled to Pseudomonas exotoxin (OVB3-PE), with cyclophosphamide (Cy), or with both OVB3-PE plus Cy. Mice given injections i.p. of 3 x 10(6) HT-29 ascites cells developed a localized disease that presented as both malignant ascites and solid tumor confined to the peritoneal cavity. All mice died within 30 to 40 days. Mice that received either three or six injections of OVB3-PE at a dose of 0.5 micrograms every other day beginning 3 days post-tumor inoculation exhibited significantly increased median survival times (MSTs) (P = 0.002) of 62 and 68 days, respectively, as compared to a MST of 33 days for the controls. OVB3 alone or an irrelevant monoclonal antibody conjugated to PE exhibited no antitumor activity. The therapeutic effects of the immunotoxin could be blocked by giving a large amount of unconjugated OVB3 at the same time. Treatment of mice with Cy alone at the maximal tolerated dose (250 mg/kg) on Days 10 and 17 after tumor inoculation increased the MST from 33 days to 54 days. The maximum tolerated dose could be increased to 300 mg/kg per injection if the Cy treatment was preceded by 100 mg/kg of S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethyl phosphorothioic acid (WR-2721), a sulfhydryl compound that selectively protects normal tissue against the toxicity of radiation and alkylating agents. Cy plus WR-2721 treatment on Days 10 and 17 increased the MST from 35 to 61 days (P = 0.002). Interestingly, groups of mice that received either two, four, or seven treatments of OVB3-PE following Cy plus WR-2721 therapy exhibited a further increase (P less than 0.002) in MSTs to 81, 87, and 96 days, respectively. Thus, the combination of cytoreductive chemotherapy with the OVB3-PE was significantly more effective for the intracavitary treatment of established HT-29 colon cancer xenografts than either chemotherapy or immunotoxin therapy alone.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of CF<sub>3</sub>‐Containing 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐3‐phosphonates via Regioselective Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Co‐Cyclotrimerization of 1,7‐Azadiynes. (2013)

Abstract The synthesis of the title compounds is achieved through N‐propargylation of substrates (I) and (VIII) followed by cyclotrimerization with alkynes.
Microwave-Assisted Click Chemistry Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles from Aryldiazonium Silica Sulfates in Water (2012)

A microwave-assisted click chemistry synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles is studied by in situ generation of aryl azides via the reaction of aryldiazonium silica sulfates and sodium azide, followed by coupling with a terminal alkyne in the presence of copper catalyst. These reactions are carried out in water under mild and heterogeneous conditions without using any additional ligands.
Automatic Modifications of High Level VHDL Descriptions for Fault Detection or Tolerance (2002)

The need for integrated mechanisms providing on-line error detection or fault tolerance is becoming a major concern due to the increasing sensitivity of the circuits to their environment. This paper reports on a tool automating the implementation of such mechanisms by modifying high-level VHDL descriptions. The modifications are compatible with industrial design flows based on commercial synthesis and simulation tools. The results demonstrate the feasibility and the efficiency of the approach.
From Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to Poly(3,4-phenylenedioxythiophene): Impact of the Substitution of the Ethylene Bridge by the Phenyl Ring on the Molecular Properties (2010)

The structural and electronic properties of poly(3,4-phenylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) have been studied using quantum mechanical methods. Calculations have been performed considering a series of oligomers up to 12 repeating units in the neutral and cation states, results being used to extrapolate the properties of the two polymers in the undoped and doped states. Moreover, the electronic properties were estimated in the gas phase and acetonitrile solution, the latter solvent being used in the electrogeneration of the two conducting polymers. A detailed analysis of the results indicates that, although the pi-pi* transition energy of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) is lower than that of poly(3,4-phenylenedioxythiophene) in the neutral state, the latter behaves as excellent electronic conductor upon p-doping. Accordingly, the oxidized poly(3,4-phenylenedioxythiophene) shows the lowest pi-pi* electron transition energy.
Development of chimeric antigen receptors targeting T-cell malignancies using two structurally different anti-CD5 antigen binding domains in NK and CRISPR-edited T cell lines (2017)

Relapsed T-cell malignancies have poor outcomes when treated with chemotherapy, but survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) approaches 50%. A limitation to BMT is the difficulty of achieving remission prior to transplant. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown successes in B-cell malignancies. This approach is difficult to adapt for the treatment of T-cell disease due to lack of a T-lymphoblast specific antigen and the fratricide of CAR T cells that occurs with T-cell antigen targeting. To circumvent this problem two approaches were investigated. First, a natural killer (NK) cell line, which does not express CD5, was used for CAR expression. Second, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology was used to knockout CD5 expression in CD5-positive Jurkat T cells and in primary T cells, allowing for the use of CD5-negative T cells for CAR expression. Two structurally distinct anti-CD5 sequences were also tested, i) a traditional immunoglobulin-based single chain variable fragment (scFv) and ii) a lamprey-derived variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR), which we previously showed can be used for CAR-based recognition. Our results show i) both CARs yield comparable T-cell activation and NK cell-based cytotoxicity when targeting CD5-positive cells, ii) CD5-edited CAR-modified Jurkat T cells have reduced self-activation compared to that of CD5-positive CAR-modified T cells, iii) CD5-edited CAR-modified Jurkat T cells have increased activation in the presence of CD5-positive target cells compared to that of CD5-positive CAR-modified T cells, and iv) although modest effects were seen, a mouse model using the CAR-expressing NK cell line showed the scFv-CAR was superior to the VLR-CAR in delaying disease progression.
Zum Einfluß von Temperatur und Beanspruchungsgeschwindigkeit auf die Zähigkeitskennwerte des Stahls C10 mit unterschiedlicher Korngröße (1982)

Untersuchungen an dem unlegierten Stahl C10 in zwei verschiedenen Korngrößen. Ermittlung der Rißzähigkeit K lc und der kritischen Rißaufweitung δ c in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur bei quasistatischer und schlagartiger Beanspruchung. Hinweise auf die Dehnungen an der Rißspitze durch Aufnahmen des rekristallisierten Gefüges. Überprüfung von analytischen und empirischen Korrelationen zwischen Rißzähigkeit, Spaltbruchspannung, Streckgrenze und Verfestigungsexponent.
Near-Random Distribution of Chromosome-Derived Circular DNA in the Condensed Genome of Pigeons and the Larger, More Repeat-Rich Human Genome (2019)

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) elements of chromosomal origin are known to be common in a number of eukaryotic species. However, it remains to be addressed whether genomic features such as genome size, the load of repetitive elements within a genome, and/or animal physiology affect the number of eccDNAs. Here, we investigate the distribution and numbers of eccDNAs in a condensed and less repeat-rich genome compared with the human genome, using Columba livia domestica (domestic rock pigeon) as a model organism. By sequencing eccDNA in blood and breast muscle from three pigeon breeds at various ages and with different flight behavior, we characterize 30,000 unique eccDNAs. We identify genomic regions that are likely hotspots for DNA circularization in breast muscle, including genes involved in muscle development. We find that although eccDNA counts do not correlate with the biological age in pigeons, the number of unique eccDNAs in a nonflying breed (king pigeons) is significantly higher (9-fold) than homing pigeons. Furthermore, a comparison between eccDNA from skeletal muscle in pigeons and humans reveals ∼9-10 times more unique eccDNAs per human nucleus. The fraction of eccDNA sequences, derived from repetitive elements, exist in proportions to genome content, that is, human 72.4% (expected 52.5%) and pigeon 8.7% (expected 5.5%). Overall, our results support that eccDNAs are common in pigeons, that the amount of unique eccDNA types per nucleus can differ between species as well as subspecies, and suggest that eccDNAs from repeats are found in proportions relative to the content of repetitive elements in a genome.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION OF ′REVERSED NUCLEOSIDES′ IN OXYGEN PART 3, SYNTHESIS OF ERITADENINE ANALOGUES OF PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES (1975)

Abstract Das 5‐O‐Tosylfuranosid (I) reagiert mit dem Natriumsalz von (II) in Dimethylformamid zu den drei isomeren "umgekehrten" Nucleosiden (IV) (83,5 % Ausbeute) (VI) und (VIII).
Interactions between propionate and amino acid metabolism in isolated sheep hepatocytes (1991)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of various substrates to glucose synthesis in isolated sheep hepatocytes, and more specifically to quantify the contribution of propionate to gluconeogenesis. Liver cells from fed sheep have a very high capacity for propionate utilization and conversion into glucose. The gluogenicity of lactate or amino acids was very low in hepatocytes from fed sheep, but was significantly increased in hepatocytes from starved animals. Amino acids such as alanine or glutamine were characterized by a substantial utilization towards ureogenesis; whereas their conversion to glucose was very low. Propionate utilization and conversion into glucose was inhibited by butyrate, ammonia and especially ethanol (by up to 80%). Ethanol promoted a striking accumulation of intracellular malate in hepatocytes incubated with propionate (reaching 14.9 mumol/g cell) and led to a depletion of phosphoenolpyruvate; ethanol inhibition could be counteracted by pyruvate. Propionate and butyrate enhanced ureogenesis from ammonia in ruminant liver cells but their effects were not additive. Propionate also elicited a marked increase in cellular concentrations of phosphoserine and serine, particularly in the presence of ammonia; such effects could influence phospholipid metabolism in the liver. These findings emphasize the contribution of propionate, compared with the other glucogenic substrates, to glucose synthesis in ruminants and point to the possibilities of modulation of the glucogenicity of propionate by various substrates which may be present in portal blood.
(η<sup>2</sup>-Acetonitrile)bis(η<sup>5</sup>-cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum(<scp>II</scp>):the first structurally characterized complex containing an η<sup>2</sup>-nitrile ligand (1986)

An X-ray diffraction study of Mo(cp)2(MeCN)(cp =η5-C5H5) has confirmed that acetonitrile is bound in an η2 fashion. This is the first definitively characterized example of η2-nitrile bonding to a transition metal.
Functional expression of the rat pancreatic islet glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor: ligand binding and intracellular signaling properties (1995)

Incretins are endogenous peptides released from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation during a meal that potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. At present, there are two established incretins: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the truncated glucagon-like peptides (tGLPs), which are now being investigated for use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In the present study we cloned a rat islet GIP receptor complementary DNA (GIP-R1) to answer several important questions regarding the ligand-binding and intracellular signaling properties of the GP receptor. GIP-R1, when expressed transiently in monkey kidney (COS-7) or stably in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, demonstrated comparable high affinity binding for either synthetic porcine (sp) GIP or synthetic human (sh) GIP. The IC50 values for displacement of [125I]spGIP in CHO-K1 cells were 2.6 +/- 0.8 and 3.1 +/- 0.9 nM for two different preparations of shGIP, and 3.7 +/- 1.5 and 3.6 +/- 0.4 nM for two preparations of spGIP. Saturation isotherms obtained with both intact cells and membranes gave monophasic binding curves with apparent Kd values of 204 +/- 17 and 334 +/- 94 pM, respectively. Cells expressed 12-15 x 10(3) receptors/cell. In COS-7 cells, spGIP and shGIP also exhibited similar IC50 values (7.6 +/- 1.2 and 8.9 +/- 1.8 nM, respectively). The receptor in CHO-K1 cells bound GIP-(1-30) with lower affinity (IC50 = 39 +/- 17 nM), whereas the fragments GIP-(19-30), GIP-(18-28), and GIP-(21-26) showed no apparent binding. The specificity of the receptor was further examined using several structurally related peptides. Surprisingly, exendin-(9-39) [Ex-(9-39)], a GLP-1 receptor antagonist, and Ex-4-(1-39), a GLP-1 receptor agonist, demonstrated some affinity for the GIP receptor, with 39% and 21% displacement of [125I]spGIP, respectively, at 1 microM. Other members of the secretin/vasoactive intestinal peptide family of peptides tested showed no interaction. GIP-R1 receptor binding correlated with activation of the adenylyl cyclase system, whereby spGIP and shGIP evoked concentration-dependent increases in cAMP accumulation with EC50 values of 8.7 +/- 1.5 x 10(-10)M and 8.1 +/- 1.6 x 10(-10)M for spGIP and shGIP, respectively. Increases in cAMP in the presence of 10 nM spGIP were not dependent on the ambient glucose concentration, with 22- and 18-fold increases in cAMP accumulation at 0.1 and 5.5 mM glucose, respectively.
Gluconate kinase from Zymomonas mobilis: isolation and characteristics. (1985)

The enzyme gluconate kinase EC 2.7.1.12 has been found at high levels in glucose-grown Zymomonas mobilis cells. A simple procedure, based on differential dye-ligand chromatography, has been used to isolate the enzyme, purifying it some 600-fold. The purified enzyme is a monomer of molecular weight 18,000 Da, which is much smaller than other gluconate kinases reported. It has a relatively low affinity for ATP. (Km = 1.5 mM), but high for gluconate (Km = 0.33 mM), and has little activity with any other potential substrates.
Synthesis and studies of dehydro-NN′N″-trialkylguanidinohexacarbonyldi-iron(0) (1971)

Reaction of dialkylcarbodi-imides with Fe(CO)5 affords novel compounds having the general formula C(NR)3Fe2-(CO)6(R = Pri, C6H11). Acid hydrolysis indicates that the trialkylguanidine moiety is present in the complex, and is attached through nitrogen atoms to a Fe2(CO)6 group, which contains an Fe–Fe bond. I.r., n.m.r., and mass spectral data are consistent with the formulation of the ligand as a dehydrotrialkylguanidine. A possible mechanism for formation of the product is proposed.
Analysis of efficiency optimization for PFM mode switching DC-DC boost regulator (2008)

A mathematical analysis of efficiency optimization for PFM (pulse frequency modulation) mode boost regulator has been presented in this paper. Based on the load demand, input voltage and output voltage a PFM mode booster can operate in single pulse or multi pulse operation. The presented analysis reveals a relationship between operating efficiency and mode of operation considering the external and internal parameters for which loss occurs. This paper also presents a relationship between maximum load delivering capacity and inductor size where separate modes of operation are distinguished.
EVALUATION OF SPRAYABLE FIXATIVES ON A SANDY SOIL FOR POTENTIAL USE IN A DIRTY BOMB RESPONSE (2008)

After the events of 11 September 2001, the possibility of a dirty bomb being detonated within the United States seems more realistic. Development of tools for use in response to a dirty bomb detonation has become a topic of both discussion and research. While it has been reported that the health risk to the public from such an event would likely be small, it is thought that the psychological impact could be considerable. One response option that has been considered is adapting sprayable solutions for the purpose of fixing contamination in place, thereby limiting the spread of contamination by wind and rain and facilitating subsequent cleanup. This work evaluated two commercially available particle fixatives (IsoFIX-HT and IsoFIX-RC) for their effectiveness in preventing dispersal of simulated contamination. Nonradioactive cesium chloride and cobalt oxide particles were selected as the simulated contamination and applied to the surface of three outdoor test plots. Two test plots were treated with fixatives; the third plot provided a control. Samples were collected over 95 days to observe changes in tracer concentration on the surface of the test plots. One fixative (IsoFIX-RC) effectively held the tracer in place with no net loss of tracer, while the other fixative (IsoFIX-HT) had no impact on the loss of tracer relative to the control. Under the conditions tested, IsoFIX-RC appears capable of fixing surface contamination in place for at least several months.
Efficient channel allocation and medium access organization algorithms for vehicular networking (2011)

Due to the limited bandwidth available for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), organizing the wireless channel access to efficiently use the bandwidth is one of the main challenges in VANET. In this dissertation, we focus on channel allocation and media access organization for Vehicle-to-Roadside Units (V2R) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications. An efficient channel allocation algorithm for Roadside Unit (RSU) access is proposed. The goal of the algorithm is to increase system throughput by admitting more tasks (vehicles) and at the same time reduce the risk of the admitted tasks. The algorithm admits the new requests only when their requirements can be fulfilled and all in-session tasks' requirements are also guaranteed. The algorithm calculates the expected task finish time for the tasks, but allocates a virtual transmission plan for the tasks as they progress toward the edges of the RSU range. For V2V mode, we propose an efficient medium access organization method based on VANETs' clustering schemes. In order to make this method efficient in rapid topology change environment like VANET, it's important to make the network topology less dynamic by forming local strongly connected clustering structure, which leads to a stable network topology on the global scale. We propose an efficient cluster formation algorithm that takes vehicles' mobility into account for cluster formation. The results of the proposed methods show that the wireless channel utilization and the network stability are significantly improved compared to the existing methods.
Optical frequency conversion (2002)

One of the most impressive accomplishments of wave optics is its success in providing a coherent and succinct description of the interactions between electromagnetic waves and matter (gases, solids, etc.). Maxwell's equations, which describe the propagation of light, and the Laplace–Lorentz equations, which describe the source terms of light, allow one to take into account the phenomena of refraction, diffusion, and diffraction of light by dense media. It is amazing – to say the least – that such a theory can account for the complex interactions of an electromagnetic wave with an immense ensemble of atoms (each approximated in terms of individual harmonic oscillators), by means of a simple optical index nop. Such an achievement is reminiscent and, indeed, on par with the level of concision achieved by the concept of effective mass in representing the interaction of a conduction electron with a crystalline lattice.
El gigante dormido: un Proyecto de 400 megavatios podría convertir a Texas en un importante estado solar (2011)

Si alguna vez Texas se separase de los Estados Unidos se crearia el sexto mayor mercado nacional de energia eolica del mundo. Si una fraccion de esa potencia se produjese con ayuda del sol, Texas tambien seria lider en energia fotovoltaica. Debido a que hasta el momento ha carecido de subvenciones estatales o de una agenda solar, la potencia fotovoltaica instalada alli no es comparable a la de los mercados norteamericanos lideres. Pero esto podria cambiar 
subitamente debido a un gran proyecto de un proveedor energetico.
An unsere Leser! Wir freuen uns, Ihnen mitteilen zu können, daß mit Wirkung vom 1. Oktober 1969 (1969)

Article An unsere Leser! Wir freuen uns, Ihnen mitteilen zu können, daß mit Wirkung vom 1. Oktober 1969 was published on October 1, 1969 in the journal Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb (volume 64, issue 10).
Hip luxation (2015)

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Dibenzothiepin Derivatives and Related Compounds. IV. Reactions of Various Cyclic Ketones including 6, 11-Dihydrodibenzo-[b, e] thiepin-11-ones with SbCl<SUB>5</SUB> (1978)

In order to examine the reaction of 6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [b, e] thiepin-11-ones (21) and antimony pentachloride, reaction of various ketones with SbCl5 or HCl-SbCl5 was carried out. Tricyclic ketones (1a-d) gave the corresponding protonation products (9a-d) but monocyclic ketones, such as diphenylcyclopropenone (13) and γ-pyrone (19) only formed ketone-SbCl5 adducts (1 : 1) (12, 18) with SbCl5 and protonation products (14, 20) with HCl-SbCl5. Stereochemical considerations were made on the formation mechanism of these products. Reaction of 6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [b, e] thiepin-11-one (21) with SbCl5 gave the anticipated protonation product (22) but that of 6-chloro-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [b, e] thiepin-11-one (5) and SbCl5 resulted in cleavage of the thiepin ring, contrary to expectations, and a compound (23) of undetermined structure was obtained. This compound (23) transited to bis [2-(2-formylbenzoyl) phenyl] disulfide (24) by hydrolysis.