gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Myelin‐Deficient Rat Has a Single Base Substitution in the Third Exon of the Myelin Proteolipid Protein Gene (1990)

Several genetic disorders that occur in animals and in humans result in an inability to synthesize normal myelin. Some of these disorders are inherited in an X-linked manner. The localization of the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) gene to the X chromosome has directed the study of X-linked myelination disorders toward PLP. The myelin-deficient rat is one such X-linked dysmyelinating mutant. From a cDNA library constructed from myelin-deficient rat brain mRNA, we have isolated and sequenced cDNAs corresponding to PLP and its alternatively spliced isoform, DM-20. An A to C transition was detected in these cDNAs, which results in a threonine to proline change at amino acid 74 in both PLP and DM-20. No other substitutions were seen in the cDNA sequences. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the corresponding genomic regions were used to confirm the single base change. This substitution occurs in a highly hydrophobic portion of the protein that is thought to be an alpha-helical transmembrane segment. The presence of a helix-breaking amino acid such as proline in this segment is likely to influence the ability of the protein to interact with the membrane.
Enhanced multivariate steady-state time-domain method (2009)

Highly nonlinear circuits are very demanding to simulate, especially when they are excited with two separate frequencies as is the case with, e.g., RF circuits and SC filters. Frequency-domain methods, e.g. harmonic balance (HB), that can handle two-tone signals are more suitable for sine wave excitations and weakly nonlinear circuits. Multivariate steady-state time-domain (MSSTD) analysis is efficient also for signals with sharp edges and strongly nonlinear circuits. The computation of this method has been improved to make the MSSTD analysis faster than before. New features are initial guess, i.e. quick MSSTD (QMSSTD), and new preconditioners for the generalized minimum residual (GMRES) method of the MSSTD analysis, both of which are implemented into the APLAC circuit simulator achieving remarkable speed-up.
Semiconductor-Based Composite Materials:  Preparation, Properties, and Performance (2001)

A diverse array of semiconductor-based composite materials have been prepared, characterized, and utilized in many applications ranging from photocatalysis, photovoltaic cells, photoelectrochromic displays, and light-emitting devices to sensors. The composite architectures (nanoarchitectures in many cases) are equally diverse. In this review, we highlight the advances that have been made and identify some of the gaps in our current knowledge of these materials. Size quantization effects and semiconductor quantum dots are also discussed.
Automated Detection, Exploitation, and Elimination of Double-Fetch Bugs\n using Modern CPU Features (2017)

Double-fetch bugs are a special type of race condition, where an unprivileged\nexecution thread is able to change a memory location between the time-of-check\nand time-of-use of a privileged execution thread. If an unprivileged attacker\nchanges the value at the right time, the privileged operation becomes\ninconsistent, leading to a change in control flow, and thus an escalation of\nprivileges for the attacker. More severely, such double-fetch bugs can be\nintroduced by the compiler, entirely invisible on the source-code level.\n We propose novel techniques to efficiently detect, exploit, and eliminate\ndouble-fetch bugs. We demonstrate the first combination of state-of-the-art\ncache attacks with kernel-fuzzing techniques to allow fully automated\nidentification of double fetches. We demonstrate the first fully automated\nreliable detection and exploitation of double-fetch bugs, making manual\nanalysis as in previous work superfluous. We show that cache-based triggers\noutperform state-of-the-art exploitation techniques significantly, leading to\nan exploitation success rate of up to 97%. Our modified fuzzer automatically\ndetects double fetches and automatically narrows down this candidate set for\ndouble-fetch bugs to the exploitable ones. We present the first generic\ntechnique based on hardware transactional memory, to eliminate double-fetch\nbugs in a fully automated and transparent manner. We extend defensive\nprogramming techniques by retrofitting arbitrary code with automated\ndouble-fetch prevention, both in trusted execution environments as well as in\nsyscalls, with a performance overhead below 1%.\n
Ray tracing deterministic 3-D fractals (1989)

As shown in 1982, Julia sets of quadratic functions as well as many other deterministic fractals exist in spaces of higher dimensionality than the complex plane. Originally a boundary-tracking algorithm was used to view these structures but required a large amount of storage space to operate. By ray tracing these objects, the storage facilities of a graphics workstation frame buffer are sufficient. A short discussion of a specific set of 3-D deterministic fractals precedes a full description of a ray-tracing algorithm applied to these objects. A comparison with the boundary-tracking method and applications to other 3-D deterministic fractals are also included.
Use of nilotinib to induce responses with 24-month (mo) minimum follow-up in patients (pts) with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis (CML-BC) resistant to or intolerant of imatinib. (2010)

6510 Background: Nilotinib is a highly potent and selective BCR-ABL inhibitor with efficacy in pts with imatinib-resistant and -intolerant CML in chronic phase (CP) and accelerated phase (AP). Results from pts with CML-BC treated with nilotinib in the phase II 2101 trial are presented. Methods: Pts were treated with nilotinib 400 mg bid. Primary endpoint was confirmed hematologic response (HR). Results: 136 pts with imatinib-resistant (82%) or -intolerant (18%) CML-BC were treated with nilotinib and followed for a minimum of 24 mo. 105 pts had myeloid blast crisis (MBC) and 31 pts had lymphoid blast crisis (LBC). Baseline BCR-ABL mutations were detected in 30% of pts with MBC and 61% with LBC; T315I mutations were detected in 1% of pts with MBC and 7% with LBC. Clonal evolution was detected in 54% of all pts. Best prior response to imatinib was stable or progressive disease in 46%, with only 10% achieving prior complete HR (CHR) and 13% major cytogenetic response (MCyR). Nilotinib resulted in HR in 24% of pts with MBC and 19% with LBC. CHR occurred in 13% of pts with MBC and LBC. Responses were rapid and durable. For pts with MBC, median time to HR was 1 mo, and median duration of HR was 26 mo (range, 1.25-29.08); 60% of pts maintained HR at 24 mo. Median duration of HR was 3.6 mo for pts with LBC and no pt maintained HR at 24 mo. Nilotinib induced MCyR and CCyR in 38% and 30% of pts with MBC and 52% and 32% with LBC, respectively. In MBC pts, median time to MCyR was 1.8 mo, and median duration of MCyR was 11 mo (range, 0.03-29.08); 44% of pts maintained MCyR at 24 mo. Median duration of MCyR was 3.2 mo for pts with LBC and no pt maintained MCyR at 24 mo. Survival was 42% at 12 mo and 27% at 24 mo; 12 pts with MBC and 2 pts with LBC had transplants following nilotinib therapy. Nonhematologic adverse events were generally mild and manageable and similar to those observed in pts with CML-CP. Conclusions: Nilotinib is effective therapy in pts with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML-BC, generating rapid and durable responses for pts with MBC. Nilotinib exhibits a favorable safety profile in CML-BC patients. No new safety concerns were observed with 24 mo minimum follow-up. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Novartis Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis Novartis Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Novartis
Post-buckled precompressed elements: a new class of control actuators for morphing wing UAVs (2007)

This paper describes how post-buckled precompressed (PBP) piezoelectric bender actuators are employed in a deformable wing structure to manipulate its camber distribution and thereby induce roll control on a subscale UAV. By applying axial compression to piezoelectric bimorph bender actuators, significantly higher deflections can be achieved than for conventional piezoelectric bender actuators. Classical laminated plate theory is shown to capture the behavior of the unloaded elements. A Newtonian deflection model employing nonlinear structural relations is demonstrated to predict the behavior of the PBP elements accurately. A proof of concept 100 mm (3.94'') span wing employing two outboard PBP actuator sets and a highly compliant latex skin was fabricated. Bench tests showed that, with a wing chord of 145 mm (5.8'') and an axial compression of 70.7 gmf mm−1, deflection levels increased by more than a factor of 2 to 15.25° peak-to-peak, with a corner frequency of 34 Hz (an order of magnitude higher than conventional subscale servoactuators). A 1.4 m span subscale UAV was equipped with two PBP morphing panels at the outboard stations, each measuring 230 mm (9.1'') in span. Flight testing was carried out, showing a 38% increase in roll control authority and 3.7 times greater control derivatives compared to conventional ailerons. The solid state PBP actuator in the morphing wing reduced the part count from 56 down to only 6, with respect to a conventional servoactuated aileron wing. Furthermore, power was reduced from 24 W to 100 mW, current draw was cut from 5 A to 1.4 mA, and the actuator weight increment dropped dramatically from 59 g down to 3 g.
Transaction Costs and Cattle Marketing: The Information Content of Seller‐Provided Presale Data at Bull Auctions (2001)

Abstract At sales out breeding bulls, prospective buyers have strong incentives to undertake presale measurement activities. To reduce these transaction costs, sellers often provide information on sale bulls. We examine the information content of two measures of the expected performance of the bulls and find that within a given herd, older, simpler measures of performance contain more information about prices (from buyers' perspectives) than newer, more sophisticated measures known as expected progeny differences, or EPDs. We also find, however, that buyers appear to pay considerable attention to annual changes in herd‐average EPD values when comparing animals from different sellers.
Entropy and correlation functions of a driven quantum spin chain (2006)

We present an exact solution for a quantum spin chain driven through its critical points. Our approach is based on a many-body generalization of the Landau-Zener transition theory, applied to a fermionized spin Hamiltonian. The resulting nonequilibrium state of the system, while being a pure quantum state, has local properties of a mixed state characterized by finite entropy density associated with Kibble-Zurek defects. The entropy and the finite spin correlation length are functions of the rate of sweep through the critical point. We analyze the anisotropic $XY$ spin-$1∕2$ model evolved with a full many-body evolution operator. With the help of Toeplitz determinant calculus, we obtain an exact form of correlation functions. The properties of the evolved system undergo an abrupt change at a certain critical sweep rate, signaling the formation of ordered domains. We link this phenomenon to the behavior of complex singularities of the Toeplitz generating function.
Optical Emission Study of RF Thermal Plasma During Fullerene Synthesis (2005)

Results on studies of molecular spectra emitted in the initial stages of fullerene synthesis during processing of graphite powder in RF thermal plasma conditions are presented in this work. CN-usually present in carbon plasmas-and C-2 were found as dominant molecular species. The role of CN radicals on the fullerene formation was discussed in detail. Intensities of CN and C-2 lines were studied against the composition of gas phase and the feed rate of graphite powder. The rotational-vibrational temperatures of CN species were calculated by fitting the experimental spectra to the simulated ones. It was concluded that in the plasma region CN radicals could be formed by the reaction Of C-2 with atomic nitrogen at smaller loads. This reaction lowered the yield of fullerenes. At larger loads, C2 formation was decreased due to lower temperature of the particles compared to smaller load. The CN radicals were produced by the surface reaction of the hot carbon particles with nitrogen atoms. Results confirmed that for effective fullerene synthesis, the nitrogen content of the precursors and the plasma gases should be minimized.
Divergent Synthesis of Isoquinolone and Isocoumarin Derivatives by the Annulation of Benzoic Acid with <i>N</i>-Vinyl Amide (2019)

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of isoquinolone and isocoumarin derivatives is reported. The method for the first time provides a one-step divergent synthesis of important isoquinolone and isocoumarin skeletons from benzoic acid by switching the coupling partners. In addition, a reliable mechanism has been proposed on the basis of experimental investigations, including kinetic isotope effect experiments, <sup>13</sup>C labeling experiments, time-tracking experiments, and competitive experiments, as well as DFT calculation studies.
Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Design Effective Antisense Oligonucleotides (2000)

Among the large number of possible antisense oligonucleotides (asODN) against a given target nucleic acid, only a small number of species seems to give rise to satisfactorily strong inhibition of target gene expression in living cells. Therefore much attention is paid to strategies that help to successfully design effective asODN. Here, selected experimental approaches and theoretical concepts will be briefly described that have been developed to increase the probability of success in the use of asODN. Advantages and disadvantages of these strategies will be compared and the relatively new and controversially discussed concept of a theoretical and computer-supported design of effective asODN will be addressed.
Synthesis and characterization of polyphosphine ligands and their platinum metal complexes / (1978)

Infrared spectrum of neat PhuP(CHp)nP(H)Ph; 1350-400 cm-1.c c 47 3 Proton nmr spectrum of PhgPfCHgjgPfHjPh in CDClg.49 Phosphorus-31 nmr spectrum of PhgPfCHgjgPfHjPh in benzene (a), and with proton decoupling (b).50 5 Proton nmr spectrum of Ph9P(CH9)nP(Ph)(CH?)?CH=CH9 in CDCI3.d d 6 d d d
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF METHYL 10,11‐OXIDO‐3,7,11‐TRIMETHYLDODECA‐2,4,6‐TRIENOATE, AN ANALOG OF THE CECROPIA JUVENILE HORMONE (1975)

Abstract Citral (I) reagiert mit dem Ester (II) in Gegenwart von Kaliumamid zur Säure (III), die mit Diazomethan verestert und dann mit m‐Chlor‐perbenzoesäure oxidiert wird, wobei die Epoxide (V) und (VI) erhalten werden.
Approximations to hybrid mode slot line behaviour (1978)

New closed form formulas are presented for the dispersion characteristic (λ'/ λ) and characteristic impedance (Z0) of single slot line. λ'/λ and Z0 are given as functions of the slot width w over substrate thickness H ratio and the ratio H/λ where λ is the free-space wavelength. For the ranges of variable considered λ'/λ values agree with S. B. Cohn's and Mariani et al. results to within 5% and Z0 agrees to within 14.5% or better.
Protonation and Subsequent Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding as a Method to Control Chain Structure and Tune Luminescence in Heteroatomic Conjugated Polymers (2002)

We report the effects of protonation on the structural and spectroscopic properties of 1,4-dimethoxy-2,5-bis(2-pyridyl)benzene (9) and the related AB coploymer poly(2,5-pyridylene-co-1,4-[2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)]phenylene) (7). X-ray crystallographic analysis of 9, 1,4-dimethoxy-2,5-bis(2-pyridyl)benzene bis(formic acid) complex 10, and 1,4-dimethoxy-2,5-bis(2-pyridinium)benzene bis(tetrafluoroborate salt) (11) establishes that reaction of formic acid with 9 does not form an ionic pyridinium salt in the solid state, rather, the product 10 is a molecular complex with strong hydrogen bonds between each nitrogen atom and the hydroxyl hydrogen in formic acid. In contrast, reaction of 9 with tetrafluoroboric acid leads to the dication salt 11 with significant intramolecular hydrogen bonding (N-H.O-Me) causing planarization of the molecule. The pyridinium and benzene rings in 11 form a dihedral angle of only 3.9 degrees (cf. pyridine-benzene dihedral angles of 35.4 degrees and 31.4 degrees in 9, and 43.8 degrees in 10). Accordingly, there are large red shifts in the optical absorption and emission spectra of 11, compared to 9 and 10. Polymer 7 displays a similar red shift in its absorption and photoluminescence spectra upon treatment with strong acids in neutral solution (e.g. methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, and hydrochloric acid). This is also observed in films of polymer 7 doped with strong acids. Excitation profiles show that emission arises from both protonated and nonprotonated sites in the polymer backbone. The protonation of the pyridine rings in polymer 7, accompanied by intramolecular hydrogen bonding to the oxygen of the adjacent solubilizing alkoxy substituent, provides a novel mechanism for driving the polymer into a near-planar conformation, thereby extending the pi-conjugation, and tuning the absorption and emission profiles. The electroluminescence of a device of configuration ITO/PEDOT/polymer 7/Ca/Al is similarly red-shifted by protonation of the polymer.
Whole-Body 11C-5-Hydroxytryptophan Positron Emission Tomography as a Universal Imaging Technique for Neuroendocrine Tumors: Comparison with Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy and Computed Tomography (2005)

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can be small and situated almost anywhere throughout the body. Our objective was to investigate whether whole-body (WB) positron emission tomography (PET) with (11)C-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) can be used as a universal imaging technique for NETs and to compare this technique with established imaging methods. Forty-two consecutive patients with evidence of NET and a detected lesion on any conventional imaging (six bronchial, two foregut, 16 midgut, and two thymic carcinoids; one ectopic Cushing's syndrome; four gastrinomas; one insulinoma; six nonfunctioning endocrine pancreatic tumors; one gastric carcinoid, one paraganglioma; and two endocrine-differentiated pancreatic carcinomas) were studied. The WB-(11)C-5-HTP-PET examinations were compared with WB-computed tomography (CT) and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS). Tumor lesions were imaged with PET in 95% of the patients. In 58% of the patients, PET could detect more lesions than SRS and CT and equal numbers in 34%, whereas in three cases, SRS or CT showed more lesions. In 84% (16 of 19 patients), PET could visualize the primary tumor compared with 47 and 42% for SRS and CT, respectively. The surgically removed PET-positive primary tumor sizes were 6-30 mm. To conclude, this study indicates that WB-(11)C-5-HTP-PET can be used as a universal imaging method for detection of NETs. This study also shows that WB-(11)C-HTP-PET is sensitive in imaging small NET lesions, such as primary tumors, and can in a majority of cases image significantly more tumor lesions than SRS and CT.
Suspected Ureteral Colic (2002)

Unenhanced CT was the most accurate modality for determining the presence of ureterolithiasis. The combination of abdominal radiography and sonography, however, yielded comparable results with no clinically important misdiagnoses and thus can be used as an alternative when CT resources are limited.
Self-assembling optically pure Fe(A–B)3 chelates (2009)

Optically pure, single diastereomer fac-tris(diimine) complexes of Fe(II) are available from a remarkably facile one-pot procedure using a range of readily available (R)-2-phenylglycinol derivatives.
Phosphatidylserine Synthase-1 and -2 Are Localized to Mitochondria-associated Membranes (2000)

We report the subcellular localization of enzymes involved in phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in mammalian cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that phosphatidylserine synthase-1 (PSS1) is highly enriched in mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) and is largely excluded from the bulk of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Taking advantage of the substrate specificity of PSS1, we showed that (i) MAM contain choline exchange activity, whereas this activity is very low in the bulk of the ER, (ii) serine exchange activity is inhibited by choline to a much greater extent in MAM than in ER, and (iii) MAM use phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as substrates for phosphatidylserine biosynthesis, whereas the ER utilizes only phosphatidylethanolamine. According to immunoblotting of proteins from both CHO-K1 cells and murine liver, PSS1 is localized to MAM, and in hepatoma cells stably expressing PSS1 this protein is highly enriched in MAM. Since the ER contains serine and ethanolamine exchange activities, we had predicted that PSS2 would account for the serine exchange activity in the ER. Unexpectedly, using immunoblotting experiments, we found that (i) PSS2 of CHO-K1 cells is present only in MAM and (ii) PSS2 is restricted to MAM of McArdle cells expressing recombinant PSS2. These data leave open the question of which enzyme imparts PSS activity to the ER and suggest that a third isoform of PSS might be located in the ER.
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Indomethacin's Methyl Ester Derivative and Induction of Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells (2005)

Indomethacin is used as an anti-inflammatory drug and a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor. When indomethacin in methanol was photo-irradiated with an Hg lamp, methyl ester, ethyl ester, and gamma-lactone derivatives of indomethacin were produced. In the present study, we found that the methyl ester derivative of indomethacin (M-IN) could more potently inhibit prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) protein expression from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells than indomethacin, similar to the effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). On the other hand, the results showed that M-IN with an IC(50) value maintained at 36.9 microg/ml for 12 h exhibited stronger cytotoxicity than ethyl ester, gamma-lactone derivatives of indomethacin, and indomethacin in promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Moreover, a series of biochemical analyses determined that M-IN caused apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and enhanced PARP and pro-caspase 3 degradation in HL-60 cells. These above results indicate that the photosynthesized product, M-IN, had stronger anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and cytotoxicity effects in HL-60 cells than the parent drug, indomethacin.