gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Observation of Femtosecond-Laser-Induced Bubbles in Water Using a Single Laser Source for Probing and Sensing (2010)

We report on dynamical observations of femtosecond-laser-generated bubbles in water using a single-laser-source pump/probe setup combined with stroboscopic imaging. With this simple setup, we accurately measure the transmission of a probe beam and simultaneously record images giving the size and lifetime of single-pulse-generated bubbles. Our experiments indicate that stable bubble nucleation can be obtained with pulses repetition rate up to 142 kHz, which offers promising perspectives for high-throughput jetting.
Increased process uniformity in gas atomisation (2002)

Gas atomization is now an important production technique for Fe-based amorphous alloy powders used in additive manufacturing, particularly selective laser melting, fabricating large-sized Fe-based bulk metallic glasses. Using the realizable k-ε model and discrete phase model theory, the flow dynamics of the gas phase and gas-melt two-phase flow fields in the close-wake condition were investigated to establish the correlation between high gas pressure and powder particle characteristics. The locations of the recirculation zones and the shapes of Mach disks were analyzed in detail for the type of discrete-jet closed-coupled gas atomization nozzle. In the gas-phase flow field, the vortexes, closed to the Mach disk, are found to be a new deceleration method. In the two-phase flow field, the shape of Mach disk changes from “S”-shape to “Z”-shape under the impact of the droplet flow. As predicted by the wave model, with the elevation of gas pressure, the size of the particle is found to gradually decrease and its distribution becomes more concentrated. Simulation results were compliant with the Fe-based amorphous alloy powder preparation tests. This study deepens the understanding of the gas pressure impacting particle features via gas atomization, and contributes to technological applications.
Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves by Circular Plate and Circular Hole (1955)

Rigorous solutions are presented of the problems of diffraction of plane electromagnetic waves by an infinitely thin, perfectly conducting, circular disk and by a circular hole in a plane conducting screen. The unique solution satisfying the edge condition is obtained from the two component Hertz vector, by the method of expansion in the hypergeometric polynomial. Total scattering cross section, the transmission coefficient, electric current on the disk, electric field in the hole, and electric field at the distant place are shown in the figure as a function of k a =2π a /λ.
Sila-Pharmaka, 31. Mitt. [1] Synthese, Struktur und pharmakologische Eigenschaften von Diphenyl(2-piperidinoethoxymethyl)silanol und seinem Kohlenstoff-Analogon / Sila-Pharmaca, 31 <sup>th</sup> Communication [1] Synthesis, Structure, and Pharmacological Properties of Diphenyl(2-piperidinoethoxymethyl)silanol and its Carbon Analogue (1983)

Abstract In the course of systematic investigations on sila-substituted parasympatholytics the diphenyl(2-aminoethoxymethyl)silanols 3b and 4b (and its carbon analogue 4a) were synthesized and characterized by their physical and chemical properties. In the solid state 4a and 4b form strong O-H---N hydrogen bonds, which are intramolecular (4a) and intermolecular (4b), respectively. 4a and 4b were found to be weak antimuscarinic agents (4b >4a) and strong papaverine-like spasmolytics (4a ≈4b).
Mycobacterial Infection in MyD88‐Deficient Mice (2003)

MyD88 is an adaptor protein that plays a major role in TLR/IL-1 receptor family signaling. To understand the role of MyD88 in the development of murine tuberculosis in vivo, MyD88 knockout (KO) mice aerially were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infected MyD88 mice were not highly susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection, but they developed granulomatous pulmonary lesions with neutrophil infiltration which were larger than those in wild-type (WT) mice (P < 0.01). The pulmonary tissue levels of mRNA for iNOS and IL-18 were slightly lower, but levels of mRNA for IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta were higher in MyD88 KO mice. IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-12 also were high in the sera of MyD88 KO mice. There were no statistically significant differences in the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-12, and ICAM-1 mRNA between MyD88 KO and WT mice. Thus, MyD88 deficiency did not influence the development of murine tuberculosis. NF-kappa B activity was similar in the alveolar macrophages from the lung tissues of MyD88 KO and WT mice. Also, there may be a TLR2-specific, MyD88-independent IL-1 receptor/TLR-mediated pathway to activate NF-kappa B in the host defense against mycobacterial infection.
TH‐EF‐BRB‐01: JUNIOR INVESTIGATOR WINNER — Novel EPID for Enhanced Contrast and Detective Quantum Efficiency (2015)

Purpose: Beams‐eye‐view imaging applications such as real‐time soft‐tissue motion estimation are hindered by the inherently low image contrast of electronic portal imaging devices (EPID) currently in clinical use. We introduce and characterize a novel EPID that provides substantially increased detective quantum efficiency (DQE), contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) and dynamic range without degradation in spatial resolution. Methods: The prototype design features a stack of four conventional EPID layers combined with low noise integrated readout electronics. Each layer consists of a copper plate, a scintillator (GdO2S2:Tb) and a photodiode/TFT‐switch (aSi:H). We characterize the prototype in terms of contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), modulation transfer function (MTF) and DQE. CNR is estimated using a Las Vegas contrast phantom, presampled MTF is estimated using a slanted edge technique and the DQE is calculated from measured normalized noise power spectra (NPS) and the MTF. The prototype has been designed and built to be interchangeable with the current clinical EPID in terms of size and data output specifications. Results: DQE(0) can be nearly quadrupled to about 4.5% by using the four‐layered design instead of only a single layer device. No substantial differences are observed between each layer's individual MTF and the one for all four layers operating combined indicating that defocusing is negligible. Also, using four layers instead of one nearly doubles (factor x1.9) the CNR showing that the device is mostly quantum noise limited. Conclusion: A layered EPID design allows improving the radiation sensitivity while maintaining spatial resolution and saturation level of a single layer conventional EPID. Experimental characterization of this first 4‐layered prototype demonstrates substantially improved DQE and CNR while maintaining high resolution and remaining quantum noise limited. Besides overall improved image quality and dosimetric sensitivity we anticipate this novel detector design to enable more accurate soft‐tissue motion estimations during radiation therapy procedures, particularly of the lung. The project was partially supported by a grant from Varian Medical Systems, Inc. and grant No. R01CA188446‐01 from the National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health.
Design and performance of a microwave strain measuring system for materials tests (1975)

Excellent sensitivity and accuracy in the measurement of deformation occurring in materials tests have been achieved with a newly developed microwave frequency sensor and instrumentation system with possible application for strain tests inside nuclear reactors. The strain sensor comprises a microwave cavity resonating in the circular TE 113 and TM 110 modes. Detection of axial strain occurs due to the changes of resonant frequency incurred by cavity length changes. Axial strain sensitivity for the TE 113 mode was 6 x 10$sup -6$ per MHz, whereas radial dimensions of the cavity were related to frequency of the TM 110 mode. Aperture coupling of the cavity to the end wall of K/sub a/ band waveguide provided signal excitation of the two monitored modes. Phase locked frequency stability enabled digital count/display of resonant frequencies to within 70 kHz at 35 GHz. Room temperature tension test results demonstrate a strain measuring sensitivity (+- 1 x 10$sup -6$) and accuracy (+ -1 percent of the measured value) equivalent to those of electrical resistance strain gages. The system yields accurate measurements of elastic strains as well as small departures from elastic response and hysteresis behavior during unloading and reloading. Creep test results confirm that measurement sensitivity and accuracy are retained in elevated temperature tests. Strain response on loading, subsequent creep deformation and creep recovery after unloading can all be measured in detail. Stability of microwave sensor calibration after exposure for 22 x 10$sup 6$ seconds at temperatures from 728$sup 0$K to 866$sup 0$K is shown to be excellent.
An error floor reduction scheme for DPSK receivers impaired by phase noise (2002)

A technique for reducing the error floor of differential phase-shift-keying (DPSK) receivers impaired by phase noise is introduced and analyzed. In the proposed (optical) DPSK receiver, the bandwidth of integrate-and-dump (I&D) filters are decreased so that multiple samples per symbol duration of the received signal are made available to the post-detection and decision circuitry. The proposed post-detection circuitry, referred to as the one-bit-shifted expanding-window (OBSEW) post-detection processing scheme, correlates the acquired samples that are centered about the signal transition point in a two-symbol signaling interval. For a phase-noise-limited operation, it is shown that the proposed OBS-EW scheme achieves an error floor that is significantly smaller than that of a conventional DPSK receiver.
Purifying and Concentrating Genomic <scp>DNA</scp> from Mock Forensic Samples Using Millipore Amicon Filters (2012)

Regenerated cellulose filters are used for concentrating and purifying genomic DNA from casework samples, due to the high yields and low retentate volumes that these filters provide. The Millipore Ultracel YM-100 is an example of this filter type and has been available to the forensics community for this application since 1990. In 2002, Millipore introduced the Amicon line of vertical filters that provide a larger area for filtration and have a dead space to prevent spinning to dryness. In the present study, Amicon filters were optimized in terms of g force and spin times for their ability to concentrate and purify genomic DNA. The Amicon Ultra 0.5 mL 30 K was used with mock forensic samples containing as little as 160 buccal cells, 20 nL of blood, or 8 nL of semen. In conclusion, the Amicon line of filters can be used to purify genomic DNA from small numbers of cells.
In vivo angiotensin II receptor blockade and converting enzyme inhibition on canine aortic viscoelasticity (1997)

The influence of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on the aortic wall mechanical properties under angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition (enalaprilat, 0.3 mg/kg iv) or angiotensin II receptor (AT1) blockade (E-3174, 1 mg/kg iv) was examined in eight normotensive and eight renovascular hypertensive conscious dogs. Aortic diameter (D; sonomicrometry)-pressure (P; microtransducer) hysteresis loops during steady state and during rapid distal aortic occlusion allowed (after hysteresis elimination) calculation of the aortic wall viscosity index, the purely elastic P-D relationship, and derivation into compliance-pressure curves. At the early stage ofrenovascular hypertension when activation of RAS is more pronounced, aortic wall stiffness and wall viscosity were increased as compared with normotensive states. Blood pressure remained unchanged in normotensive animals and was reduced during hypertension after antihypertensive treatments. In hypertensive animals, enalaprilat and E-3174 decreased viscosity index and shifted the compliance-pressure curve upward with respect to pretreatment conditions. In normotensive dogs, whereas E-3174 did not change the compliance-pressure curve and viscosity index, enalaprilat increased compliance and reduced viscosity index. We concluded that in normotensive dogs converting enzyme inhibition modifies arterial viscoelastic parameters by angiotensin-independent mechanisms that contribute to the modulation of the buffering function of large arteries.
Comparative benefit of two thermal spring waters after photodynamic therapy procedure (2007)

This comparative clinical trial demonstrates that ATSW, a low mineral content spring water, can be useful after ALA-PDT in reducing postprocedure cutaneous inflammation and patient discomfort better than a high mineral content spring water.
Uniform Light Delivery Systems (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The advent of high brightness instant start metal halide light sources and new low loss, low cost tight pipes makes high efficiency distributed lighting systems for automotive applications possible. In principle one or <b>two</b> such sources in combination with the appropriate light guides and beam forming optics can provide all of a vehicle's lighting functions. A fundamental problem has been <b>uniformly</b> feeding just a few small sized light guides <b>from</b> a single source in a low loss and reproducible manner. This paper describes collection optics that provide the required uniform light delivery while maintaining the high lumen density needed for technologically demanding systems such as head lamps.</div>
Visual Analysis of Multivariate State Transition Graphs (2006)

We present a new approach for the visual analysis of state transition graphs. We deal with multivariate graphs where a number of attributes are associated with every node. Our method provides an interactive attribute-based clustering facility. Clustering results in metric, hierarchical and relational data, represented in a single visualization. To visualize hierarchically structured quantitative data, we introduce a novel technique: the bar tree. We combine this with a node-link diagram to visualize the hierarchy and an arc diagram to visualize relational data. Our method enables the user to gain significant insight into large state transition graphs containing tens of thousands of nodes. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach by applying it to a real-world use case. The graph we consider models the behavior of an industrial wafer stepper and contains 55 043 nodes and 289 443 edges.
Effects of bevacizumab in mouse model of endometrial cancer: Defining the molecular basis for resistance (2011)

Endometrial cancer is the most frequent gynecologic cancer in women. Long-term outcomes for patients with advanced stage or recurrent disease are poor. Targeted molecular therapy against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors constitute a new therapeutic option for these patients. The goal of our study was to assess the potential effectiveness of inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR signaling in a xenograft model of endometrial cancer using bevacizumab (Avastin, a humanized antibody against VEGFA). We also aimed to identify molecular markers of sensitivity or resistance to this agent. We show that bevacizumab retards tumor growth in athymic mice by inhibiting molecular components of signaling pathways that sustain cell survival and proliferation. We also demonstrate that resistance to bevacizumab may involve up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and certain proto-oncogenes. We propose that down-regulation of ARHGAP6 and MMP15 transcripts indicates that tumors are sensitive to bevacizumab whereas inhibition of PKCδ- or S6K-dependent signaling and up-regulation of TNFRS4 or MMP13 and MMP14 mark a developing resistance to bevacizumab therapy. Interestingly, the significant activation of c-Jun oncogene detected in bevacizumab-treated tumors suggests that, in endometrial cancers, the c-Jun-mediated pathway(s) contribute to bevacizumab resistance.
The strength and fracture of fully dense polycrystalline magnesium oxide (1969)

Abstract The fracture of fully dense, polycrystalline MgO with grain sizes 10 to 500μm, has been studied. Specimens had chemically polished, machined or annealed surfaces. Fracture in chemically polished specimens is initiated by plastic flow, whilst that in machined specimens occurs by the extension of the flaws produced by machining. The fracture of annealed specimens is either initiated by plastic flow or occurs by the extension of the surface flaws, depending on the grain size. The implications of these observations to the strengthening of ceramics are considered.
MICA allele typing of HLA-B27 positive japanese patients with seronegative spondylarthropathies and healthy individuals: Differential linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B27 subtypes (1998)

Strong linkage disequilibrium is present between HLA-B*2704 and MICA010, as well as between HLA-B*2705 and MICA007. Although HLA-B*2704 and B*2705 are highly homologous, each subtype participates in a different MHC haplotype. Direct involvement of MICA polymorphism in the pathogenesis seems to be unlikely; however, such information will provide a useful tool for elucidating the evolutional pathway of HLA-B27 subtypes as well as the contribution of other genes within the MHC region in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Learning to poke by poking: experiential learning of intuitive physics (2016)

We investigate an experiential learning paradigm for acquiring an internal model of intuitive physics. Our model is evaluated on a real-world robotic manipulation task that requires displacing objects to target locations by poking. The robot gathered over 400 hours of experience by executing more than 100K pokes on different objects. We propose a novel approach based on deep neural networks for modeling the dynamics of robot's interactions directly from images, by jointly estimating forward and inverse models of dynamics. The inverse model objective provides supervision to construct informative visual features, which the forward model can then predict and in turn regularize the feature space for the inverse model. The interplay between these two objectives creates useful, accurate models that can then be used for multi-step decision making. This formulation has the additional benefit that it is possible to learn forward models in an abstract feature space and thus alleviate the need of predicting pixels. Our experiments show that this joint modeling approach outperforms alternative methods.
Patogenicidade do fungo Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. para pupas e adultos de Apanteles flavipes (Cam.) (1990)

A presente pesquisa visou estudar o nivel de patogenicidade do fungo Metarrhizium anisopliae (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) ao braconideo Apanteles flavipes (Hymenoptera Braconidae) nas fases de pupa e adulto, uma vez que ambos tem sido utilizados conjuntamente para o controle de pragas da cana-de-acucar. Aplicaram-se suspensoes de M. anisopliae contendo 107 conidios viaveis/ml nas paredes de recipientes de vidro onde foram liberados adultos de A.flavipes recem-emergidos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o patogeno foi capaz de causar mortalidade proxima a 43% nos adultos. Por outro lado, a aplicacao do fungo em pupas de A. flavipes nao demonstrou ser prejudicial, obtendo- se emergencia de adultos superior a 80%. Portanto, a aplicacao simultânea desses dois agentes em programas de manejo integrado de pragas deve ser feita com cuidado, procurando-se evitar a aplicacao do fungo nos periodos de liberacao dos adultos do parasitoide
Comparison between different chromatic dispersion compensation schemes in high bit rate communication systems with important non linear effects (2008)

In this work we investigate the performances of a high bit rate communication system, using different chromatic dispersion compensation schemes. The study is carried out in the presence of non linear effects. A comparison between different compensation schemes has been achieved.
Pluripotency and differentiation in embryos and stem cells - Pavia, 17-18 January 2008 (2008)

Each year many scientific meetings are held on stem cells to appraise the state of knowledge on their potency, differentiation and applications. So why did we hold another meeting? Because we thought one aspect was not adequately addressed in the others. When thinking of how our body is derived from a single fertilized egg, it is self-evident that the embryo is the ‘mother’ of all stem cells. This fact is probably overlooked because it is so remote (decades back in our lives!) and because embryonic stem cells do not exist as such in the embryo. However, this also tends to be ignored on purpose in many stem cell meetings because working on (human) embryos brings up substantial ethical concerns that bear on the scientific undertaking like nothing else. The origin of stem cells has become even more of a sensitive issue since the discovery in 2006 that embryonic stem (ES) cell-like cells can be generated in a petri dish straight from somatic cells by retrovirus-mediated transfer of selected genes. These new cells have been named ‘induced pluripotent stem‘ (iPS) cells and have been obtained without any egg or embryo consumption (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). This leads to the first topic of our meeting: natural and induced pluripotency...
Unit Root Tests in the Presence of Markov Regime-Switching (1999)

We investigate the performance of a battery of standard unit root tests when the true data generating process has a Markov-switching trend growth rate and variance. Regime switching under both the null hypothesis of a unit root and the alternative hypothesis of trend stationarity is considered. In contrast to the case of a single break in trend growth rate, multiple Markov-switching breaks under the null hypothesis do not create size distortions in the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. Markov-switching in variance under the null hypothesis does not adversely affect standard unit root tests but can lead to overrejection in tests which allow for structural change. All tests have very low power when regime switching occurs under an alternative hypothesis which is stationary in the periods between the switching.
Inbred C57BL/6J and DBA/2J Mouse Strains Exhibit Constitutive Differences in Regional Brain Fatty Acid Composition (2008)

Major behavioral and neurochemical features observed between inbred C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse strains can be reproduced within rodent strains following dietary-induced reductions in brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) composition. It was therefore hypothesized that C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice exhibit constitutive differences in brain DHA composition that are independent of diet. To test this, adult C57BL/6J and DBA/2J prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, ventral striatum, and midbrain fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. After correction for multiple comparisons, C57BL/6J mice exhibited significantly lower DHA composition in the hippocampus and ventral striatum, but not prefrontal cortex or midbrain, and significantly greater regional arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6):DHA ratios, relative to DBA/2J mice. C57BL/6J mice also exhibited significantly lower regional adrenic acid (ADA, 22:4n-6) composition, and a significantly smaller ADA:ARA ratio, relative to DBA/2J mice. C57BL/6J mice exhibited significantly smaller oleic acid:stearic acid ratio in the hippocampus and ventral striatum relative to DBA/2J mice. Among all mice, DHA composition was positively correlated with the ADA:ARA ratio and inversely correlated with the oleic acid:stearic acid ratio. These data demonstrate that inbred C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mouse strains exhibit constitutive and region-specific differences in fatty acid composition independent of diet, and suggest that heritable genetic factors are an important determinant of central fatty acid composition.