gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The application research about registration methods of 4D-CBCT in non-small cell lung cancer with SBRT (2016)

Objective
To investigate the artificial and gray T+ R 4D-CBCT image registration for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with SBRT.


Methods
2D SBRT 10 patients with NSCLC, their 4D-CBCT scan images and reference CT images were registered by the methods of artificial and gray T+ R registration. The maximum mutual information (MI), Haunsdorff distance and average symmetry distance (ASD) were calculated and were analyzed by paired-t test.


Results
In 1-3 fraction SBRT, the maximum MI for Gray T+ R registration was averaged improved 8.8%(P=0.003, 0.000, 0.008), Haunsdorff distance and ASD were averaged reduced 21.1%(P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000) and 13.4%(P=0.000, 0.002, 0.018) respectively, and they all had the statistical significance compared with artificial registration in the early period of treatment; in 6-8 fraction SBRT, compared with gray T+ R registration the maximum MI for artificial registration was averaged improved 19.3%(P=0.014, 0.000, 0.000), Haunsdorff distance and ASD were averaged reduced 17.6%(P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000) and 19.6%(P=0.001, 0.000, 0.000) respectively, and they also had the statistical significance.


Conclusions
Gray T+ R image registration was reasonable in early period of treatment and artificial image registration was available in later period of treatment.


Key words: 
Tomography, X-ray computed, cone beam, four-dimensional; Image registration, artificial; Image registration, gray T+ R; Maximum mutual information; Haunsdorff distance; Average symmetry distance
Effect of Glucocorticoids on Type I Collagen Synthesis, Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Content in Cultured Rat Calvariae* (1983)

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is believed to be caused by increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. However, the direct effects of glucocorticoids on bone formation are, as yet, not fully understood. Cortisol, corticosterone, and dexamethasone were examined for their effects on alkaline phosphatase activity, the incorporation of [3H]proline into type I collagen, DNA content, and mitotic index in intact 21-day-old fetal rat calvariae. After 24 h of treatment, cortisol at 1-100 nM increased the incorporation of [3H]proline into type I collagen, whereas at 1-10 microM, cortisol inhibited type I collagen labeling. After 96 h, cortisol (0.1-10 microM) had an inhibitory effect on type I collagen labeling and alkaline phosphatase activity. Cortisol had a small, not dose dependent, and transient stimulatory effect on alkaline phosphatase which appeared after 12-24 h of exposure, whereas the inhibitory effect was dose related, it appeared and was near-maximal after 48 h of continuous treatment with cortisol. Corticosterone and dexamethasone had an effect similar to that of cortisol on type I collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity. None of the steroids tested affected the release of the enzyme into the culture medium. Cortisol, corticosterone, and dexamethasone did not alter calvarial DNA content after 24 h of treatment, but after 96, concentrations of 1 nM to 10 microM were inhibitory. The decrease in DNA appeared after 48 h of exposure to 100 nM cortisol and was maximal after 72 h. Histological sections showed a marked and generalized decrease in the number of mitoses after colcemid arrest in calvariae treated with 100 nM cortisol, corticosterone, or dexamethasone for 96 h. These studies indicate that glucocorticoids have a dual effect on type I collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured calvariae: a transient stimulatory effect after short term treatment and an inhibitory one after long term exposure. The latter is related to a generalized decrease in cell population.
Learning Signed Determinantal Point Processes through the Principal Minor Assignment Problem (2018)

Symmetric determinantal point processes (DPP's) are a class of probabilistic models that encode the random selection of items that exhibit a repulsive behavior. They have attracted a lot of attention in machine learning, when returning diverse sets of items is sought for. Sampling and learning these symmetric DPP's is pretty well understood. In this work, we consider a new class of DPP's, which we call signed DPP's, where we break the symmetry and allow attractive behaviors. We set the ground for learning signed DPP's through a method of moments, by solving the so called principal assignment problem for a class of matrices $K$ that satisfy $K_{i,j}=\pm K_{j,i}$, $i\neq j$, in polynomial time.
Introduction to Law, Morality, and Popular Culture in the Public Sphere Symposium (2002)

Symposium on "Law, Morality, and Popular Culture in the Public Sphere" at the Indiana University School of Law-Bloomington, April 6, 2001.
Bridging the Gap: a Semantic Similarity Measure between Queries and Documents (2016)

The main approach of traditional information retrieval (IR) is to examine how many words from a query appear in a document. A drawback of this approach, however, is that it may fail to detect relevant documents where no or only few words from a query are found. The semantic analysis methods such as LSA (latent semantic analysis) and LDA (latent Dirichlet allocation) have been proposed to address the issue, but their performance is not superior compared to common IR approaches. Here we present a query-document similarity measure motivated by the Word Mover's Distance. Unlike other similarity measures, the proposed method relies on neural word embeddings to calculate the distance between words. Our method is efficient and straightforward to implement. The experimental results on TREC and PubMed show that our approach provides significantly better performance than BM25. We also discuss the pros and cons of our approach and show that there is a synergy effect when the word embedding measure is combined with the BM25 function.
Rayleigh scattering and weak localization: Geometric effects and fluctuations (1987)

The coherently backscattered light from a disordered medium occupying a half space is discussed. For oblique incidence of the incident light it is shown that the coherently backscattered light is confined to a cone of roughly elliptical cross section (it is circular for normal incidence). The effects of lower dimensionality (two dimensions) and absorption on the coherent backscattering are discussed. The fluctuations in the intensity are discussed and in the diffusion approximation shown to obey a Rayleigh distribution. The light scattered at different angles is shown to be uncorrelated.
A Fully Synthetic Route to the Neurotrophic Illicinones:  Syntheses of Tricycloillicinone and Bicycloillicinone Aldehyde (2000)

Tricycloillicinone (1) and bicycloillicinone asaronacetal (2) were both isolated from extracts of the wood of Illicium tashiroi. These compounds were found to enhance the action of choline acetyltransferase, which catalyzes the synthesis of acetylcholine from its precursor. Since one of the characteristic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease involves degeneration of cholinergic neurons, resulting in markedly reduced levels of acetylcholine, compounds with the properties of 1 or 2 could well serve as agents in the treatment of such disorders. In this paper, we report the total synthesis of 1 and the construction of the core structure 3 of 2. The tricycloillicinone synthesis employed a novel strategy to control the regiochemistry of two ortho Claisen rearrangements. A sulfonyl group introduced at C2 of an allyl group effectively suppressed its unwanted rearrangement to the para position (23 → 24). Subsequently, ortho Claisen rearrangement was conducted using a reverse O-prenylated derivative 31 to furnish the desired 32, selectively. 32 was used as a common precursor for the syntheses of both 1 and 3. The application of Corey−Snider oxidative cyclization and the Barton−McCombie deoxygenation provided a direct route to 1. For bicycloillicinone aldehyde 3, a new tandem reaction using the Et2AlCN to construct the cage structure (39 → 41) was employed. Flexible syntheses of the polycyclic illicinones should provide access to analogous structures for future biological and SAR studies.
Defining Global Gene Expression Changes of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Female sGnRH-Antisense Transgenic Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) (2011)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is critical in the development and regulation of reproduction in fish. The inhibition of neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expression may diminish or severely hamper gonadal development due to it being the key regulator of the axis, and then provide a model for the comprehensive study of the expression patterns of genes with respect to the fish reproductive system.
Modulation of Neuronal T-Type Calcium Channels (2006)

As T-type calcium channels open near resting membrane potential and markedly influence neuronal excitability their activity needs to be tightly regulated. Few neuronal T-current regulations have been described so far, but interestingly some of them involve unusual mechanisms like G protein-independent but receptor-coupled modulation, while the use of recombinant channels has established both a direct action of Gbetagamma subunits, anandamide, arachidonic acid and a phosphorylation process by CaMKII. Nearly all reported types of modulation involve Cav3.2 channels while no regulation of Cav3.1 has been reported, a difference that may originate from diversities in the intracellular loop connecting the II and III domains of the two isotypes. The search for T-current regulators requires taking into account their peculiar activation properties, since a close link may exist between the channel conformation and its modulation. Indeed, in thalamocortical neurons a phosphorylation-mediated regulation of the amplitude of the T-current has been shown to be highly dependent upon the state of the channel and only to become apparent when the channels are in the voltage range close to neuronal resting membrane potential.
The Free-Radical Chemistry of Fluoroketones. II. Reaction with Unsaturated Compounds (1967)

Abstract Free radicals induce two principal types of interaction between fluoro-ketones and olefins, both of which lead to polymeric products. Copolym-erization of the fluoroketone through its carbonyl group leads to poly-ethers. Hydrogen abstraction, presumed to be largely intramolecular, also occurs to give highly branched polymers with fluoroalcohol groups at terminal positions on the branches.
Evolutionary Engineering in Chemostat Cultures for Improved Maltotriose Fermentation Kinetics in Saccharomyces pastorianus Lager Brewing Yeast (2017)

The lager brewing yeast <i>Saccharomyces pastorianus</i>, an interspecies hybrid of <i>S. eubayanus</i> and <i>S. cerevisiae</i>, ferments maltotriose, maltose, sucrose, glucose and fructose in wort to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Complete and timely conversion ("attenuation") of maltotriose by industrial <i>S. pastorianus</i> strains is a key requirement for process intensification. This study explores a new evolutionary engineering strategy for improving maltotriose fermentation kinetics. Prolonged carbon-limited, anaerobic chemostat cultivation of the reference strain <i>S. pastorianus</i> CBS1483 on a maltotriose-enriched sugar mixture was used to select for spontaneous mutants with improved affinity for maltotriose. Evolved populations exhibited an up to 5-fold lower residual maltotriose concentration and a higher ethanol concentration than the parental strain. Uptake studies with <sup>14</sup>C-labeled sugars revealed an up to 4.75-fold higher transport capacity for maltotriose in evolved strains. In laboratory batch cultures on wort, evolved strains showed improved attenuation and higher ethanol concentrations. These improvements were also observed in pilot fermentations at 1,000-L scale with high-gravity wort. Although the evolved strain exhibited multiple chromosomal copy number changes, analysis of beer made from pilot fermentations showed no negative effects on flavor compound profiles. These results demonstrate the potential of evolutionary engineering for strain improvement of hybrid, alloploid brewing strains.
Design of aperture-coupled annular-ring microstrip antennas for circular polarization (2005)

The design of an aperture-coupled annular-ring microstrip antenna for circular polarization (CP) is presented. The CP radiation of the annular-ring microstrip antenna is achieved by a series microstrip-line-feed configuration through the coupling of a ring slot in the ground plane. The key parameters of the proposed design are investigated using a commercial simulation software based on the Method of Moments to show how to obtain the 50 /spl Omega/ input impedance and optimum axial ratio. The proposed design can be applied to the annular-ring microstrip antennas with different inner radii and substrate thickness, and several antenna prototypes are constructed and measured. Details of the experimental results of the CP performance are presented and discussed.
Delayed removal of renal-bound antigen in decomplemented rabbits with acute serum sickness. (1978)

We have examined the effects of complement depletion, brought about by cobra venom factor (CVF), on the clearance of radiolabelled BSA from the kidney in acute serum sickness in rabbits. The decomplemented group showed a significant decrease in the rate of clearance of renal-bound antigen with a mean half-clearance time of 19.5 days (range 9.3--60) vs 11.3 (range 8.7--15) for the control group. C3 was rapidly cleared from the glomerulus (as assessed by immunofluorescence) when further deposition was prevented by treatment with CVF. Glomerular immune complexes apparently activated the alternative pathway in vitro. These findings suggest that in immune complex nephritis, the clearance of deposited complexes from the kidney is complement-dependent.
Targeting FGF19/FGFR4 Pathway: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2015)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal cancer with limited systemic therapeutic options. Liver carcinogenesis is a complex procedure and various pathways have been found to be deregulated which are potential targets for novel treatments. Aberrant signalling through FGF19 and its receptor FGFR4 seems to be the oncogenic driver for a subset of HCCs and is associated with poor prognosis. Inhibition of the pathway in preclinical models has shown antitumour activity and has triggered further evaluation of this strategy to <i>in vivo</i> models. This review aims to describe the role of the FGF19/FGFR4 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma and its role as a potential predictive biomarker for novel targeted agents against FGF19/FGFR4 signalling.
Effect of FSH and insulin on lipogenesis in cultures of Sertoli cells from immature rats (1997)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and insulin regulate glycide metabolism in Sertoli cells, thus stimulating lactate production. These stimulatory effects of FSH and insulin do not require protein synthesis, suggesting a modulation of enzyme activity and/or regulation of glucose transport. The present investigation was performed to characterize the hormonal control of lipid metabolism in Sertoli cells. The data indicate that FSH and insulin have a regulatory effect on lipid metabolism in Sertoli cells. After 8 h of preincubation with insulin (5 micrograms/ml), the activity of the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase in cultured Sertoli cells was increased from 0.19 to 0.34 nmol NAD+ formed microgram protein-1 min-1. FSH (100 ng/ml) had no effect on this enzyme. Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity was not affected by any of the hormones tested. When Sertoli cells from 19-day old rats were incubated with [1,2-14C]acetate for 90 or 360 min, the [14C] label was present predominantly in triglyceride and phospholipid fractions with minor amounts in other lipids. In Sertoli cells pretreated for 16 h with insulin and FSH, an increase in acetate incorporation into lipids was observed. Most of the label was in esterified lipids and this percentage increased with the time of treatment; this increase was remarkable in triglycerides of control cells (18.8% to 30.6%). Since Sertoli cell triglycerides participate in the control of spermatogenesis, the present data suggest that the hormonal control of lipid metabolism in Sertoli cells is important not only for maintaining the energy of the cell itself, but also for the control of the spermatogenesis process.
Sensitivity of the Viscous Damping Coefficient of Carbon Fiber in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic with Respect to the Fiber Angle (2021)

The variation in the viscous damping coefficient with the carbon fiber angle can be evaluated using the partial derivatives of the viscous damping coefficient with respect to the resonance frequency and modal damping ratio. However, the direct derivatives of the viscous damping coefficient were not effective solutions to the sensitivity analysis of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) structures because the viscous damping from the binding matrix was not changed over the carbon fiber angle. If the identified viscous damping coefficients were assumed to be equivalent values from the parallel relationship between the binding matrix and carbon fiber, the relative error of the viscous damping coefficient of carbon fiber between the increased carbon fiber angle and reference angle could be used as the sensitivity index for the viscous damping coefficient of carbon fiber only. The modal parameters, resonance frequency, and modal damping ratio were identified from the experimental modal test of rectangular CFRP specimens for five different carbon fiber angles between 0° and 90°. The sensitivity of the viscous damping coefficient of carbon fiber was determined for two sensitivity indices: the direct derivative of the mass-normalized equivalent viscous damping coefficient and the relative error of the viscous damping coefficient of carbon fiber. The sensitivity results were discussed using the five mode shapes of the CFRP specimen, that is, three bending modes and two twisting modes.
A neuron-specific splicing switch mediated by an array of pre-mRNA repressor sites: evidence of a regulatory role for the polypyrimidine tract binding protein and a brain-specific PTB counterpart. (1997)

Tissue- and stage-specific alternative splicing events are widespread in mammals, yet the factors and mechanisms that direct these important posttranscriptional events are poorly understood. In this study, we focus on the 24-nt exon of the GABA(A) receptor gamma2 pre-mRNA, which is subject to neuron-specific and developmental splicing regulation in the rat cerebellum. Here we show biochemical evidence for a mechanism that directs the selective repression of the neuron-specific exon in non-neuronal splicing extracts derived from HeLa cells. Key evidence includes the discovery that the pathway of gamma2 pre-mRNA splicing switches from exon skipping to exon selection in splicing reactions with a short RNA competitor containing the 3' splice site region upstream of the 24-nt exon. In this assay, exon selection results from the coordinate activation of both flanking introns. A detailed dissection of this pre-mRNA region shows that it contains four repressor sites clustered around the branch site and extending into the 24-nt exon. These repressor sites are pyrimidine rich and bind avidly to the polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) in HeLa nuclear extracts as determined by UV crosslinking/competition assays. Repression of the exon selection pathway is closely associated with the appearance of a specific RNA-protein complex, indicative of an inhibitor complex, that assembles on the repressor array. Upon the switch to the exon selection pathway, a substantial decrease in the inhibitor complex and a reciprocal increase in spliceosome complex A is observed. Excess recombinant PTB squelches the splicing switch and reestablishes exon skipping as the predominant splicing pathway. Extracts prepared from rat brain nuclei show reduced levels of conventional PTB compared to other splicing factors. Nonetheless, the rat brain nuclear extracts contain an activity that assembles an analogous inhibitor complex efficiently. We report a 59-kDa protein, p59, which has an electrophoretic mobility distinct from HeLa and rat kidney PTB, and which behaves in RNA binding assays as if it is the PTB counterpart in rat brain. Evidence that rat brain p59 is structurally related to PTB stems from western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis with a monoclonal antibody specific for the hnRNP I isoform of PTB. A model describing how the repressor array directs coordinate splicing regulation of flanking introns in the context of overlapping positive regulatory elements is discussed. The sequence, (5') UUCUCU (3'), in a pyrimidine context is associated with one class of intron splicing repressor sites that binds PTB in a variety of pre-mRNAs that are regulated by tissue-specific programs.
LEDs and Lasers (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Radiative Transitions Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Laser Physics Laser Operating Characteristics Specialty Lasers
Surface Passivation of Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride Infrared Detectors (1991)

The theoretical considerations and practical aspects of passivating insulator films, in the context of their use on high-performance mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) infrared detectors are reviewed. The methods of growth, the interface properties and the applications of both native and deposited passivant films have been discussed. Native films include anodic, chemical, photochemical, and plasma oxides as well as anodic sulphides and fluoro-oxides. Deposited films include ZnS, photo-CVD-grown SiO2, CDTe, and SiN/sub x/. The properties of all these passivant films on MCT have been summarized.
How real a threat does computer crime represent? (1996)

The answer to this question will be attempted by looking at the high profile computer-related crimes which have occurred over teh past decade, all of which have produced learning points for law enforcement and the judicial process. Cases worthy of mention are ‘Prestel Hackers’ (Robert Schifreen and Steven Gold), the ‘Mad Hacker’ (Nicholas Whitely) and members of 81gm (Strickland, Bedworth and Woods). The threats experienced by private and public businesses are identical and no distinction is made by the criminal fraternity.