gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Accuracy Line Profile Study of Transitions in the 30012←00001 and 30013←00001 Bands of Carbon Dioxide (2008)

This work is a room temperature study of the 30012←00001 and 30013←00001 vibrational bands in self‐ and air‐broadened carbon dioxide. The spectra were recorded at a resolution of 0.008 cm−1 or 0.009 cm−1 using a Fourier transform spectrometer and a temperature stabilized long path absorption cell. The analysis is performed using a multispectrum nonlinear least squares fitting technique where the spectra are fitted simultaneously in spectral intervals of about 3 cm−1. Voigt and Speed Dependent Voigt line shape models are used. Intensities, self‐ and air‐broadening, shifts, and weak line mixing coefficients are determined and compared with other studies. Comparisons are also made to demonstrate the importance of considering the line shape effects for measurements in Earth’s atmosphere using satellite remote sensing. Examples of multispectrum fits with and without the inclusion of line mixing are also given. Exponential Power Gap (EPG) and Energy Corrected Sudden (ECS) scaling laws are used to calculate the relaxation matrix elements and model the broadening and line mixing coefficients.
Modeling and adaptive control of a quadrotor (2012)

In this paper, we propose two variants of adaptive state space controllers for attitude stabilization and self-tuning of a four-rotor aerial robot, a quadrotor. First of all, the use of a Model Identification Adaptive Controller (MIAC) is proposed in terms of combining a recursive least-squares estimator with exponential forgetting with an integral discrete-time state space controller. Furthermore, a continuous-time Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) scheme based on Lyapunov theory is applied to the simplified dynamics of a quadrotor, which guarantees global asymptotic stability for at least linear overall systems. The effectiveness of the suggested adaptive methods is demonstrated in simulations with a quaternion-based nonlinear dynamic model of a quadrotor derived in this work. The results are compared to a designed nonadaptive integral state space controller.
Estimating the unperturbed dimensions of polymer molecules (1958)

Abstract A procedure is described for estimating unperturbed molecular dimensions from data obtained in “nonideal” solvents. A knowledge of [η], M , and A 2 is required. This should be particularly useful for high melting crystalline polymers, since for these polymers a direct determination by light scattering measurements performed under Flory θ conditions is complicated by the tendency of the polymer to crystallize from solution as the solvent becomes thermodynamically poorer. The intrinsic viscosity at θ, [η] θ , is calculated from the semi‐empirical relation: where Γ 2 = A 2 M . The unperturbed dimensions are then calculated through use of the relations appearing in Flory's treatment of intrinsic viscosity: Unperturbed dimensions calculated in this manner for polyisobutylene and polystyrene compare favorably with values directly measured by light scattering. This procedure is used to estimate the unperturbed dimensions of polyethylene, 6,6‐nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyacrylonitrile. A comparison of the relative chain stiffness of these polymers allows some interesting correlations with Flory's theoretical treatment of semi‐flexible chain molecules.
Novel Plutonium Titanate Compounds and Solid Solutions Pu <sub>2</sub> Ti <sub>2</sub> O <sub>7</sub> ‐Ln <sub>2</sub> Ti <sub>2</sub> O <sub>7</sub> : Relevance to Nuclear Waste Disposal (1996)

The compounds SrPu 2 Ti 4 O 12 , Pu 2 Ti 3 O 8.79 , and Pu 2 Ti 2 O 7 , where plutonium is in the (III) oxidation state, were prepared and identified via X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The solid solubility limit of Pu 2 Ti 2 O 7 in Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 (Ln = Gd, Er, or Lu) was also studied via XRD; it was determined that the solubility of Pu 2 Ti 2 O 7 increased as the radius of the lanthanide ion in the host compound decreased. Attempts to synthesize Sr 2 Pu 2 Ti 5 O 16 and Sr 2 Ce 2–y Pu y Ti 5 O 16 solid solutions, where plutonium is in the (IV) oxidation state, were unsuccessful.
Dynamic Strategies for Asset Allocation (1988)

As risky assets (e.g., stocks) fluctuate in value, the value of a portfolio containing them may change, as may their allocation relative to the safe assets (e.g., bills) within the portfolio. One must decide how to rebalance the portfolio in response to such changes. Dynamic strategies are explicit rules for doing so. Different strategies will produce different risk and return characteristics. Buy-and-hold strategies are nothing strategies. They have a minimum return proportional to the amount allocated to bills and an upside proportional to the amount allocated to stocks. Their performance is linearly related to the performance of the equity market. Strategies that sell stocks as the market falls and buys stocks as the market rises represent the purchase of portfolio insurance. Particular examples are constant-proportion portfolio insurance and option-based portfolio insurance. These strategies have better downside protection and better upside potential than buy-and-hold strategies. They do worse in...
Hip hop moves of inosculating endothelium (2011)

Cheng and colleagues in this issue of Blood report that implanted donor blood vessel-forming cells inosculate with host blood vessels through a process of “wrapping” and “tapping” to gain access to and divert circulating blood cells away from host vessels and into the newly formed donor-
Serotonin Increases Susceptibility to Pulmonary Hypertension in <i>BMPR2</i> -Deficient Mice (2006)

Heterozygous germline mutations in the gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein type II (BMPR-II) receptor underlie the majority (>70%) of cases of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH), and dysfunction of BMP signaling has been implicated in other forms of PAH. The reduced disease gene penetrance in FPAH indicates that other genetic and/or environmental factors may also be required for the clinical manifestation of disease. Of these, the serotonin pathway has been implicated as a major factor in PAH pathogenesis. We investigated the pulmonary circulation of mice deficient in BMPR-II (BMPR2(+/-) mice) and show that pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular morphometry of BMPR2(+/-) mice were similar to wild-type littermate controls under normoxic or chronic hypoxic (2- to 3-week) conditions. However, chronic infusion of serotonin caused increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary artery remodeling in BMPR2(+/-) mice compared with wild-type littermates, an effect that was exaggerated under hypoxic conditions. In addition, pulmonary, but not systemic, resistance arteries from BMPR2(+/-) mice exhibited increased contractile responses to serotonin mediated by both 5-HT2 and 5-HT1 receptors. Furthermore, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from BMPR2(+/-) mice exhibited a heightened DNA synthesis and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in response to serotonin compared with wild-type cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that serotonin inhibits BMP signaling via Smad proteins and the expression of BMP responsive genes. These findings provide the first evidence for an interaction between BMPR-II-mediated signaling and the serotonin pathway, perturbation of which may be critical to the pathogenesis of PAH.
Sandia Analyst Aide V0.5 (2005)

Allow people to analyze the contents of text document, allowing the user to generate: I. automated reports providing information about various aspects of the document set 2. produce models which can be uploaded into Sandia's cognitive model framework 3. produce visualization of various aspects of the document set, including relationships among key terms 4. compute various topical contexts discovered within the document set 5. start a web spider which can scour the web for more information about the topics found in the document set
Photoluminescence and electrical study of fluctuating potentials in Cu<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>ZnSnS<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>-based thin films (2011)

In this work, we investigated structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties from a set of ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{Zn}\text{Sn}{\text{S}}_{4}$ thin films grown by sulfurization of metallic precursors deposited on soda lime glass substrates coated with or without molybdenum. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed the formation of single-phase ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{Zn}\text{Sn}{\text{S}}_{4}$ thin films. A good crystallinity and grain compactness of the film was found by scanning electron microscopy. The grown films are poor in copper and rich in zinc, which is a composition close to that of the ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{Zn}\text{Sn}{\text{S}}_{4}$ solar cells with best reported efficiency. Electrical conductivity and Hall effect measurements showed a high doping level and a strong compensation. The temperature dependence of the free hole concentration showed that the films are nondegenerate. Photoluminescence spectroscopy showed an asymmetric broadband emission. The experimental behavior with increasing excitation power or temperature cannot be explained by donor-acceptor pair transitions. A model of radiative recombination of an electron with a hole bound to an acceptor level, broadened by potential fluctuations of the valence-band edge, was proposed. An ionization energy for the acceptor level in the range 29--40 meV was estimated, and a value of $172\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ meV was obtained for the potential fluctuation in the valence-band edge.
New Developments for the Calculation of Fibre Reinforced Plastic Laminates - Nonlinear Material Properties and Gradual Failure (2006)

Article New Developments for the Calculation of Fibre Reinforced Plastic Laminates - Nonlinear Material Properties and Gradual Failure was published on May 1, 2006 in the journal Journal of Polymer Engineering (volume 26, issue 2-4).
Effect of Nonlinearities on PMD (2006)

We show experimentally and theoretically that the magnitude and direction of the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) vector of a WDM channel is significantly affected by nonlinear polarization crosstalk from neighboring channels within the PMD correlation bandwidth. We use our model to estimate the effect the nonlinear interactions may have on the PMD-induced penalty
Geology, mining, and methane content of the Freeport and Kittanning coalbeds in Indiana and surrounding counties, Pa (1979)

This Bureau of Mines study covers 25 underground mines that were active in the Upper and Lower Freeport and Lower Kittanning coalbeds in 1976. The coal ranges from low to medium volatile in rank; its primary use is for steam generation. The methane gas content of three core samples of the Lower Kittanning coalbed was estimated by the direct method. A sample from a depth of 320 feet contained 0.5 cu cm of gas per gram, at 620 feet there was 0.8 cu cm of gas per gram, and at 1060 feet there were 11 cu cm of gas per gram. In the study area, the seven mines with the highest methane emissions per day are generally the deepest and largest producers. The mines that have low methane emissions are small drift mines working under shallow cover and have relatively low production rates. Of the five coalbed horizons that occur in the Freeport and Kittanning Formations, only the Upper and Lower Freeport and the Lower Kittanning are of economic importance. Underground and surface mining of these coalbeds occurs in areas possessing minable thicknesses that are greater than 28 inches in thickness and that are generally greater than 200 acres inmore » area. Local and regional variation in coal thickness is the norm for the Freeport and Kittanning coalbeds, and is the consequence of depositional controls exerted in the deltaic environment. Complex rock joint systems occur in each quadrangle in the study area and roughly correspond to three fundamental joint systems. Structural and depositional discontinuities have affected mining and development in the economically important coalbeds.To date, 10 separate thrust faults have been reported. When such faults are encountered underground, poor roof conditions can be associated with these features.« less
Adaptive optics spectroscopy: preliminary theoretical results (1997)

Diffraction-limited spectroscopy with adaptive optics (AO) has several advantages over traditional seeing-limited spectroscopy. First, high resolution can be achieved without a large loss of light at the entrance slit of the spectrograph. Second, the small AO image width allows the cross-dispersed orders to be spaced closer together on the detector, allowing a large wavelength coverage. Third, AO spectrograph optics are slow and small, costing much less than for a traditional spectrograph. Fourth, small AO images provide high spatial resolution. Fifth, scattered light is less problematic. And last, the small entrance slit of the spectrograph can get rid of much of the sky background to obtain spectra of faint objects. We have done theoretical calculations and simulations for infrared spectroscopy at the MMT 6.5 m with laser guide star AO, which provides almost full sky coverage. The results show we can expect 40-60% of the photons from a unresolved source within 0.2 arcsec diameter circle for J, H, K, L and M bands under typical atmospheric seeing condition at 2.2 micron (ro = 1.0 m, to = 21 ms, ?o = 15 arcsec and d0 = 25 m). Therefore, the spectrograph entrance slit size should match the 0.2 arcsec image to obtain high throughput. Higher resolution can be achieved by narrowing down the slit size to match the diffraction-limited image core size of about 0. 1 arcsec in the infrared. However, the throughput will be correspondingly reduced by a factor of two. Due to the limited atmospheric isoplanatic angle in the J, H and K bands, the encircled photon percentage within 0.2 arcsec diameter drops from 40-60% when the object is at the laser pointing direction to 20-40% when the object is about 30 arcsec away from the laser direction. Therefore, the useful field of view for AO multiple object spectroscopy is about 60 arcsec. Further studies of JR background (sky and thermal) and JR detector performance show that spectral resolution of R = 2,000 can take full advantage of AO images without much penalty due to the dark current of the JR detector and JR OH sky emission lines. We have also studied natural guide star AO spectroscopy. Though sky coverage for this kind of spectroscopy at the MMT 6.5 m is very limited, a bright star provides much better performance than the laser guide star AO spectroscopy. About 40-70% photons are concentrated within 0.1 arcsec diameter for guide stars brighter than 13 magnitude. Therefore, higher resolution and high throughput can be obtained simultaneously, given a bright enough natural guide object. The field-of-view for multiobject spectroscopy using a natural guide star is similar to that for laser guiding.
Annihilation of positrons with core electrons of transition metal impurities in copper (1973)

Positrons annihilate more frequently with core electrons (including 3d electrons) of transition metal impurity atoms (Ni, Co, Fe and Cr) in copper than those of matrix copper. This effect is insensitive to the impurity atoms on the right hand side of copper in the periodic table such as Ge. The trapping model of impurity atoms is discussed.
Lymphoid Development (2014)

Abstract Lymphocytes, which are white blood cells, comprise a fundamentally important compartment of the immune system since they are key players in controlling how specific and effective an immune response is to infectious microbes or foreign agents. Lymphocytes exist as three distinct cell lineages, namely Bursa‐derived lymphocytes (B cells), thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). While B cells and T cells mediate antigen‐specific or adaptive immunity, ILCs mediate preformed or innate immunity. This review discusses the development of B cells, T cells and specifically NK cells, a type of ILC. It details the localisation of development, the selection process these cells face and modifications they may undergo throughout their maturation and localisation to other tissues. The modifications described include functional changes as well as changes in the expression of intracellular and surface molecular markers. Key Concepts: As proponents of the adaptive immune response, each B cell and T cell express a single unique antigen‐specific receptor providing the host with a large spectrum of specificities, also known as a repertoire. B and T cells must be eliminated during their selection process or selected to develop further into a more specialized immune regulatory cell to avoid autoreactivity. B cell lymphopoiesis is largely confined to the bone marrow and is defined cell size, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement status, activity of transcription factors and expression of cell surface molecules. Peripheral tolerance mechanisms ensure that B cells which survived central tolerance mechanisms become anergic or unresponsive upon encounter of self‐antigen in the periphery. T cell development in the thymus is highly regulated as the developing T cell progenitor moves through the specialized thymic niches and interacts with resident thymic stromal cells, including cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs), medullary TECs (mTECs), fibroblasts, dendritic cells and other haematopoietically derived stroma cells. During development in the thymus, T cells undergo both positive and negative selection to eliminate potentially self‐reactive cells. The thymus also promotes the selection of naturally occurring regulatory T cells, namely NK T cells, CD8aa + intraepithelial (nIEL) T cells, regulatory T (nTreg) cells and IL‐17 producing T (nTh17) cells, which can actively suppress self‐reactive T cells. NK cells are important for host defence against malignantly transformed and virally infected cells and against some bacterial and parasitic infections. NK cells are regulated by signalling downstream of activating and inhibitory germline encoded receptors. NK cells undergo an education process to insure self‐tolerance.
Simplified models for surface hyperchannelling (1979)

Abstract Experimental and detailed, three-dimensional computer simulation studies of the scattering of low energy argon ions incident at grazing angles onto a nickel single crystal have shown that under certain, well defined conditions, surface hyperchannelling dominates the reflection process. The applicability of simple computer simulation models to the study of this type of scattering has been investigated by comparing the results obtained using a “summation of binary collisions” model and a continuous string model with both the experimental observations and the three dimensional model calculations. It has been shown that all the major features of the phenomenon can be reproduced in a qualitative way using the simple models and that the continuous string represents a good approximation to the “real” crystal over a wide range of angles. The saving in computer time compared with the more complex model make it practicable to use the simple models to calculate cross-sections and overall scattering intensities for a wide range of geometries. The results of these calculations suggest that the critical angle for the onset of surface hyperchannelling, which is associated with a reduction in scattering intensity and which is thus not too sensitive to the parameters of experimental apparatus is a useful quantity from the point of view of comparison of theoretical calculations with experimental measurements.
General Order Selection Allocation for Decentralized Multiple Access Networks (2009)

Decentralized multiple access networks require dynamic spectrum allocation to efficiently and fairly allocate resources among multiple users. In this paper, we consider the problem of spectrum allocation from the standpoint of diversity combining, and in particular as an explicit case of selection combining (SC). General order selection allocation (GOSA) was previously proposed by the authors as a low-complexity spectrum allocation scheme for decentralized multiple access networks. In this paper, noting that previous analytical results on the error performance of GOSA are for independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh fading, we carry out a thorough and exact analysis of GOSA for the i.i.d. Nakagami-m fading scenario. In particular, based on new results on the exact and asymptotic average error probability of the r-th order statistic, we obtain exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions for the error performance of GOSA. Numerical results show that the performance of the algorithm is close to that of the highly complex optimal search method.
Androgen Receptor Mutations and Polymorphisms in African American Prostate Cancer (2014)

The Androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in the normal development of the prostate gland, in prostate carcinogenesis, and in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) to advanced metastatic disease. African American (AA) men with PCa present with higher tumor volume, more advanced tumor stage, and higher Gleason score. This could be in part related to the AR expression or activity in the prostate tissue of AA men, or to unique mutations or polymorphisms of the AR. In Caucasian Americans (CAs), AR mutations are rare or infrequent in organ-confined tumors, but occur at a higher rate in advanced, metastatic, or castrate-recurrent disease. In AAs, the prevalence, clinical, and biological significance of AR mutations in PCa are unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of somatic and germline AR mutations in patients with primary PCa in AAs compared with CAs. Due to very limited data available on allelic distribution of E213 (G/A) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), we also assessed this in patients with sporadic PCa and in unrelated healthy individuals from both ethnic populations. Somatic missense AR mutations were detected at a higher rate in AAs (17 out of 200 cases) than in CAs (2 out of 100 cases). In AAs, the majority of these mutations (41.1%) were from Gleason 7 tumors, a small portion (23.5%) from Gleason 8 tumors, and the rest (35.2%) from Gleason 6 tumors. Analysis of genomic DNAs extracted from white blood cells of patients with sporadic PCa revealed that the rate of germline AR mutations were also higher (~4 times) in AAs than in CAs. With respect to E213 (G/A) SNP, the E213 A-allele expression was 5.85 times higher in healthy unrelated AA men than in CA men. However, in AAs with somatic AR mutation, the E213 G-allele distribution was almost equal to the A-allele. Silencing of one of the somatic AR mutations (i.e., 597 Ser>Gly) in a primary AA-PCa cell line (e.g., E006AA) revealed that similar AR mutation can be associated simultaneously with both "gain-of-function" phenotype (cell migration and invasion) and a "loss-of-function" phenotype (proliferation). Our data demonstrated a higher susceptibility for genetic alterations in the AR in the form of somatic mutations in sporadic PCa or in the form of germline mutations in AAs as compared with CAs. These data may support the idea that AR-specific hypermutator phenotype in combination with other genes, might serve as a contributing factor to ethnic differences in PCa and potentially different clinical outcome in AAs as a high-risk population.