gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge collection efficiency in ionization chambers exposed to electron beams with high dose per pulse (2006)

The correction for charge recombination was determined for different plane-parallel ionization chambers exposed to clinical electron beams with low and high dose per pulse, respectively. The electron energy was nearly the same (about 7 and 9 MeV) for any of the beams used. Boag's two-voltage analysis (TVA) was used to determine the correction for ion losses, k(s), relevant to each chamber considered. The presence of free electrons in the air of the chamber cavity was accounted for in determining k(s) by TVA. The determination of k(s) was made on the basis of the models for ion recombination proposed in past years by Boag, Hochhäuser and Balk to account for the presence of free electrons. The absorbed dose measurements in both low-dose-per-pulse (less than 0.3 mGy per pulse) and high-dose-per-pulse (20-120 mGy per pulse range) electron beams were compared with ferrous sulphate chemical dosimetry, a method independent of the dose per pulse. The results of the comparison support the conclusion that one of the models is more adequate to correct for ion recombination, even in high-dose-per-pulse conditions, provided that the fraction of free electrons is properly assessed. In this respect the drift velocity and the time constant for attachment of electrons in the air of the chamber cavity are rather critical parameters because of their dependence on chamber dimensions and operational conditions. Finally, a determination of the factor k(s) was also made by zero extrapolation of the 1/Q versus 1/V saturation curves, leading to the conclusion that this method does not provide consistent results in high-dose-per-pulse beams.
Backscattering and Absorptive Parametric Instabilities Involving the Lower Hybrid Mode in a Magnetized Plasma (1974)

The theories of two decay-type parametric instabilities involving the lower hybrid mode in a magnetized plasma are presented. In the first of these, a pump wave of ordinary polarization causes the growth of a backward propagating transverse wave and a longitudinal lower hybrid wave, all with wave vectors perpendicular to the external magnetic field. The second instability concerns the parametric excitation of the upper hybrid and the lower hybrid modes.
Effects of Different Processing Methods on Germination Rate of Wada Alfalfa Seeds (2011)

[Objective] To find a processing method to increase germination rate of Wada alfalfa seeds. [Method] Five processing methods were used to treat Wada alfalfa seeds, including immersion in hot water, immersion in 98% concentrated sulfuric acid, immersion in 100 g/L potassium nitrate, immersion in hot water after rubbing seed capsule, immersion in 30% (V/V) hydrogen peroxide. After treatment, germination energy, germination rate, germination index and vitality index were detected. [Result] The Wada alfalfa seeds immersed in 25°C water for 25 min after rubbing seed capsule had the highest germination rate (81.3%), followed by that of seeds immersed in 100 g/L potassium nitrate for 2 h, that of seeds immersed in 50°C water, and that of seeds immersed in 30% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min in order. The worst germination appeared in the seeds immersed in 98% concentrated sulfuric acid. [Conclusion] Immersion in 25°C water for 25 min after rubbing seed capsule is the best method to increase germination rate of Wada alfalfa seeds.
Marine Biofouling: Colonization Processes and Defenses (2003)

COMMUNITIES ON SUBMERGED HARD BODIES Organisms and Communities Inhabiting Surfaces of Hard Bodies The Phenomenon of Organisms Concentration on Surfaces of Hard Bodies Biofouling as a Source of Technical Obstacles BIOFOULING AS A PROCESS Colonization Primary Succession Recovery Successions. Self-Assembly of Communities TEMPORARY PLANKTONIC EXISTENCE Release of Dispersal Forms into Plankton Buoyancy and Locomotion of Propagules Taxes and Vertical Distribution of Larvae The Offshore and Oceanic Drift SETTLEMENT OF LARVAE The Reasons of Passing over to Periphytonic Existence Taxes and Distribution of Larvae During Settlement Sensory Systems Participating in the Substrate Selection Selectivity During Settlement INDUCTION AND STIMULATION OF SETTLEMENT BY A HARD SURFACE Types of Induction and Stimulation of Settlement Distant Chemical Induction Contact Heterospecific Chemical Induction Conspecific Chemical Induction and Aggregations Stimulation of Settlement, Attachment, and Metamorphosis by Microfouling The Influence of Physical Surface Factors on Settlement Combined Influence of Surface Factors on Settlement. The Hierarchy of Factors Settlement on the Surface Technical Objects ATTACHMENT, DEVELOPMENT, AND GROWTH Attachment of Microorganisms Mechanisms of Attachment of Larvae and Spores of Macroorganisms Natural Inductors of Settlement, Attachment, and Metamorphosis Universal Mechanisms of Attachment Growth and Colonization of the Hard surface FUNDAMENTALS OF THE QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF COLONIZATION Mathematical Models of Accumulation Mathematical Models of Feeding and Growth Gradient Distribution of Foulers over Surfaces in a Flow GENERAL REGULARITIES OF BIOFOULING Causes, Mechanisms, and Limits of Biofouling Concentration on Hard Surfaces Evolution of Hard-Substrate Communities PROTECTION OF MAN-MADE STRUCTURES AGAINST BIOFOULING Physical Protection Commercial Chemobiocidal Protection Ecological Consequences of Toxicant Application ECOLOGICALLY SAFE PROTECTION FROM BIOFOULING Defense Against Epibionts Natural and Industrial Anticolonization Protection Repellent Protection Antiadhesive Protection Biocidal Protection Prospects of Developing Ecologically Safe Anticolonization Protection THE GENERAL MODEL OF PROTECTION AGAINST BIOFOULING Conclusion References Index
Stepwise Introduction of Regulatory Genes Stimulating Production of<i>α</i>-Amylase into<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>: Construction of an<i>α</i>-Amylase Extrahyper Producing Strain (1979)

Journal Article Stepwise Introduction of Regulatory Genes Stimulating Production of α-Amylase into Bacillus subtilis : Construction of an α-Amylase Extrahyper Producing Strain Get access Kazumasa Hitotsuyanagi, Kazumasa Hitotsuyanagi Shimonoseki Women’s Junior College, Yamaguchi-ken Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kunio Yamane, Kunio Yamane Institute of Applied Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bunji Maruo Bunji Maruo Institute of Applied Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 43, Issue 11, 1 November 1979, Pages 2343–2349, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1979.10863813 Published: 01 November 1979 Article history Received: 15 June 1979 Published: 01 November 1979
Reactions of Bovine Liver Catalase with Superoxide Radicals and Hydrogen Peroxide (1995)

The oxidized intermediates generated upon exposure of bovine liver catalase to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O2-) fluxes were examined with UV-visible spectrophotometry. H2O2 and O2- were generated by means of glucose/glucose oxidase and xanthine/xanthine oxidase systems. Serial overlay of absorption spectra in the Soret (350-450 nm) and visible (450-700 nm) regions showed that three oxidized intermediates, namely Compounds I, II and III, can be observed upon exposure of catalase to enzymatically generated H2O2 and O2-. Compound I is formed during the reaction of native enzyme with H2O2 and disappears in two ways: (i) via the catalytic reaction with H2O2 to restore native catalase and (ii) via the reaction with O2- to form Compound II. At low H2O2 concentrations (< 4.8 x 10(-9) M H2O2), Compound II reverts towards the native state mainly in a direct one-step reaction, whereas at higher H2O2 concentrations the pathway of Compound II back to the native enzyme involves Compound III. Formation of the latter from Compound II and H2O2 is irreversible and the rate constant of this reaction is 6.1 +/- 0.2 x 10(4) M-1 s-1. The formation of Compound III through the direct reaction of O2- with native enzyme has also been observed. Depending on the experimental conditions, the inactivation of catalase by O2- can be due to accumulation of Compound II ("slow" inhibition) or to the formation of Compound III ("rapid" inhibition) part of which leads to a dead end product. Formation of Compound III and of this dead end product are responsible for the irreversible inactivation in presence of an excess of H2O2.
Two Distal Downstream Enhancers Direct Expression of the Human Apolipoprotein E Gene to Astrocytes in the Brain (2001)

Two distal downstream enhancers controlling astrocyte expression of the human apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene in the brain were identified by analysis of transgenic mice generated with various constructs of the apoE/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster. In wild-type mice, the highest overall levels of apoE mRNA were found in astrocytes in the glomerular layer of olfactory bulbs and in Bergmann glia in the cerebellum. This pattern of expression was reproduced in transgenic mice expressing the entire human apoE gene cluster and also in transgenic mice expressing specific enhancer segments within the cluster. Expression of the human apoE transgene at these sites was specified by two enhancer domains: one enhancer is located 3.3 kb downstream of the apoE gene, and a duplication of this sequence is located 15 kb downstream of the apoE gene. Astrocyte enhancer activity was contained within 620 and 619 bp segments of these domains that show subtle differences in regional expression. In the absence of these distal enhancers, the apoE gene was not expressed in astrocytes. The relatively high levels of apoE expression at specific sites in the olfactory bulb and cerebellum suggest the presence of unique regulatory signals at these locations that may reflect common cellular properties and apoE gene functions. The localization of the two astrocytic enhancers reveals an unexpected complexity in the control of apoE production that is essential to understanding apoE function in the brain.
Development of Self-Questionires of Health Education on Adult Disease in Korea (1991)

Since the national insurance system has implemented in 1977. the aspect of supply and demand in terms of treatment has been solved to a certain degree. but the health of the people has not been satisfied. Furthermore. considering the efficiency of cost-effective analyais. the development in the health promotion of medical field has gradually come to be called for.As a part of the research, we have established the the major adult disease of our country. such as hypertension, diabetes, gastric cancer and cervical cancer, elicited the items of knowledge. attitude and practice(KAP) aimed at the prevention and early diagnosis of the above disease, prepared self-questionires. and made the persons concerned evaluate the KAP for their health.We think that the utilization of the KAP questionires is effective for the promotion of health by the self-efficacy consciousness. and that the KAP itself is greatly significant as an excellent materials for public health education.The sustained research and study which is to be followed is to go over the validity, reliability, efficacy. which would, make a great contribution to public health in the community.
누노펠트 기법을 이용한 스카프 디자인 연구 (2009)

In the industrial structure of the 21st Century in which knowledge and sentiment becomes an important topic, the textile and fashion industry has...
Stability of the Adiabatic Motion of Charged Particles in the Earth's Field (1960)

The motion of charged particles in a magnetic field such that of the earth or that of a magnetic mirror machine is discussed. It is shown that during the motion and drift of a relativistic particle, not only the magnetic moment, but also a longitudinal invariant and an additional flux invariant are adiabatically conserved. These conservation laws lead to retention of the particles in the field. The derivation of the adiabatic invariants leads to a set of equations of motion which describe the average drift of the particles from one force line to the other, and which also describe the changes that occur in the energies and periods associated with the motion. In the absence of scattering, loss of particles from the magnetic field will be due to the violation of the adiabatic laws.
THE ARIES FUSION NEUTRON-SOURCE STUDY (2000)

Last year the ARIES team initiated the study of fusion-neutron source applications. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential and competitiveness of a fusion neutron source as an intermediate-term application of fusion energy research, on the path to fusion power systems.
Infrared Spectroscopy (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared SpectroscopyR. C. GoreCite this: Anal. Chem. 1951, 23, 1, 7–12Publication Date (Print):January 17, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 17 January 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60049a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60049a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views121Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Demonstrating the clinical and cost effectiveness of adhesion reduction strategies (2002)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility of conducting Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) in lower abdominal surgery to demonstrate a reduction in adhesion-related admissions following use of an adhesion reduction product, and to model the cost effectiveness of such products. METHODS: The number of patients in each limb of a RCT comparing an adhesion reduction product to a control has been estimated based on 25% and 50% reductions in adhesion-related readmissions one year after surgery, for P = 0.05 at a power of 80% and P=0.01 at a power of 90%. A cost effectiveness model based on the Surgical and Clinical Adhesions Research Group (SCAR) database has been developed which calculates the percentage reduction in readmissions required of an adhesion reduction product to return the cost of investment. It also estimates the cumulative costs of adhesion-related readmissions for lower abdominal surgery and the cost savings associated with an adhesion reduction policy using a low or high cost product. RESULTS: 7.2% of patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery will readmit due to adhesions in the first year after surgery. To demonstrate a 25% reduction in readmissions one year after surgery, it is calculated that a RCT would require between 5686 (P = 0.05, power=80%) and 7766 (P = 0.01, power = 90%) lower abdominal surgery patients followed-up for one year. A cost effectiveness analysis demonstrates that routine use of adhesion reduction products costing pound 50 per patient will payback the cost of such investment if they reduce adhesion-related readmissions by 16% after 3 years. A product costing pound 200 will need to offer a 64.1% reduction in readmissions after 3 years. For the estimated 158 000 lower abdominal surgery operations conducted in the UK each year, the cumulative costs of adhesion-related readmissions over 10 years are estimated at pound 569 Million. CONCLUSION: Demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of adhesion reduction products in the RCT setting is unlikely to be feasible due to the large number of patients required. Products costing pound 200 or more are unlikely to payback their direct costs.
Superiority of clomipramine over imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. (1992)

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to compare the effects of imipramine and clomipramine in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. The number of dropouts in the placebo-treated group was 7; in the imipramine-treated group, 4; and in the clomipramine treated group, 0. Ten subjects fulfilled the 12 weeks of treatment in the placebo group, 25 in the imipramine group, and 22 in the clomipramine group. To minimize dropouts because of side effects, a flexible dose regimen with a careful escalation of doses was applied. The maximal dose allowed was 250 mg/day. The mean (+/- SEM) daily doses reached were 124 +/- 9 mg (range, 50-250 mg) of imipramine and 109 +/- 8 mg (range, 25-200 mg) of clomipramine. At the end of the trial, the number of panic attacks as well as the anxiety between attacks (measured using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety) were markedly reduced in patients treated with either of the two antidepressant drugs, but only slightly decreased in patients on placebo. With respect to all major outcome parameters, i.e., full panic attacks, total number of anxiety attacks (full plus mild), and anxiety between attacks, the effect of clomipramine was clearly and significantly superior to that of imipramine (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.002, and p less than 0.002, respectively). Moderate intake of diazepam was allowed; in the clomipramine group (p less than 0.006), but neither in the imipramine group nor in the placebo group, a significant decrement in diazepam intake was observed during the course of the trial. The finding that clomipramine may have a higher potency and/or efficacy than imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder supports the concept that the antipanic effect of antidepressant drugs is due to the influence of these compounds on serotonergic rather than noradrenergic neurotransmission.
Automatic Tracking and Characterization of African Convective Systems on Meteosat Pictures (1992)

With the objective of budding climatological statistics on propagating African convective systems and extracting pertinent parameters for the evaluation of precipitation an automatic method of tracking clouds with cold tops on Meteosat infrared (IR) images is established. This method takes into account eventual separation or merging of clouds. Results obtained in several cases not only demonstrate the capability of the method to perform correct tracking in different situations, but also show that objective determination of parameters, such as propagation speeds, system area, and volume index, is possible. The analysis of the time evolution of these last parameters allows a clear characterization of the cloud life cycle with its growing and decreasing stages, which may be useful for improving precipitation-estimation methods based only on cold-cloud occurrences or cloud-top temperatures.
Theoretical prediction of the electron backscattering coefficient for multilayer structures (1990)

SUMMARY Based on existing formulae for the backscattering coefficient for coated samples, i.e. for samples consisting of one film on a massive homogeneous substrate, a theory for the backscattering coefficient for multilayer structures is derived in a clear mathematical way without using approximations. The resulting expression is simple and ready to be applied in scanning electron microscopy or other related analytical techniques.
NIFE - a technical advance in non-invasive determination of total filtration of x-ray tube assemblies (1990)

A new instrument is presented ― a non-invasive filtration evaluator (NIFE) ― which is based on the K-edge filter method proposed by Bauml (1979). This method, offers a considerable potential for improving the accuracy of filter measurements. After a short description and evaluation of the properties of the K-edge filter method a technique to overcome the inherent problems of this method is put forward. The design of a dedicated measuring instrument and the performance data of the prototype instrument are then presented
ACETONE IN THE BREATH (1952)

Acetone exhalation in human subjects was investigated using a collection method dependent on the condensation of exhaled vapors in liquid air traps, and subsequesnt analysis of the condensate by chemical and mass spectrometry. It was found that normal nonfasting individuals were found to exhale demonstrable and fairly characteristic amounts of acetone. Diabetic nonfasting subjects were found to exhale significantly higher amounts of acetone with a much wider range of variation in values. These and other study findings are presented and discussed.
The Charism of Unity in Dialogue with Contemporary Culture and the Paradigm of Fraternity (2013)

In this article based on her speech to the Economic Science Faculty at the University of Buenos Aires on April 12, 2012, the author begins by asking the question: Does the charism of unity have something to say to contemporary culture? She presents Chiara Lubich’s experience of unity and her vision for contributing to a more united and peaceful world. Looking briefly at the cultural situation in Europe today, the author presents the difficult cultural situations on that continent. But she quickly turns her attention to Latin America and the positive social, economic, and political changes that have recently taken place there as well as the challenges that still remain. She presents Chiara Lubich’s thoughts and proposals on her visit to Latin America in 1998 concerning those challenges. Lubich proposed an interreligious and intercultural “360 degree dialogue” that is based on fraternity. The author explains what fraternity meant to Chiara Lubich in the history of her own experience, in the Focolare spirituality of unity, and how it can be a paradigm for cultural development that overcomes the challenges facing Latin America—as well as the global community—today.
An experiment to improve cost estimation and project tracking for software and systems integration projects (1999)

It is becoming increasingly difficult to predict the resources, costs, and time scales for the integration of software and systems built from components supplied by third parties. Many cost models use the concept of product size as the prime driver for cost estimation but our experience has shown that the supplied quality of components and the required quality of the integrated systems are becoming the dominant factors affecting the costs and time scales of many projects today. ICL has undertaken an experiment using an alternative life cycle model, known as the Cellular Manufacturing Process Model (CMPM), which describes how a product is integrated from its constituent components. The experiment has helped to develop a method and sets of metrics to improve cost estimation and project tracking.
Amino Acid Balancing in the Context of MP and RUP Requirements (2004)

The protein requirements of lactating dairy cows continue to be refined. In NRC (1971, 1978), dietary requirements were expressed as CP and metabolic requirements as digestible protein. In NRC (1989), dietary requirements were expressed as CP or