gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical climatology of air pollutants at Pico Mountain Observatory (2013)

Pico Mountain Observatory (PMO) was established in 2001 on top of Pico Mountain (38.47°N, 28.40°W, 2,225 m a.s.l.) in the Azores Islands. PMO frequently samples free troposphere air over the Central North Atlantic. Long-range transport from neighboring continents impacts the concentration of air pollutants at PMO, but North American outflows have the most frequent influence due to predominantly westerly wind in mid-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This study summarizes observations of gases and aerosol since the station was established and combines transport patterns simulated by FLEXPART with observations to investigate chemical signatures of transport patterns. As the first step, FLEXPART backward retroplumes released from PMO will be created for the periods covered by our observation datasets. These results will be used to determine and classify sources of the transported air for long time periods. Seasonal variations in sources and transport pathways will be examined. This information is critical to understand variations in air pollutant observations at PMO, because sources and transport trajectories define age and composition of air plumes that arrive at PMO. In the second step, transport associated with certain chemical signatures, e.g., elevated ozone combined with depressed CO, will be extracted, and transport patterns will be identified for each classified chemical signature. The analysis will reveal correlations between transport patterns and elevation of air pollutants at PMO, which will help to understand measurement datasets of multiple air pollutants. Impacts of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions on CO concentration at PMO will also be determined through multiplying retroplumes with emission inventories. Long-term trends in impacts from both sources will be examined to find potential correlations with recently implemented air quality regulations, occurrence of wildfires, and global climate change.
A comparison of inertial sensor digitizing techniques (1970)

Analog inertial sensor digitizing methods, discussing pulse rebalancing and analog to digital conversion
High-field domains in a thin cover-layer of CdS improve significantly the efficiency of CdS/CdTe solar cells (2011)

It is shown that a thin layer of CdS on top of a CdTe Solar Cell improves the efficiency by increasing mainly the open circuit voltage. This is reasoned as a result of reduced junction leakage and caused by a limitation of the maximum junction field. Such a limitation is achieved by the creation of a high-field domain in the copper-doped CdS, adjacent to the junction. The domain is initiated by field-quenching, that with further development creates a range of negative differential electron conductivity that forces the domain creation. Within the domain the field is limited to the domain field of about 80 kV/cm, that is well below initiating of any tunneling.
Television Coding Using Two-Dimensional Spatial Prediction (1971)

Three classes of differential coders have been built which exploit the two-dimensional spatial correlation present in television pictures. The three classes are distinguished according to the technique used to predict the value of the picture element (pel) to be coded. In the first class, the prediction is the value of the previous element along the scan line averaged with one or more elements in the previous line (of the same field). In the second class, the prediction is the sum of the value of the previous pel with the local element difference in the previous line. In the third class, the transmitter and receiver choose the prediction from either the previous element or some combination of the previous element with the elements in the previous line. The choice is based on differences measured between elements already coded. These are available both at the transmitter and receiver, so no extra information need be transmitted. In the absence of transmission errors, the pictures resulting from all three classes of coder are markedly improved over those in which only the previous element is used as a prediction. In particular, vertical and sloping edges are now well defined. The effect of a transmission error on a single frame of the received picture is scarcely visible in the first class of coder but is much more visible in the second and third classes.
Abstract 5880: Serum Resistin Concentrations and Risk of New Onset Heart Failure in the Elderly (2008)

Resistin, a novel adipocytokine, is associated with inflammation and insulin resistance; both mechanisms are known to increase risk for heart failure (HF). We studied 2904 older persons without HF (age 73.3±2.8 years, 47.9% men, 58.6% whites) enrolled in the Health ABC study who underwent serum resistin measurements at baseline. Participants were divided into groups based on tertiles of resistin concentrations and rates of incident HF (defined as hospitalization for new onset HF) were compared by Cox proportional hazards models. After 7.1 year median follow-up 252 participants (8.7%) developed HF. Increasing resistin concentrations were significantly associated with increasing incident HF rates (Figure 1 ). After adjusting for baseline differences (including body mass index) and predictors of incident HF (age, coronary disease, smoking, blood pressure, heart rate, serum glucose, creatinine, and albumin concentrations, and left ventricular hypertrophy), serum resistin concentrations were independently associated with incident HF [highest vs. lowest tertile hazard ratio (HR) 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35–2.82). Further adjustment for markers of inflammation (Creactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α) and of insulin resistance (fasting insulin level and hemoglobin A1c) only moderately attenuated this association which remained significant (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.13–2.60). These findings were consistent in both sexes and among whites and blacks. High serum resistin concentrations are independently associated with increasedrisk for HF. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
THE DYNAMICS OF TCP AND UDP INTERACTION IN IP- QOS DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES NETWORKS (1999)

The results of a study using different drop precedence assignments to address fairness issues when UDP and TCP traffic share the same Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB class in Differentiated Services are presented. Six different combinations of drop-precedence assignments were explored using two different models of RED parameter settings. Results indicate that the type of RED model utilized can play a role in the nature of bandwidth sharing between TCP and UDP flows. The results also show that with the current four Class, three Drop Precedence AF specification, complete fairness between TCP and UDP cannot completely be achieved using separate drop-precedence assignments. This is true for both under-provisioned networks and over-provisioned networks. Certain drop-precedence mapping schemes benefit TCP, while others give advantage to UDP.
Optical imaging of breast cancer from an industrial perspective (2008)

This paper discusses our diffuse optical tomography system, the proof-of principle results obtained in phantoms studies, our initial experience in patients and the impact on the breast cancer care cycle.
Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(amide imide)s (1996)

Novel poly(amide imide)s having inherent viscosities in the range 0.89–1.56 dL/g were prepared by the method of low temperature polycondensation in solution of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) from aromatic diamines and a new monomer: N-[4″-(chloroformylphenyl)-4′-iminobenzoyl]trimellitimide chloride. The polymers were soluble in polar aprotic solvents and essentially amorphous. They showed glass transition temperatures in the range 310–350°C and decomposition temperatures of 450–460°C. Polymer films, fabricated by casting polymer solutions in DMA, showed tensile strengths in the range 70–90 MPa and moduli values between 3000–4000 MPa. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic Simulation of a Stationary PEM Fuel Cell System (2006)

A dynamic model of a stationary PEM fuel cell system has been developed in Matlab-Simulink®. The system model accounts for the fuel processing system, PEM stack with coolant, humidifier with anode tail-gas oxidizer (ATO), and an enthalpy wheel for cathode air. For the fuel processing system four reactors were modeled: (1) an auto thermal reactor (ATR) (2) a high temperature shift (HTS) reactor, (3) a low temperature shift (LTS) reactor, and (4) a preferential oxidation (PROX) reactor. Chemical kinetics for ATR that describe steam reformation of methane and partial oxidation of methane were simultaneously solved to accurately predict the reaction dynamics. Chemical equilibrium of CO with H2O was assumed at HTS and LTS reactor exits to calculate CO conversion corresponding to the temperature of each reactor. A quasi-two dimensional unit PEM cell was modeled with five control volumes for solving the dynamic species and mass conservation equations and seven control volumes to solve the dynamic energy balance and to capture the details of MEA behavior, such as water transport, which is critical to accurately determine polarization losses. The dynamic conservation equations, primary heat transfer equations and equations of state are solved in each bulk component and each component is linked together to represent the complete system. A comparison of steady-state model results to experimental data shows that the system model well predicts the actual system power and catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) temperature. Transient simulation of DC power is also well matched with the experimental results to within a few percent. The model predictions well characterized the observed dynamic CPO temperature, voltage, and temperature of stack coolant outlet observations that are representative of a generic PEM stationary fuel cell system performance. The model is shown to be a useful tool for investigating the effects of inlet conditions and for the development of control strategies for enhancing system performance.
State of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Solutions: Are the Ions Fully Dissociated? (2013)

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for aqueous solutions of five ionic liquids (ILs): 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C2mim]) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ([NTf2]), 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C4mim]) [NTf2], 1-n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C6mim]) [NTf2], [C2mim] ethylsulfate ([C2H5SO4]), and [C2mim] chloride (Cl) to determine whether the ions of these ILs are associated at relatively high dilutions and whether the association is governed by hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the ILs. The adaptive biasing force technique was applied to calculate the potential of mean force (PMF) for each IL ion pair. For all of the ILs, the PMF is characterized by two distinct contact minima in which the ions have different relative conformations. The hydrophobic ILs bearing the anion [NTf2]− exist predominantly in the associative state; the strength of the association of these ILs increases with increase in the alkyl chain length. The most hydrophilic IL [C2mim] Cl was determined to be almost fully dissociated at the concentration examined in the study. [C2mim] [C2H5SO4] showed hydration behavior that was intermediate between that exhibited by the ILs in which the anion is substituted with either Cl– or [NTf2]− paired with [C2mim]+. Association constants for these ILs were also computed. Radial distribution functions calculated by constraining the ions at the contact minima showed that hydration of the anion plays the dominant role in determining the microscopic behavior of these ILs in aqueous solutions.
Titanium tetrafluoride as a catalyst for some organic reactions (1962)

Abstract Titanium tetrafluoride has been successfully employed in combination with triisobutyl aluminum (TBA) as a Ziegler type of catalyst to polymerize butadiene. The resulting polymer has a higher cis to trans ratio and a higher degree of crosslinking than one prepared with the titanium tetrachloride–TBA catalyst. It is of interest that vinyl chloride, a monomer containing a donor atom, was polymerized with the TiF 4 –TBA catalyst. Titanium tetrafluoride is not a very effective catalyst for the Friedel‐Crafts type of reactions.
On-line Calibration of Offset and Gain Mismatch in Time-Interleaved ADC using a Sampled-data Chaotic Bit-stream (2006)

The offset and gain error of ADCs represent two important limits for time-interleaved ADC architectures. The proposed method enables a precise measurement of the offset and the gain during system operation introducing a minimum disturb at the output. The method exploits the modulation of the input signal with a random sequence of +1 and -1. The random bit-stream is generated by using the wide-band output of a time-discrete non-linear circuit. The resulting spread spectrum signal can be easily distinguished by the DC offset and the use of a digital accumulator extracts the offset and the gain of each ADC. The input signal is finally reconstructed, in the digital domain, with a synchronous demodulation. The accumulation time can be as many clock periods (like 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> ) thus permitting an excellent accuracy in the offset and gain measurement. Simulations of the proposed approach at the behavioral level confirm the effectiveness of the method. It is shown that the offset of a 12-bit ADC can be measured with a 0.1 LSB accuracy
Practical preparation and deblocking conditions for <i>N</i>‐α‐(2‐(P‐biphenylyl)‐2‐propyloxycarbonyl)‐amino acid (<i>N</i>‐α‐Bpoc‐Xxx‐OH) derivatives (1988)

Reproducible preparations are given for salts of the following L-amino acid derivatives: Bpoc-Ala-OH, Bpoc-Arg(Mtr)-OH, Bpoc-Asn-OH, Bpoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH, Bpoc-Cys(Acm)-OH, Bpoc-Cys(S-tBu)-OH, Bpoc-Gln-OH, Bpoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH, Bpoc-Gly-OH, Bpoc-Ile-OH, Bpoc-Leu-OH, N-alpha-Bpoc-Lys(epsilon-Boc)-OH, Bpoc-Met-OH, Bpoc-Phe-OH, Bpoc-Pro-OH, Bpoc-Ser(OtBu)-OH, Bpoc-Thr(OtBu)-OH, Bpoc-Tyr-OH, Bpoc-Val-OH. A study of the deblocking of N-alpha-Bpoc peptides in dichloromethane containing 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid revealed that a rapid equilbrium is established between the first-formed monomeric alkene 2-p-biphenylylpropene and the hindered dimer 2,4-bis(p-biphenylyl)-4-methyl-1-pentene. Thioethers were found to be inefficient carbocation scavengers for the deblocking reaction. The most efficient scavengers were found to be thiophenol and benzyl mercaptan, and the following approximate reactivity order was established: benzyl mercaptan approximately thiophenol greater than indole much greater than 1,3-dimethoxybenzene approximately resorcinol greater than 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene approximately dimethyl sulfide approximately thioanisole.
Interferon Preparations as Modifiers of Immune Responses (1972)

Within certain dose ranges, preparations of mouse serum interferon or tissue-culture interferon show a modest capacity to increase the number of antibody-forming spleen cells in mice as measured by the Jerne plaque technique. When low levels of polyadenylic polyuridylic acid (= poly A:U), i.e., an amount that causes only modest stimulation, were used together with amounts of the interferon preparations that also by themselves are ineffective, a good stimulation of early appearance of antibody-forming cells was produced. High concentrations of IF preparations reduced antibody formation, and the potent immunoenhancing effects of chlorite-oxidized amylose (COAM) were almost completely abolished in the presence of low concentrations of interferon preparations. These findings suggest certain similarities between the effects of interferon preparations and those of agents known to modify the cyclic AMP system. Such suspected relationships are supported by preliminary data demonstrating a capacity of IF preparations to elevate adenyl cyclase activity and cAMP levels in mouse spleen cells.
Intensity based optical fiber strain sensor using long period grating and core mode blocker (2008)

We report an intensity based fiber strain sensor using a long period grating (LPG) pair along with an in-line core mode blocker. By sandwiching the core mode blocker fabricated by arc method between a LPG pair, an band-pass filter was formed. Measured by optical power meter at one specific wavelength, the transmitted power was found to decrease as a variation of axial strain is applied on one single LPFG, therefore we can measure the applied strain by measuring the transmitted power. The measured response of voltage for change of strain was 6.37pV/ με.
RF analysis of a 12-pulse HVDC convertor (1988)

A computer model, based upon measured equipment impedances, has been formulated for the prediction of the electromagnetic noise generated by valve firings in HVDC convertor stations. Simple lumped circuit concepts are used so that the model can readily be applied to any convertor station; it can thus be described as generic. It has been used to predict the noise generated in the frequency interval from 5 to 500 kHz at the Dickinson convertor station and validated by comparing the results with RF spectra measured at the station. A key feature is the use of measured impedances of actual equipment in the model, rather than idealised components.
Dense Energetic Nitraminofurazanes (2014)

3,3'-Diamino-4,4'-bifurazane (1), 3,3'-diaminoazo-4,4'-furazane (2), and 3,3'-diaminoazoxy-4,4'-furazane (3) were nitrated in 100 % HNO3 to give corresponding 3,3'-dinitramino-4,4'-bifurazane (4), 3,3'-dinitramino-4,4'-azofurazane (5) and 3,3'-dinitramino-4,4'-azoxyfurazane (6), respectively. The neutral compounds show very imposing explosive performance but possess lower thermal stability and higher sensitivity than hexogen (RDX). More than 40 nitrogen-rich compounds and metal salts were prepared. Most compounds were characterized by low-temperature X-ray diffraction, all of them by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Calculated energetic performances using the EXPLO5 code based on calculated (CBS-4M) heats of formation and X-ray densities support the high energetic performances of the nitraminofurazanes as energetic materials. The sensitivities towards impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge were also explored. Additionally the general toxicity of the anions against vibrio fischeri, representative for an aquatic microorganism, was determined.
Opioid Prescribing Patterns, Patient Use, and Postoperative Pain After Hysterectomy for Benign Indications (2017)

Gynecologists at a large academic medical center prescribe twice the amount of opioids than the average patient uses after hysterectomy. A personalized approach to prescribing opioids for postoperative pain should be considered.
FTIR free-jet set-up for the high resolution spectroscopic investigation of condensable species (2002)

An existing experimental set-up combining Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and free-jet cooling has been modified significantly to allow high resolution studies of the spectrum of monomer species which are liquid under standard conditions. Evaporation of the liquid samples is controlled by a condenser apparatus which is described. A supersonic planar expansion issuing from a narrow aperture is preferred for its very high cooling rate. Such an expansion, probed with a pitot tube, has a zone of limited temperature gradient close to the nozzle exit. The continuum isentropic model appears well suited to describing the thermodynamic properties of the flow up to a high number of nozzle diameters downstream. High resolution spectra of benzene and methanol have been recorded in the 3 μm wavelength range, and their analysis demonstrates a well defined rotational temperature in the 20–25 K range.
NOVEL THIOPHENE METHACRYLATES FOR MATERIALS OF HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX (1999)

Authors designed the monomers having hetero-aromatic rings in their structures as optical materials of high refractive index. Among various hetero-aromatics, we noticed thiophene has a large atomic refraction. We synthesized novel mono- and bi-functional thiophene methacrylate derivatives. Their homopolymers had high refractive indices indeed and are promising for optical materials.
Concepts, performance review, and prospects of table-top, few-cycle optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (2013)

More than 20 years after the first presentation of optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA), the technology has matured as a powerful technique to produce high-intensity, few-cycle, and ultrashort laser pulses. The output characteristics of these systems cover a wide range of center wavelengths, pulse energies, and average powers. The current record performance of table-top, few-cycle OPCPA systems are 16 TW peak power and 22 W average power, which show that OPCPA is able to directly compete with Ti:sapphire chirped-pulse amplification-based systems as source for intense optical pulses. Here, we review the concepts of OPCPA and present the current state-of-the art performance level for several systems reported in the literature. To date, the performance of these systems is most generally limited by the employed pump laser. Thus, we present a comprehensive review on the recent progress in high-energy, high-average-power, picosecond laser systems, which provide improved performance relative to OPCPA pump lasers employed to date. From here, the impact of these novel pump lasers on table-top, few-cycle OPCPA is detailed and the prospects for next-generation OPCPA systems are discussed.
Molecular Communication in Fluid Media: The Additive Inverse Gaussian Noise Channel (2012)

In this paper, we consider molecular communication, with information conveyed in the time of release of molecules. These molecules propagate to the transmitter through a fluid medium, propelled by a positive drift velocity and Brownian motion. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a theoretical foundation for such a communication system; specifically, the additive inverse Gaussian noise (AIGN) channel model. In such a channel, the information is corrupted by noise that follows an IG distribution. We show that such a channel model is appropriate for molecular communication in fluid media. Taking advantage of the available literature on the IG distribution, upper and lower bounds on channel capacity are developed, and a maximum likelihood receiver is derived. Results are presented which suggest that this channel does not have a single quality measure analogous to signal-to-noise ratio in the additive white Gaussian noise channel. It is also shown that the use of multiple molecules leads to reduced error rate in a manner akin to diversity order in wireless communications. Finally, some open problems are discussed that arise from the IG channel model.
Interface control of bulk ferroelectric polarization (2012)

The control of material interfaces at the atomic level has led to novel interfacial properties and functionalities. In particular, the study of polar discontinuities at interfaces between complex oxides lies at the frontier of modern condensed matter research. Here we employ a combination of experimental measurements and theoretical calculations to demonstrate the control of a bulk property, namely ferroelectric polarization, of a heteroepitaxial bilayer by precise atomic-scale interface engineering. More specifically, the control is achieved by exploiting the interfacial valence mismatch to influence the electrostatic potential step across the interface, which manifests itself as the biased-voltage in ferroelectric hysteresis loops and determines the ferroelectric state. A broad study of diverse systems comprising different ferroelectrics and conducting perovskite underlayers extends the generality of this phenomenon.