gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Environmental engineering and environmental management - a case study from Papua New Guinea (1986)

The engineer is often called upon to design flood protection works that will mitigate serious flooding and reduce the potential for loss of life and damage to property and public utilities. There are a certain number of logical steps that the engineer should follow in his analysis of the flood problem. Flood prediction will often form the basis for the engineer's solution to the problem at hand. This might entail. deriving certain deterministic predictions relating to the various elements responsible for a flood magnitude (Rational Method and the Unit Hydrograph approach ) or more commonly, a probability approach may be adopted. In the latter case, estimates of flood magnitude over a selected return period may be derived from hydrological records. Where little or no hydrological data exists then a combination of statistical and deterministic approaches may be used. The effectiveness of the probability approach is often reduced due to the lack of historical records. As well, drainage basins do not always comply with probability theory. The assumption that a drainage basin will retain the same relationships between catchment runoff and discharge through the main channel over the years is questionable. This nay be the case in certain naturally vegetated catchments free of human interference, however the engineer will normally be called upon to solve - flooding problems that have -arisen because of man's interference with his environment. River systems are essentially 'open' systems in which dependent variables, such as channel morphology, will change in response to changes in independent variables, such as increased sediment supply. In seeking a solution to river engineering problems, the engineer is often constrained by time and engineering methodology. Therefore a pure engineering solution is proposed, a solution that may prove merely a 'bandaid' response to changing morphological symptoms. Societies' faith in the 'engineered' solution will often mean there is little conscious attempt at gathering environmental data. Many engineering projects are considered too small or insignificant to warrant an environmental impact study. The engineering solution will therefore centre on flood 'protection' to the detriment of flood 'abatement'. summarizes man's response to floods.
Bounds on the complex permittivity of a two-component composite material (1981)

A generalization of the bounds obtained by Wiener, Hashin and Shtrikman, and others is derived for complex permittivities. Provided the scale of inhomogeneities in the composite is sufficiently small compared with the wavelength of the applied radiation, the permittivity of the composite is found to lie within a simply constructed region of complex plane. The appropriate region depends on what is known about the composite material. We show that in many cases the region is the most restrictive which can be given, using limited information about the structure of the composite.
The Detection of Sleep Onset:Behavioral, Physiological, and Subjective Convergence (1989)

In this report, a sleep deprivation/multiple arousal paradigm was used in which response time (RT) and respiratory and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures were combined with a continuous behavioral index of arousal (a deadman switch) and frequently repeated Stanford Sleepiness Scale ratings to examine the process of falling asleep. Sleep was defined behaviorally as failure to respond to the faint auditory RT cue. Although response rates decreased significantly as EEG stages passed from W through 1 to 2, responding continued in both light "sleep" stages. Respiratory, subjective, and DM changes were more pronounced between Stages W and 1 than between Stages 1 and 2. If the criterion for wakefulness is cognitive response to external stimulation, accurate distinctions between sleep and wakefulness can only be made in EEG Stages 3, 4, and rapid eye movement sleep. If EEG is the criterion, then the data suggest that cognitive response is possible during Stages 1 and 2 "sleep". The concept of a Sleep Onset Period, characterized by lengthening response times and intermittent response failure (thereby reflecting neither true sleep nor wakefulness), may provide a useful resolution to this definitional dilemma.
Transcriptome sequencing reveals the roles of transcription factors in modulating genotype by nitrogen interaction in maize (2015)

Global transcriptome analysis in maize revealed differential nitrogen response between genotypes and implicate a crucial role of transcription factors in driving genotype by nitrogen interactions at gene expression level. Developing nitrogen-efficient cultivars are essential for sustainable and productive agriculture. Nitrogen use efficiency of plants is highly dependent on the interaction of environmental and genetic variation and results in adaptive phenotypes. This study used transcriptome sequencing to perform a comprehensive genotype by nitrogen (G × N) interaction analysis for two elite Chinese maize inbreds grown at normal and low nitrogen levels in field conditions. We demonstrated that the two maize inbreds showed contrasting agronomic and transcriptomic responses to changes in nitrogen availability. A total of 96 genes with a significant G × N interaction were detected. After characterizing the expression patterns of G × N interaction genes, we found that the G × N interaction genes tended to show condition-specific differential expression. The functional annotations of G × N interaction genes revealed that many different kinds of genes were involved in G × N interactions, but a significant enrichment for transcription factors was detected, particularly the AP2/EREBP and WRKY family, suggesting that transcription factors might play important roles in driving G × N interaction at gene expression level for nitrogen response in maize. Taken together, these results not only provide novel insights into the mechanism of nitrogen response in maize and set important basis for further characterization but also have important implications for other genotype by stress interaction.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ruthenium Doped TiO2 Nanofibers (2011)

Ruthenium(Ru)-doped TiO2 nanofibers were prepared using electrospun Ru-TiO2/poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) fibers and subsequent annealing for 1 h at temperatures in the range of 500 ℃ to 1000 ℃ in air. The properties of the Ru-TiO2 fibers were characterized as a function of the Ru content and calcination temperature using X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetry with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and viscometer, pycnometer and dynamic tensiometer measurements. Although the diameter of the fiber decreased slightly with increasing calcination temperature, no dramatic changes were observed with respect to the ruthenium content. The XRD and FT-IR results revealed that anatase phase and ruthenium metal began to be formed after calcination at temperatures above 500 ℃. Anatase and rutile phases and ruthenium metal coexisted in the fibers calcined above 600 ℃. No anatase phase was detected in the fibers containing ruthenium when they were calcined at 1000 ℃. The morphology of the fibers changed from smooth and uniform to porous with increasing temperature. The experimental results suggest that the calcination temperature and Ru content were influential in determining the morphology and structure of the fibers.
Locality-sensitive hashing optimizations for fast malware clustering (2014)

Large datasets, including malware collections are difficult to cluster. Although we are mainly dealing with polynomial algorithms, the long running times make them difficult to use in practice. The main issue consists in the fact that the classical hierarchical algorithms need to compute the distance between each pair of items. This paper will show a faster approach for clustering large collections of malware samples using a technique called locality-sensitive hashing. This approach performs single-linkage clustering faster than the state of the art methods, while producing clusters of a similar quality. Although our proposed algorithm is still quadratic in theory, the coefficient for the quadratic term is several orders of magnitude smaller. Our experiments show that we can reduce this coefficient to under 0.02% and still produce clusters 99.9% similar with the ones produced by the single linkage algorithm.
Concentric Anchor-Beacons (CAB) Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks (2006)

Many applications in wireless sensor networks require sensor nodes to obtain their absolute or relative geographical positions. Although various localization algorithms have been proposed recently, most of them require nodes be equipped with range-determining hardware to obtain distance information. In this paper, we propose a concentric anchor-beacons (CAB) localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks. CAB is a range-free approach and uses a small number of anchor nodes. Each anchor emits beacons at different power levels. From the information received by each beacon heard, nodes determine which annular ring they are located within each anchor. Each node uses the approximated center of intersection of the rings as its position estimate. Simulation results show that the estimation error reduces by half when anchors transmit beacons at two different power levels instead of at a single level. CAB also gives a lower estimation error than other range-free localization schemes (e.g., Centroid, APIT) when the anchor-to-node range ratio is less than four.
Six-week study of torsemide in patients with congestive heart failure. (1994)

A double-blind, randomized, multicenter study compared treatment with 10 mg torsemide, 20 mg torsemide, and 40 mg furosemide, once daily, in 70 patients with congestive heart failure who had been maintained on 40 mg furosemide daily for at least 2 weeks. All three treatment groups showed statistically significant decreases in body weight, ranging from 1 to 3 kg at week 6. The decreases in body weight were significantly greater in the 20-mg torsemide group than in the furosemide group at weeks 4 and 6 and in the 10-mg torsemide group than in the furosemide group at week 4. The 20-mg torsemide group showed a statistically significant reduction in edema. Both the 10-mg and 20-mg torsemide groups showed statistically significant improvement in heart size. Pulmonary congestion decreased with treatment in each group. At week 6, both edema and pulmonary congestion were significantly less in the 20-mg torsemide group than in the 10-mg torsemide or 40-mg furosemide groups. Torsemide was well tolerated. Small, clinically insignificant decreases in serum potassium and increases in creatinine and uric acid were observed with both torsemide and furosemide. In conclusion, 20 mg torsemide was more effective than 40 mg furosemide in reducing body weight and improving symptoms of congestive heart failure.
A Case Report (2015)

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) involving the thyroid gland is extremely rare. Currently, the diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation for LCH involving thyroid is a challenge.We reported a rare case of LCH involving thyroid, presenting as painless thyroid goiters, and successfully performed positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to make an accurate diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation for LCH.Although the histology or cytology is the golden standard for the diagnosis of LCH involving thyroid, the PET/CT should be keep in mind when LCH involving thyroid with inconclusive cytologic results. During the treatment of LCH, PET/CT can be performed to assess the therapeutic effect and select the most effective and reliable treatment for LCH.
Law of Armed Conflict's Four Core Principles (2010)

The two foundational questions in examining any armed conflict have been addressed. The first is: What is the conflict status? What law of armed conflict/international humanitarian law (LOAC/ IHL), if any, applies to the conflict being considered? That question is not always as easily or as cleanly resolved as one might wish. The second question: What are the individual statuses of those involved in the conflict? What can they lawfully do, what may they not do, and to what rights and protections are they entitled, should they be captured? Although the second question is usually easier to resolve, it, too, has gray areas, particularly in a "war on terrorism." Ambiguity and lack of complete clarity are features of all varieties of law, however, not just LOAC/ IHL.
Editorial Vol.10(2) (2012)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v10i2.6452
Sondenextraktionen eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe (2011)

Every year approximately 10 000-15 000 pacemakerand ICD-leads are extracted worldwide with numbers continuing to rise. The increasing need for lead extractions may be explained by the evolution of pacemakerand ICD-implants during the last decade as well as by the widened spectrum of extraction devices and techniques. Last but not least, in 2009 the indications for transvenous lead extractions were broadened by the Heart Rhythm Society.
Preferential Utilization of Aromatic Compounds over Glucose by <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> CSV86 (2006)

Pseudomonas putida CSV86, a naphthalene-degrading organism, exhibited diauxic growth on aromatic compounds plus glucose, with utilization of aromatics in the first log phase and of glucose in the second log phase. Glucose supplementation did not suppress the activity of degrading enzymes, which were induced upon addition of aromatic compounds. The induction was inhibited by chloramphenicol, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis was essential. Cells showed cometabolism of aromatic compounds and organic acids; however, organic acids suppressed glucose utilization.
El trabajo en la agricultura industrial. El caso de EE.UU. (2002)

The production of fruits, nut and berries, vegetables and melons and horticultural specialties that range from nursery and greenhouse crops to Christmas trees, mushrooms, and sod (FVH agriculture) exemplifies US industrial agriculture, in the sense that sales per production unit are larger than average, hired workers do most of the work, and most of the hired workers are immigrants. Historically, industrial agriculture was associated with particular regions, not particular commodities. The southwestern states in which agriculture developed after 1870 after irrigation and transportation infrastructure were available developed the basic features of the labor market in industrial in agriculture, viz., bilingual middlemen farm labor contractors (FLCs) to organize workers into crews and deploy them to seasonal farm jobs, (im)migrant workers who had no other US job options who accepted the fact that they would be paid only when work was available, and farm employers who organized themselves to deal with government on labor and immigration issues.
Beclomethasone dipropionate (3mg) versus 5-aminosalicylic acid (2g) versus the combination of both (3mg/2g) as retention enemas in active ulcerative proctitis (1996)

Sixty patients with active distal ulcerative colitis participated in a multicentre randomized double-blind trial to compare the effect of a beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) enema (3 mg/100 ml) with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) enemas (2 g/ 100 ml) and enemas with a combination of BDP/5-ASA (3 mg/2 g/100 ml). The patients were treated for 4 weeks and the efficacy of the drugs was evaluated by sigmoidoscopy, histology and subjective symptoms after that time. The overall results after 28 days of treatment were: clinical improvement 100% (BDP/5-ASA) vs. 70% (BDP) and 76% (5-ASA); endoscopic improvement 100% (BDP/5-ASA) vs. 75% (BDP) and 71% (5-ASA); histological improvement 95% (BDP/5-ASA) vs. 50% (BDP) and 48% (5-ASA). After 4 weeks of treatment seven of 19 patients (37%) receiving BDP/5-ASA had healed endoscopically, compared with six of 20 receiving BDP (30%) and two of 21 receiving 5-ASA (10%). Two patients on 5-ASA and three on BDP had a marked deterioration during treatment. The combination of BDP and 5-ASA was significantly superior to single-agent therapy in terms of both improved sigmoidoscopic and improved histological score. No differences in improvement between the 5-ASA vs. BDP-treated patients were noticed. No side effects were seen. The results of the study show that topical treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis with either 5-ASA or BDP is equally efficacious. So far, no data on topical combination therapy have been described. However, combination therapy with BDP/5-ASA seems superior to single-agent therapy and causes no adverse reactions.
Terminal airspace modelling for unmanned aircraft systems integration (2016)

This paper considers the problem of integrating unmanned aircraft into low altitude airspace above urban environments, including major terminal areas and helicopter landing sites. A simple set of data-driven modelling techniques are used to explore, visualise and assess existing air traffic in a manner more informative to the unmanned aircraft community. First, low altitude air traffic data sets (position reports) are analysed with respect to existing exclusion/no-fly zones. Second, an alternative geometric approach to defining and comparing various exclusion zones is derived based on set theory. The analysis is applied to a region of south-east Queensland, Australia including Brisbane International Airport and three helicopter landing areas. The results challenge some of the current unmanned aircraft regulations, and should help to motivate a more rigorous scientific approach to safely integrate unmanned aircraft.
What nitrates tyrosine? Is nitrotyrosine specific as a biomarker of peroxynitrite formation in vivo? (1997)

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a 'reactive nitrogen species' that can be formed (among other reactions) by combination of superoxide (O2.-) and nitric oxide (NO.) radicals. It is being increasingly proposed as a contributor to tissue injury in several human diseases. The evidence presented for peroxynitrite participation usually includes the demonstration of increased nitrotyrosine levels in the injured tissue. Indeed, this is often the only evidence presented: the assumption is that formation of nitrotyrosine is a biomarker specifically diagnostic of ONOO- production. The present article examines this assumption and concludes that nitrotyrosine is a biomarker for 'nitrating species' rather than being specific for ONOO-.
An efficient and improved method for the conversion of oxiranes into thiiranes using graphite oxide (2014)

An efficient and improved procedure has been developed for the conversion of oxiranes into thiiranes using sodium thiocyanate in the presence of graphite oxide under solvent-free conditions at an ambient temperature in excellent yields and in short reaction times.
Intermittent Fault Finding Strategies (2013)

Intermittent faults are regarded as the most difficult class of faults to diagnose and are cited as one of the main root causes of No Fault Found. There are a variety of technical issues relating to the nature of the fault which make identifying intermittent. This paper discusses some of these issues by introducing the concept of intermittent fault dynamics, modelling approaches and a selection of the state-of-the-art testing and diagnostic techniques and technologies.
Strengthening of Hollow Square Sections under Compression Using FRP Composites (2014)

The feasibility study on carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics in axial strengthening of hollow square sections (HSS) was investigated in this paper. CFRP was used as strips form with other parameters such as the number of layers and spacing of strips. Experimental results revealed that the external bonding of normal modulus CFRP strips significantly enhanced the load carrying capacity and stiffness of the hollow sections and also reduced the axial shortening of columns by providing external confinement against the elastic deformation. The increase in the CFRP strips thickness effectively delayed the local buckling of the above members and led to the inward buckling rather than outward one. Finally, three-dimensional nonlinear finite element modeling of CFRP strengthened hollow square sectionswas created by using ANSYS 12.0 to validate the results and the numerical results such as failure modes and load deformation behaviour fairly agreed with the experimental results.
A Novel Gas Flow Sensor Based on Sound Generated by Turbulence (1997)

A novel gas flow sensor has been developed based on the sound produced by turbulence that is created by a small obstruction placed in the path of the flow. A microphone placed behind the obstruction gives an electrical output which is conditioned and calibrated for flow rate. The sensor has no moving parts making it robust. A computerised system with appropriate data correction is being developed for spirometry using this sensor.
Outward FDI and Institutional Factors: Malaysian Experience (2016)

This paper aims to investigate the role of home country institution in affecting outward FDI from Malaysia using data spans from 1980 to 2012. The model specification is examined in autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing framework. The empirical evidence reveals that GDP, exchange rate, openness to trade, and corporate tax rate are the key drivers of outward FDI from Malaysia. This portrays that internationalization strategy of firms is not only relied on home macroeconomic environment, but also home institution. More importantly, corporate tax rate, as one of the institution factors, is positively related to outward FDI which signifies that high tax rate would prompt local firms to engage in investment abroad as a sign of escape response. This reflects that international expansion appears to be exit strategy from home country instead of entry strategy into foreign markets. The findings have some important implications on internationalization strategy of firms.
Compression Schemes with Data Reordering for Ordered Data (2014)

Although there have been many compression schemes for reducing data effectively, most schemes do not consider the reordering of data. In the case of unordered data, if the users change the data order in a given data set, the compression ratio may be improved compared to the original compression before reordering data. However, in the case of ordered data, the users need a mapping table that maps the original position to the changed position in order to recover the original order. Therefore, reordering ordered data may be disadvantageous in terms of space. In this paper, the authors consider two compression schemes, run-length encoding and bucketing scheme as bases for showing the impact of data reordering in compression schemes. Also, the authors propose various optimization techniques related to data reordering. Finally, the authors show that the compression schemes with data reordering are better than the original compression schemes in terms of the compression ratio.
A novel disambiguation method for unification-based grammars using probabilistic context-free approximations (2002)

We present a novel disambiguation method for unification-based grammars (UBGs). In contrast to other methods, our approach obviates the need for probability models on the UBG side in that it shifts the responsibility to simpler context-free models, indirectly obtained from the UBG. Our approach has three advantages: (i) training can be effectively done in practice, (ii) parsing and disambiguation of context-free readings requires only cubic time, and (iii) involved probability distributions are mathematically clean. In an experiment for a mid-size UBG, we show that our novel approach is feasible. Using unsupervised training, we achieve 88% accuracy on an exact-match task.