gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Object-oriented natural language requirements specification (2002)

A methodology is proposed for the formal development of software systems from a user's requirements specification in natural language into a complete implementation, proceeding through the steps of formal specification, and detailed design and implementation in an automated manner. Our methodology is based upon the theories of two-level grammar (TLG) and object-oriented design and takes advantage of the existence of several existing software design tools. We develop an iterative transformation process from the natural language specification into the final implementation, with a specification development environment to assist the user, as well as the designer in accomplishing this transformation. Our underlying formal specification methodology may also be used in the final development of the implementation. This methodology is a major advance in object-oriented software development and the software engineering process in general.
Riser Tensioners for a TLP Application (1985)

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the design of the production, pipeline, and drilling riser tensioners for a TLP application. The riser tensioners are similar in concept and were designed to be comp act, se1f -contained units. The production, pipeline, and drilling riser tensioners provide 200, 400, and 1,000 kips nominal tension, respectively. Tension variations do not exceed ± 20% for the production and pipeline riser tensioners and ±10% for the drilling riser tensioners. Tension variations include the cumulative effects of 100 year storm wave cycle fluctuations, maintenance requirements, and variations resulting from any single component failure. The physical size of each tensioner does not exceed the space available per the Phase II TLP Structure Design. All tensioners provide a 49-½ diameter clear center opening and have a 30 year design 1ife. Several design alternatives were evaluated during the initial design phase of the tensioners. Alternates considered were as follows: the applicability of a single ram failure mode and its inherent bending moment as opposed to a dual ram f ai1ure mode; number and arrangement of rams; the use of rams or cylinders; the use of bladder or piston type accumulators; the use of mechanical ball/spherical joints or elastomeric joints to allow omni-directional rotation of the upper support ring; and a selection between types of hydraulic fluids and pneumatic system gasses. The initial configuration per original specification for the production and pipeline riser tensioners is illustrated in Figure 1, while the drilling riser tensioner is shown in Figure 2. A revised specification allows a 6 ram production and pipeline riser tensioner illustrated in Figure 3. The following items are identified in Figures 1, 2 and 3: a support structure that transmits the tension loads to the platform, ram-accumulator assemb1ies that generate the required forces needed for tens ioning the riser, an upper support ring that acts as an interface between the hydraulic rams and the riser string, retractable latches that provide a suitable landing shoulder for the riser tension sub, and guide rails that transmit horizontal and torsional riser loads into the platform. The initial study defined an area in which additional work was undertaken. That is, the discussion of the number of rams required suggests specification changes that would permit reducing the number of rams required for the tensioner. Specification changes which include an automatic control scheme lead to a 6 ram system versus a 12 ram system for the production riser tensioner and a similar component reduction in the other tensioners. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the ability of the riser tensioner to properly maintain the required riser tension under all operational conditions. The principal problems encountered in the design were in packaging a unit that would fit within the allowable deck space and in selecting components that would provide the maximum service 1ife.
The Delaware Series LLC: Sophisticated and Flexible Business Planning (2012)

The authors conclude that the Delaware series supplies a beneficial, efficient use of a combined contractual Delaware entity form when pooled with sensible, informed planning by sophisticated business attorneys. Such benefits are particularly noticeable in investment vehicles where managers embark to minimize risk by diversifying the fund’s assets or receive funding with specific covenants attached that limit the acceptable uses of the funds. The series is not, however, for general practitioners who have the occasional client wishing for the latest benefit Delaware has to offer its investors. To provide context, Parts II-IV of this article provide a brief overview of how the series structure evolved and introduces the reader to the Delaware Series. Next, Part V of this article sheds light on the Delaware series LLC and provides practitioners with a useful guide to facilitate forming this specialized business entity. Part VI answers some of the commonly asked questions about a Delaware series. Finally, Part VII of this article addresses the common mistakes made by practitioners when forming a Delaware LLC series
High performance object detection by collaborative learning of Joint Ranking of Granules features (2010)

Object detection remains an important but challenging task in computer vision. We present a method that combines high accuracy with high efficiency. We adopt simplified forms of APCF features [3], which we term Joint Ranking of Granules (JRoG) features; the features consists of discrete values by uniting binary ranking results of pair-wise granules in the image. We propose a novel collaborative learning method for JRoG features, which consists of a Simulated Annealing (SA) module and an incremental feature selection module. The two complementary modules collaborate to efficiently search the formidably large JRoG feature space for discriminative features, which are fed into a boosted cascade for object detection. To cope with occlusions in crowded environments, we employ the strategy of part based detection, as in [19] but propose a new dynamic search method to improve the Bayesian combination of the part detection results. Experiments on several challenging data sets show that our approach achieves not only considerable improvement in detection accuracy but also major improvements in computational efficiency; on a Xeon 3GHz computer, with only a single thread, it can process a million scanning windows per second, sufficing for many practical real-time detection tasks.
Fundamental radiation effects parameters in metals and ceramics (1999)

Abstract Several fundamental aspects of defect cluster accumulation in irradiated ceramics and face centered cubic metals are reviewed, with particular emphasis on radiation hardening and the microstructural evolution in Cu observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At temperatures where interstitials are mobile (> 50 K in Cu), the defect cluster density in pure Cu is initially proportional to the dose and exhibits a square root dose dependence above ∼ 10−4 displacements per atom. This fluence dependence (determined from electrical resistivity and TEM studies) helps to resolve a long-standing controversy on the fluence dependence of radiation hardening. The fraction of freely migrating interstitials in copper irradiated with 14 MeV neutrons at room temperature is ∼ 11%. The activation energy for annealing stage V (stacking fault tetrahedra evaporation) in neutron-irradiated copper has been measured to be 0.84eV. Some features of the point defect accumulation behavior in ceramics are found to be very similar to the trends observed in pure Cu, despite the obvious differences in the physical properties of these two types of materials. Finally, microstructural evidence for some processes unique to nonmetals are summarized, particularly ionization induced diffusion.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Porous Silicon Layer for Solar Cells Applications (2009)

In this paper, the nanocrystalline porous silicon layer is prepared by electrochemical etching of p-type silicon wafer. The atomic force microscopy investigation shows the surface roughness and pyramid like hillocks surface on entire surface which can be regarded as a condensation point to form small skeleton clusters which plays an important role for the strong visible luminescence. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) peak corresponding to blue emission is observed at 567nm which is due to the nano-scaled size of silicon through quantum confinement effect. Raman measurement shows the shifting of Raman peak which attributes the reduction in the phonon energy as a result of disturbances in the silicon lattice due to porous structure. However, the absence of other peak in Raman spectra confirms that the prepared sample retains the crystallinity of bulk silicon wafer. In reflection spectra, the porous silicon surface shows lower reflection which is due to the very thin layer of porous silicon and changed refractive index profile at the interface of the bulk silicon and porous silicon material.
Experiences with retargeting the Java HotSpot virtual machine (2002)

The Java HotSpot virtual machine is Sun Microsystems' newest and most advanced virtual machine for the Java platform, and it is now available on multiple hardware architectures and operating systems. Its primary goal was to push the state of the art in Java performance, through efficient memory management, high-performance thread synchronization, and focused use of sophisticated compiler technology. The SGI Java group has completed its initial retargeting of the HotSpot virtual machine, including the HotSpot client compiler, to the MIPS architecture and the Irix operating system. This paper describes that effort and the technical challenges that were involved, and it evaluates the performance of the retargeted HotSpot virtual machine. Across the board, both in Java bytecode execution and in runtime support, the Java HotSpot virtual machine on Irix/MIPS represents a significant step forward in performance over the previous generation of Java technology, the Classic virtual machine.
The Electoral College of the United States of America : a 21st century evaluation (2011)

The effectiveness of the Electoral College has been debated ever since its inception at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The majority of participants in this debate hold one of two opinions. Opponents of the Electoral College view the system as inefficient and want it disbanded and replaced. Supporters, however, favor retaining the institution and addressing its imperfections. Dispersed between these two views are millions of Americans with little understanding of the Electoral College and the possible implications of abolishing or reforming the institution. While a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of the Electoral College would require a subjective assessment of the institution concerning how it conforms to a political ideology, such a discussion would exceed the scope and desired objective approach of this analysis. Instead, an objective evaluation of the most common arguments in favor and against the Electoral College using a five step formula may be employed: 1) A definition of the Electoral College and how it works; 2) A brief history of the Electoral College; 3) The ideological bases of opponents and proponents of the Electoral College; 4) A discussion of specific arguments for and against the Electoral College; and 5) Conclusions on the debate and its implications. This methodology provides readers with a greater understanding of the significance of the issue and the need to become civically engaged in its continued debate.
The Nuclear Receptor, Nor-1, Markedly Increases Type II Oxidative Muscle Fibers and Resistance to Fatigue (2012)

Nuclear hormone receptors (NR) have been implicated as regulators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The orphan NR4A subgroup has emerged as regulators of metabolic function. Targeted silencing of neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (Nor-1)/NR4A3 in skeletal muscle cells suggested that this NR was necessary for oxidative metabolism in vitro. To investigate the in vivo role of Nor-1, we have developed a mouse model with preferential expression of activated Nor-1 in skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, this resulted in a marked increase in: 1) myoglobin expression, 2) mitochondrial DNA and density, 3) oxidative enzyme staining, and 4) genes/proteins encoding subunits of electron transport chain complexes. This was associated with significantly increased type IIA and IIX myosin heavy chain mRNA and proteins and decreased type IIB myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein. The contractile protein/fiber type remodeling driving the acquisition of the oxidative type II phenotype was associated with 1) the significantly increased expression of myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C, and phospho-histone deacetylase 5, and 2) predominantly cytoplasmic HDAC5 staining in the Tg-Nor-1 mice. Moreover, the Nor-1 transgenic line displayed significant improvements in glucose tolerance, oxygen consumption, and running endurance (in the absence of increased insulin sensitivity), consistent with increased oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle. We conclude that skeletal muscle fiber type is not only regulated by exercise-sensitive calcineurin-induced signaling cascade but also by NR signaling pathways that operate at the nexus that coordinates muscle performance and metabolic capacity in this major mass tissue.
An efficient microphone array based voice activity detector for driver's speech in noise and music rich in-vehicle environments (2010)

In this study, an efficient microphone array based voice activity detector (VAD) is proposed, specifically for the driver's speech in a vehicle. Two pre-fixed beampatterns are designed to explore the knowledge of the in-vehicle spatial acoustic power distributions, based on which a simple voice active/inacitve classifier is also designed. Through real data experiment, the proposed VAD presents a novel and robust performance against various in-vehicle noisy scenarios.
Compiling communication-efficient programs for massively parallel machines (1991)

A method of generating parallel target code with explicit communication for massively parallel distributed-memory machines is presented. The source programs are shared-memory parallel programs with explicit control structures. The method extracts syntactic reference patterns from a program with shared address space, selects appropriate communication routines, places these routines in appropriate locations in the target program text and sets up correct conditions for invoking these routines. An explicit communication metric is used to guide the selection of data layout strategies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
40 Gigabit ethernet: prototyping transparent end-to-end connectivity (2011)

The ever increasing demands of data intensive eScience applications have pushed the limits of computer networks. With the launch of the new 40 Gigabit Ethernet(40GE) standard, 802.3ba, applications can go beyond the common 10 Gigabit/s per data stream barrier for both local area, and as demonstrated in the GLIF 2010 and Supercomputing 2010 demos[3], wide area setups. In this article we profile the performance of stateof-the-art server hardware combined with 40GE technology. We give an insight on the issues involved with ultra high performance network adapters and suggest optimization approaches.
A fuzzy complete SAR processing chain for ship detection and velocity estimation (1991)

Abstract Environmental monitoring by means of Remote Sensing methodologies is one of the most interesting and important application field of image processing techniques. In this field, a very important role is played by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, that posses an high spatial resolution and that can be produced in all weather conditions. This paper presents a complete digital signal processing chain for the automatic detection of ships in SAR images and for the computation of an estimate of ship velocities. A particular attention has been devoted to two problems: the prefiltering problem which aims to reduce the speckle noise in the image, and the robustness problem that is related to the optimization of the true‐target detection/rejection capability. The whole chain has been first simulated and tested on a sequential machine, namely a Micro VAX II, and then it has been ported on a parallel architecture based on a hyper‐cube of IMS T800 transputers.
A Hardware Engine for Analogue Mode Simulation of MOS Digital Circuits (1985)

Purely digital simulators that model digital circuits by approximations often produce poor results with even simple circuits. Analogue simulators, however, are far more accurate than necessary for digital circuits and correspondingly expensive to use. We argue that an analogue simulation is necessary, but that a simple enough approximation can be used to allow a hardware simulation engine to perform the calculations. The critical features of such an engine are discussed here, its performance analyzed, and the results are compared to a digital simulator and an analogue simulator. The use of such an engine is shown to permit approximate analogue simulation over an entire VLSI circuit with accuracy comparable to SPICE-quality analogue simulation. The speed of the engine permits interactive analogue mode simulation of circuits containing several thousand transistors.
[Certain characteristics of blood sugar in women aged 16-29 years according to glucose tolerance test]. (1977)

Glucose tolerance test was conducted in 370 women aged from 16 to 29 years. Adiposity proved to be accompanied by a significant accretion of the glycemia level on fasting stomach, and 1 and 2 hours after glucose load, with the increase in the excess of weight not over the normal level. Glycemia level on fasting stomach failed to differ significantly in persons with an inadequate weight from such in persons with a normal weight. In the group with a decreased weight there was a significant blood glucose elevation 1 and 2 hours after the glucose load. Genesis of the glycemia increase differed in the groups with eleveated and reduced body weight. There was found no significant difference in the distribution of 16-29-year-old women by glucose tolerance depending on the excess of body weight.
Thermal aspects of burn-in of high power semiconductor devices (2003)

Burn-in systems provide a controlled environment to test semiconductor devices at temperature and voltage extremes. These systems typically contain ovens or environmental chambers with test electronics. A number of thermal issues must be appropriately managed to achieve success. These thermal issues grow more complex as the device power increases. An example is provided of a device mounted on a burn-in board that illustrates thermal resistance measurements and calculations. This example is then extended to illustrate the minimum and maximum die temperatures encountered in a typical test application. This wide temperature spread creates the need for individual temperature control for each device. A number of the most recent advances in high-power burn-in address problems created by increased device power. Techniques using individual thermal control with air-cooled and water-cooled devices are described.
Dietary phytoestrogens: disease prevention versus potential hazards (1997)

Dietary phytoestrogens are currently being extensively investigated because of the possibility that they may protect against disease. Soya isoflavones, in particular, are attracting considerable attention because there is increasing evidence that they may protect against breast and prostate cancers and heart disease and osteoporosis. Considers the evidence for disease prevention by phytoestrogens and the biological mechanisms by which they may act. Explores dietary sources of phytoestrogens and the production of both traditional and non‐traditional soya foods. Considers the potential hazards of dietary phytoestrogens, including their use in infant formulas and associated, possibly harmful, developmental effects, and the possibility that they may display the harmful oestrogenic effects of oral contraceptives by increasing risk of deep vein thrombosis (blood clots). Finally, assesses the benefits versus the risk of dietary phytoestrogens.
A High Performance Flash Memory Solid State Disk (2008)

Flash memory has been attracting attention as the next mass storage media for mobile computing systems such as notebook computers and UMPC(Ultra Mobile PC)s due to its low power consumption, high shock and vibration resistance, and small size. A storage system with flash memory excels in random read, sequential read, and sequential write. However, it comes short in random write because of flash memory's physical inability to overwrite data, unless first erased. To overcome this shortcoming, we propose an SSD(Solid State Disk) architecture with two novel features. First, we utilize non-volatile FRAM(Ferroelectric RAM) in conjunction with NAND flash memory, and produce a synergy of FRAM's fast access speed and ability to overwrite, and NAND flash memory's low and affordable price. Second, the architecture categorizes host write requests into small random writes and large sequential writes, and processes them with two different buffer management, optimized for each type of write request. This scheme has been implemented into an SSD prototype and evaluated with a standard PC environment benchmark. The result reveals that our architecture outperforms conventional HDD and other commercial SSDs by more than three times in the throughput for random access workloads.
Prescribing as patients barriers come down feel the benefits (2008)

Nurse prescribing in England has increased patient choice and access to medicines, a survey of nearly 1,400 nurse independent prescribers has concluded.
LHON: Mitochondrial Mutations and More (2011)

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial disorder leading to severe visual impairment or even blindness by death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The primary cause of the disease is usually a mutation of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) causing a single amino acid exchange in one of the mtDNA-encoded subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the first complex of the electron transport chain. It was thus obvious to accuse neuronal energy depletion as the most probable mediator of neuronal death. The group of Valerio Carelli and other authors have nicely shown that energy depletion shapes the cell fate in a LHON cybrid cell model. However, the cybrids used were osteosarcoma cells, which do not fully model neuronal energy metabolism. Although complex I mutations may cause oxidative stress, a potential pathogenetic role of the latter was less taken into focus. The hypothesis of bioenergetic failure does not provide a simple explanation for the relatively late disease onset and for the incomplete penetrance, which differs remarkably between genders. It is assumed that other genetic and environmental factors are needed in addition to the 'primary LHON mutations' to elicit RGC death. Relevant nuclear modifier genes have not been identified so far. The review discusses the unresolved problems of a pathogenetic hypothesis based on ATP decline and/or ROS-induced apoptosis in RGCs.