gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA Domino-Based Nanoscale Logic Circuit: A Versatile Strategy for Ultrasensitive Multiplexed Analysis of Nucleic Acids (2017)

In recent years, the analytical application of logical nanodevices has attracted much attention for making accurate decisions on molecular diagnosis. Herein, a DNA domino-based nanoscale logic circuit has been constructed by integrating three logic gates (AND-AND-YES) for simultaneous analysis of multiple nucleic acid biomarkers. In the first AND gate, a chimeric target DNA comprising of four biomarkers was hybridized to three biomarker-specific oligonucleotides (TRs) via their 5'-end regions and to a capture probe-magnetic microparticle. After harvesting the complex, 3' overhang regions of the TRs were labeled with three distinct monolayer double-stranded (ds) DNA-gold nanoparticles (DNA-AuNPs). Upon gleaning the complex and addition of initiator oligonucleotide, a series of toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions, which are reminiscent of a domino chain, spontaneously occurred between the confined dsDNAs on the nanoparticles' surface in the second AND gate. The output of the second gate entered into the last gate and triggered an exponential hairpin assembly to form four-way junction nanostructures. The resulting nanostructures bear split parts of DNAzyme at each end of the four arms which, in the presence of hemin, form catalytic hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzymes with peroxidase activity. The smart biosensor has exhibited a turn-on signal when all biomarkers are present in the sample. In fact, should any of the biomarkers be nonexistent, the signal remains turned-off. The biosensor can detect the biomarkers with a LOD value of 100 aM and a noticeable capability to discriminate single-nucleotide substitutions.
Size and Shape Controlled Synthesis of Pd Nanocrystals (2018)

Abstract Palladium (Pd) has attracted substantial academic interest due to its remarkable properties and extensive applications in many industrial processes and commercial devices. The development of Pd nanocrystals (NCs) would contribute to reduce overall precious metal loadings, and allow the efficient utilization of energy at lower economic costs. Furthermore, some of the important properties of Pd NCs can be substantially enhanced by rational designing and tight controlling of both size and shape. In this review, we have summarized the state-of-the-art research progress in the shape and size-controlled synthesis of noble-metal Pd NCs, which is based on the wet-chemical synthesis. Pd NCs have been categorized into five types: (1) single-crystalline Pd nano-polyhedra with well-defined low-index facets (e.g. {100}, {111} and {110}); (2) single-crystalline Pd nano polyhedra with well-defined high-index facets, such as Pd tetrahexahedra with {hk0} facets; (3) Pd NCs with cyclic penta-twinned structure, including icosahedra and decahedra; (4) monodisperse spherical Pd nanoparticles; (5) typical anisotropic Pd NCs, such as nanoframes, nanoplate, nanorods/wires. The synthetic approach and growth mechanisms of these types of Pd NCs are highlighted. The key factors that control the structures, including shapes (surface structures), twin structures, single-crystal nanostructures, and sizes are carefully elucidated. We also introduce the detailed characterization tools for analysis of Pd NCs with a specific type. The challenges faced and perspectives on this promising field are also briefly discussed. We believe that the detailed studies on the growth mechanisms of NCs provide a powerful guideline to the rational design and synthesis of noble-metal NCs with enhanced properties. Graphical Abstract :
Prediction of the Fountain Heights in Fine Particle Spouted Bed Systems (1998)

New empirical correlations are proposed to predict the fountain heights in spouted bed systems operating with fine particles. These correlations can be used for predicting the total spouted bed vessel height which is composed of the maximum spoutable bed height and the fountain height. It is important to be able to predict the total vessel height from the fluid and particle proporties and the spouted bed gemotery since further detailed information may not be available in the initial design stage. The fountain height correlations are developed for particles in the size range of 0.30 to 0.45 mm. The total vessel height is predicted by means of these equations and the maximum spoutable bed height correlations developed earlier.
Similar Amino Acid Sequences: Chance or Common Ancestry? (1981)

The systemic comparison of every newly determined amino acid sequence with all other known sequences may allow a complete reconstruction of the evolutionary events leading to contemporary proteins. But sometimes the surviving similarities are so vague that even computer-based sequence comparisons procedures are unable to validate relationships. In other cases similar sequences may appear in totally alien proteins as a result of mere chance or, occasionally, by the convergent evolution of sequences with special properties.
An investigation of the two-step nature of the Sandmeyer reaction (1981)

The roles of the reductant and of the ligand transfer agent in the Sandmeyer reaction are examined. Several new reducing agents, namely Sn2+, Fe2+, ferrocene, Fe(CN)64–, and ascorbic acid are shown to be able to stimulate bromo- and chloro-dediazoniation. The procedure is of potential synthetic interest in that the reaction occurs smoothly at room temperature. The efficiency of the process depends on the redox potential of the reductant and the presence of a potential threshold of ca. 1 V is detected, above which the reaction does not occur. Evidence for the non-catalytic role of the reductant are presented. Comparison with the iodide stimulation case is also discussed.
The Afterimage: Immigration Policy after Elián (2007)

This essay examines media coverage of the Elián González custody case in order to illuminate the productive entailments of news spectacles. It defines the "afterimage" as a conceptual figure for news stories that justify reporting on important secondary stories with a hook to the primary newspeg of a media spectacle. In this case, a dramatic increase in stories on INS treatment of immigrant children and the disparity in U.S. immigration policy toward Cuban and Haitian immigrants followed reporters' connection of these often underreported subjects to the González newspeg. The essay concludes that afterimage stories result from hyper-coverage, that they complement or parallel the main plot of news spectacles, and that their circulation is enhanced or limited by cultural and reporting norms.
Paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. (1998)

In a phase II study, 66 patients with advanced breast cancer (median age 56 years; range, 28 to 75 years) were treated with paclitaxel (Taxol), 175 mg/m2 infused over 3 hours, and carboplatin (Paraplatin), dosed to attain an area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 6 mg x min/mL; treatment was repeated every 3 weeks. A total of 38 (58%) patients had received prior adjuvant chemotherapy, 21 with a regimen containing an anthracycline or mitoxantrone (Novantrone). As of May 1997, 295 cycles of paclitaxel-carboplatin have been administered, 248 (84%) at full dose. The relative dose intensity of paclitaxel is 0.9 (range, 0.5 to 1.2). Of the 66 patients, 8 (12%) have achieved a complete response and 27 (41%) a partial response, for a total response rate of 53%. Grade 3 to 4 toxicities have included anemia (5%), leukopenia (25%), thrombocytopenia (5%), nausea/vomiting (7%), myalgias/arthralgias (4%), allergic reaction, neurotoxicity, and infection (2% each). Alopecia has been universal. Median time to progression is 8.9 months; median survival has not yet been reached. We conclude that the combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin has significant activity in advanced breast cancer and can easily be administered on an outpatient basis with manageable toxicity.
Nonfatal systemic allergic reactions induced by skin testing and immunotherapy. (1993)

Skin testing and immunotherapy with allergens can induce systemic allergic reactions. In order to identify factors associated with systemic allergic reactions, a prospective study was conducted from 1976-1989 with more than 10,000 patients being tested and a total of 513,368 injections being recorded. Our study showed that the probability of inducing systemic allergic reactions by skin testing was less than 0.02% and the probability of systemic allergic reactions caused by immunotherapy was 2.9%. The female to male ratio was 3 to 2. The highest incidence of systemic allergic reactions was in patients between the ages of 16 to 39 years of age. The majority of systemic allergic reactions occurred when patients were on increasing doses rather than maintenance doses. More than 95% of systemic allergic reactions were associated with pollens and most of them happened between the concentration of 100 and 1000 PNU/mL. There was no increased incidence during grass or ragweed pollination seasons in those patients who received grass or ragweed injections during the respective seasons. Only 50% of systemic allergic reactions developed within 30 minutes after injections. The three most important factors determining the incidence of systemic allergic reactions are the type of allergens, the "rate" of increase of allergen concentrations, and sensitivity of the patients to allergens. The prick test at initial allergy assessment can be used to "rule out," with a high degree of certainty, the likelihood of systemic allergic reactions. The prick test is easy to perform and it is cost-effective. Prick tests and RAST together are helpful in identifying the patients and the allergens at higher risk of systemic allergic reactions.
Measurement of gain changes in photomultipliers (1981)

A technique is described which measures changes in the gain of a photomultiplier, allowing an accurate correction for these to be made to estimated light intensities obtained from photon counting experiments. The principle of the method is outlined, and practical methods for the determination of the parameters required are described. An example of the application of the technique to the study of the fatigue effect in a venetian blind photomultiplier is also given.
Nanomechanical cantilever arrays for low-power and low-voltage embedded nonvolatile memory applications (2007)

A new non-volatile memory technology for embedded memory applications is described. The technology uses one cantilever per cell with two stable states to store information. The two stable states are either stuck down to a landing electrode or not. Because the cantilever and landing electrodes are conducting, each cantilever can be read easily by measuring the contact resistance between the two. The cantilever stays in the 'on' state due to short range attractive forces at the contact including metal-to-metal bonding and Van der Waals forces. Using standard CMOS processing equipment and materials the cantilevers are designed to switch at the native voltages found in micro-controllers, making this technology an attractive alternative to other forms of embedded non-volatile memory as it reduces the memory block area by eliminating the requirement for charge pumps. With scaling of the cantilever geometries, the switching speed drops to below 100ns making it very much faster to program and erase than FLASH and SONOS devices. The high activation energies associated with adhesion ensure that the technology is reliable over a wide temperature range. In this paper we discuss how the cantilevers are encapsulated in a wafer scale CMOS process and how the resulting microcavities are qualified. We will discuss how the contact adhesion forces are modeled to give controllable erasure of the cantilever into the 'off' state.
Advances in fundamental research on Se-containing biomacromolecules in plants (2004)

The selenium in the plants mainly exists in many kinds of biomacromolecules such as selenoproteins, Se - containing polysaccharides, Se - containing nucleic acid and selenoenzymes etc. Most of them are little poisonous and active Se - containing natural products. This paper surveys the fundamental research of the Selenium in plants on the distribution of Se - content, physiological and biochemical characters, the methods for determination of selenium in plants rich in Se and research advances on Se - containing biomacromolecules.
New techniques for deterministic test pattern generation (2002)

This paper presents new techniques for speeding up deterministic test pattern generation for VLSI circuits. These techniques improve the PODEM algorithm by reducing number of backtracks with a low computational cost. This is achieved by finding more necessary signal line assignments, by detecting conflicts earlier, and by avoiding unnecessary work during test generation. We have incorporated these techniques into an ATPG system for combinational circuits, called ATOM. The performance results for the ISCAS85 and full scan version of the ISCAS89 benchmark circuits demonstrated the effectiveness of these techniques on the test generation performance.
THE A.T.A. CASE-INTERVIEW PLAN AS A METHOD FOR DRIVER IMPROVEMENT (1953)

The case-interview plan is a procedure for use by management with employees whose performance on the job has become so poor that either immediate and substantial improvement is considered necessary, or dismissal will be warranted. The primary objective is to obtain improved performance. The procedure calls for an interview conducted along well-defined lines. The written record contains a statement as to the reason for the interview, a complete statement on past record and a brief version of the employee's statements. Then a summary is presented of the supervisor's statements and a statement as to the mutual understanding and plan for future performance. A follow-up interview is scheduled as soon after the initial interview, when there are reasonable grounds to beleive that a definite pattern of future performance has been established. The case-interview plan is built upon sound principles of human relations and lends itself to the practice of intelligent, modern leadership techniques. It has proved to be a very effective method for driver improvement. Driver improvement programs; Driver performance; Drivers; Human characteristics; Interviewing; Personnel performance
Multiple twisted data line technique for scaledDRAMs (1998)

A new multiple twisted data line technique to reduce both bit-line and word-line coupling noises is proposed and demonstrated. An improved noise/signal ratio resulting from the application of the proposed technique is confirmed by soft-error rate tests. A faster data access time can also be expected when the proposed technique is incorporated into dynamic random access memories.
El interés del menor como criterio para determinar la ilegitimidad de la intromisión en los derechos del honor, la intimidad y la propia imagen del menor (1) (2012)

El interes del menor, que equivale en este contexto a la expresion interes superior del menor, se presenta actualmente como directriz basica que impregna el Derecho moderno de menores. Partiendo de la dificultad que entrana siquiera el intento de definicion de un principio de naturaleza tan generica, y con una puesta en practica caracterizada por el relativismo, vamos a aproximarnos a su delimitacion de la mano de algunas de las opiniones doctrinales dadas al respecto.
An integrated approach to planning and scheduling at Philips Semiconductors (2002)

One of the most difficult environments for planning and scheduling is semiconductor fabrication. Some of these challenges include: high occurrence of breakdowns and scraps, highly fluctuating demands, interplant dependency, long lead-times with large numbers of iterative and complex processes, a diverse and rapidly evolving demand mix, and multiple production sites, geographic dispersion of fabrication and assembly/test, and outsourcing. These attributes of semiconductor fabrication create a highly dynamic environment under intense economic and technological pressure, compounded by global distribution of the manufacturing process. To successfully handle dynamism and the "networked" semiconductor enterprise requires a dynamic even "real-time", advanced planning and scheduling (APS) system that is tightly, integrated with all parts of the enterprise supply chain, from order entry, to material purchasing, through shop-floor lot sequencing.
Constrained Upper Confidence Reinforcement Learning (2020)

Constrained Markov Decision Processes are a class of stochastic decision problems in which the decision maker must select a policy that satisfies auxiliary cost constraints. This paper extends upper confidence reinforcement learning for settings in which the reward function and the constraints, described by cost functions, are unknown a priori but the transition kernel is known. Such a setting is well-motivated by a number of applications including exploration of unknown, potentially unsafe, environments. We present an algorithm C-UCRL and show that it achieves sub-linear regret ($ O(T^{\frac{3}{4}}\sqrt{\log(T/\delta)})$) with respect to the reward while satisfying the constraints even while learning with probability $1-\delta$. Illustrative examples are provided.
AN ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN AUTOMOTIVE COOLANT PUMP (1989)

This paper reviews the state of development of a project aimed at the more efficient cooling of the spark ignition engine using a variable speed, electrically driven coolant pump. The more efficient cooling of the engine would result in improved combustion, with the associated benefits. The use of brushless dc and conventional dc motors are compared as suitable drives for the system. The system described uses a brushless dc motor, with temperature sensing at a number of points in the engine. An important measurement is shown to be the valve bridge temperature. This temperature is sensed by thermocouples, and the voltage produced used as an input to a microprocessor based control system. The system is then used to control the speed of the motor, and thus the degree of cooling. Control strategies are discussed, and some initial results presented for the laboratory based environment. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 850768.
Color Constancy Using Natural Image Statistics and Scene Semantics (2010)

Existing color constancy methods are all based on specific assumptions such as the spatial and spectral characteristics of images. As a consequence, no algorithm can be considered as universal. However, with the large variety of available methods, the question is how to select the method that performs best for a specific image. To achieve selection and combining of color constancy algorithms, in this paper natural image statistics are used to identify the most important characteristics of color images. Then, based on these image characteristics, the proper color constancy algorithm (or best combination of algorithms) is selected for a specific image. To capture the image characteristics, the Weibull parameterization (e.g., grain size and contrast) is used. It is shown that the Weibull parameterization is related to the image attributes to which the used color constancy methods are sensitive. An MoG-classifier is used to learn the correlation and weighting between the Weibull-parameters and the image attributes (number of edges, amount of texture, and SNR). The output of the classifier is the selection of the best performing color constancy method for a certain image. Experimental results show a large improvement over state-of-the-art single algorithms. On a data set consisting of more than 11,000 images, an increase in color constancy performance up to 20 percent (median angular error) can be obtained compared to the best-performing single algorithm. Further, it is shown that for certain scene categories, one specific color constancy algorithm can be used instead of the classifier considering several algorithms.
Root Restriction as a Factor in Photosynthetic Acclimation of Cotton Seedlings Grown in Elevated Carbon Dioxide (1991)

Interactive effects of root restriction and atmospheric CO(2) enrichment on plant growth, photosynthetic capacity, and carbohydrate partitioning were studied in cotton seedlings (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown for 28 days in three atmospheric CO(2) partial pressures (270, 350, and 650 microbars) and two pot sizes (0.38 and 1.75 liters). Some plants were transplanted from small pots into large pots after 20 days. Reduction of root biomass resulting from growth in small pots was accompanied by decreased shoot biomass and leaf area. When root growth was less restricted, plants exposed to higher CO(2) partial pressures produced more shoot and root biomass than plants exposed to lower levels of CO(2). In small pots, whole plant biomass and leaf area of plants grown in 270 and 350 microbars of CO(2) were not significantly different. Plants grown in small pots in 650 microbars of CO(2) produced greater total biomass than plants grown in 350 microbars, but the dry weight gain was found to be primarily an accumulation of leaf starch. Reduced photosynthetic capacity of plants grown at elevated levels of CO(2) was clearly associated with inadequate rooting volume. Reductions in net photosynthesis were not associated with decreased stomatal conductance. Reduced carboxylation efficiency in response to CO(2) enrichment occurred only when root growth was restricted suggesting that ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity may be responsive to plant source-sink balance rather than to CO(2) concentration as a single factor. When root-restricted plants were transplanted into large pots, carboxylation efficiency and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration capacity increased indicating that acclimation of photosynthesis was reversible. Reductions in photosynthetic capacity as root growth was progressively restricted suggest sink-limited feedback inhibition as a possible mechanism for regulating net photosynthesis of plants grown in elevated CO(2).
The PhysioNet/Computers in Cardiology Challenge 2006: QT interval measurement (2006)

Participants in the seventh annual PhysioNet/CinC Challenge developed and evaluated methods for measuring the QT interval, using the 549 records of the PTB Diagnostic ECG Database. Fifteen entrants entered sets of manually reviewed measurements, and the record-byrecord medians of these defined the 549 “gold standard” reference QT measurements. Twenty-five entrants submitted sets of automatically-derived measurements. All entrants were allowed to omit records considered unreadable. Each entry received a score, calculated as the RMS error in milliseconds (relative to the reference QT measurements) divided by the fraction of records measured. The best scores for manual and automated entries were 6.67 ms and 16.34 ms respectively; typical scores were 10-20 ms for manual entries and 20-30 ms for automated entries. Significantly, a meta-entry derived from the medians of six automated entries achieved a score of 10.93 ms, better than all but four manual entries. 1.