gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Testosterone Replacement on Endogenous Inflammatory Cytokines and Lipid Profiles in Hypogonadal Men (2004)

Testosterone has immune-modulating properties, and current in vitro evidence suggests that testosterone may suppress the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 and potentiate the expression of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10. We report a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of testosterone replacement (Sustanon 100) vs. placebo in 27 men (age, 62 ± 9 yr) with symptomatic androgen deficiency (total testosterone, 4.4 ± 1.2 nmol/liter; bioavailable testosterone, 2.4 ± 1.1 nmol/liter). Compared with placebo, testosterone induced reductions in TNFα (−3.1 ± 8.3 vs. 1.3 ± 5.2 pg/ml; P = 0.01) and IL-1β (−0.14 ± 0.32 vs. 0.18 ± 0.55 pg/ml; P = 0.08) and an increase in IL-10 (0.33 ± 1.8 vs. −1.1 ± 3.0 pg/ml; P = 0.01); the reductions of TNFα and IL-1β were positively correlated (rS = 0.588; P = 0.003). In addition, a significant reduction in total cholesterol was recorded with testosterone therapy (−0.25 ± 0.4 vs. −0.004 ± 0.4 mmol/liter; P = 0.04). In conclusion, testosterone replacement shifts the cytokine balance to a state of reduced inflammation and lowers total cholesterol. Twenty of these men had established coronary disease, and because total cholesterol is a cardiovascular risk factor, and proinflammatory cytokines mediate the development and complications associated with atheromatous plaque, these properties may have particular relevance in men with overt vascular disease.
Analysis of IR signatures of surface and buried antitank landmines (2001)

The thermal signatures of surface and buried land mines vary widely with time of day, weather, soil type, soil moisture content, and mine burial depth. There have been recent advances in modeling these effects, but until these models are fully developed and validated we will continue to rely on measured data. This paper witll present signatures in the medium-and long-wavelength infrared (MWIR and LWIR) spectral bands for surface and buried M19, M15 and VS1.6 anti-tank mines at two locations, a temperate site and an arid site. We will show that the apparent contrast of these landmines is substantial throughout the diurnal cycle except during thermal crossover periods after sunrise and sunset. Our results show that the mine signatures are well above sensor noise and that further improvements in sensitivity or resolution are not required. The paper will also present LWIR images of landmines buried in dirt and gravel road environments taken on a cold winter day and discuss the intriguing and unexpected differences observed between the images of landmines buried in dirt and gravel.
Education (1957)

FIRST, I wish to express my deep appreciation for the high honor bestowed upon me by the Institute and its Edison Medal Committee.
Geometric design of a multisensor structured light range digitizer (1994)

An optical noncontact 3-D range digitizer based on projection of 2-D structured light patterns and multiplexed charge injection device (CID) camera sensors has been developed. The system acquires digitized data in 0.75 5 and allows 360-deg examination of the subject's head and facial surface features in less than 1 s, making it suitable for digitizing children as well as adults. The resultant 3-D surface data is suitable for computer graphics display and manipulation, numerically controlled replication, and further processing such as surface measurement extraction. The digitizer uses a set of six stationary sensors positioned about the subject. A sensor consists of a pattern projector and a solid state video camera. This device allows quantitative volume measurements and employs no harmful ionizing radiation. The cost of a scan with this technology is substantially less than that of alternative means of collecting 3-D surface data sets, such as by stereometric, moire fringe, and single-point digitization. This system was geometrically designed such that any surlace of the head or facial area was independently digitized by a minimum of two sensors and to capture areas normally occluded with other techniques. The dimensions of the structure were derived to satisfy physical constraints placed on its overall size. The camera and projector orientations in space, the distance from the lens centers to the center of the digitizing volume, and the lens focal lengths were determined analytically. To reduce cost, a standard lens nearest the analytical value was used. Based on the standard size lens, the field of view was calculated.
Preconcentration of yoghurt base by ultrafiltration for reduction in acid whey generation during Greek yoghurt manufacturing (2017)

The feasibility of applying ultrafiltration ( UF ) to concentrate a yoghurt base prior to fermentation during Greek yoghurt manufacturing was studied as a way of minimising acid whey ( AW ) generation. Two Greek yoghurts were prepared by concentrating a milk base through UF to 13.8% and 17.5% (w/w) ( GY ‐2, GY ‐3). Production of GY ‐3 resulted in zero AW discharge, while the GY ‐2 production discharged 78% lower AW compared to the control ( GY ‐1). GY ‐2 exhibited a hard gel structure, low syneresis, maximum viscosity properties and a high protein and fat content. Applying both, UF and straining, resulted yoghurts with required structural attributes while substantially reducing the generation of AW .
Recent developments in thermoset curing methods (2006)

Abstract There is ongoing interest in the replacement of energy-intensive thermal curing of thermosetting composites by radiation curing methods. These include curing by γ-rays, electron beams (EBs), ultra-violet (UV) light, and microwaves. In this short review, the pros and cons of the main radiation curing routes are described in comparison to thermal cure. Issues that will dictate the choice of curing method include the penetration depth of the radiation, capital equipment considerations, and health and safety. EB curing has a number of potential advantages over thermal cure, but is limited to specific types of resin, e.g. cationic curing epoxy resins. These often differ in terms of final properties from the usual resins qualified for aerospace applications. UV cure is limited to relatively thin and UV-transparent sections. Microwaves are attractive for pultrusion applications, but have a major limitation in the inability to use metal tooling. Although a range of applications of radiation curing have been evaluated, the widespread use of such technologies in aerospace is still some way off and may be limited to niche markets for the foreseeable future.
Road detection in dense urban areas using SAR imagery and the usefulness of multiple views (2002)

This paper deals with the automatic extraction of the road network in dense urban areas using a few-meters-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The first part presents the proposed method, which is an adaptation of previous work to the specific case of urban areas. The major modifications are 1) the clique potentials of the Markov random field that extracts the road network are adapted and 2) a multiscale framework is used. Results on shuttle mission and aerial SAR images with different resolutions are presented. The second part is dedicated to road extraction combining two SAR images taken with different flight directions (orthogonal and antiparallel passes), and the obtained improvement is analyzed.
A Catalog of Fluidic C-Format Laminates. (1983)

Harry Diamond Laboratories has recently adopted a standard format--designated C format-for fluidic laminates. This format permits optimal flexibility within its 1.3 x 1.3 in. (3.3 x 3.3-cm) area, and produces a vertical stack of horizontally laminated elements to build up fluidic circuits. This report catalogs C-format laminates. These laminates have been initially categorized according to their general functions; within each such category, each individual laminate configuration is then pictured and its specific functions are discussed. Although some 79 laminates are presented herein, this catalog will be expanded on a continuing basis as new configurations are designed, fabricated, and put into general use. (Author)
The anaerobic chytridiomycete fungus <i>Piromyces</i> sp. E2 produces ethanol via pyruvate:formate lyase and an alcohol dehydrogenase E (2004)

Anaerobic chytridiomycete fungi possess hydrogenosomes, which generate hydrogen and ATP, but also acetate and formate as end-products of a prokaryotic-type mixed-acid fermentation. Notably, the anaerobic chytrids Piromyces and Neocallimastix use pyruvate:formate lyase (PFL) for the catabolism of pyruvate, which is in marked contrast to the hydrogenosomal metabolism of the anaerobic parabasalian flagellates Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus, because these organisms decarboxylate pyruvate with the aid of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO). Here, we show that the chytrids Piromyces sp. E2 and Neocallimastix sp. L2 also possess an alcohol dehydrogenase E (ADHE) that makes them unique among hydrogenosome-bearing anaerobes. We demonstrate that Piromyces sp. E2 routes the final steps of its carbohydrate catabolism via PFL and ADHE: in axenic culture under standard conditions and in the presence of 0.3% fructose, 35% of the carbohydrates were degraded in the cytosol to the end-products ethanol, formate, lactate and succinate, whereas 65% were degraded via the hydrogenosomes to acetate and formate. These observations require a refinement of the previously published metabolic schemes. In particular, the importance of the hydrogenase in this type of hydrogenosome has to be revisited.
Treatment of large full‐thickness chondral defects of the knee with autologous chondrocyte implantation (2003)

As treatment options for repair of articular cartilage defects have continued to evolve over the past decade with promising new techniques of tissue transfer using osteochondral autografts and allografts as well as cellular repair with autologous chondrocyte implantation, there has been intense focus on optimizing the use of these methods. While no treatment option is ideal for all full-thickness cartilage defects, nonetheless, the goal remains a repair that can restore the normal surface congruity of the joint, control the patients’ symptoms, maintain the durability to withstand the intra-articular forces of the knee over time, and prevent the progression of focal chondral injuries to osteoarthritis. These newer treatment methods continue to be evaluated as to their indications, consistency and reproducibility of outcomes, durability of repair, and cost-effectiveness.1 The technique of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), first reported by Brittberg et al.2 in 1994, has gained considerable interest and acceptance, particularly for treatment of large full-thickness chondral injuries. In this technique, a small biopsy specimen of healthy chondral tissue is obtained arthroscopically when the lesion is identified and then undergoes in vitro chondrocyte cell culture returning a 12-fold increase in autologous chondrocyte cells available for implantation into the defect at the second stage of the procedure. The principle behind using autologous chondrocytes is to produce a repair tissue that more closely resembles the morphologic characteristics of hyaline cartilage, and is thus better able to restore the durability and natural function of the knee joint.
Chronic Cor Pulmonale (1990)

Cor pulmonale is right ventricular enlargement secondary to pulmonary hypertension. Although most often caused by parenchymal lung disease, derangements of the ventilatory drive, the respiratory pumping mechanism, or the pulmonary vascular bed may also result in right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation. Arterial hypoxemia (and resultant polycythemia), hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis all contribute to the increased afterload on the right ventricle. Diagnosis is often difficult, since pulmonary vascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale have few specific manifestations, especially early in their evolution. Treatment is primarily directed at the underlying pulmonary or ventilatory disorder, rather than at the right ventricular failure per se. Supplemental oxygen is essential to avoid hypoxia; corticosteroids, anticoagulants, vasodilators, and other specific therapies are used as indicated to treat the underlying pulmonary disorders. When medical therapies fail, lung or heart-lung transplantation has become a possibility for selected patients.
Characterization of the androgen-sensitive MDA-kb2 cell line for assessing complex environmental mixtures (2010)

Synthetic and natural steroidal androgens and estrogens and many other non-steroidal endocrine-active compounds commonly occur as complex mixtures in aquatic environments. It is important to understand the potential interactive effects of these mixtures to properly assess their risk. Estrogen receptor agonists exhibit additivity in mixtures when tested in vivo and in vitro. Little is known, however, concerning possible mixture interactions of androgen receptor agonists. In these studies we used the MDA-kb2 cell line, a human breast cancer cell line with endogenous androgen receptors and a stably transfected luciferase reporter gene construct to quantify the androgenic activity of seven natural and synthetic androgens: 17beta-trenbolone, dihydrotestosterone, methyltestosterone, testosterone, trendione, 17alpha-trenbolone, and androstenedione. We tested combinations of these androgens and compared the observed activity to expected androgenic activity based on a concentration addition model. Our analyses support the hypothesis that androgen receptor agonists cause additive responses in a mixture. Binary mixtures of 17beta-trenbolone with 17beta-estradiol or triclocarban (an anti-microbial found in the environment) were also tested. 17beta-Estradiol induced androgenic activity, but only at concentrations 600-fold greater than those found in the environment. Triclocarban enhanced the activity of 17beta-trenbolone. Additionally, three anti-androgens were each paired with three androgens of varying potencies. The relative potencies of the antagonists were a vinclozolin metabolite (M2) > procymidone > prochloraz regardless of the androgen used. The results of our studies demonstrate the potential utility of the androgen-responsive MDA-kb2 cell line for quantifying the activity of mixtures of endocrine-active chemicals in complex wastes such as municipal effluents and feedlot discharges.
Automatic time gain compensation and dynamic range control in ultrasound imaging systems (2006)

For efficient and accurate diagnosis of ultrasound images, the appropriate time gain compensation (TGC) and dynamic range (DR) control of ultrasound echo signals are important. TGC is used for compensating the attenuation of ultrasound echo signals along the depth, and DR is for controlling the image contrast. In recent ultrasound systems, those two factors are automatically set by a system and/or manually adjusted by an operator to obtain the desired image quality on the screen. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to find the optimized parameter values for TGC and DR automatically. In TGC optimization, we determine the degree of attenuation compensation along the depth by reliably estimating the attenuation characteristic of ultrasound signals. For DR optimization, we define a novel cost function by properly using the characteristics of ultrasound images. Experimental results are obtained by applying the proposed algorithm to a real ultrasound (US) imaging system. The results prove that the proposed algorithm automatically sets values of TGC and DR in real-time so that the subjective quality of the enhanced ultrasound images may become good enough for efficient and accurate diagnosis.
On-board health monitoring of power modules in inverters driving induction motors (2017)

This thesis presents an on-board methodology for monitoring the health of power (converter) modules in drive systems. The ability to keep regular track of the actual degradation level of the modules enables the adoption of preventive maintenance, reducing or even eliminating altogether the appearance of failures during operation, significantly improving the availability of the power devices. The novelty of this work is twofold: the complete system that is used to achieve degradation monitoring; combining the heating technique (to obtain thermal transient) and the measurement without additional power components such as IGBT, MOSFETS, which affects the reliability, power density and complexity. The only additional component is an analog measurement circuit, which can be integrated into the gate drive board. The test routine is carried out during non-operational periods and idle times. Trains are used as a case study, where checks for degradation are made when the train is not in use, such as at the end of the day, after daily operation or at the start before daily operation and other non-operational periods. It is important to keep the train at standstill while tests are carried out. Hence a methodology to heat the devices with current from the input supply while keeping the motor load at a stand-still is presented. Experimental results obtained from this show that it is possible to implement an on-board health monitoring system in converters which measures the degradation on power modules. The work uses the concepts of vector control heating and structure function to check for degradation. It puts forward a system that is used on-board to measure the cooling curve and derive the structure function during idle times for maintenance purposes. The structure function is good tool for tracking the magnitude and location of degradation in power modules. Vector control gives the advantage of controlling the motor with field current and torque current (similar concept to DC motors).
MAC for Halothane, Enflurane, and Isoflurane in the New Zealand White Rabbit (1985)

MAC determinations for halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane were performed in New Zealand white rabbits (n = 8, approximate age 6 months). The MAC values (+/-SD) were as follows: halothane 1.39 +/- 0.23%, enflurane 2.86 +/- 0.18%, and isoflurane 2.05 +/- 0.18%. Comparison of these results with published MAC values for other species suggests that the ratio of the potencies for any pairing of these three agents is constant from species to species. This observation provides a means for assessing the validity of preexisting or newly determined MAC values.
Multi-input DC boost converter for grid connected hybrid PV/FC/Battery power system (2010)

This paper proposes a new multi-input dc boost converter for grid-connected hybrid Photovoltaic (PV)/Fuel cell (FC)/Battery power system, supplying a residential load. In this structure each switching cycle of proposed boost converter is divided in to five switching periods in comparison with conventional structure. These switching periods introduce five different duty ratios for the proposed boost converter. With utilizing these duty ratios, extracting maximum available PV power, setting FC operation power on optimal range and charging/discharging of battery is possible. For achieving these goals, participation factor of hybrid system (G) is defined to manage the system power flow. Considering the FC optimal operation range, power of PV array and load, different operating modes of system are analyzed. The proposed system has been simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC linked to MATLAB software for different operating modes. The simulation results have shown the performance of the novel structure with desired features.
Vascularised pancreas transplantation (1996)

biased outcomes.Furthermore, pooling of well reported primary data from trials can show how much outcomes vary, if at all, with different treatments and different characteristics for individual patients.Meta-analysis is a valuable technique.Like many innovations in medicine, it has gone through a cycle of optimism, inflated promises, and disappointment; as it reaches maturity, a more balanced view of its strengths and limitations is emerging.
Astrocyte responses to injury: VEGF simultaneously modulates cell death and proliferation (2008)

Hypoxia is linked to changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and loss of BBB integrity is characteristic of many pathological brain diseases including stroke. In particular, astrocytes play a central role in brain homeostasis and BBB function. We investigated how hypoxia affects astrocyte survival and assessed whether VEGF release through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) induction plays a role in tolerance of these cells to insult. Thus primary astrocytes were subjected to normoxic (21% O 2 ), hypoxic (1% O 2 ), or near-anoxic (<0.1% O 2 ) conditions in the presence or absence of glucose. Cell death was significantly initiated after combined oxygen glucose deprivation, and, surprisingly, astrocyte proliferation increased concomitantly. Near anoxic, but not hypoxic, conditions stabilized HIF-1α protein and provoked DNA binding activity, whereas oxygen and glucose deprivation accelerated HIF-1α accumulation. Unexpectedly, Hif-1α knockdown studies showed that elevated VEGF levels following increased insult was only partially due to HIF-1α induction, suggesting alternative mechanisms of VEGF regulation. Notably, endogenous VEGF signaling during insult was essential for cell fate since VEGF inhibition appreciably augmented cell death and reduced proliferation. These data suggest Hif-1 only partially contributes to VEGF-mediated astrocyte responses during chronic injury (as occurs in clinical hypoxic/ischemic insults) that may ultimately be responsible for disrupting BBB integrity.
On feature selection in a class of distribution-free pattern classifiers (1970)

A feature-selection procedure is proposed for the class of distribution-free pattern classifiers [1], [2]. The selection procedure can be readily carried out on fixed (large) training samples using matrix inversion. If direct matrix inversion is to be avoided, the approximation method [4] or the stochastic-approximation procedure [2] can be applied to the training samples. The proposed procedure, aside from furnishing a statistical interpretation, has a mapping interpretation. It has the unique property of designing a pattern classifier under a single-performance criterion instead of the conventional division of receptor and categorizer. It enables the system to come closest to the minimum-risk ideal classifier. In particular, for two-class problems having normal distributions with equal covariance matrices, equal costs for misrecognition, and equal a priori probabilities, the proposed procedure yields the optimum Bayes procedure without the knowledge of the class distributions. Furthermore, the proposed feature-selection procedure is the same as that of the divergence computation. Experimental results are presented. They are considered satisfactory.
The Action of X-Rays on Dilute Solutions of p-Aminobenzoic Acid (1964)

Previously we have shown that p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) interacts with OH radicals at rates three to six times those of various radioprotective cysteamine derivatives (1, 2). In spite of this fact, PABA is without radioprotective effect in bacteria (K. F. Nakken, unpublished observations). This lack of protective ability of an excellent OH scavenger might be due to an inability of PABA to interact with radicals of low reactivity (2). In attempts to throw light on this problem, the radiation chemistry of PABA in neutral and acid solution has been studied. Evidence will be presented to show that in neutral solution the main degradation product is 3-hydroxy-4-aminobenzoic acid (3-OH-PABA). The data indicate that the degradation of PABA is due exclusively to OH radicals and that the strong radiosensitizing effect of oxygen is due to interference with the back reactions that occur under anoxic conditions and neutral pH and that repair the initial radiation damage.