gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micro Wishbone Interferometer for Miniature FTIR Spectrometer (2010)

“Wishbone” type of a Si micro interferometer with a size of 7.5 mm × 7.5 mm is designed and fabricated for applications of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The structure of the Si interferometer is fabricated by ICP-RIE etching. Si arms with Au-coated corner cube mirrors at the end can be rotated by integrated rotary comb drive actuators using electrostatic force. Rotational motion of ±4° and the maximum optical path difference of 1920 μm are achieved at an applied voltage of 80 V. With this path length, the resolution of the FT spectroscopy is estimated to be ∼5 cm-1.
Daily treatment with adapalene gel 0.1% maintains initial improvement of acne vulgaris previously treated with oral lymecycline. (2007)

Topical retinoids are often recommended for preventing acne recurrence, but there are relatively few well-controlled maintenance studies published. The objective of the present study was to assess the maintenance effect of adapalene gel 0.1% relative to gel vehicle in subjects successfully treated in a previous 12-week adapalene-lymecycline 300 mg combination therapy study. This was a multicentre, investigator-blind, randomised, controlled study in 19 European centres. A total of 136 subjects with moderate to moderately-severe acne vulgaris who showed at least moderate improvement from baseline when treated with either adapalene plus lymecycline or lymecycline plus gel vehicle in a previous 12 week study were included. Subjects were randomised to receive adapalene gel 0.1% or vehicle once-daily for 12 weeks. Efficacy and safety criteria included maintenance rate, percent reduction in lesion counts (total, inflammatory, non inflammatory), global severity assessment, cutaneous tolerability, and adverse events. Adapalene provided better results relative to gel vehicle for all efficacy assessments. The maintenance rate for total lesions was 84.7% vs. 63.5% (P = 0.0049) with adapalene and the vehicle, respectively. Adapalene was safe and well tolerated in this study. This study demonstrates a clinical benefit of continued treatment with adapalene gel 0.1% as a maintenance therapy for acne.
Profiling Zinfandel Wines by Sensory and Chemical Analyses (1987)

Twenty-four Zinfandel wines were evaluated by standard chemical determinations and by sensory descriptive analysis using trained judges. The Zinfandels came from several different regions in California from the 1980 and 1981 vintages and ranged from 12.7% to 15.7% ethanol (v/v). Variations in the chemical composition and in the aroma and flavor by mouth intensity ratings were examined by Principal Component Analyses (PCA). Wines of low, medium, or high ethanol levels were differentiated in PCAs of flavor by mouth terms and of the chemical data. Low-alcohol wines were lowest in perceived viscosity and intensity of bitterness and berry and black pepper flavors perceived orally, while being chemically characterized as having lower phenols and physical viscosity. In addition, the higher-alcohol wines had higher titratable acidity and slightly lower pH, reflecting the effect of winemaking practices rather than the grape composition. In these 24 wines, no characteristic aromas were shown to occur as a function of ripeness of the grapes as expressed by wine ethanol concentration. Wines from the 1980 vintage differed from the 1981 wines in aroma and flavor by mouth. The 1980 wines were higher in black pepper, phenolic, and ethanol aromas, black pepper by mouth, and perceived viscosity. By none of these PCAs was there any distinctive regional characterization.
New versions of sources for nuclear polarized negative ion production (1992)

Several variants of sources for nuclear polarized negative ion production have been proposed and tested. The simple adaptation of a high intensity polarized proton source for nuclear polarized H− production has been examined. A pulsed current of H− up to 0.15 mA has been obtained. For the examination of H− production in the collision of H atoms with exited alkali atoms, the conversion of a low energy atomic beam from an RF dissociator into negative ion flow by using cesium vapor target with discharge has been tested. The formation of H− ions by simultaneous operation of the RF dissociator and a discharge in the cesium target has been observed. Finally, the polarization of nuclei in molecules by collisions with electron polarized (optically pumped) alkali atoms, nuclear polarization in molecules, induced by chemical reaction in cyclic molecules, and the possibility of using this for ion sources are discussed.
Single-Event Transient Analysis in High Speed Circuits (2011)

The effect of Single-Event Transients (SETs) (at a combinational node of a design) on the system reliability is becoming a big concern for ICs manufactured using advanced technologies. An SET at a node of a combinational part of a circuit may propagate as a transient pulse at the input of a flip-flop and consequently latches in the flip-flop, thus generating a soft-error. When an SET is combined with a transition at a node (i.e., dynamic behavior of that node) along a critical path of the combinational part of a design, a transient delay fault may occur at the input of a circuit flip-flop. Using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of an SET, this paper proposes a statistical method to compute the probability of soft-errors caused by SETs considering dynamic behavior of a circuit.
Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 CRF02_AG in Cameroon and African Patients Living in Italy (2011)

HIV-1 CRF02_AG accounts for >50% of infected individuals in Cameroon. CRF02_AG prevalence has been increasing both in Africa and Europe, particularly in Italy because of migrations from the sub-Saharan region. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology of CRF02_AG in Cameroon by employing Bayesian phylodynamics and analyzed the relationship between HIV-1 CRF02_AG isolates circulating in Italy and those prevalent in Africa to understand the link between the two epidemics. Among 291 Cameroonian reverse transcriptase sequences analyzed, about 70% clustered within three distinct clades, two of which shared a most recent common ancestor, all related to sequences from Western Africa. The major Cameroonian clades emerged during the mid-1970s and slowly spread during the next 30 years. Little or no geographic structure was detected within these clades. One of the major driving forces of the epidemic was likely the high accessibility between locations in Southern Cameroon contributing to the mobility of the population. The remaining Cameroonian sequences and the new strains isolated from Italian patients were interspersed mainly within West and Central African sequences in the tree, indicating a continuous exchange of CRF02_AG viral strains between Cameroon and other African countries, as well as multiple independent introductions in the Italian population. The evaluation of the spread of CRF02_AG may provide significant insight about the future dynamics of the Italian and European epidemic.
PD-L1hi B cells are critical regulators of humoral immunity (2015)

Specific B-cell subsets can regulate T-cell immune responses, and are termed regulatory B cells (Breg). The majority of Breg cells described in mouse and man have been identified by IL-10 production and are known to suppress allergy and autoimmunity. However, Breg cell mediated immune suppression, independent of IL-10, also occurs. Here we show that Breg cells play a critical role in regulating humoral immunity mediated by CD4(+)CXCR5(+)PD-1(+) follicular helper T cells, and can suppress inflammation in autoimmune disease through elevated expression of PD-L1. We have also identified that these B cells are resistant to αCD20 B-cell depletion. This work describes how Breg cells are critical in humoral homoeostasis and may have implications for the regulation of autoimmune diseases.
Down‐regulation of a kinase defective PKC‐α (1991)

A kinase defective mutant of PKC-alpha down-regulates in response to phorbol esters as effectively as the wild-type protein when introduced into COS-1 cells. This demonstrates that intramolecular autophosphorylation is not a prerequisite for down-regulation.
Laser-Beam Scintillation in the Atmosphere (1967)

The variance of the log-amplitude of a laser beam is evaluated for a horizontal propagation path through the atmosphere. The treatment is based upon results obtained by Schmeltzer. It is found that the log-amplitude variance can be separated into two factors, one of which is simply the log-amplitude variance of a spherical wave, as derived by Tatarski. The second factor, which contains the dependence upon the size α0 of the transmitted beam, can be written as a function of kα02/z, where k is the wave number and z is the path length. This second factor shows a significant oscillation around kα02/z = 1 when the transmitted beam is collimated, and starts to roll off strongly for kα02/z>1 when the transmitted beam is focused at a range z.
Thin film femtosecond laser damage competition (2009)

In order to determine the current status of thin film laser resistance within the private, academic, and government sectors, a damage competition was started at the 2008 Boulder Damage Symposium. This damage competition allows a direct comparison of the current state of the art of high laser resistance coatings since they are tested using the same damage test setup and the same protocol. In 2009 a high reflector coating was selected at a wavelength of 786 nm at normal incidence at a pulse length of 180 femtoseconds. A double blind test assured sample and submitter anonymity so only a summary of the results are presented here. In addition to the laser resistance results, details of deposition processes, coating materials and layer count, and spectral results will also be shared.
Internal reactions in the Grignard‐complex containing compounds with alkoxy‐groups: Part I. Acetals (1962)

Abstract The preparation of ethers by the reaction of a Grignard‐reagent with an acetal has been simplified by preparing the reagent in the acetal.
Measurements of dynamic interactions in thin films of polymer melts: The transition from simple to complex behavior (1989)

Abstract Two techniques are described for measuring the shear viscosities of thin liquid films confined between two surfaces. Both techniques employ the surface forces apparatus, which has already been used extensively to measure the static interactions between surfaces in liquids. With either of the new dynamic techniques, shear viscosities of the confined liquids can be measured as a function of film thickness with a precision of about 0.1 nm (1 Å). The techniques complement each other: one is used to best advantage at high shear rates, the other at low shear rates. Results are presented for measurements made on low‐molecular‐weight polymer melts of polybutadienes. At low shear rates, these results provide detailed information on the relation between polymer molecular weight, the conformation of polymer molecules at the surfaces, the intermolecular forces between the surfaces, and the location of the shear plane (plane of no‐slip). At high shear rates, the results suggest the gradual evolution of non‐Newtonian behavior in submicron liquid films.
Influent flow Modelling using Identification Techniques (2001)

In this paper, model estimation and prediction using nonlinear identification techniques are presented for a water treatment system. The dynamics of the system relating rainfall, river level, and influent flow are modelled using a NARMAX model (Nonlinear Autoregressive Moving Average model with eXogenuous inputs). The parameters of the model are estimated using an orthogonal least squares algorithm with intelligent structure detection. The identification of both linear and nonlinear difference equation models are described to represent the relationship between rainfall and river level (inputs) and influent flow (output) for a waste water treatment plant in Greenville, North Carolina.
Enhancement of He-induced cavities in silicon by hydrogen plasma treatment (2005)

The formation of subsurface nm-size cavities in Si from He implantation followed by thermal anneal involves a complex interaction of He with vacancy clusters. We have attempted to promote cavity formation with vacancy-type defects arising from a hydrogen plasma treatment that is interposed between the implantation (40keV and 160keV He) and anneal (800°C-1h) steps. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) results show enhanced growth of He-induced cavities due to hydrogen in the 160keV He implanted sample, while no significant change is seen in the cavity spectrum for 40keV. In conjunction with Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) data, the results are tentatively interpreted in terms of the evolution of defects and hydrogen during annealing, their interactions with the He-cavities, and proximity of the layers to the surface.
SUMMARY REPORT ON PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETES FOR SHIELDING (1953)

aggregate and the cost of disposing of the old concrete play important roles in establishing whether or not recycling is a desirable alternative. Consequently, each project or the general situation for a given area must be examined separately and the decision made on the basis of local conditions.
ON THE FUNCTIONAL COUPLING OF NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE AND RELEASE IN BRAIN (1976)

Isolated synaptosomal fractions from mouse forebrains were incubated with [ 14 C]‐γ‐aminobutyric acid ([ 14 C]‐GABA). Release of the accumulated label in high potassium solution was measured. The fractional release dependent upon calcium was decreased by raising the concentration of [ 14 C]‐GABA during labelling but was not affected by altering the time allowed for labelling or the time between labelling and stimulation. These data suggest that extracellular GABA gains rapid access to available intraterminal pools. The relative distribution of the accumulated GABA in different pools can be influenced by the concentration of GABA in the incubation medium but, once ‘stored’, there is no net redistribution of accumulated GABA in the absence of stimulation.
Muscarinic receptor subtypes in feline tracheal submucosal gland secretion (1992)

To determine what muscarinic receptor subtype regulates [Ca2+]i mediating airway submucosal gland secretion, we examined the effects of atropine (Atr), pirenzepine (PZ), 11([2-(diethylamino)methyl-1-piperidinyl] acetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido (2,3-b)(1,4)-benzo-diazepin-6-one (AF-DX116) and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) on methacholine (MCh)-evoked [Ca2+]i rise in acinar cells, and compared this with mucus glycoprotein (MGP) and electrolyte secretion evoked by MCh from submucosal glands isolated from feline trachea. [Ca2+]i was measured with the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dye, fura 2. We determined MGP secretion by measuring TCA-precipitable 3H-labeled glycoconjugates and electrolyte secretion by the change in the rate constant of 22Na-efflux from isolated glands. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of PZ, AF-DX116, 4-DAMP, and Atr against MCh-evoked [Ca2+]i rise were 10(-7) M, 6 x 10(-6) M, 8 x 10(-9) M, and 6 x 10(-9) M, respectively. IC50 of PZ, AF-DX116, 4-DAMP, and Atr against MCh-evoked MGP secretion were 10(-6) M, 2 x 10(-5) M, 8 x 10(-9) M, and 6 x 10(-9) M, respectively. MCh (10(-5) M)-evoked 22Na efflux was significantly inhibited by 10(-7) M 4-DAMP and 10(-7) M Atr (P less than 0.01, each) but not by 10(-7) M PZ. Receptor binding assays with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate showed that the Ki values for PZ, AF-D x 116, 4-DAMP and Atr were 2.2 x 10(-8) M, 6.6 x 10(-7) M, 6.2 x 10(-10) M, and 2.9 x 10(-10) M, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A new noise parameter measurement method results in more than 100x speed improvement and enhanced measurement accuracy (2008)

A new method for noise parameter measurements is introduced, with better than 100times speed improvement over traditional methods. The setup is simple and easy to configure, and the entire calibration and measurement process is very fast, making dense frequency spacing practical. The new method produces smoother data with lower scatter, and the dense frequency spacing eliminates shifts due to aliasing and makes it easier to identify the scatter and outliers.
Creating metabolic and regulatory network models using fuzzy cognitive maps (2002)

This paper describes a model of metabolic networks that uses fuzzy cognitive maps. Nodes of the map represent specific biochemicals such as proteins, RNA, and small molecules, or stimuli, such as light, heat, or nutrients. Edges of the map capture regulatory and metabolic relationships found in biological systems. These relationships are established by a domain expert, the biological literature, and extracted from RNA microarray data. This work is part of the development of a software tool, FCModeler, which models and visualizes metabolic networks. A model of the metabolism of the plant hormone gibberellin in Arabidopsis is used to show the capabilities of the fuzzy model.
Experimental study and numerical simulation of ion cyclotron heating of a hydrogen plasma in the T-11M tokamak (2006)

Results are presented from investigations of the possibility of heating a hydrogen plasma at the fundamental harmonic of the ion cyclotron frequency in the T-11M tokamak. The fluxes of charge-exchange atoms that escape from the plasma in the radial direction and across the toroidal magnetic field (transverse neutrals) were recorded by a Lakmus neutral particle analyzer. Measurements by the analyzer show that, during an RF pulse, the ion temperature increases by approximately 50–100 eV. Such plasma parameters as the ion temperature, rotation velocity, and isotopic composition were measured by a high-resolution spectrometer. According to the data from high-resolution spectroscopy, the ion temperature increases by approximately 150 eV. Results from numerical simulations of the ion cyclotron resonance heating of a hydrogen plasma in the T-11M tokamak are also given.
3×3 Mach-Zehnder interferometer with unbalanced differential detection for full-range swept-source optical coherence tomography (2008)

Quadrature interferometry based on 3x3 fiber couplers could be used to double the effective imaging depth in swept-source optical coherence tomography. This is due to its ability to suppress the complex conjugate artifact naturally. We present theoretical and experimental results for a 3x3 Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a new unbalanced differential optical detection method. The new interferometer provides simultaneous access to complementary phase components of the complex interferometric signal. No calculations by trigonometric relationships are needed. We demonstrate a complex conjugate artifact suppression of 27 dB obtained in swept-source optical coherence tomography using our unbalanced differential detection. We show that our unbalanced differential detection has increased the signal-to-noise ratio by at least 4 dB compared to the commonly used balanced detection technique. This is due to better utilization of optical power.
Abstract P4-02-01: Correlations between Genetic Variants in CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 and Survival in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with or without Tamoxifen: Results from a Large Cohort Study (2010)

Abstract Background. A large number of studies testing the hypothesis that genetic variants in drug metabolizing enzymes can influence breast cancer patient response to the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen have provided equivocal and conflicting data. Possible confounding factors in all studies to date include the relatively small number of patients, lack of comprehensive genotyping analysis (in particular regarding the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme), use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (antidepressant medication), and lack of untreated (i.e. no tamoxifen treatment) control groups. Currently, it is not clear whether genotype determinations can predict which patients will likely benefit from tamoxifen therapy. Methods: We conducted a large community-based cohort study to test for associations between clinical outcomes and variants in CYP2D6, one of the key enzymes responsible for the conversion of tamoxifen to its potent anti-estrogenic metabolite endoxifen, as well as variants in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7), an enzyme responsible for the elimination of endoxifen. The majority of patients in this cohort began their tamoxifen treatment more than twenty ago, at a time when SSRIs (a possible confounding factor in CYP2D6 studies) were not widely used. Five hundred patients with ER+ early breast cancer treated adjuvantly with tamoxifen monotherapy and 500 who did not receive any adjuvant therapy were genotyped and assigned a CYP2D6 “score” based on known specific allele activities from 0 (no activity) to 2 (high activity) and also grouped as either low, intermediate and high UGT2B7 activity based on the *2 allele. Results: Univariately, Kaplan-Meier estimates in conjunction with the log-rank test did not reveal any significant associations between either CYP2D6 or UGT2B7 score and time to relapse (TTR). In tamoxifen treated cases, after adjustment for tumor size, nodal status and PgR, Cox regression found increased CYP2D6 score, reflecting increased conversion of tamoxifen to endoxifen, was significantly associated with worse time to relapse (HR=1.53, p=0.02). This was not seen in the patients without endocrine treatment (HR=0.73, p=0.10). Patients with high UGT2B7 activity, reflecting increased elimination of endoxifen had better survival rates (HR= 0.75, p = 0.04) in the tamoxifen treated group, while again no effect of UGT2B7 was seen in the untreated group (HR=1.0, p=0.78). Finally, CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 genotypes were not associated with any special tumor characteristics in either patient group. Conclusion: In our study, CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 genotypes associated with increased endoxifen levels were associated with worse outcome in tamoxifen treated (but not untreated) breast cancer patients. Thus, the data from this cohort study do not support the hypothesis that breast cancer patients with low CYP2D6 are resistant to tamoxifen. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-01.
Nonlinear and robust signal extraction based on wavelets (1993)

The wavelet transform is an important new tool in applied mathematics, engineering, and science. In a series of papers, Donoho and Johnstone (1992) develop a powerful theory based on wavelets for extracting nonsmooth signals from noisy data. Several nonlinear smoothing algorithms are presented that provide high performance for a wide range of spatially inhomogeneous signals. These algorithms are computationally very fast. However, like other methods based on the linear wavelet transform, these algorithms are very sensitive to outliers in the data. The effect of a large isolated observation on the wavelet transform is smeared through all wavelet scales. In this paper, outlierresistant wavelet transforms are developed. In these transforms, outliers and outlier patches are localized to just a few scales. Hence, it is easy to identify and remove the outliers. By using the outlier resistant wavelet transforms, the Donoho and Johnstone nonlinear signal extraction methods are improved upon. These algorithms prevent outliers from leaking into the extracted signal. Applications will be given for a variety of data sets, including ocean acoustic data (e.g., ice cracking) and glint noise. [This research is supported by ONR Contract No. N00014-92-C-0066.] a)Also with Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.