gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reducing Multiclass to Binary: A Unifying Approach for Margin Classifiers (2000)

We present a unifying framework for studying the solution of multiclass categorization prob-lems by reducing them to multiple binary problems that are then solved using a margin-based binary learning algorithm. The proposed framework unifies some of the most popular approaches in which each class is compared against all others, or in which all pairs of classes are compared to each other, or in which output codes with error-correcting properties are used. We propose a general method for combining the classifiers generated on the binary problems, and we prove a general empirical multiclass loss bound given the empirical loss of the individual binary learning algorithms. The scheme and the corresponding bounds apply to many popular classification learn-ing algorithms including support-vector machines, AdaBoost, regression, logistic regression and decision-tree algorithms. We also give a multiclass generalization error analysis for general output codes with AdaBoost as the binary learner. Experimental results with SVM and AdaBoost show that our scheme provides a viable alternative to the most commonly used multiclass algorithms.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL (NOx/CO/O2) SOLID-STATE SENSORS FOR COAL COMBUSTION CONTROL (2003)

The composition and microstructure of the sensing electrode are the key parameters that influence the sensing mechanism, and hence key sensor performance parameters: sensitivity, selectivity and response time. During this reporting period we investigated the effect of microstructure and the fundamental heterogeneous gas solid interactions of our NO sensor electrode material. In order to optimize the sensor electrode microstructure, powders were prepared using four different powder synthesis routes, resulting in different particle sizes distributions and BET surface areas. Different electrode processing conditions, e.g. screen-printing slurry composition, sintering schedule, etc. were also applied. In this report we demonstrate that the microstructure of electrodes, synthesized with the same composition, has a dramatic effect on both sensitivity and response time of potentiometric NO sensors. A quartz reactor and a tube furnace were built for the catalysis experiments. The installation of a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) and a multi gas controller were completed. Moreover, the system for the temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) and desorption (TPD) were completed by combining the equipment. We used this heterogeneous catalysis system to determine the adsorption characteristics of O{sub 2}, NO, CO, CO{sub 2}, and their mixtures, on the electrode material using TPD, and related the results to sensor performance.
Simultaneous Cationic Homopolyermization of Vinylcarbazole and Oxetane (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSimultaneous Cationic Homopolyermization of Vinylcarbazole and OxetaneR. Gumbs, S. Penczek, J. Jagur-Grodzinski, and M. SzwarcCite this: Macromolecules 1969, 2, 1, 77–82Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60007a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60007a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
1.53 mu m InGaAsP-InP first-order lambda /4-shifted distributed feedback lasers with high coupling coefficients (1991)

The authors report on the performance of distributed feedback lasers, revealing coupling coefficients as high as 330 cm/sup -1/. No mode hopping is observed, stable single-mode operation at a high sidemode suppression ratio up to 51.2 dB is obtained, and the linewidths are linear with increasing reciprocal output power. Well-open eyes and no bit-pattern effects are observed in 5 and 8 GB/s nonreturn to zero modulations. In addition, high coupling is found to have several important advantages, e.g. lower feedback sensitivity, lower threshold gain for the Bragg mode, lower relative intensity noise, and lower influence on the facet reflectivity and n the end-facet phase, resulting in a higher yield of single-mode lasers for arbitrary cleaved facets.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A study of the reaction NO<sub>3</sub> + NO<sub>2</sub> + M → N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + M(M = N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>) (1987)

Abstract The gas‐phase reaction of the NO 3 radical with NO 2 was investigated, using a flash photolysis‐visible absorption technique, over the total pressure range 25–400 Torr of nitrogen or oxygen diluent at 298 ± 2 K. The absolute rate constants determined (in units of 10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 ) at 25, 100, and 400 Torr total pressure were, respectively, (4.0 ± 0.5), (7.0 ± 0.7), and (10 ± 2) for M = N 2 and (4.5 ± 0.5), (8.0 ± 0.4), and (8.8 ± 2.0) for M = O 2 . These data show that the third‐body efficiencies of N 2 and O 2 are identical, within the error limits, and that previous evaluations for M = N 2 are applicable to the atmosphere. In addition, upper limits were determined for the rate constants of the reactions of the NO 3 radical with methanol, ethanol, and propan‐2‐ol of ⩽6 × 10 −16 , ⩽9 × 10 −16 , and ⩽2.3 × 10 −15 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , respectively, at 298 ± 2 K.
Experiences Starting a Nano-Sized Company (2009)

This discussion summarizes some of the experiences during the creation and early growth of a small high-tech company, NanoSonic Inc. NanoSonic is a spinoff of the Fiber & Electro-Optics Research Center (FEORC) at Virginia Tech. Its first 10 years of operation may suggest several issues related to fiber optics, sensors, and materials.
Zoomable user interface for in-depth reading (2004)

The Instant Bookplex system includes a zoomable user interface (ZUI) for navigating through a spatial representation of a document collection. This ZUI supports extended reading in the collection using semantic zooming, graphical presentation of metadata, animated transitions, and an integrated reading tool It helps users find and re-find documents, choose good documents to read next, and navigate between documents.
Use Cases and Requirements for Layer Independent OAM Management in multi-layer environments (2014)

As operators deploy and operate multi-layer networks and diverse
transport technologies, layer independent Operations, Maintenance &
Administration Management (OAM) would be beneficial for monitoring and
troubleshooting operations of network and service infrastructure. This
document identifies and discusses the key use-cases and high- level
requirements for layer independent Operations, Administration, and
Maintenance management to facilitate operations and maintenance in
multi-layer and multi-domain networks utilizing a wide variety of
heterogeneous networking technologies.
Behaviour of famoxadone deposits on grape leaves (2000)

Famoxadone is a new fungicide developed for the control of crop diseases, including grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). The majority (>90%) of the spray deposit from a famoxadone 500 g kg−1 water-dispersible granule formation on a grape leaf were found on the leaf surface or associated with epicuticular waxes. A significant fraction of this deposit could not be removed by a water wash, suggesting strong binding to the waxes. Nearly 100% of the spray deposit was still recovered after 12 days of exposure to a dry environment, confirming the good residual properties of the substance. Thirty per cent of the applied active ingredient was lost after exposure to a wet environment, probably via hydrolysis or wash-off. Studies with radiolabelled famoxadone formulated as a suspension concentrate indicated that redistribution occurred both in dry conditions, via diffusion in the cuticular waxes, and in wet conditions via dissolution in water followed by re-deposition. No systemic movement of famoxadone was observed within the treated plant. Grape plants treated with famoxadone alone or in mixture with cymoxanil and subjected to up to 50 mm of artificial rain remained well protected against downy mildew infections. Good rain-fastness was observed even 2 h after fungicide application. Despite low water solubility, famoxadone spray residues on grape leaves were reactivated in surface water sufficiently quickly to prevent infection by P viticola. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Transfer function of an ultralow frequency vibration isolation system (1995)

We have measured the transfer function of the recently proposed folded pendulum which has a resonant period up to 66 s. Results confirm that the dynamic behavior of the folded pendulum closely approximates that of a simple pendulum of the same period. The system can provide a simple one-dimensional seismic isolation stage for laser interferometer gravitational wave antennas, as well as having application to very low frequency seismometers.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION OF FURAN CATALYZED BY ARENETRICARBONYLMOLYBDENUM (1982)

Abstract Die Arenmolybdäntricarbonyl‐Komplexe (III) katalysieren bei 130°C die Alkylierung von Furan (I) mit tert‐Butylchlorid (II) zu 2‐tert.‐Butylfuran (IV) und 2,5‐Di‐tert.‐butylfuran (V) sowie die tert‐Butylierung von 2‐tert.‐Butylfuran (IV) zu der dialkylierten Verbindung (V).
Molecular cloning of two isoforms of a receptor for the human hematopoietic cytokine interleukin-11 (1995)

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a stromal cell-derived cytokine with multiple biologic activities on lymphohematopoietic cells. It belongs to a family of pleiotropic and redundant cytokines that use the gp 130 transducing subunit in their high affinity receptors. By amplifying human cDNA libraries with oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the conserved WSXWS motif found in the hematopoietic cytokine receptor family, a novel cytokine receptor cDNA was identified that, based on high (82%) sequence homology with the recently cloned murine IL-11 receptor, appears to encode the human IL-11 receptor. This receptor is a 422-amino acid protein containing a signal peptide followed by extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains. The extracellular region has a two-domain structure homologous to those of the IL-6 and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptors: an immunoglobulin-like domain and a cytokine receptor-like domain. In addition, an isoform of the human IL-11 receptor that lacks the cytoplasmic domain was also identified. In agreement with the pleiotropic effects of IL-11 on different hematopoietic lineages and bone cells, IL-11 receptor transcripts were found to be expressed by the myelogenous leukemia cell line K562, the megakaryocytic leukemia cell line Mo7E, the erythroleukemia cell line TF1, and the osteosarcoma cell lines MG-63 and Saos-2.
Novel alleles at the JK blood group locus explain the absence of the erythrocyte urea transporter in European families* (2002)

The Kidd (JK) blood group system is of importance in transfusion medicine. The Jk(null) phenotype is associated with absence of the urea transporter in erythrocytes and moderately reduced ability to concentrate urine. We and others recently reported different molecular alterations in the silenced Jkb-like alleles of Polynesians and Finns, populations with higher Jk(null) frequencies. Here we report novel molecular bases of this phenotype in Caucasians. Blood samples from a Swiss and an English family were investigated by serological methods, urea haemolysis test and JK genotyping. Genomic DNA and JK mRNA were sequenced. Genotyping showed homozygosity for Jka-like alleles. The Swiss Jk(null) alleles deviated from wild-type Jka sequence by a nonsense mutation in exon 7 causing an immediate stop codon (Tyr194stop). The English Jk(null) alleles revealed a genomic 1.6 kilobase pair deletion including exons 4 and 5, the former of which includes the translation start codon. Multiple mRNA splicing variants were detected in reticulocytes but exons 3-5 were absent in all transcripts analysed. Screening for these alleles was negative in random donors. Two novel molecular alterations at the JK locus were defined and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for detection of the five known silent Jk alleles was developed to complement JK genotyping in clinical transfusion medicine.
Nuclear Storage Cask Inspection Robotics As a Case Study in System Design Challenges (2018)

Spent nuclear fuel, after cooling within a pool storage system, is generally stored in stainless steel dry storage casks. Some dry storage casks have been in regular use for decades, causing increasing interest in technologies to inspect these units. This work presents a case study on the design and prototyping challenges of a robotic inspection system known as PRINSE. PRINSE is designed for in-use dry nuclear waste storage casks, and its development was motivated by a recently completed multi-university NEUP study to develop, deploy, and test sensor systems enabling novel inspection capabilities. The field deployment situation presented particular design challenges not commonly seen in robotics for three reasons: geometric constraints to enter the in-situ cask environment, severe operational temperatures within the cask inspection area, and a high-radiation environment requiring stand-off human tele-operation and remote actuation of the robot from outside the cask. From a design standpoint, project hurdles included the teaming across multiple universities, the need to rapidly develop new prototype systems, and the novel design constraints which had to be managed carefully with the technology development process. This paper presents the specific mechanical engineering design challenges related to this complex system built to inspect dry storage casks. Additionally, it presents insights gained during the completion of the project, with specific focus on the challenges and methods used to achieve design coordination across sub-teams. Key experiences from this project are presented in a design-centric analysis of the management of technical constraints and how these constraints were distributed among the sub-teams.
A Coupled Model Of Flow And Source Term ForSimulating The Radionuclides Release From AGeological Radioactive Waste Disposal (1970)

In this paper, it is shown a numerical model for simulating the amount of radionuclides leaving a hypothetical geological waste disposal, owing to the action of the groundwater flow. The model couples the hydraulic equation with those governing the evolution of the bulk of the stored radioactive waste. The former equations are solved in a Flow model while the latter ones are solved inside a Source Term model. For simulating the Source Term model it has been created a computer code that implements a two-step retrograde method with step-size control. In the Flow model code it is implemented a finite volume one.
Clean-up of Lead in Household Carpet and Floor Dust (1994)

Methods to remove lead-containing dust were tested on carpets from homes of children with high blood lead and on new carpets artificially contaminated in the laboratory. The household carpets could not be cleaned effectively by repetitive vacuuming with HEPA-filtered cleaners. The lead concentration in the removed dust remained about the same from the initial cleaning (1 min/m2) to the final cleaning (total cleaning time of 10 min/m2). The lead loading on the surface of the carpets often increased during cleaning because vacuuming brought lead from deeper in the carpet to the surface. Over 95% of the total dust was removed from bare wooden floors by dry vacuuming (5 min/m2). For linoleum, more than 75% was removed by vacuuming for 5 min/m2. However, little was removed in vacuuming after the initial two minutes and about 20% was removed in a final wet-washing step. HEPA-vacuuming of the laboratory-contaminated carpets revealed that two of the commercially available vacuum cleaners tested were essentially equivalent and each removed significantly more dust than a third vacuum during a total cleaning time of 10 min/m2. Cleaning for 6 min/m2 was necessary to remove more than 70% of the embedded dust by the two more efficient vacuums. Cleaning efficiencies were about the same for short pile and sculptured carpets. It was concluded that it may be more practical to replace rather than clean carpets. HEPA-vacuum cleaning of carpets was shown to increase lead dust on the surface under some conditions.
Time-resolved observation of isothermal phase transition of liquid crystals triggered by photochemical reaction of dopant (1990)

A mixture of 4-butyl-4′-methoxyazobenzene (BMAB) and 4-n-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB)([BMAB]/[5CB]= 0.03) undergoes an isothermal phase transition on pulse irradiation at 355 nm (10 ns fwhm), in which the relaxation from the nematic to the isotropic phase was completed within ∼ 100 ms as shown by time-resolved birefringence measurements.
Permeability of the blood‐brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz (1994)

Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be studied in sensitive and specific models. In a previous investigation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier after exposure to the various EMF-components of proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that the exposure to MRI induced leakage of Evans Blue labeled proteins normally not passing the BBB of rats [Salford et al. (1992), in: Resonance Phenomena in Biology, Oxford University Press, pp. 87-91]. In the present investigation we exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber to microwaves of 915 MHz as continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated with repetition rates of 8, 16, 50, and 200 s-1. The specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 and 5 W/kg. The rats were not anesthetized during the 2-hour exposure. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation of the brains under chloral hydrate anesthesia about 1 hour after the exposure. The brains were perfused with saline for 3-4 minutes, and thereafter fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 5-6 minutes. Central coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 microns. Albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated immunohistochemically. The results show albumin leakage in 5 of 62 of the controls and in 56 of 184 of the animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves. Continuous wave resulted in 14 positive findings of 35, which differ significantly from the controls (P = 0.002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pooled analyses of effects on visual and visuomotor performance from exposure to magnetic stray fields from MRI scanners: Application of the Bayesian framework (2007)

Using a Bayesian framework with conservative priors appeared to be an effective technique to assess subtle effects of exposure to stray magnetic fields. The posterior distributions were dominated by the observed data, which provides additional compelling evidence that the visuomotor domain and the visual contrast threshold level are negatively affected in the presence of stray fields of 1.5-T to 7.0-T MRI systems.
Imidazoline Receptors and Human Brain Disorders<sup>a</sup> (1999)

Major depression, opioid addiction, neurodegenerative diseases, and glial tumors are associated with disturbances of imidazoline receptors (IR) in the human brain. In depression, the level of a 45-kD IR protein (putative I1-IR) is increased in the brain of suicide victims (51%) and in platelets of depressed patients (40%). The density of platelet I1-IR ([125I]-p-iodoclonidine binding) is also increased in depression (135%). The 29/30-kD IR protein (putative I2B-IR) is downregulated (19%) in suicide victims in parallel with a reduction (40%) in the density of I2B-IR ([3H]idazoxan binding). Antidepressant drugs induce downregulation of 45-kD IR protein and I1-sites in platelets of depressed patients and upregulation of I2-sites in rat brain. The densities of I2B-IR and the related 29/30-kD IR protein are decreased (39% and 28%) in the brain of heroin addicts. The density of I2B-IR is increased in Alzheimer's disease (63%) and decreased in Huntington's disease (56%). Brain I2B-IR is not altered in Parkinson's disease. The level of I2-IR in glial tumors is increased (two-fivefold) in parallel with the abundance of the related 29/30-kD IR protein (39%), whereas the level of 45-kD IR protein is decreased (39%). The possible functional relevance of these findings in the context of the pathogenesis of these disorders remains to be elucidated.
HEBAlt enhances the T-cell potential of fetal myeloid-biased precursors (2010)

Hematopoiesis is controlled by the interplay between transcription factors and environmental signals. One of the primary determinants of the T-lineage choice is Delta-like (DL)-Notch signaling, which promotes T-cell development and inhibits B-cell development. We have found that the transcription factor HEBAlt is up-regulated in early hematopoietic precursors in response to DL-Notch signaling and that it can promote early T-cell development. Here, we identified a population of lineage-negative Sca-1⁻c-kit(+) (LK) cells in the mouse fetal liver that rapidly gave rise to myeloid cells and B cells but exhibited very little T-cell potential. However, forced expression of HEBAlt in these precursors restored their ability to develop into T cells. We also showed that Ikaros and Notch1 are up-regulated in response to HEBAlt over-expression and that activated Notch1 enhances the ability of LK cells to enter the T-cell lineage. Furthermore, the myeloid transcription factor C/EBPα is down-regulated in response to HEBAlt. We therefore propose that HEBAlt plays a role in the network that enforces the T-lineage fate and limits myeloid fate during hematopoiesis.
STABILIZATION BY ANTIOXIDANTS OF MAYONNAISE MADE FROM FISH OIL (1994)

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of antioxidants in extending the shelf‐life of mayonnaise constantly exposed to air in which all of the oil ingredient was fish oil. Mayonnaise prepared without antioxidants had a shelf‐life at room temperature of approximately 1 day. Citric acid or sodium citrate and propyl gallate in the oil phase and EDTA and ascorbic acid in the aqueous phase increased the shelf‐life to an average of 49 days at room temperature as judged by sensory evaluation. With refrigeration, the number of days to off‐odor development was increased to 89. With the addition of an oxygen scavenging system of glucose oxidase‐catalase‐glucose, the shelf‐life increased to an average of 132 days. Both oxygen and light were shown to be detrimental to the stability of the product. Considerable variation was observed between batches of menhaden oil, the primary fish oil used in formulating the mayonnaise in these studies.