gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple mechanisms of extracellular tau spreading in a non-transgenic tauopathy model. (2012)

While the interneuronal propagation of neurofibrillary lesions in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies now appears to involve the spreading of tau-associated toxicity, little is known about its mechanism. We characterized the movement of human tau through the brain of a non-transgenic lower vertebrate tauopathy model in which full-length wild type and mutant human tau isoforms were expressed in identified neurons, thus permitting the identification and localization of EC tau sources. We describe two distinct patterns of tau spreading that correspond to tau species that lack (MTBR-) and contain (MTBR+) the tau microtubule-binding region. These patterns illustrate the production, migration and uptake of EC tau and resemble some of the extracellular tau deposits typically seen in human brain after repeated traumatic injury in cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). We propose that misprocessed human tau can spread between CNS neurons via a variety of non-synaptic mechanisms as well as synaptically mediated mechanisms.
Study on arcless switching experiments of hybrid on-load tap changer in transformers (2014)

The arc of traditional on-load tap changer in transformer during swithing period can significantly reduce contact's lifetime and accelerate the deterioration of transformer oil in switching process. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a new principle of hybrid on-load tap changer, and the trial of the laboratory prototype model, using telescopic movement moving contacts to ensure switching sequence, mechanical components to achieve passive trigger of thyristor modules, assisting machinery with thyristor to achieve extinction in the process of switching. Establish a standard low-voltage switching test circuit, switching tests were under resistive load and inductive load conditions. Experimental results show that the process of switching thyristor in a trigger would be four times, twice during the current zero crossing off the natural, and twice turned off by bypass of mechanical switch. Experimental results validate shows the effectiveness of the hybrid arcless on-load tap switching method.
Coordination Chemistry of Bacterial Metal Transport and Sensing (2009)

The transition or d-block metal ions manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and to a more specialized degree molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium have been shown to be important for biological systems. These metal ions are\nubiquitously found in nature, nearly exclusively as constituents of proteins.1 The unique properties of metal ions have been exploited by nature to perform a wide range of tasks.\nThese include roles as structural components of biomolecules, signaling molecules, and catalytic cofactors in reversible oxidation-reduction and hydrolytic reactions and in structural rearrangements of organic molecules and electrontransfer chemistry.1 Indeed, metal ions play critical roles in the cell that cannot be performed by any other entity and are therefore essential for all of life. However, an individual metal ion is capable of performing only one or a few of these functions but certainly not all; as a result, nature has evolved mechanisms to effectively distinguish one metal from another. The coordination chemistry of metal ion-protein complexes is fundamental to this biological discrimination\nand is largely the focus of this review.
Fourier domain optical coherence tomographic and auto-fluorescence findings in indeterminate choroidal melanocytic lesions (2009)

FD OCT and FAF complement clinical examination by verifying and documenting retinal and RPE changes associated with indeterminate choroidal melanocytic lesions. The detection rates by FD OCT and FAF of important qualitative prognostic factors appear to be equivalent to ophthalmoscopy by a trained observer. Once validated in a larger number of patients, FD OCT and FAF findings can be incorporated into diagnostic algorithms.
PRESCRIBING OF ANALGESICS IN TRAUMA PATIENTS (1997)

The majority of patients in this investigation were initially prescribed appropriate doses and intervals for pain management.
Physicians' Abilities to Detect Lumps in Silicone Breast Models (1985)

Little is known about how well physicians detect breast lumps in clinical breast examinations. We studied 80 general medicine, family medicine, general surgery, and obstetrics/gynecology physicians to determine their abilities to detect lumps in manufactured breast models. The mean number of lumps detected was 8.0 (44%), with a range of three (17%) to 15 (83%). Detection varied significantly by size (87% of 1.0-cm and 14% of 0.3-cm lumps) and hardness (56% of hard and 40% of soft lumps), but not depth; by specialty (from 50% for general internists to 40% for obstetricians), but not by level of training or experience; and by search duration (r = .59). On multiple regression analysis, only search duration was consistently associated with increased detection. Modest detection rates and wide variation suggest breast lump detection can be improved among physicians. Adequate search duration may be important for high detection rates.
Markedness Universals and the Acquisition of Voicing Contrasts by Korean Speakers of English (1996)

This study of five native speakers of Korean investigates the role of universals in their acquisition of English obstruent voicing contrasts. The data were gathered from a passage and a word list containing voiced and voiceless obstruents in initial, medial, and final word positions. Results reflected principles of markedness universals of L1 acquisition and adult natural languages, suggesting that interlanguage systems behave according to universals of natural languages.
Transient kinetic analysis of the catalytic cycle of alkaline phosphatase. (1980)

Transient kinetic studies were carried out to elucidate the catalytic cycle of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase at ph 8.3, 10 degrees C, and to evaluate the rate constants for the individual steps. Using a rapid mixing cell, we were able to detect the burst phase of the reaction, which could not be obtained at alkaline ph values with conventional mixing devices. Analysis of the burst phase revealed that the equilibrium of the initial binding of the substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, to the enzyme is attained rapidly, and that the production of the alcohol, 4-methylumbelliferone, is fast. Analysis of the steady state phase of the reaction yielded a phosphate release rate constant which agrees very well with the kcat determined by initial rate studies. Dephosphorylation of the phosphoryl enzyme prepared at pH 5.7 was studied by the pH-jump technique, using a three-syringe stopped flow apparatus. The results showed that the dephosphorylation step is not rate-limiting in the catalytic cycle and that the presence of substrates or inhibitor has no effect on this step. The lack of effect of substrates on the rate of dephosphorylation and on the rate of phosphate dissociation indicates that the flip-flop mechanism, in which the product release is supposedly facilitated by the binding of a 2nd molecule of substrate, is not valid for alkaline phosphatase. Kinetic constants for various steps in the catalytic cycle of alkaline phosphatase at pH 8.3, 10 degrees C, are reported and a reaction scheme which is in harmony with previous observations from other laboratories is described.
Macular Choroidal Thickening in Keratoconus Patients: Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Study (2018)

This study describes changes in the CT profile of KC patients, a disease that was considered purely corneal. These choroidal changes argue that KC is a disease that likely involves several ocular structures other than the cornea, and could open new research lines related to the pathophysiology of KC.
A Short-Term Forecasting Algorithm for Trunk Demand Servicing (1982)

Trunk servicing is the continual process of collecting trunk group traffic measurements, monitoring network service, and augmenting the network when necessary. This study addresses the possibility of using a short-term forecast to determine the adequacy of trunk quantities planned for the imminent busy season. When seasonal patterns of demand exist, it may be possible to use observed, pre-busy-season traffic levels to predict accurately that busy-season demand will exceed the planned trunk group capacity and to determine appropriate corrective action. Toward this end, we develop a seasonal load forecasting algorithm based on Kalman filter estimation techniques and analyze the effectiveness of this approach using Bell operating company data. For trunk groups exhibiting seasonal demand, the short-term (11/2 months ahead), seasonal forecast error is 50 percent less than that of the sequential projection algorithm (SPA), which linearly trends the yearly busy-season loads. Much of this improvement is attributed to the ability of the seasonal algorithm to utilize recent observations; the one-year ahead seasonal forecast error is only 20 percent less than that of SPA. We conclude that the greater generality and simplicity of SPA makes that algorithm the appropriate choice for the annual busy-season trunk forecast used in medium-range network planning. However, the seasonal algorithm demonstrated the ability to use recent data to respond quickly and accurately to various situations that result in inaccurate SPA forecasts. For this reason, the short-term forecasting algorithm developed herein is a potentially valuable tool for network administration.
In vitro studies with Bay V 3522, a new oral cephalosporin. (1991)

The in vitro activities of Bay v 3522, cefaclor, cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefixime, amoxicillin/clavulanate (2:1) and reference penicillins were compared against 314 clinical isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and nine strains of Escherichia coli that differed in their outer membrane proteins in agar dilution tests with an inoculum of 10(4) cfu/spot. The beta-lactamase stabilities of the cephalosporins were also evaluated by spectrophotometric assay using 21 different beta-lactamases. Bay v 3522 was the most potent cephalosporin overall against Gram-positive pathogens, but slightly less active than amoxicillin/clavulanate. In addition to being highly active against streptococci (MIC90 = 0.25 micrograms/ml) and methicillin-susceptible staphylococci (MIC90 = 1.0 micrograms/ml), Bay v 3522 was markedly more active than the other cephalosporins against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC90 = 4 micrograms/ml). Bay v 3522 was less potent against Gram-negative pathogens, especially nosocomial isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC90 greater than 64 micrograms/ml), but was active against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, and beta-lactamase-negative Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC90 = 1.0 micrograms/ml0. Hydrolysis of Bay v 3522 by most beta-lactamases examined was significantly less than that observed for cephalothin and cefaclor; similar to that observed with cephalexin; and less than that observed with cefixime and cefuroxime. None of the beta-lactamases examined hydrolysed Bay v 3522 at a rate greater than 20 nmol/min/mg. The in vitro potency of Bay v 3522 against Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens and its resistance to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases produced by them support further investigation of this cephalosporin as a new oral therapeutic agent.
Minimal probing (2002)

This paper addresses the problem of evaluating ranked top-k queries with expensive predicates. As major DBMSs now all support expensive user-defined predicates for Boolean queries, we believe such support for ranked queries will be even more important: First ranked queries often need to model user-specific concepts of preference, relevance, or similarity, which call for dynamic user-defined functions. Second, middleware systems must incorporate external predicates for integrating autonomous sources typically accessible only by per-object queries. Third, fuzzy joins are inherently expensive, as they are essentially user-defined operations that dynamically associate multiple relations. These predicates, being dynamically defined or externally accessed, cannot rely on index mechanisms to provide zero-time sorted output, and must instead require per-object probe to evaluate. The current standard sort-merge framework for ranked queries cannot efficiently handle such predicates because it must completely probe all objects, before sorting and merging them to produce top-k answers. To minimize expensive probes, we thus develop the formal principle of "necessary probes," which determines if a probe is absolutely required. We then propose Algorithm MPro which, by implementing the principle, is provably optimal with minimal probe cost. Further, we show that MPro can scale well and can be easily parallelized. Our experiments using both a real-estate benchmark database and synthetic datasets show that MPro enables significant probe reduction, which can be orders of magnitude faster than the standard scheme using complete probing.
[Evaluation method and index system of eco-city development: a case study in Dafeng City of Jiangsu Province, China]. (2007)

City is a kind of social-economic-natural complex ecosystem. How to realize the urban sustainable development is one of the important issues in the world. Eco-city is one of the ideal patterns for urban sustainable development, while the evaluation method and related indices of eco-city development are the main basis in measuring the effect of urban ecological planning, construction, and management. Taking the Dafeng City of Jiangsu Province as a case, the eco-city index system consisting of 58 indices of 4 categories including economic development, ecological construction, environment protection and social progress was established, and the construction effect was evaluated at different urban development phases by using Full Permutation Polygon Synthesis Illustration method. The results indicated that in 2004, the comprehensive index of Dafeng eco-city was 0.24, and the sustainable development ability was belonged to class IV, i.e., be worse, but in 2010, 2015 and 2020, it would reach to 0.45, 0.66 and 0.85, and the sustainable development ability would belong to class III, II and I, i.e., be moderate, better and excellent, respectively. This research could be a reference for decision-making of eco-city development.
The calculation of the equivalent external collapse load of thick-wall casing (2011)

The formula proposed by the ISO 10400 new standard to calculate the collapse strength of thick-wall casing is applied to even external collapse load. It is not suitable for the calculation of collapse strength of casing under uneven collapse load.According to the virtual work principle and the Mises yield principle, two methods to calculate equivalent collapse load were put forward. The uneven load on the casing was converted to the even load which had the same damage capacity. The example analysis shows that the equivalent collapse load calculated by the two methods is of desirable consistency. According to the new standard-based collapse theory, the collapse strength of casing under uneven load increases remarkably.
Why is 220Rn (thoron) measurement important? (2010)

New scientific findings based on the latest epidemiological analyses for lung cancer risk due to radon have been demonstrated. The residential radon concentration is mainly measured by passive radon detectors. Although the passive radon detector is usually designed to detect radon efficiently and exclusively, several types of them can detect thoron together with radon. In this case, these detector readings may include both radon and thoron signals. If the readings are overestimated, the lung cancer risk will be given as a biased estimate when epidemiological studies are carried out. In our experience, there seem to be no correlation among radon, thoron and thoron progeny concentrations. Therefore, one parameter cannot be estimated by the other. This study presents the importance of thoron measurement throughout results we have obtained in field and in laboratory so far.
A video data base system for studying animal behavior. (1998)

Classification of farm animal behavior is based on oral or written descriptions of the activity in which the animal is engaged. The quantification of animal behavior for research requires that individuals recognize and code the behavior of the animal under study. The classification of these behaviors can be subjective and may differ among observers. Illustrated guides to animal behavior do not convey the motion associated with most behaviors. Video-based guides offer a method of quantifying behaviors with real-time demonstrations of the components that make up a behavior. An animal behavior encyclopedia has been developed to allow searching and viewing of defined (video-recorded) behaviors on the Internet. This video data base is being developed to initiate a system that automatically extracts animal motion information from an input animal activity video clip using a multiobject tracking and reasoning system. Eventually, the extracted information will be analyzed and described using standard animal behavior definitions (the behavior encyclopedia). The intended applications of the behavior encyclopedia and video tracking system are 1) an accessible data base for defining and illustrating behaviors for both research and teaching and 2) to further automate the collection of animal behavior data.
La motivación, herramienta pedagógica para impulsar el trabajo educativo y comunitario (2016)

La educación preescolar es la base del desarrollo afectivo, social, cognoscitivo y psicomotor que favorece el desarrollo integral de la niñez, en el municipio de Estelí. Para desarrollar este trabajo se cuenta con 185 educadoras voluntarias (95 urbanas, 90 rurales) llamadas Educadoras Comunitarias, que atienden a 2,678 niños y niñas que equivalen al 65% de la niñez atendida en el nivel preescolar en el municipio. Para ser Educadora es un requisito contar con educación primaria aprobada. Estas educadoras trabajan en los preescolares entre 3 y 4 horas, cinco días por semana y no reciben salario. Están organizadas en el Movimiento de Educadoras de Preescolares Comunitarios (MOVEDUPCE).Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comprender las motivaciones individuales y colectivas que permiten que las educadoras comunitarias realicen una labor educativa integral con la niñez y la comunidad. Este estudio es de tipo cualitativo, se utilizaron métodos narrativos, como: grupos focales, y entrevistas abiertas. La investigación documental nos ubica en el contexto de la investigación y sus antecedentes históricos.Entre los resultados más significativos se identificaron dos tipos de motivaciones que las impulsa a trabajar con responsabilidad y compromiso: a) Las motivaciones personales que se relacionan con su comportamiento maternal que les permite proveer de amor a los niños y niñas que llegan a la escuela y proteger sus derechos con alegría y felicidad; b) La motivación colectiva relacionada con su compromiso con la comunidad y el desarrollo. Estas motivaciones les permiten sentirse parte importante de la comunidad y elevar su autoestima y valoración personal. La labor de estas educadoras comunitarias ha trascendido su rol pedagógico porque han demostrado su capacidad para autogestionar proyectos, realizar coordinaciones interinstitucionales, asumir liderazgo, y promover la participación comunitaria en la organización y movilización social para la defensa de los derechos de las niñas y de las mujeres.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 5-<i>epi</i>-Citreoviral Using Ruthenium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring-Closing Metathesis (2009)

Chiral ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts can perform asymmetric ring-closing reactions in > or = 90% ee with low catalyst loadings. To illustrate the practicality of these reactions and the products they form, an enantioselective total synthesis of 5-epi-citreoviral was completed by using an asymmetric ring-closing olefin metathesis reaction as a key step early in the synthesis. All of the stereocenters in the final compound were set by using the chiral center generated by asymmetric olefin metathesis.
Computed tomography using algebraic reconstruction techniques (ARTs) with different projection access schemes: a comparison study under practical situations (1996)

In a previous report we presented a novel ART technique with the projections arranged and accessed in a multilevel scheme (MLS) for efficient algebraic image reconstruction, but whether the scheme is still superior in real situations where the data are noisy is unknown. In this paper, we make a detailed comparison between MLS and the other two conventional projection access orderings in ART: the random permutation scheme (RPS) and the sequential access scheme (SAS). By simulating reconstructions of a human head using different sizes of detector, taking different numbers of projections, each measurement under a different number of photons, a full mapping of the reconstruction accuracy measured by correlation coefficient for the three schemes has been made. Test results demonstrate that one-iteration MLS produces the best reconstruction in many situations. It outperforms one-iteration RPS when the noise level is low. SAS in many cases can never attain the image quality of one-iteration MLS, even with many more iterations. A convergence test using different initial guesses also demonstrates that MLS has less initial dependence. In the Fourier domain, it also represents an efficient and fast implementation of the Fourier slice theorem.
Nano TiO2 Deposited on Crude Mineral and the Photoactivity to the Degradation of Chloroform (2006)

Supported TiO2 catalysts have increasingly attracted intention in recent years because of their potential application to photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water and air. In this work, nano TiO2 particles deposited on crude nonmetallic mineral were prepared by a Sol-gel process, the photocatalyst for degradation of chloroform was tested and optimized with respect to TiO2 loading, catalyst dosage and pH value of the initial wastewater. The adsorption property and photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared catalysts were investigated with chloroform as a probe molecule. A maximum photodegradation yield of chloroform (67%) on catalyst TiO2/diatomite was obtained, under conditions of about 75-wt% of TiO2 loading, 0.2 g L-1 TiO2 dosage and pH=6~8 in the initial wastewater. The measurement of chloroform adsorbed on the catalysts reveals that the high activity of the catalyst TiO2/diatomite is attributed to the relatively high adsorption strength of the diatomite, on which a fairy high amount of adsorbed chloroform was available and was mobile under the presence of the concentration gradient around the TiO2 particles.
[Prevention of arrhythmia in acute ischemia in conscious animals using a serotonin analog]. (1988)

The state of the serotonergic system was studied in adaptation of rats to short-term non-damaging stress actions along with the possibility of protecting the heart of conscious animals against arrhythmias in acute ischemia with the serotonin analogue 4-nitro-5-methoxytryptamine. It was shown that the adaptation resulted in a significant increase in rat midbrain serotonin by 70%. Preliminary administration of the serotonin analogue 3 fold reduced the total duration of arrhythmias and approximately 5 fold--the heart fibrillation rate and the death rate of animals in acute ischemia. The data obtained are in agreement with the idea on the role of stress-limiting systems in prevention of stress-induced and ischemic damages of the organism. They show that protective effects of metabolites of these systems can be successfully reproduced with their synthetic analogues or activators.